(Xylocopa aestuans)
Xylocopa aestuans, or Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) aestuans, is a species of carpenter bee. It is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. It is a large bee, measuring more than 20mm in length. Historically, it has been confused with Xylocopa pubescens. The two species have a different distribution range. Xylocopa aestuans is restricted to Southeast Asia, while Xylocopa pubescens occurs throughout most of Africa and eastward as far as the entire region of South Asia. There are also very clear, but subtle differences in the morphology of females and males.