<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A new study from </span><a href="https://www.osu.edu/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ohio State University</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> reveals what is going on inside of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-brain-interactions-have-an-influence-on-diseases/">brain</a> when you get lost in a fictional fantasy. The experts discovered that the more immersed we become in the lives of our favorite characters of fiction, the more our brain activity reflects how much we identify with them.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8220;When they think about a favorite fictional character, it appears similar in one part of the brain as when they are thinking about themselves,&#8221; said study lead author Timothy Broom.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The research was focused on self-described fans of the HBO series &#8220;Game of Thrones.&#8221; The individuals were instructed to think about themselves, nine of their friends, and nine characters from the drama series. The participants also reported on which character they felt closest to and liked the most.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to Broom, Game of Thrones was ideal for this study because it attracted a devoted fan base and the large cast presented a variety of characters that people could become attached to.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the key findings involved participants who scored highest on &#8220;trait identification.&#8221; These individuals agreed most strongly with statements like &#8220;I really get involved in the feelings of the characters in a novel.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8220;People who are high in trait identification not only get absorbed into a story, they also are really absorbed into a particular character,&#8221; said Broom. &#8220;They report matching the thoughts of the character, they are thinking what the character is thinking, they are feeling what the character is feeling. They are inhabiting the role of that character.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The researchers used an fMRI machine to measure activity in various parts of the brain through small changes in blood flow. As the participants&#8217; brains were scanned, they were evaluating themselves, their friends, and Game of Thrones characters. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A part of the brain called the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) is known to show increased activity when people think about themselves and, to a lesser extent, when they think about close friends.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While in the fMRI, the individuals were shown a series of names &#8211; including themselves, friends, or characters &#8211; along with a trait, such as lonely, sad, trustworthy, or smart. The participants simply said &#8220;yes&#8221; or &#8220;no&#8221; to imply whether the trait fit the person.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As expected, the vMPFC was most active when people were evaluating themselves, less active when they evaluated friends, and least active when they evaluated characters from Game of Thrones.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, among those who were high in trait identification, the vMPFC was more active when they thought about the fictional characters than it was for participants who identified less with the characters. This region of the brain was particularly active when the individuals evaluated the character they identified with the most.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Study co-author Dylan Wanger said the findings help explain how fiction can have such a big impact on some people.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8220;For some people, fiction is a chance to take on new identities, to see worlds though others&#8217; eyes and return from those experiences changed,&#8221; said Wagner.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8220;What previous studies have found is that when people experience stories as if they were one of the characters, a connection is made with that character, and the character becomes intwined with the self. In our study, we see evidence of that in their brains.&#8221;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The study is published in the journal </span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/scan"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></i></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8211;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>


What happens in your brain while you're lost in fiction

<p>A new comprehensive assessment led by <a href="https://www.portlandrealestate.com/">Portland Real Estate</a> has recently revealed how states fare on their green initiatives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The analysis considered various components such as emission types and amounts, accessibility to nature for residents, air and water quality, use of green transportation options, fossil fuel production, and overall energy usage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Based on these parameters, an environmental impact score was derived for each state. Here are the top 10 least <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-foods-are-healthy-and-environmentally-friendly/">environmentally friendly</a> states:</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-1-mississippi-33-7-100-nbsp">1. Mississippi (33.7/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Mississippi struggles most with its green initiatives, securing the lowest spot. It faces serious challenges in transportation, evidenced by the lack of hybrid or electric vehicles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Only 0.23 percent of its population uses public transport. Its water efficiency and sustainability score are dismal, at just 2/100, attributed to the high number of residents accessing contaminated water facilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2-louisiana-34-6-100-nbsp">2. Louisiana (34.6/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Louisiana, though slightly ahead of Mississippi, has the nation’s poorest nature score at 20.7 out of 100. The state has a mere 50 square miles dedicated to parks and is significantly lacking in hiking trails.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, its substantial contribution of 183.3 million tons to national CO2 emissions cannot be overlooked.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3-new-mexico-35-2-100-nbsp">3. New Mexico (35.2/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>New Mexico’s lower ranking arises from concerns related to water quality, with 1.1 million residents depending on unreliable water sources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The state also has the 13th poorest air quality and is a significant producer of coal, with an annual production close to 9,265 thousand short tons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-4-alabama-35-8-100-nbsp">4. Alabama (35.8/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Alabama’s low score stems from transportation challenges, with just 1.53 percent of its vehicles being electric or hybrid.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The state’s score also lags due to a mere 75 square miles being covered by parks. Additionally, it ranks 13th in the country for CO2 emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-5-north-dakota-36-3-100-nbsp">5. North Dakota (36.3/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>North Dakota’s environmental challenges are accentuated by its high emissions rate, rising to 3.32kg of black carbon per person annually.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Its transportation metrics are also concerning, with a mere 0.19 percent of vehicles being green. Furthermore, the state is a significant producer of fossil fuels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-6-west-virginia-37-5-100-nbsp">6. West Virginia (37.5/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>West Virginia faces significant water quality challenges, with 934,993 residents depending on compromised water facilities. Its CO2 emissions also stand out, rising up to 76.9 million tons annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-7-oklahoma-38-8-100-nbsp">7. Oklahoma (38.8/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Oklahoma’s low score is due to transportation and nature-related challenges. The state has a limited number of electric or hybrid vehicles and lacks expansive green spaces, with only 88 square miles dedicated to parks. Additionally, its annual CO2 emission stands at 63.1 million tons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-8-alaska-39-6-100-nbsp">8. Alaska (39.6/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Alaska, despite its vast natural landscapes, has the second-highest emissions score.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The state produces 36 million tons of CO2 yearly. Its fossil fuel production is also significant, and only a small percentage of its vehicles are green.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-9-texas-40-7-100-nbsp">9. Texas (40.7/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Texas, a significant contributor to CO2 emissions, produces a staggering 624 million tons annually. Its fossil fuel production is also substantial, and it ranks low in air quality metrics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-10-kentucky-41-6-100-nbsp">10. Kentucky (41.6/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Kentucky’s challenges revolve around water quality and transportation. It has a low percentage of green vehicles, and its annual CO2 emissions reach 101.9 million tons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highlight-oregon-51-6-100-nbsp">Highlight: Oregon (51.6/100)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Oregon ranks as the 20th greenest state. Its transportation score is commendable, with 8.42 percent of vehicles being hybrid or electric. However, it struggles with emissions, producing 9.25 tons of CO2 per person annually.</p>



<p>“It is interesting to see how each state has scored in the various factors that contribute to a less green environment. When deciding where to live or buy a home, a greener environment is a deciding factor for many,” a spokesperson from Portland Real Estate concluded.&nbsp;</p>



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Going green: Which states are the least environmentally friendly?

A new comprehensive assessment led by Portland Real Estate has...

Farmer,Plantation,Checking,Quality,By,Tablet,Agriculture,Modern,Technology,Concept.

<p>Researchers have ushered in a new era in plant science by creating a technology that brings the once-fictitious idea of human-plant communication to reality. This recently developed technology enables humans to ‘talk’ to plants and receive communication back from them, using light-based messaging. This incredible breakthrough was achieved by a team of scientists from the <a href="https://www.slcu.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University</a> (SLCU) </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initiating-plant-defense-mechanisms">Initiating plant defense mechanisms</h2>



<p>The experiments conducted by Alexander Jones’ research team at the university involved using light as a messenger to talk to plants. The light activates the natural defense mechanisms in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-and-zinnia-can-thrive-in-polluted-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tobacco plants</a> (<em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em>), showcasing that light can be a stimulus triggering plants’ immune responses. </p>



<p>This implies that light, a universal medium of communication for humans, can now serve as a bridge for interspecies interaction between humans and plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highlighter-created-to-talk-to-plants">Highlighter: Created to talk to plants</h2>



<p>Before this discovery, the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> team engineered fluorescent light-based biosensors that could visually communicate real-time cellular activities in plants, revealing dynamics of critical plant hormones and how plants react to environmental stresses, effectively allowing plants to ‘talk’ to humans.</p>



<p>The latest development, Highlighter, is a tool documented in <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002303" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Biology</a> that uses specific light conditions to activate the expression of a target gene in plants, allowing humans to trigger defense mechanisms in plants. </p>



<p>Dr. Jones explains, “If we could warn plants of an impending disease outbreak or pest attack, plants could then activate their natural defense mechanisms to prevent widespread damage.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-agricultural-challenges">Addressing agricultural challenges</h2>



<p>This innovation holds promise for revolutionizing agricultural practices and humanity's relationship with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-pass-down-memories-to-help-offspring-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>. It could allow warning plants about approaching extreme weather events or pest attacks, enabling them to adjust growth patterns, conserve water, or activate defense mechanisms. </p>



<p>This advanced communication with plants can lead to more sustainable and efficient farming practices, reducing dependency on chemicals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-optogenetics">Science of optogenetics</h2>



<p>Bo Larsen, the engineer behind Highlighter, has incorporated a light-controlled gene expression system or optogenetics system from a prokaryotic system into a eukaryotic system tailored for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fibonacci-spirals-an-unexpected-twist-in-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>. </p>



<p>Optogenetics uses light stimuli to control specific processes, enabling scientists to control biomolecular processes at a cellular level. It has revolutionized several fields, including neuroscience, by isolating the functions of individual neurons. </p>



<p>However, applying optogenetics to plants has been challenging due to plants' inherent abundance of photoreceptors and their need for a wide spectrum of light for growth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-development-of-highlighter">Development of Highlighter</h2>



<p>In the creation of Highlighter, collaboration with experts like J. Clark Lagarias from <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a> and others from the <a href="https://www.npl.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Physical Laboratory</a> was crucial to overcome challenges and to refine the technology. The system developed is minimally invasive, using light signals for activation and inactivation, unaffected by the usual light-dark cycling in growth chambers.</p>



<p>This technology has already demonstrated control over plant immunity, pigment production, and a yellow fluorescent protein. Dr. Jones emphasized that “Highlighter is an important step forward in the development of optogenetics tools in plants,” and it opens new avenues for crop improvement and research in plant biology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talking-to-plants-what-the-future-holds">Talking to plants -- what the future holds</h2>



<p>The ramifications of this development are profound. A growing toolbox for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>, with diverse optical properties, not only answers fundamental plant biology questions but also unlocks potential opportunities for crop improvement. </p>



<p>Dr. Jones visualizes a future where different light conditions could trigger various responses, such as immune response or precise timing of specific traits like flowering or ripening, in plants.</p>



<p>The innovations emerging from the Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University are propelling us into a future where humans and plants coexist in a symbiotic relationship of mutual communication and understanding, optimizing agricultural practices and revealing unexplored facets of plant biology. </p>



<p>This breakthrough in human-plant communication signifies a monumental leap in our quest for harmonious coexistence with the plant kingdom, pointing towards a future where sustainable and efficient farming becomes a global reality.</p>



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New invention enables humans to 'talk' to plants using light

Researchers have ushered in a new era in plant science...

Photo,Of,A,Red-crowned,Amazon,amazona,Viridigenalis

<p>The endangered red-crowned parrot species is flourishing in the urban expanses of South Texas. This surprising discovery lies contrary to the usual detrimental impact of urban development on most animal species.</p>



<p>These vibrant birds have remarkably adapted to urban life despite widespread deforestation, pollution, and the illicit pet trade relocating them from their native habitats. The study was helmed by a <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M</a>-led research team, co-authored by Dr. Donald J. Brightsmith and graduate student Simon Kiacz.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-urban-dwellers">Unexpected urban dwellers</h2>



<p>Red-crowned parrots are characterized by their predominantly green plumage and distinctive cluster of red feathers on their heads. They originally inhabited a compact region in Northeastern Mexico. Due to rampant habitat destruction and illicit poaching, their existence is under severe threat in their native lands. </p>



<p>This fact makes their proliferation in urban Texas all the more extraordinary. The unauthorized trade often involves poaching of eggs or fledglings, later sold at exorbitant prices.</p>



<p>Simon Kiacz noted, "Parrots are popular pets in places like South Texas and Latin America.” The lack of awareness regarding their protected status, even among law enforcement, is alarming. It’s crucial to note that the animal trade has significantly contributed to the red-crowned parrots’ presence in Texas, with many being brought over legally in the 1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-texas-embraces-red-crowned-parrots">Texas embraces red-crowned parrots</h2>



<p>Texas has embraced these fascinating birds, awarding them native species status which is pivotal for their protection. Dr. Brightsmith highlighted the importance of this status, stating, “Without native species status, it would be much more difficult to provide protection for the species.” </p>



<p>This acknowledgment spurred interest from <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Parks &amp; Wildlife</a>, paving the way for extensive research on the adaptation and well-being of these parrots in South Texas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-path-to-conservation">Mapping the path to conservation</h2>



<p>The research team meticulously counted and mapped the parrots, concentrating especially on the Rio Grande Valley. Remarkably, places like Brownsville have adopted the red-crowned parrot as their official mascot. </p>



<p>With around 900 parrots residing in South Texas, Kiacz and his team closely monitored their breeding activity. These observations have provided a comprehensive insight into their thriving population.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbiotic-urban-adaptation">Symbiotic urban adaptation</h2>



<p>The adaptation and thriving of red-crowned parrots in urban environments are unusual. The species, deemed as “synanthropes,” coexists harmoniously with human-made environments. Kiacz explains, “Humans have basically created the perfect environment for these parrots.” </p>



<p>The relationship stems from their mutual liking for well-watered, ornamental plants producing fruit and seeds year-round. Even the propensity to plant non-native palm trees has inadvertently provided perfect nesting cavities for these parrots, further solidifying their urban adaptation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coexisting-with-red-crowned-parrots">Coexisting with red-crowned parrots</h2>



<p>Despite their flourishing existence and negligible competition with local species for food, the parrots’ noise levels have been the sole inconvenience to the locals. The researchers hope that their findings will usher in heightened awareness and improved conservation efforts. They stress the importance of understanding and accepting these birds as part of the urban environment.</p>



<p>Kiacz emphasized the need for communal harmony stating, “the best help we can give these parrots is to teach people how to live with parrots as neighbors.” For instance, maintaining a dead, yet safe tree can provide nesting spaces for these parrots, fostering a symbiotic coexistence.</p>



<p>Brightsmith and Kiacz are currently delving deeper. They are studying the intricate relationships between red-crowned parrots and their sister species, exploring potential natural hybridization and its conservation implications.</p>



<p>In summary, the thriving existence of red-crowned parrots amidst urban sprawl is a testament to nature's resilience and adaptability. It opens up a plethora of opportunities for research and provides a unique perspective on urban conservation strategies, emphasizing the balance between urban expansion and biodiversity. </p>



<p>The exploration of harmonious coexistence and continued conservation efforts are essential steps towards protecting these vibrant beings, allowing them to continue being our colorful neighbors in the urban jungle.</p>



<p>This study was <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/15/7/878" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recently published</a> in the scientific journal <em>Diversity</em>.</p>



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Endangered red-crowned parrots are thriving in urban Texas areas

The endangered red-crowned parrot species is flourishing in the urban...

Encephalitis,,Yellow,Fever,,Malaria,Disease,,Mayaro,Or,Zika,Virus,Infected

<p>Leaders and health experts across multiple African nations have raised alarm bells about the escalating malaria crisis, calling it the most severe in two decades. </p>



<p>In a series of urgent appeals at the United Nations General Assembly last Friday, they emphasized the dire need for immediate, decisive action to curb the spread of this deadly disease, particularly in light of new challenges.</p>



<p>Malaria has long been a persistent threat in Africa, claiming lives at alarming rates. The continent bears the burden of 96% of malaria-related deaths worldwide, with children under the age of five representing up to 80% of these fatalities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setbacks-in-eradication-efforts">Setbacks in eradication efforts</h2>



<p>Efforts aimed at malaria treatment and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/malaria-carrying-mosquitoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eradication</a> are facing unprecedented setbacks. A prominent one is the insufficiency of funding to combat the disease effectively. Additionally, there is a decreased effectiveness of malaria drugs, hampering treatment efforts. </p>



<p>A highly concerning development is the evolved resistance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-mosquitoes-eradicate-malaria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquitoes</a> to insecticides. This new resistance has experts urging the need to "get ahead of it before it outsmarts us."</p>



<p>President Umaro Sissoco Embaló of Guinea Bissau succinctly encapsulated the urgency of the situation, stating, "We are at a critical juncture. If we don’t act swiftly…we will undoubtedly see malaria upsurges and epidemics."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a>'s recent report disclosed a worrying trend: progress in combating malaria has either stalled or regressed in over 13 countries. This stagnation, coupled with the lack of access to lifesaving treatments for many, could seriously impede the goals to eliminate the disease by 2030.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-renewed-commitment">Call for renewed commitment</h2>



<p>Julio Rakotonirina, the Director of Health and Humanitarian Affairs at the <a href="https://au.int/en/commission" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African Union Commission</a>, underscored the importance of sustained political commitment and the translation of such commitment into tangible actions. He emphasized that, given most African Union member states are currently off-track to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, extensive work remains to be done.</p>



<p>The current malaria crisis in Africa is at a critical crossroad, and the time to act is now. Leaders and health experts are fervently calling for comprehensive strategies and full financing to battle malaria, including addressing the new challenges that have arisen. </p>



<p>The insufficiency of funds, declining efficacy of drugs, and the adaptation of mosquitoes to insecticides necessitate innovative solutions and international cooperation to prevent further loss of life, especially among children.</p>



<p>A multifaceted approach, involving consistent political commitment, augmented funding, community engagement, and scientific innovation, is pivotal to outsmarting the disease and achieving the 2030 elimination goals. The call from African leaders is clear: the world must unite in its efforts to eliminate malaria and safeguard future generations from this ancient foe.</p>



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African leaders call for urgent action on malaria

Leaders and health experts across multiple African nations have raised...

Mining.a,Large,Scale,Mining,Infrastructure,In,Australia,For,Gold,And

<p>Geographers from the University of Lincoln, UK, report that approximately 23 million people globally reside on floodplains tainted with dangerously elevated levels of toxic waste. </p>



<p>This alarming revelation stems from an extensive research effort involving the mapping of 22,609 active and 159,735 abandoned metal mines, and was published in the renowned journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg6704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerning-levels-of-toxic-waste-in-rivers">Concerning levels of toxic waste in rivers</h2>



<p>The research led by Mark Macklin focused on discerning the levels of pollution percolating into the waterways from harmful contaminants such as lead, copper, zinc, and arsenic. The meticulous analysis concluded that about 479,200 kilometers of river channels covering 164,000 square kilometers are contaminated by toxic waste from hazardous chemicals on a global scale.</p>



<p>Macklin elucidates that the innovative method devised for this study empowers governments, environmental regulators, the mining sector, and local communities to predict the diffusion of mine waste in river systems around the globe. This prediction tool is a first, enabling accurate assessment of the mining impacts on ecosystems and human health, both offsite and downstream.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-study-methodology">Innovative study methodology</h2>



<p>Macklin expressed his optimism that the new methodology would facilitate the mitigation of environmental ramifications stemming from both historical and contemporary mining practices. He stressed the importance of minimizing the impacts of future mining developments on communities. The focus should be on preserving food and water security amidst rising global demand for metals and minerals essential for transitional technologies.</p>



<p>This study is anticipated to have far-reaching impacts, aiding in the reduction of environmental damage induced by previous and current mining methodologies. Professor Chris Thomas, a key contributor to the research analysis, emphasized the urgency of global metal mining expansion to facilitate the transition to green energy. Thomas acknowledged the substantial global contamination mapped in the study as a legacy from the industrial era, advocating for modern mining to prioritize environmental sustainability.</p>



<p>He further explained, "Our methods, which also operate effectively at local scales, introduce a vital new strategy in this process." To implement this strategy, an applied unit of their research center, Water and Planetary Health Analytics, has been established to collaborate with the sector.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-mining-and-environmental-concerns">Modern mining and environmental concerns</h2>



<p>Experts believe this development is crucial, especially when transitional technologies are experiencing an exponential demand for metals and minerals. This study is not only a beacon of knowledge shedding light on the environmental impacts of mining but also a compass guiding modern mining towards environmental sustainability and human safety. </p>



<p>The approach proposed by the team serves as an invaluable asset for gauging and mitigating the repercussions of mining activities on ecological and human health.</p>



<p>This comprehensive research underscores the significance of refining mining practices and presents a new paradigm in environmental conservation. The goal is to enable a harmonious coexistence between mining endeavors and ecological well-being. </p>



<p>The implications of this study are pivotal, offering a road map for industries, regulators, and communities to navigate the complexities of environmental conservation in mining, all while aligning with the escalating need for metals in advancing green technologies.</p>



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23 million people are exposed to toxic waste from mining activities

Geographers from the University of Lincoln, UK, report that approximately...

Image,Of,African,Lady,In,Face,Mask,With,Thumbs,Up-child

<p>In a blow to global health endeavors, the Independent Monitoring Board (IBM) of the <a href="https://polioeradication.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</a> (GPEI) revealed that the mission to completely eradicate polio might miss its crucial objectives this year. </p>



<p>The international strategy had aimed to halt the spread of wild polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the last remaining endemic countries, and curb the vaccine-derived strain, which is accountable for outbreaks worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stubborn-persistence">Stubborn persistence</h2>



<p>Despite a staggering 99% reduction in polio cases since 1988 owing to widespread vaccination drives, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-polio-vaccine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complete obliteration</a> of this infectious disease remains an uphill battle. Polio's endurance hinders global health aspirations to see it become the second disease after smallpox, eradicated in 1980, to be completely wiped out.</p>



<p>However, Aidan O'Leary, Director of Polio Eradication at the <a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), asserts, "It can be done. And we need to make sure we finish the job." His resolve underscores the international community’s commitment to achieving a polio-free world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-polio-landscape">Current polio landscape</h2>



<p>To date, this year has witnessed only seven documented cases of wild polio, with five in Afghanistan and two in Pakistan. O'Leary is optimistic about halting the spread of this strain by early 2024, albeit a few months past the initial target, holding out hope for the complete eradication of wild polio by 2026.</p>



<p>However, the vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) present a more formidable challenge. These originate from the mutated live virus in the oral polio vaccine, posing risks to unvaccinated populations if mutations turn virulent. Shockingly, recent instances of paralysis in children due to VDPVs are around 50 times higher than those from wild poliovirus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-challenges">Addressing the challenges</h2>



<p>The GPEI conceded the challenges presented in IBM's review, acknowledging the ongoing struggles, particularly in areas facing insecurity. Eradicating vaccine-derived outbreaks is anticipated to be an especially lengthy process. </p>



<p>O'Leary emphasized prioritizing vaccination and surveillance in areas like the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northwestern Nigeria, south-central Somalia, and northern Yemen, where VDPVs are rampant. "This is what is needed to shift the game," O'Leary highlighted, implying a possible recalibration of timelines but a steadfast commitment to eradication efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-persisting-amidst-adversity">Persisting amidst adversity</h2>



<p>Despite the hurdles, the concerted actions and unwavering dedication of the international community bring a ray of hope in the fight against polio. </p>



<p>While the journey to eradicate polio is fraught with unprecedented challenges, the resilience and adaptability showcased by global health organizations and workers are pivotal in navigating the road ahead. The recalibration of strategies and a focus on the most affected regions are crucial to advancing towards a world free from the shadows of polio.</p>



<p>In summary, the path to polio eradication is intricate, marked by unforeseen obstacles and continuous learning. The setbacks experienced this year underscore the necessity for adaptability, fortitude, and a relentless pursuit of innovative solutions in the global fight against polio.</p>



<p>The ongoing endeavors and the relentless spirit of the global community illuminate the pathway to triumph over this debilitating disease, instilling hope for a polio-free future.</p>



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Global campaign to eradicate polio is falling short

In a blow to global health endeavors, the Independent Monitoring...

Underwater,Gas,Pipelines,For,Gas,Transportation,In,Europe.,Underwater,View.

<p>Swedish researchers from Stockholm University and Linne University have unveiled a startling discovery of vast methane leaks erupting from the seabed of the Baltic Sea. This revelation has caused renewed scrutiny in environmental circles and prompted deeper investigation into the underlying causes and potential ramifications.</p>



<p>The scientists stumbled upon methane bubbles escalating up to 370 meters in a delimited area of 20 square kilometers off the southeastern coast of Sweden. This discovery illustrates a phenomenon unseen in the ongoing study of underwater ecosystems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-a-new-way-to-locate-methane-leaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-and-intact-bubbles">Intense and intact bubbles</h2>



<p>Christian Stranne, a notable member of the research team from <a href="https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stockholm University</a>, in an official statement, emphasized the uniqueness of the methane leak conditions. He noted that the oxygen-free waters of the Baltic Sea might facilitate the intact rise of the bubbles to the surface. </p>



<p>Stranne voiced his astonishment over witnessing intense bubbles originating from such unprecedented depths, stating, “We know that methane gas can bubble up from shallow seabeds near the Baltic Sea coast, but I’ve never seen such intense bubbles before – and definitely not from such a deep area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-baltic-sea-methane-leaks-suspected">More Baltic Sea methane leaks suspected</h2>



<p>This discovery suggests the potential presence of similar methane leaks in different regions of the Baltic Sea, due to the atypical levels of methane discovered. The unusual conditions have spurred the team into further exploratory and analytical endeavors to unravel the mystery behind the high methane levels in the area.</p>



<p>Marcelo Ketzer, the project leader and a professor of environmental science at Linne University, echoed Stranne's concerns and insights. He underscored the current lack of comprehensive knowledge about the factors influencing methane production in deeper regions and the trajectory of the released methane. Ketzer also stressed the urgent need for understanding the dynamics at play in these deeper realms of the Baltic Sea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-link-to-the-nord-stream-pipeline">Possible link to the Nord Stream Pipeline</h2>



<p>This instance of methane leak aligns temporally with the ruptures in the Nord Stream Pipeline under the Baltic Sea reported a year prior, considered by the <a href="https://www.unep.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) to be the largest single release of methane ever recorded.</p>



<p>Last September, the pipeline, pivotal for the transport of natural gas from Germany to Russia, suffered extensive damage due to sudden underwater explosions, leading to unanticipated and significant methane emissions.</p>



<p>This revelation fuels speculation and concerns over environmental safety and integrity, highlighting the necessity for meticulous analysis and research to comprehend the production, release, and impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> from the seabed. </p>



<p>The increased scrutiny and extensive research spurred by this discovery will be paramount in understanding the environmental and ecological implications of methane leaks, and in developing strategies to monitor and mitigate any detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems and climate.</p>



<p>The concerted efforts by the research teams at Stockholm and Linne Universities to probe deeper into this phenomenon will play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the methane cycle in the Baltic Sea and potentially in other similar ecosystems globally. The revelations and insights gleaned from their ongoing research will be instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and environmental conservation initiatives.</p>



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Large methane leaks discovered in the Baltic Sea

Swedish researchers from Stockholm University and Linne University have unveiled...

Macro,Image,Of,A,Dead,Bee,On,A,Leaf,From

<p>Recent research discovered that over 10% of English river sites contain hazardous levels of pesticides that are toxic to bees and also prohibited by the European Union (EU). </p>



<p>The alarming levels of neonicotinoids, particularly in rivers in the east of England, South East, and West Midlands, expose severe environmental concerns and potential risks to aquatic life and human health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-damaging-presence-of-neonicotinoids">Damaging presence of neonicotinoids</h2>



<p>Of the 283 river sites that underwent examination by the Environment Agency between 2020 and 2022, at least one of the five neonicotinoids was present in 29. It is distressing to note that 55% of these 29 sites exhibited one or more neonicotinoids above the <a href="https://echa.europa.eu/environmental-quality-standards" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Quality Standard</a> (EQS) set by the EU, deemed safe for aquatic species. Furthermore, over four times the acceptable limit of one or more pesticides marked 21% of the sites.</p>



<p>The research brought to light the presence of clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. These pesticides, banned in the UK since 2018 for outdoor crops, are notorious for their harmful impacts on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omega-3-oil-may-help-protect-pollinators-from-pesticides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> and aquatic organisms. </p>



<p>Thiacloprid and Acetamiprid were also identified. The former was prohibited in 2020 due to potential detrimental effects on human health, while the latter, still allowed in the UK, is known to accumulate and damage various living organisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-areas-with-highest-concentrations">Areas with highest concentrations</h2>



<p>The east of England, the West Midlands, and Yorkshire and Humber showcased the highest concentrations of neonicotinoids at single sites. The rivers Ivel, Nene, Ouse, Tame, and Waveney in these regions were the most prevalent for pesticide use.</p>



<p>Tessa Wardley, the Director of Communications and Advocacy at the <a href="https://theriverstrust.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rivers Trust</a>, emphasized the likely understatement of the actual extent of neonicotinoid pollution in English rivers due to infrequent and inadequate monitoring by the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environment Agency</a>, especially during wet weather when the risk of rapid flushing of pesticides into rivers is heightened.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controversy-and-debate">Controversy and debate</h2>



<p>This revelation coincides with ongoing debates within the government regarding the renewal of the usage of thiamethoxam for the fourth consecutive year. This debate has sparked controversy due to previous emergency authorizations contradicting expert counsel. </p>



<p>The EU Court of Justice, in January 2023, deemed such emergency authorizations of seeds treated with banned neonicotinoids as violations of EU law.</p>



<p>Nick Mole, Policy Officer at Pesticide Action Network UK, termed the findings as “hugely concerning,” urging the UK government to put a halt to ‘emergency’ extensions for the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neonicotinoids-kill-bees-and-threaten-hundreds-of-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">banned pesticides</a> and to institute a robust and well-funded monitoring system for all UK water bodies urgently.</p>



<p>Barnaby Coupe, Land Use Policy Manager at The Wildlife Trusts, also criticized the UK government's ongoing approval of toxic pesticides, which he claims has ignored scientific findings and expert advice, resulting in a significant reduction in wildlife.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-government-actions">Government actions</h2>



<p>In response, a spokesperson for the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) assured that their comprehensive Plan for Water is addressing every source of pollution through enhanced investment, stricter regulation, and tougher enforcement. </p>



<p>They further highlighted the government's commitment to minimizing the risks and impacts of pesticides and reducing the use of insecticides by farmers through increased funding and sustainable farming incentives.</p>



<p>In summary, the new research has sparked renewed urgency and concern regarding the hazardous levels of prohibited pesticides in English rivers, revealing the far-reaching impacts on wildlife, aquatic life, and potentially human health. </p>



<p>The government is under increased pressure to enhance monitoring, regulation, and enforcement to combat the rising levels of harmful pesticides and to reconsider the allowances and extensions granted for the use of such chemicals in the agriculture sector.</p>



<p>This study was conducted by the <a href="https://www.wcl.org.uk/rt.asp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rivers Trust and Wildlife and Countryside Link</a> (WCL) </p>



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Concerning levels of bee-harming pesticides discovered in English rivers

Recent research discovered that over 10% of English river sites...

<p>Traces of ancient proteins found in fossilized dinosaur feathers may shed new light on the evolution of feathers, according to a study from <a href="https://www.ucc.ie/">University College Cork</a>.</p>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Tiffany Slater and Professor Maria McNamara of UCC’s School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science. The experts collaborated with scientists based at Linyi University and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-proteins">Fossil proteins</h2>



<p>"Fossil proteins are valuable tools in evolutionary biology. Recent technological advances and better integration of experimental methods have confirmed the feasibility of biomolecular preservation in deep time, yielding new insights into the timing of key evolutionary transitions," wrote the researchers.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The team analyzed 125-million-year-old feathers from the dinosaur Sinornithosaurus and the early bird Confuciusornis from China, in addition to a 50-million-year-old feather from the United States.</p>



<p>While previous research indicated that modern feathers have a different composition than ancient feathers, the new study reveals that they share the same protein composition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the experts, this confirms that the chemistry of feathers originated much earlier than previously thought.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beta-proteins-nbsp">Beta-proteins&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“It’s really exciting to discover new similarities between dinosaurs and birds,” said Dr. Slater.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“To do this, we developed a new method to detect traces of ancient feather proteins. Using X-rays and infrared light we found that feathers from the dinosaur Sinornithosaurus contained lots of beta-proteins, just like feathers of birds today.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team ran experiments to investigate how feather proteins break down during the fossilization process. This helped the experts interpret the chemical signals preserved in the fossil feathers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weird-chemistry">Weird chemistry</h2>



<p>“Modern bird feathers are rich in beta-proteins that help strengthen feathers for flight,” said Dr. Slater.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Previous tests on dinosaur feathers, though, found mostly alpha-proteins. Our experiments can now explain this weird chemistry as the result of protein degradation during the fossilization process."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"So although some fossil feathers do preserve traces of the original beta-proteins, other fossil feathers are damaged and tell us a false narrative about feather evolution.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers noted that experiments show that feather beta-proteins can survive moderate thermal maturation. "As predicted by our experiments, analyses of Mesozoic feathers confirm that evidence of feather CBPs can persist through deep time," they wrote.</p>



<p>“Traces of ancient biomolecules can clearly survive for millions of years, but you can’t read the fossil record literally because even seemingly well-preserved fossil tissues have been cooked and squashed during fossilization," said study senior author Professor Maria McNamara.</p>



<p>"We’re developing new tools to understand what happens during fossilization and unlock the chemical secrets of fossils. This will give us exciting new insights into the evolution of important tissues and their biomolecules. “</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02177-8"><em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em></a>.</p>



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Modern bird feathers contain traces of dinosaur feathers

Traces of ancient proteins found in fossilized dinosaur feathers may...

<p>Recent research suggests that prehistoric societies might have modified human bones for ritualistic uses. </p>



<p>This discovery was made during an international study led by Zita Laffranchi and Marco Milella from the University of Bern, in collaboration with Rafael Martínez Sánchez of the <a href="https://www.uco.es/internacional/extranjeros/en/about-uco">University of Cordoba</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Historically, cuts and marks found on ancient bone remains often led the scientific community to attribute their use to human consumption.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the research's analysis of over 400 remains, both adults and adolescents, from the Cueva de los Mármoles in Priego de Córdoba has presented a different narrative. These remains are housed in the local Archaeological Museum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bones-used-as-tools">Bones used as tools</h2>



<p>The team used high-resolution molds and electron microscopes to study the bones. Their observations indicate that many marks on these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-pterosaur-bones-found-in-australia-date-back-107-million-years/">bones</a> are consistent with a cleaning process, suggesting the bones were likely used as tools rather than for consumption.</p>



<p>Martínez Sánchez highlights the challenge of distinguishing the purpose behind the bone marks, especially since these bones were found on the cave's surface and could have undergone various taphonomic changes, such as animal activity or trampling.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the study leans away from the hypothesis of consumption. Instead, it finds evidence for a meticulous cleaning process suitable for tool use, such as a fibula with a pointed end, a modified tibia, and a skull.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burial-practices-nbsp">Burial practices&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Carbon-14 dating unveiled three distinct funerary periods within the cave, with the earliest dating back to 3800 BC during the Neolithic. This period saw a surge in the use of dolmens, or stone tombs, for collective burials. Such burial practices signify a society deeply connected with its ancestors.</p>



<p>This research aligns with the Megalithic era, a time when the marks on the bones, believed to be inconsistent with consumption, support the theory that human remains were repurposed as instruments. Martínez Sánchez proposes that these remains might have been used in rituals inside the cave.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ritualistic-practices">Ritualistic practices</h2>



<p>The team's findings challenge pre-existing beliefs, suggesting that human remains, from the late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, were used for cultural and ritualistic practices long after their deposition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It seems that there was the idea of grouping the dead in the same place, cleaning the remains, and using the bones as instruments, perhaps related to some type of ritual performed inside the cavity," said Martínez Sánchez.</p>



<p>These rituals apparently spanned a great period of time, from the end of the Neolithic to the Bronze Age - a time "in which we did not expect to find that bodies were still deposited in this cavity," said Martínez Sánchez.</p>



<p>The study not only uncovers the practices of ancient societies but also emphasizes the complexities and intricacies of our ancestors' relationship with the deceased.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/"><em>PLoS One</em></a>.</p>



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New study sheds light on Neolithic rituals involving human bones

Recent research suggests that prehistoric societies might have modified human...

<p>The outlook for the endangered purple cauliflower soft coral, Dendronephthya australis, endemic to southeastern Australia, has been bleak. Over the past three years, there has been a concerning loss of coral aggregations in the Port Stephens estuary, historically its largest habitat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This species is not only vital in its own right, as one of the Federal Government's 100 priority species on the Threatened Species Strategy, but also serves as an essential habitat for other species, most notably the Endangered White’s seahorse and baby snapper.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-hope-for-the-corals">New hope for the corals</h2>



<p>A study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04298-x">Marine Biology</a> offers a glimmer of hope for the endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/corals-have-a-vegetarian-side-that-keeps-them-alive-in-nutrient-poor-areas/">corals</a>. The research reveals new insights into the reproductive life of this coral species, offering hope for its future survival.</p>



<p>The lead researcher, <a href="https://www.scu.edu.au/">Southern Cross University</a> PhD candidate Meryl Larkin, said the paper was a welcome turnaround from her earlier work, which showed how badly the species had been decimated by shifts in sediment and La Niña flood events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our discoveries open new doors for conservation strategies, including potential restoration efforts,” she said. “It has given us real hope we can keep this coral off the extinction list.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-reproduction-of-corals-nbsp">Understanding the reproduction of corals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Corals can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with some being hermaphroditic or distinctly male and female. Before this study, the reproductive dynamics of Dendronephthya australis remained a mystery.</p>



<p>Larkin utilized diverse methods, from histological analyses of fresh specimens to lab-based studies. She was conducting lab work at the Port Stephens Fisheries Institute when she observed, for the first time, eggs and sperm within coral fragments from different colonies, indicating the existence of separate male and female colonies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-in-the-lab">Breakthrough in the lab</h2>



<p>Larkin then achieved a pioneering feat - successfully developing IVF methods for the coral, achieving larval settlement in a lab, and reintroducing coral babies back into the wild where they continue to thrive.</p>



<p>“This was a major step forward in the prospect of recovery by the species because, from just a few remaining colonies, we were able to produce hundreds of new individual corals,” said Larkin.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>She noted that the findings could be used to support the growth of wild populations and create new coral colonies to repopulate areas of habitat where they previously flourished.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Larkin’s research, sponsored by Southern Cross University and the NSW Department of Primary Industries, highlights the vital importance of understanding reproductive processes and early life stages to grasp the dynamics of a species.</p>



<p>“Reproduction and early life stages are fundamental for understanding the dynamics of any species, particularly marine invertebrates,” said Larkin. “These stages are essential for population establishment and growth, and understanding them helps us identify threats and extinction risks.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-purple-cauliflower-soft-coral">More about the purple cauliflower soft coral</h2>



<p>The purple cauliflower soft coral is aptly named for its distinctive appearance, resembling the branching, clustered look of cauliflower, tinged with a purple hue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Unlike hard corals that build reefs with their calcium carbonate skeletons, soft corals possess a more flexible structure, which often gives them a more fluid, tree-like appearance underwater.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>Endemic to south-eastern Australia, the largest populations of the purple cauliflower soft coral have been historically found in the Port Stephens estuary in New South Wales. Here, they thrive in estuarine environments, preferring areas with strong tidal flows that bring in ample nutrients.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological Importance</h3>



<p>The soft coral plays a pivotal role in its ecosystem. Not only does it contribute to the biodiversity of its marine habitat, but it also offers shelter and a breeding ground for various marine species. In such roles, it supports the larger marine food web and helps maintain ecological balance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



<p>Dendronephthya australis is one of the 100 priority species listed on the Federal Government’s Threatened Species Strategy. Over recent years, the coral has experienced a significant decline, especially in the Port Stephens estuary where there has been a complete loss of aggregations (clusters of colonies).&nbsp;</p>



<p>Factors contributing to its decline include shifts in sediment, La Niña flood events, and potentially other human-induced stressors like pollution and habitat destruction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-strategies">Reproductive strategies</h3>



<p>Coral reproduction is a fascinating and complex subject. The recent groundbreaking research led by Meryl Larkin has unveiled some mysteries of the Dendronephthya australis's reproductive life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study revealed that these corals have distinct male and female colonies - a fact unknown before this research. Understanding the reproductive strategies of such corals is crucial for their conservation, as it opens doors to potential restoration efforts.</p>



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Understanding the sex lives of endangered soft corals could save them

The outlook for the endangered purple cauliflower soft coral, Dendronephthya...

Spider,Web,Or,Cobweb,With,Water,Drops,After,Rain,Against

<p>Scientists have successfully synthesized spider silk using genetically modified silkworms, creating fibers with a toughness six times superior to that of Kevlar, a material prominently used in bulletproof vests. </p>



<p>This revolutionary work is the first to fabricate full-length spider silk proteins through silkworms, presenting a methodology that might give rise to an eco-friendly substitute to prevalent synthetic commercial fibers such as nylon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-synthetic-fiber-issues">Tackling synthetic fiber issues</h2>



<p>Synthetic fibers like nylon have been widely used, but they pose environmental concerns due to their ability to release detrimental microplastics and their production from fossil fuels leading to greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>Scientists, therefore, have been exploring spider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-silk-can-help-human-cells-kill-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silk</a> as a sustainable alternative, given its exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications in various fields like medical sutures, textiles, military, aerospace technology, and biomedical engineering.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovating-spider-silk-production">Innovating spider silk production</h2>



<p>Silkworm silk is the only large-scale commercialized animal silk fiber, with proven rearing techniques. Junpeng Mi, a PhD candidate at the College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering at <a href="https://english.dhu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Donghua University</a>, reveals that utilizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Spider-Silk-fibers_transgenic-silkworms_CREDIT-Junpeng-Mi_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetically modified silkworms </a>opens avenues for the low-cost, mass commercialization of spider silk fibers. </p>



<p>This alternative is not just innovative but solves persistent issues in spider silk synthesis, such as applying a protective “skin layer” to the silk, allowing it to endure humidity and exposure to sunlight. Genetically modified silkworms, by virtue of having a similar protective layer on their fibers, overcome this problem, making them the ideal conduit for spider silk production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-step-in-silk-synthesis">Evolutionary step in silk synthesis</h2>



<p>To achieve the synthesis, Mi and his team integrated spider silk protein genes into the silkworm’s DNA, ensuring the expression in their glands. This intricate process involved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-created-a-transparent-squid-allowing-them-to-see-inside-while-its-still-alive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRISPR-Cas9</a> gene editing technology and countless microinjections into fertilized silkworm eggs, a step Mi described as one of the most significant challenges of the study. </p>



<p>Observing the red glow in the silkworms’ eyes under a fluorescence microscope indicated the success of gene editing, a moment of triumph and excitement for the team. Further, “localization” modifications were crucial to align the transgenic <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/welcome-to-the-not-so-creepy-crawly-world-of-spider-silk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider silk proteins</a> with proteins in the silkworm glands, ensuring the proper spinning of the fiber. </p>



<p>The team also proposed a “minimal basic structure model” of silkworm silk to guide these modifications, a concept that Mi emphasizes as a crucial shift from previous research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-with-engineered-spider-silk">Future with engineered spider silk</h2>



<p>Junpeng Mi foresees the application of insights gained from this study to further enhance the toughness and strength of spider silk fibers by developing genetically modified silkworms capable of producing spider silk fibers from both natural and engineered amino acids. </p>



<p>This introduces the possibility of over one hundred engineered amino acids, unveiling immense potential for the development of engineered spider silk fibers.</p>



<p>Mi is confident about the potential for large-scale commercialization of this innovation, promising a sustainable and versatile material that could revolutionize industries, offering solutions ranging from more comfortable clothing and advanced bulletproof vests to medical sutures catering to global demand exceeding 300 million procedures annually.</p>



<p>In summary, this pioneering research marks a significant leap towards environmentally friendly and sustainable material production, confronting the ecological drawbacks of synthetic fibers. It paves the way for extensive applications, impacting numerous domains, reinforcing the potential of bioengineered products in addressing modern-day challenges. </p>



<p>As scientists venture deeper into the realms of spider silk synthesis, the anticipation of more discoveries and innovations in this domain holds promise for a future where sustainability and technology converge.</p>



<p>More about spider silk </p>



<p>The complete study is available in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/matter/fulltext/S2590-2385(23)00421-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal Matter</a>.</p>



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Spider silk produced by genetically modified silkworms is 6x stronger than Kevlar

Scientists have successfully synthesized spider silk using genetically modified silkworms,...

Spiny,Crayfish,With,Nippers,Raised

<p>The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) of New South Wales confirmed on Friday that the crayfish kill of numerous giant spiny crayfish in the Blue Mountains last month resulted from contamination by an insecticide, bifenthrin. </p>



<p>This revelation follows a gruesome discovery by a tour guide who found up to 1,000 dead and dying crayfish in a tributary of Hazelbrook Creek, near Horseshoe Falls, revealing the disturbing impact of pollution on marine life in the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-and-investigation">Discovery and investigation</h2>



<p>The contaminated tributary is located next to a predominantly residential area of Hazelbrook town and drains a sub catchment. Suspecting a pollutant as the cause, the <a href="https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPA</a> cooperated with the Blue Mountains city council staff to trace the source of the contamination. </p>



<p>Crayfish carcasses underwent extensive analysis at an EPA laboratory in Lidcombe where detailed tests revealed the presence of bifenthrin in the water, sediment, and crayfish samples from the tainted creek.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-bifenthrin">The role of bifenthrin</h2>



<p>Bifenthrin is a common insecticide employed for controlling various pests such as termites, spiders, ants, and cockroaches. Despite its widespread use, it poses severe risks to crayfish and other marine species. </p>



<p>It is worth noting that the EPA has absolved glyphosate and other herbicides, used by the Blue Mountains city council, from being the causes of the crayfish deaths and clarified that the council is not under investigation in the ongoing inquiry to find the contamination source.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crayfish-kill-impacts-on-biodiversity">Crayfish kill impacts on biodiversity</h2>



<p>This is not the first instance of pollution affecting giant spiny crayfish in the area. In 2012, bifenthrin contamination in Jamison Creek near the World Heritage-listed Wentworth Falls caused the largest-ever mass crayfish kill recorded. </p>



<p>The contamination, which infiltrated the creek through stormwater drains, decimated other macroinvertebrates and severely impaired aquatic biodiversity, plummeting the number of taxonomic families in the creek from 22 to three.</p>



<p>Giant spiny crayfish, native to Australia, face existential threats from pesticides, runoff, and habitat loss, and trapping them in the Blue Mountains’ swamps or waterways is prohibited. These incidents underscore the urgent need for stringent measures to preserve these unique creatures and the overall biodiversity of the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calls-for-responsibility-and-caution">Calls for responsibility and caution</h2>



<p>The acting Chief Executive of the <a href="https://www.nature.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Conservation Council of New South Wales</a>, Brad Smith, emphasized the ramifications of this incident, remarking that it serves as “a reminder about how careful businesses and residents need to be with chemicals, especially around waterways”. </p>



<p>Smith stresses the collective responsibility, especially in ecologically sensitive areas like the Blue Mountains, to protect the region’s precious world heritage. The Nature Conservation Council is eager for the EPA to pinpoint the source of this devastating spill, highlighting the crucial role of vigilance and responsibility in preventing such environmental catastrophes.</p>



<p>In summary, the EPA’s findings bring to light the delicate balance of our ecosystems and the profound impact human activities can have on the environment, serving as a stark reminder of the caution needed in handling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omega-3-oil-may-help-protect-pollinators-from-pesticides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a>, particularly near water bodies. </p>



<p>The pursuit to uncover the contamination source is crucial, not only to prevent further loss of aquatic life but also to uphold the integrity of the ecological sanctuaries such as the Blue Mountains.</p>



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Insecticide responsible for major crayfish kill in Australia

The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) of New South Wales confirmed...

<p>The long-held belief that jellyfish are simple creatures with limited cognitive abilities has been dramatically overturned.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A new study from the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a> reveals that Caribbean box jellyfish are far more advanced than previously thought, displaying complex learning abilities despite their rudimentary nervous systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-so-simple-nbsp">Not so simple&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While jellyfish have inhabited our planet for over 500 million years, their reputation has mostly been that of uncomplicated beings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This notion has been largely based on their primitive nervous systems, particularly when compared to organisms with advanced centralized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrition-for-neurons-the-role-of-breast-milk-in-shaping-our-brains/">brains</a>. The research, however, challenges this perspective.</p>



<p>"It was once presumed that jellyfish can only manage the simplest forms of learning, including habituation – i.e., the ability to get used to a certain stimulation, such as a constant sound or constant touch," said study co-author Professor Anders Garm.</p>



<p>"Now, we see that jellyfish have a much more refined ability to learn, and that they can actually learn from their mistakes. And in doing so, modify their behavior."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The focus of this research was the Caribbean box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora. Despite having only about a thousand nerve cells, these jellyfish displayed sophisticated learning mechanisms that allowed them to adapt their behavior based on experiences. Remarkably, they achieve this advanced learning at a rate similar to that of fruit flies and mice.</p>



<p>The team's experiments highlighted how these jellyfish use visual contrasts to gauge their distance from mangrove roots, enabling them to avoid potential harm.&nbsp;</p>



<p>What's even more fascinating is their ability to adjust their behavior based on changes in contrast conditions due to various environmental factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-associative-learning-nbsp">Associative learning&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Our experiments show that contrast, i.e., how dark the root is in relation to the water, is used by the jellyfish to assess distances to roots, which allows them to swim away at just the right moment. Even more interesting is that the relationship between distance and contrast changes on a daily basis due to rainwater, algae and wave action," said Professor Garm.</p>



<p>"We can see that as each new day of hunting begins, box jellyfish learn from the current contrasts by combining visual impressions and sensations during evasive maneuvers that fail."</p>



<p>"So, despite having a mere one thousand nerve cells – our brains have roughly 100 billion – they can connect temporal convergences of various impressions and learn a connection – or what we call associative learning. And they actually learn about as quickly as advanced animals like fruit flies and mice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This research is redefining our understanding of the capabilities of simple nervous systems. It presents the intriguing idea that advanced learning might have been a fundamental evolutionary advantage from the very inception of nervous systems.</p>



<p>"For fundamental neuroscience, this is pretty big news. It provides a new perspective on what can be done with a simple nervous system. This suggests that advanced learning may have been one of the most important evolutionary benefits of the nervous system from the very beginning," said Garm.</p>



<p>Further studies are now focusing on identifying the specific nerve cells responsible for this learning in jellyfish.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This knowledge could ultimately lead to a broader understanding about memory processes across different species and might even contribute to our comprehension of complex conditions like dementia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-supermodel-system-nbsp">A supermodel system&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team has also shown where the learning is happening in these box jellyfish. This has given them the unique opportunity to study the precise changes that occur in a nerve cell when it is involved in advanced learning.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We hope that this can become a supermodel system for looking at cellular processes in the advanced learning of all sorts of animals," said Professor Garm.</p>



<p>"We are now in the process of trying to pinpoint exactly which cells are involved in learning and memory formation. Upon doing so, we will be able to go in and look at what structural and physiological changes occur in the cells as learning takes place."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-how-memory-works-nbsp">Learning how memory works&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Garm said that the team will eventually look for the same mechanisms in other animals, to see if this is how memory works in general.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Understanding something as enigmatic and immensely complex as the brain is in itself an absolutely amazing thing. But there are unimaginably many useful possibilities."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"One major problem in the future will undoubtedly be various forms of dementia. I don’t claim that we are finding the cure for dementia, but if we can gain a better understanding of what memory is, which is a central problem in dementia, we may be able to lay a building block to better understand the disease and perhaps counteract it."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.056" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Jellyfish are capable of more complex learning than ever imagined

The long-held belief that jellyfish are simple creatures with limited...

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dogs-have-exceptional-learning-capacities/">Dogs</a> may be baffled by our slang and colloquial expressions, but their capacity to grasp human feelings and even parts of our language is remarkable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Those who love dogs realize that these furry companions offer more than just playing fetch and pleading for snacks. They have evolved into compassionate confidants and crucial contributors to the emotional health of their owners.</p>



<p>Recently, the language tutoring company <a href="https://preply.com/">Preply</a> conducted a survey involving more than 1,000 dog owners in America to delve deeper into the interaction between humans and dogs, unveiling the complexities of their communication skills and ways of connecting with humans.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-from-the-survey-nbsp">Key insights from the survey&nbsp;</h2>



<ol>
<li>The typical American dog comprehends 18 words used by humans.</li>



<li>For one in three owners, dogs are more emotionally attuned to them than their partners.</li>



<li>77 percent of those surveyed feel their dogs truly listen to them.</li>



<li>Beyond basic commands, the word “love” tops the list of human words understood by dogs.</li>



<li>Around one-third of owners note their dogs’ excitement during FaceTime calls.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-recognizing-human-language-nbsp">Dogs recognizing human language&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The survey revealed that the average dog in America understands 18 words, a vocabulary extending beyond the usual commands. Interestingly, “love” and “happy” are among the recognized words, indicating dogs’ awareness of affectionate and positive terms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings add another layer to our comprehension of dogs’ cognitive abilities, suggesting that a profound emotional connection exists between dogs and humans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A substantial 66 percent of those surveyed perceive their dogs more as humans than pets, showcasing the familial status of dogs in households.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-top-ten-words">Top ten words</h2>



<p>Here are the top 10 words that the dogs recognize (excluding widely used commands such as “sit,” “stay,” “outside” etc.):</p>



<ol>
<li>Love</li>



<li>Car</li>



<li>Cookie</li>



<li>Bye-bye</li>



<li>Baby</li>



<li>Grandma</li>



<li>Home&nbsp;</li>



<li>Ice cream</li>



<li>TV</li>



<li>Happy</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-beyond-words-nbsp">Communication beyond words&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The essence of communication is deeply rooted in the desire for connection, which is evident in the interactions between dogs and their owners.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The survey demonstrates that communication transcends words, fostering a deep emotional understanding, acknowledged by both dog owners and language enthusiasts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeling-understood-by-canine-companions-nbsp">Feeling understood by canine companions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study reveals that dogs serve as empathetic listeners, with nearly half of the owners conversing with their dogs multiple times daily.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The frequency of these dialogues varies across genders and generations, but the outcome remains consistent – 77 percent of owners feel emotionally heard by their dogs. This indicates that dogs offer not just companionship but genuine emotional support.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unparalleled-emotional-understanding">Unparalleled emotional understanding</h2>



<p>The emotional rapport between dogs and humans is clearly unique, with dogs often providing more comfort than human partners.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A notable proportion of both male and female dog owners feel more understood by their dogs than their partners, emphasizing the extraordinary empathetic nature of our four-legged friends.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shared-interests-and-technological-interaction">Shared interests and technological interaction</h2>



<p>The survey also suggests that dogs are attuned to their owners’ interests and technological habits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A considerable number of dogs exhibit excitement during video calls and react positively to social media sounds, showcasing their connection to our emotional states and experiences, even in the digital realm.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-participants-in-communication-nbsp">Active participants in communication&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Thus, the relationship between humans and dogs is significantly influenced by both spoken and emotional language.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite their inability to articulate human words or understand our colloquialisms, dogs respond to our emotions and expressions, proving they are active participants in communication rather than just passive recipients of our words.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings shed new light on how communication extends beyond spoken language, and could be applied in better understanding how humans learn new languages and devising novel approaches to teach linguistic skills.</p>



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Typical American dog knows 18 words, and love is at the top of the list

Dogs may be baffled by our slang and colloquial expressions,...

Beautiful,Mandrill,Portrait,Closeup,,Baboon,Monkey,With,Colorful,Face,And

<p>In an intriguing new study, researchers from the University of Bristol explored the correlation between the color vision and coloration of primates. </p>



<p>Contrary to popular belief, the study reveals that primate species with superior color vision are not necessarily more likely to exhibit red skin or fur coloration. This disrupts longstanding assumptions, suggesting the need for more nuanced explorations into the evolution of color in primates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-the-colorful-paradigm-in-primates">Redefining the colorful paradigm in primates</h2>



<p>Historically, the vividness of primates' skin and fur has been linked to their enhanced color vision. The prevalent belief postulated that the enhanced ability to discern colors, particularly in distinguishing between red and green, has facilitated the evolution of vivid color traits in primates, enabling them to communicate effectively regarding fertility or social rank within their species. </p>



<p>This advanced color visual system is generally considered to have evolved primarily to spot ripe red fruits or nutritious young red leaves among foliage easily. However, this new research has challenged this perspective, exploring the relationship between the color visual system and coloration in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/south-african-primates-face-multiple-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primates</a> more thoroughly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-the-spectrum">Investigating the spectrum</h2>



<p>Lead author Robert MacDonald and his team methodically analyzed various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-primate-genome-project-reveals-hidden-evolutionary-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primate species</a>, categorizing them based on their colorful traits, such as red skin on the genital region or face and red-orange fur on different parts of the body. </p>



<p>The researchers juxtaposed this color information with each species’ color visual ability, while considering factors such as diurnal or nocturnal lifestyles and the size of the social groups they inhabit. The central inquiry revolved around whether species with advanced color vision were more likely to have red coloration, with control for other potential influencing factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-findings">Implications of the findings</h2>



<p>MacDonald’s findings cast a shadow on the hitherto accepted notions about the evolution of color in primates, asserting that superior color vision does not necessarily correlate with colorful skin or fur. </p>



<p>“The fact that we didn't find that species with better color vision are more likely to be colorful contradicts some long-held assumptions,” states MacDonald, hinting at a potential reshaping of understanding about what colorful red skin or fur is used for in individual species.</p>



<p>This development underscores that while substantial research has investigated primate coloration, the community still lacks a comprehensive understanding of the pressures that have shaped the evolution of color in humanity’s closest relatives. </p>



<p>As MacDonald and his team dissected the association between color vision and coloration, it became evident that the utility of red skin or red-orange fur may pertain more to social communication across various primate species, even those with less developed color vision.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-relevance-of-colorful-primate-study">Broader relevance of colorful primate study</h2>



<p>While primates, compared to other mammals, are exceptions in exhibiting vibrant colorations, the varied hues within primate species serve crucial communicative roles, signaling diverse biological and social information. </p>



<p>Thus, red coloration in the primate world might have evolved not merely as a product of enhanced color vision but rather as a multifunctional tool, serving crucial roles in interspecies communication, which could be unrelated to their ability to perceive color.</p>



<p>The revelation that species with enhanced color vision are not more colorful contradicts widely held beliefs about the relationship between color vision and coloration in primates, and it calls for deeper explorations into the evolutionary pressures and benefits that have driven the development of color in these species.</p>



<p>This research, anchored by Robert MacDonald from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> and published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blad089/7269140" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</a>, unravels a novel perspective on the relation between color vision and coloration in primates, severing the perceived direct link between enhanced color vision and the development of vibrant red traits. </p>



<p>These new insights necessitate a revisit and reevaluation of existing theories, promoting a deeper understanding of the role and evolution of color within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baboons-sacrifice-sleep-to-meet-lifes-daily-demands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primate</a> species, shedding light on the myriad unknown facets of our colorful closest relatives in the animal kingdom.</p>



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Colorful primates, oddly enough, don't have great color vision

In an intriguing new study, researchers from the University of...

Portrait,Of,A,Male,Bull,White,Rhino,Grazing,In,Kruger

<p>World Rhino Day, <a href="https://www.worldrhinoday.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celebrated annually</a> on September 22nd, is a global event initiated to generate awareness about the five species of rhinoceros and the myriad of challenges they face. </p>



<p>This special day is pivotal to garnering public support for the conservation of these iconic, yet endangered animals. Rhinos, with their prehistoric appearance and gentle demeanors, are vital components of their ecosystems, contributing to landscape resilience and biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-background-of-world-rhino-day">Historical background of World Rhino Day</h2>



<p>World Rhino Day was first announced by WWF-South Africa in 2010. The day was chosen to enable NGOs, zoos, rhino sanctuaries, and concerned individuals to celebrate rhinos in their distinct manner, highlighting the diverse issues related to their survival. </p>



<p>Since then, it has evolved into a global phenomenon. Various events, activities, and campaigns dedicated to the conservation of rhino species take place around the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-of-rhinoceros">Species of rhinoceros</h2>



<p>Rhinos belong to the family Rhinocerotidae and are classified into five species, each with unique characteristics and habitats.</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>White Rhino: Divided into Northern and Southern subspecies, they are the largest of the rhino species.<br></li>



<li>Black Rhino: Smaller than the white rhino, with a prehensile lip adapted for grasping leaves and twigs.<br></li>



<li>Greater One-Horned Rhino: Found in the Indian subcontinent, recognized by a single black horn and armored skin.<br></li>



<li>Sumatran Rhino: The smallest species, living in dense forest habitats in Malaysia and Indonesia.<br></li>



<li>Javan Rhino: The most threatened species with less than 70 individuals remaining. They are primarily found in Ujung Kulon National Park in Java, Indonesia.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-rhinos">The importance of rhinos</h2>



<p>Rhinos play a crucial ecological role as umbrella and keystone species. This means that their survival benefits numerous other species and contributes to ecosystem balance. </p>



<p>They facilitate nutrient cycling through their dung, promoting plant diversity, and support the survival of other herbivores by modifying vegetation structure. This, in turn, influences the whole ecological web, including predators, scavengers, and decomposers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-to-rhino-survival">Challenges to rhino survival</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poaching">Poaching</h3>



<p>Rhinos face relentless threats primarily from poaching, driven by the demand for their horns. Rhino horn, composed of keratin (the same material as human hair and nails), is erroneously believed to have medicinal properties in some cultures. This falsehood makes it extremely valuable on the black market.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat loss</h3>



<p>Loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion, human settlements, and infrastructural development further jeopardizes rhino populations by fragmenting and isolating habitats. These unfortunate human-induced circumstances make it challenging for rhinos to access resources and mates.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Climate change exacerbates these challenges by altering the availability of food and water and by influencing the range and behavior of other species in the ecosystem. This can have cascading effects on rhino populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-and-awareness">Conservation efforts and awareness</h2>



<p>World Rhino Day serves as a platform to underscore the urgent need for concerted global efforts to conserve rhinos. Numerous organizations and individuals collaborate to raise awareness about rhino conservation, undertake fund-raising activities, and work on the ground to protect rhinos from poaching and habitat loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anti-poaching-initiatives">Anti-poaching initiatives</h2>



<p>Strategies such as strict law enforcement, community engagement, and advanced technologies like drone surveillance and tracking devices are deployed to combat poaching.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-management-and-restoration">Habitat management and restoration</h2>



<p>Conservationists work on habitat management and restoration projects to ensure rhinos have the necessary environments to thrive. These efforts focus on reducing human-wildlife conflict and securing migratory routes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-and-rehabilitation-programs">Breeding and rehabilitation programs</h2>



<p>Sanctuaries and conservation areas facilitate breeding programs, reintroduction, and rehabilitation efforts to enhance genetic diversity and increase population sizes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-advocacy-on-world-rhino-day">Education and advocacy on World Rhino Day</h2>



<p>World Rhino Day is an opportunity for educational institutions, NGOs, and activists to disseminate information on the significance of rhinos and engage the public in conservation activities. The involvement of local communities is particularly crucial, as their support can greatly contribute to the protection of rhinos and their habitats.</p>



<p>In summary, World Rhino Day symbolizes a global unity in the pursuit of preserving the five species of rhinos. This day serves as a reminder of our collective responsibility to protect and conserve these majestic animals and their habitats, enabling them to play their crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. </p>



<p>The ongoing dedication to rhino conservation, supported by heightened awareness and reinforced regulations, is vital to ensure the survival of rhinos for future generations. By celebrating World Rhino Day, we reaffirm our commitment to biodiversity and take a step closer to a world where both humans and wildlife coexist harmoniously.</p>



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World Rhino Day: Celebrating and protecting the magnificent rhinoceros

World Rhino Day, celebrated annually on September 22nd, is a...

Adult,Cuckoo,Male,Perched,On,Branch

<p>Climate change is reshaping bird habitats and populations across the United Kingdom, presenting both challenges and opportunities for native and migratory species. </p>



<p>Scientists note that this environmental shift is producing "winners and losers" among bird populations, impacting not only the avian residents but also the bird-watching community in Britain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-new-sightings-the-winners">Rising new sightings: The winners</h2>



<p>According to a recent report by the BBC, bird enthusiasts in the UK are witnessing unprecedented sightings of non-native species, such as the black-winged stilts and bee-eaters -- migrants previously seldom seen on British shores. </p>



<p>Bird species like reed warblers are leveraging the extended, warmer summers to increase their progeny, while others like the Cetti's warbler, which colonized the UK decades ago, are progressively extending their range north.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diminishing-native-species-the-losers">Diminishing native species: The losers</h2>



<p>Conversely, the shifting climate is posing significant threats to species like cuckoos and willow warblers, which are experiencing sharp declines in Southern Britain. Dr. Dave Leech, the Head of Ringing at the <a href="https://www.bto.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Trust for Ornithology</a>, spoke to the BBC about the precarious plight of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cuckoos-are-unable-to-change-their-migrations-in-response-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cuckoos</a>, stating their populations are in "free fall." </p>



<p>The changing climate is reducing the availability of food, impeding these birds' ability to refuel before their strenuous journey back over the Sahara to over-winter in Africa. The worry is that future generations might miss out on the distinctive calls of cuckoos, a sound once synonymous with British wildlife.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multi-faceted-pressure-on-bird-populations">Multi-faceted pressure on bird populations</h2>



<p>The precarious balance of the avian ecosystem in the UK is not solely attributed to climate change. Loss of natural habitats like meadows and hedgerows, combined with the usage of pesticides, has led to a decline in nearly half of all bird species in the country. </p>



<p>The British Trust for Ornithology reports a substantial decrease in the number of wild birds in Britain, witnessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-all-uk-bird-species-are-in-a-state-of-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a drop of 73 million</a> since 1970.</p>



<p>Dr. Leech emphasizes that the changing climate is particularly impactful for migratory birds, which are grappling with extreme weather conditions across various continents, affecting their breeding, wintering, and migrational paths that span thousands of kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategic-monitoring-and-mitigation">Strategic monitoring and mitigation</h2>



<p>The continuous efforts of bird ringers and volunteers have been instrumental in monitoring these changes in bird populations, providing valuable insights into their decline. </p>



<p>Peter, a seasoned bird ringer from Gloucestershire, points out to the BBC that climate change, predominantly driven by human activities, will result in alterations in the avian landscape. While some <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species may disappear</a>, others could become commonplace, shifting the avian biodiversity of the region.</p>



<p>Collecting and analyzing ringing data is crucial for devising effective mitigation strategies against the adverse effects of climate change on bird species. Understanding these shifts will enable more informed conservation strategies, aiming to preserve the rich and diverse bird life in the UK.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-and-conserving-bird-populations">Preserving and conserving bird populations</h2>



<p>In summary, the interplay between climate change and avian species is unveiling a new pattern in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-populations-are-declining-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird sightings</a> in the UK. While this shift might excite bird lovers with the presence of new species, the decline of traditional inhabitants like the cuckoo raises concerns about the long-term impacts on the biodiversity of the region. </p>



<p>The proactive role of bird ringers, scientists, and volunteers is essential in monitoring and mitigating the repercussions of these environmental shifts, ensuring the sustenance of diverse bird species for future generations to experience and enjoy.</p>



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Bird populations in the UK are being decimated by climate change

Climate change is reshaping bird habitats and populations across the...

<p>Researchers unearthed a new species of tarantula exhibiting a vibrant electric blue coloration, nestled within the enigmatic landscapes of Thailand’s mangrove forests. This exciting discovery unfolded in the Phang-Nga province and is the inaugural record of a tarantula species dwelling in Thai mangrove ecosystems.</p>



<p>Dr. Narin Chomphuphuang and his research ensemble, accompanied by local wildlife aficionado and YouTuber <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwahnsJVPWodYOLoTQl3q6A" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JoCho Sippawat</a>, embarked on this trailblazing expedition following the revelation of Taksinus bambus -- the first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/four-new-tarantula-species-discovered-in-colombia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tarantula</a> known to inhabit bamboo stalks, in Thailand. Their quest was driven by the zeal to delve deeper into the secretive world of these arachnids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encounter-with-the-vibrant-creature">Encounter with the vibrant creature</h2>



<p>The distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/spider_Chilobrachys-natanicharum_Yuranan-Nanthaisong_2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electric blue</a> of the tarantula immediately distinguished it from its peers, its color acting as a beacon in the dense, dark green foliage. </p>



<p>Narin explained, “The first specimen we found was on a tree in the mangrove forest. These tarantulas inhabit hollow trees, presenting a challenge in catching them, as one needs to climb trees and lure them out of complex hollows amidst humid and slippery conditions.”</p>



<p>The expedition meticulously maneuvered through the terrain in the evenings and nocturnal hours during low tide, overcoming obstacles to collect two specimens, showcasing the tarantula’s elusive nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-symphony-of-colors">A symphony of colors</h2>



<p>The electric blue tarantula, it was discovered, doesn’t owe its striking coloration to pigments, but rather to the intricate nanostructures within their hair, manipulating light to craft the illustrious blue hue, sometimes revealing an enchanting violet tint, creating a mesmerizing iridescent effect. </p>



<p>The mechanism to appear blue necessitates the absorption of minimal energy while reflecting high-energy blue light, making blue one of the most scarce and fascinating colors in nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-prior-commercial-appearance">A prior commercial appearance</h2>



<p>Before its scientific documentation, this species had been seen in commercial tarantula markets as the "Chilobrachys sp. Electric Blue Tarantula," however, without any records of its distinctive attributes or its natural surroundings.</p>



<p>Dr. Narin elucidated the adaptability of the electric blue tarantula, explaining, “These tarantulas can flourish in both arboreal and terrestrial environments in evergreen forests but are confined to tree hollows in mangrove forests due to tidal activities.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-the-new-tarantula-species">Naming the new tarantula species</h2>



<p>The scientific designation, <em>Chilobrachys natanicharum</em>, resulted from an auction campaign, with Nichada Properties Co., Ltd., Thailand, emerging victorious, proposing a blend of the names of company executives Mr. Natakorn Changrew and Ms. Nichada Changrew. </p>



<p>The proceeds from the auction have been channeled to bolster the education of Lahu children in Thailand and to aid impoverished cancer patients. The Lahu people, an indigenous tribe known for their rich culture and traditions, face stark educational disparities due to financial constraints. </p>



<p>Similarly, many cancer sufferers grapple with economic adversities, hindering their access to quality medical care. The donation aims to bridge these gaps and extend support to those in dire need.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-over-habitat-destruction">Concerns over habitat destruction</h2>



<p>Dr. Narin emphasized the indispensability of taxonomy in research, from resolving everyday queries about species names to undertaking pivotal conservation research to thwart species extinction. He underscored its critical role in advancing knowledge and fostering conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The looming menace of deforestation imperils mangrove forests and their unique inhabitants like the electric blue tarantula—one of the world’s rarest. This discovery brings forth pertinent questions about humanity's inadvertent role in habitat destruction and the subsequent displacement of these exceptional species, prompting reflections on conservation imperatives.</p>



<p>This discovery, a beacon of Thailand’s rich biodiversity, has not only expanded the realms of arachnological knowledge but has also sparked crucial conversations about ecological conservation, habitat preservation, and the proactive roles that can be played to shield these extraordinary creatures from extinction.</p>



<p>The study was published in the <a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/106278/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal ZooKeys</a>.</p>



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Electric blue tarantula discovered in a Thai mangrove forest

Researchers unearthed a new species of tarantula exhibiting a vibrant...

<p>A new study published by <a href="https://global.oup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University Press</a> uncovers the evolutionary adaptations in bats that may explain their extraordinary capability to ward off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-increases-risk-of-fatal-bacterial-infections/">infections</a> and resist cancer. This discovery, believed to be associated with bats' rapid evolution, may have promising implications for cancer research.</p>



<p>Bats have long fascinated scientists due to their unique attributes. Not only are they the only mammals capable of sustained flight, but they also boast long lifespans, remarkably low cancer rates, and incredibly robust immune systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, it is widely believed that bats played a pivotal role in the emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. Their peculiar ability to tolerate various viral infections possibly arises from distinct features in their innate immune response.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-health-nbsp">Implications for human health&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The implications of understanding bats are far-reaching, especially for human health. Gaining insights into the bat immune system's mechanisms that enable it to withstand viral infections might pave the way for better strategies in preventing zoonotic disease transmissions to humans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, by comparing the genomic data of bats to other mammals more susceptible to cancer, researchers could unearth new knowledge about cancer's origins and its intricate relationship with immunity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While mice remain a primary organism for experimental studies due to their ease of manipulation, they lack many attributes relevant to human diseases. In contrast, bats offer a more comprehensive perspective.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>"The ability of bats to tolerate viral infections may stem from unusual features of their innate immune response. Together, these adaptations make bats a powerful system for investigating a wide variety of genotype-to-phenotype relationships, including several with implications for human health," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"For example, by better understanding the mechanisms of the bat immune system that allow them to tolerate viral infections, researchers may be better able to prevent zoonotic outbreaks."</p>



<p>"In addition, comparative genomic analyses of bats and cancer-susceptible mammals may shed new light on the causes of cancer and links between cancer and immunity."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For their investigation, the researchers used the Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read platform, along with bat samples from the American Museum of Natural History in Belize. The genomes of two bat species, the Jamaican fruit bat and the Mesoamerican mustached bat, were sequenced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team conducted an extensive comparative genomic analysis involving various bats and other mammals.</p>



<p>"Our comparative genomic analysis of these genome sequences, which have been released as a public resource, provides several new insights into unique features of innate immune response and cancer resistance in bats," said the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered-nbsp">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The scientists identified genetic modifications in six DNA repair-related proteins in bats.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, 46 proteins related to cancer suppression were found to be altered in bats. These modified genes related to cancer were present over two times more in bats than in other mammals.</p>



<p>“By generating these new bat genomes and comparing them to other mammals we continue to find extraordinary new adaptations in antiviral and anticancer genes,” said study lead author Armin Scheben.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These investigations are the first step towards translating research on the unique biology of bats into insights relevant to understanding and treating aging and diseases, such as cancer, in humans.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evad148" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Genome Biology and Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Unique biology of bats may hold secrets of cancer resistance

A new study published by Oxford University Press uncovers the...

Dolphin,Portrait,Detail,Of,Eye,While,Looking,At,You,From

<p>In a recent study, researchers have discovered that a staggering 72% of cetacean and pinniped stocks under U.S. jurisdiction exhibit high or very high vulnerability to the threats posed by climate change.&nbsp;The main threats to these marine mammals include rising ocean temperatures and changes in water composition. </p>



<p>Pinnipeds are “flipper-footed” animals such as seals, sea lions, and walruses, while cetaceans are species that cannot survive on land, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-embedded-in-tissues-of-whales-and-dolphins/">whales</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/dolphin-everything-you-need-to-know-about-these-magical-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a> and porpoises.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-marine-mammals">Climate change and marine mammals</h2>



<p>The study, led by Matthew D. Lettrich from <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Fisheries</a>, sheds light on the susceptibility of marine mammals in US waters to the ever-intensifying impacts of a changing climate.</p>



<p>Several factors drive this vulnerability. As the Earth's climate undergoes rapid alterations, the distribution, behavior, and movements of marine mammals are being significantly influenced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Key agents of this change include warming ocean temperatures, diminished sea ice cover, increased ocean acidity, changing salinity levels, and declining dissolved oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Until now, while <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/climate/climate-vulnerability-assessments" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate Vulnerability Assessments</a> (CVAs) provided insights into the climate impacts across a spectrum of species, none had specifically delved into US-managed marine mammals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Recognizing this gap, the researchers embarked on a comprehensive assessment of 108 marine mammal stocks spanning the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal was to gauge their exposure to climate change and their inherent ability to adapt to its consequences.</p>



<p>To do this, the team used 16 climate-related factors that are likely to influence marine mammals directly or indirectly via their prey or habitat.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results-for-marine-mammals">Alarming results for marine mammals</h2>



<p>The assessment revealed that a startling 44% of marine mammal stocks were found to have a “very high” climate vulnerability score. Baleen whales, medium-sized whales, toothed whales, and dolphins were found to have the greatest risk.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>The primary culprits affecting these species were identified as alterations in ocean temperature, acidity, and dissolved oxygen levels, which have direct repercussions on their prey availability and habitat conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-sound-transmission-nbsp">Changes in sound transmission&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, a less explored facet of climate change impacts on marine mammals is the changes in sound absorption and transmission in waters due to fluctuating pH and temperature levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This has significant implications for species that rely on echolocation for activities like communication, hunting, and foraging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-management-and-conservation">Ecosystem management and conservation</h2>



<p>“These results provide information for researchers, managers, and the public on marine mammal responses to climate change to enhance the development of more effective marine mammal management, restoration, and conservation activities that address current and future environmental variation and biological responses due to climate change," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"This vulnerability assessment provides a tool that can complement other marine mammal assessment techniques and support the broader implementation of protected species and ecosystem management and conservation as the climate changes.”</p>



<p>The researchers would like for the marine mammal climate vulnerability assessment to be repeated when enhanced input data is available, such as higher-resolution climate projections and better species-specific biological information.</p>



<p>“Using a systematic approach allowed us to look across all of these stocks and better understand what drives their vulnerability to climate change," said Lettrich.</p>



<p>"We can now go out and look at some of these individual responses to climate change, and explore approaches to reduce the impacts of climate change on these vulnerable populations.”</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290643"><em>PLOS ONE</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Marine mammals in U.S. waters are highly vulnerable to climate change

In a recent study, researchers have discovered that a staggering...

Pied,Tamarin

<p>A recent research study has shed light on the intriguing ways in which the critically endangered pied tamarin monkeys adapt their communication techniques, in response to human-induced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a>, by increasing their scent markings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-amidst-the-urban-din">Communication amidst the urban din</h2>



<p>Native to a tiny geographic span in central Brazil, a majority of which now finds itself encapsulated within the urban sprawl of Manaus, the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/fr/species/40644/192551696" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pied tamarins</a> (Saguinus bicolor) primarily employ a combination of vocal calls and scent markings to convey messages. </p>



<p>But as cities grow and their natural habitats are continuously fragmented, how these primates communicate is dramatically changing.</p>



<p>The latest research, jointly spearheaded by experts from Universidade Federal do Amazonas and <a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anglia Ruskin University</a> (ARU), examined nine distinct groups of wild pied tamarins. With the help of radio tracking, the research team shadowed each group for a span of 10 days. </p>



<p>Throughout these habitats, the main sources of human-made noise emanated from road traffic. However, noises from aircraft, visitors to parks, and even military operations also contributed to the cacophony.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vital-role-of-scent-markings">The vital role of scent markings</h2>



<p>Effective intergroup communication is crucial for not just the health but the very survival of a species. Pied tamarins resort to various scent markings, each serving different purposes, such as conveying territorial or reproductive information.</p>



<p>The study’s compelling findings revealed a direct correlation between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-noise-affects-the-color-of-songbirds-beaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">escalation in noise</a> decibel levels and the frequency of scent markings. This indicates that as their vocal communication gets muffled amidst the urban noise, these primates are relying more heavily on scent markings.</p>



<p>Tainara Sobroza, the lead author from <a href="https://www.ufam.edu.br/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</a>, noted, “Pied tamarins produce long calls which are pivotal for numerous reasons including intergroup communication, territory demarcation, and group cohesion. With urban landscapes steadily encroaching their habitats, our data implies that these creatures' communication techniques are evolving in the face of urban noise.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-adaptations-and-conservation">Evolutionary adaptations and conservation</h2>



<p>Adding to this, <a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk/people/jacob-c-dunn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Jacob Dunn</a>, Associate Professor in Evolutionary Biology at ARU, pointed out that human activities have massively altered the acoustic landscapes that many species were originally adapted to. He emphasized, “The rise in scent marking is probably a flexible adaptation to this drastic change. It's captivating to note that pied tamarins are adjusting their behavior in the face of city noise.”</p>



<p>While scent markings offer the advantage of transmitting information over a prolonged period, they don't match the reach of vocal calls. As these creatures find their habitats becoming more splintered, this might spell trouble for an already critically endangered species.</p>



<p>This fascinating research, which throws light on the behavioral shifts of animals in urban environments, was generously funded by esteemed institutions like the National Geographic Society, the Rufford Foundation, Primate Action Fund, and the International Primatology Society.</p>



<p>The findings have been unveiled in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03949370.2023.2248591" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ethology Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.</p>



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Monkeys use more scent markings to combat human noise pollution

A recent research study has shed light on the intriguing...

<p>Freshwater mussels, known for their sensitivity to water quality changes, may be at heightened risk due to the impacts of increasing sea levels on coastal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/">rivers</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A recent investigation has shed light on the potential dangers that these species, along with other salt-sensitive organisms, face in the wake of climate-induced sea level changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The goal of the research, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5731"><em>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</em></a>, was to understand the threshold of sea salt concentration that could jeopardize the survival of juvenile mussels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This information is crucial in understanding the implications of rising sea levels on these species and the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-salinity-levels-nbsp">Increased salinity levels&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Sea levels across the planet are rising, particularly along the eastern coast of the United States. Climate-induced sea level rise can result in the inundation and intrusion of seawater into freshwater drainages. This would alter salinity regimes and lead to the salinization of coastal freshwater ecosystems," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Increased salinity levels in freshwater can negatively affect freshwater-dependent species, including native mussels belonging to the order Unionida, which are highly sensitive to changes in water quality."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Sea salt is largely made up of sodium and chloride ions, forming sodium chloride, a known toxicant to freshwater mussels. However, sea salt is a mixture that also contains other major ions, including potassium, sulfate, calcium, strontium, and magnesium, among others."</p>



<p>"Freshwater mussels exposed to sea salt would be exposed to each of the sea salt ions at the same time, resulting in a mixture toxicity effect. The mixture toxicity of these ions on early life stages of freshwater mussels is largely unknown because most research to date has evaluated individual salt ions in relative isolation."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



<p>To investigate, the researchers conducted acute toxicity tests on early life stages (glochidia and juvenile) of three freshwater mussel species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The southeastern coast of the US became the focal point of the study, given that this region has observed a consistent sea-level rise, ranging from 2 to 6mm annually.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study revealed that salt water is toxic to both glochidia and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels, with glochidia being the most sensitive life stage.</p>



<p>This is consistent with previous research that has shown glochidia to be the most sensitive life stage and that glochidia are more sensitive to sodium chloride than juveniles, noted the researchers.</p>



<p>By identifying the toxic levels of salt water for mussels at different stages of their life cycle, the study offers a roadmap for conservation initiatives. Such insights could pave the way for developing better strategies that factor in the challenges of sea level rise and the subsequent saltwater intrusion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study co-author Joseph McIver from North Carolina State University emphasized the global significance of the issue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Climate change represents a serious threat to our aquatic ecosystems worldwide and the organisms that live there,” said McIver.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Protecting and conserving our already highly imperiled freshwater mussels is of paramount importance and our research on the effects of salinity and sea level rise will hopefully contribute valuable information toward these goals.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The potential ramifications of sea level rise stretch beyond mussels and could reshape the balance of entire ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As freshwater sources face the threat of increased salinity, a ripple effect may be felt throughout the food chain, impacting not only salt-sensitive species but also the larger web of life they support.</p>



<p>Protecting vulnerable species like freshwater mussels may be a small piece of a much larger puzzle, but it is a critical step towards preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems.</p>



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How freshwater mussels are threatened by sea-level rise

Freshwater mussels, known for their sensitivity to water quality changes,...

<p>Researchers have discovered that two common birds are developing smaller eyes - most likely as a response to urban <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-pollution-exposes-migrating-birds-to-toxic-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a>. The species are the Northern Cardinal and Carolina Wren, both of which inhabit urban areas around the country. </p>



<p>Remarkably, these birds were found to have eyes that were about 5% smaller than their counterparts living on the outskirts of the city. This contrasts with two migratory species, the Painted Bunting and White-eyed Vireo, which showed no variance in eye size based on their urban or suburban habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-bird-populations">Declining bird populations</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are profound, especially in the context of the worrying decline of bird populations across the U.S.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to past research, the U.S. and Canada have witnessed a devastating reduction of 29% - or 3 billion birds - since 1970.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although habitat fragmentation has been identified as the primary culprit, this new research suggests that human-generated sensory pollutants, particularly light, could also be influencing birds' ability to thrive in urban settings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-birds-eyes">Studying birds' eyes</h2>



<p>"This study shows that residential birds may adapt over time to urban areas, but migratory birds are not adapting, probably because where they spend the winter--they are less likely to have the same <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-biting-season-extended-by-light-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-caused light</a> and noise pressures. It may make it more difficult for them to adjust to city life during the breeding season,” explained study senior author Jennifer Phillips, a wildlife ecologist at <a href="https://wsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington State University</a>. </p>



<p>For the investigation, Phillips collaborated with Todd Jones and Alfredo Llamas from Texas A&amp;M University, San Antonio. The trio analyzed over 500 birds, comparing body and eye sizes. They also evaluated the noise and light measurements of each habitat.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered-nbsp">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Interestingly, no notable differences were detected in the body sizes of birds from various locations, except for the Painted Bunting. This discrepancy, the researchers concluded, was primarily age-driven.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Younger male buntings, struggling in the mating competition, were more frequently found in brighter, louder city centers, presumably less sought-after habitats.</p>



<p>This research is the first to link urban <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-pollution-is-a-growing-issue-for-migratory-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a> to physiological adaptations in birds, specifically eye size. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-with-smaller-eye-size">Birds with smaller eye size</h2>



<p>The smaller eye size may enable birds to deal with the brighter and more constant light in city environments, said Jones, the study’s first author who is now a post-doctoral fellow at the Smithsonian’s Migratory Bird Center.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Jones, birds with bigger eyes can be somewhat blinded by the glare of city lights or be unable to sleep well, putting them at a disadvantage in urban areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unintended-consequences-nbsp">Unintended consequences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Humans may have some unintended consequences on birds that we don’t realize,” said Jones. “We don’t know if these adaptations could have good or bad consequences for the birds down the road, considering that urban environments aren’t going away anytime soon."</p>



<p>"It is also important to understand how to manage such environments for the birds that maybe aren't urban adapted.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>With the support of a $2.1 million grant from the National Science Foundation, Phillips is leading a team to investigate the effect of both light and noise pollution across multiple bird species.</p>



<p>The team will investigate how light and noise affects the birds’ stress levels, sleep hormones, song structure, aggression levels, and overall fitness.</p>



<p>“We want to know whether patterns at molecular and behavioral scales affect fitness or not. Essentially, we're trying to understand what are the benefits and costs to these animals living in a sensory polluted world,” said Phillips.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16935" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Global Change Biology</em></a>.</p>



<p>---</p>



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City birds are developing smaller eyes due to light pollution

Researchers have discovered that two common birds are developing smaller...

Macro,Shot,Of,Dead,Bumblebee,With,Its,Parasites

<p>Australia has announced a significant policy shift in its approach to handling the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-honey-bee-colony-collapse-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee parasites</a>, Varroa mites. Previously focused on eradication, the country will now concentrate on managing the deadly pest's spread. </p>



<p>The decision comes after the pest posed increasing challenges to the country's pollination sector and beekeepers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-the-outbreak">History of the outbreak</h2>



<p>The Varroa mite was first discovered in Newcastle, New South Wales, in June 2022. Since then, almost 30,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-emerge-from-hibernation-6-5-days-earlier-for-each-degree-of-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee</a> hives have been euthanized in an attempt to curb its spread, according to reports by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-tactics">Changing tactics</h2>



<p>On Tuesday, the <a href="https://www.outbreak.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Management Group</a>, responsible for controlling the Varroa mite's distribution in Australia, reached a unanimous decision to alter its approach to this biosecurity challenge. </p>



<p>The shift was influenced by the non-compliance of some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-beekeeping-is-equally-productive-as-methods-using-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beekeepers</a> and a recent surge in new detections across large areas. The group stated that these challenges rendered eradication strategies impractical.</p>



<p>The New South Wales (NSW) government expressed concerns, stating that new detections signaled a more widespread infestation than initially believed. They emphasized that eradicating the Varroa mite is no longer a viable option. The focus now lies on collaborative efforts to manage and reduce its adverse effects.</p>



<p>The management group disclosed that an interim approach would be employed by NSW to mitigate the effects and decelerate the spread of the mite. Meanwhile, the <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.au/agriculture-land/plant/health/committees/ccepp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests</a> is tasked with formulating a fresh response strategy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-implications">Economic implications</h2>



<p>Australia's pollination industry, particularly vital for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-threatens-solitary-bees-and-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">commercial crops</a> like almonds, apples, and avocados, is heavily reliant on European honey bees. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-bees-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> are transported in vast numbers during the spring flowering season to facilitate plant pollination. The policy change implies a probable surge in the costs associated with pollinating these crops.</p>



<p>A widespread mite infection poses a substantial threat to wild European bee nests and numerous managed hives not resistant to the parasite. The Australian government has warned of potential pollination deficits and potential annual losses exceeding A$70 million.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-of-varroa-response-strategy">Cost of Varroa response strategy</h2>



<p>The fight against the Varroa mite has been costly. The response strategy alone has consumed A$132 million, marking it as Australia's most significant biosecurity outbreak. Remarkably, until this outbreak, Australia was the lone continent that had remained untouched by the menacing mite.</p>



<p>Australia's transition from eradication to management strategies underscores the challenges the nation faces from the Varroa mite. As the country navigates these uncharted waters, collaboration, innovative strategies, and global insights will be vital to safeguarding its vital pollination sector.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-varroa-mites">More about Varroa mites</h2>



<p>Varroa mites have emerged as one of the most formidable threats to honeybee populations worldwide. These tiny pests, barely visible to the naked eye, have wreaked havoc in bee colonies, leading to significant declines in bee numbers and jeopardizing the world's pollination system. But what are these mites, and why do they pose such a significant threat?</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introduction-to-varroa-mites">Introduction to Varroa mites</h3>



<p>Varroa mites, scientifically known as <em>Varroa destructor</em>, are reddish-brown parasites that attach themselves to honeybees. They specifically target the fat bodies of bees, a critical tissue that performs functions similar to a mammal's liver.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-varroa-mites-affect-honeybees">How Varroa mites affect honeybees</h3>



<p>Varroa mites latch onto adult bees and feed on their fat bodies, weakening the bees and shortening their lifespan. But the damage doesn't stop there. When these mites infest bee larvae, they can deform the emerging adults, leading to bees with disabled wings or other deformities.</p>



<p>Moreover, as they feed, varroa mites transmit deadly viruses such as the Deformed Wing Virus. These viruses further weaken the bee colonies, often leading to the collapse of entire hives.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-spread-of-varroa-mites">The global spread of Varroa mites</h3>



<p>Originally from Southeast Asia, varroa mites have found their way across the globe. They first infested European honeybees in the 1960s and quickly spread, reaching North America by the 1980s. </p>



<p>Due to their rapid proliferation and the ease with which they spread, varroa mites now affect bee colonies on every continent. As discussed earlier in this article, Australia is the last to report their presence, and they have given up on their eradication program.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-varroa-mites-are-a-cause-for-concern">Why Varroa mites are a cause for concern</h3>



<p>Honeybees play a pivotal role in pollinating many of the crops that humans consume daily. From fruits and vegetables to nuts and seeds, bees ensure the reproduction of these plants. </p>



<p>With the decline in bee populations due to varroa mites, food production faces potential threats. A decrease in pollination can lead to reduced yields and increased food prices, affecting economies and food security.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-back-against-varroa-mites">Fighting back against Varroa mites</h3>



<p>Beekeepers and scientists actively search for ways to combat varroa mites. Some methods include:</p>



<ul>
<li>Chemical Treatments: Many beekeepers use miticides to reduce mite populations. However, overreliance can lead to mites developing resistance to these chemicals.<br></li>



<li>Biological Controls: Researchers are studying the potential use of natural predators, such as certain strains of fungi, to target and kill varroa mites.<br></li>



<li>Bee Breeding: Efforts are underway to breed honeybees that display natural resistance or grooming behaviors that help them remove and kill mites from their bodies.</li>
</ul>



<p>Varroa mites pose a clear and present danger to global bee populations, affecting not only the bees but also the broader ecosystem and human food sources. As the world grapples with this challenge, it requires a combination of innovative strategies, global collaboration, and increased awareness to safeguard our invaluable pollinators from this menace.</p>



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Australia gives up on efforts to eradicate Varroa mites, which are wiping out bee colonies

Australia has announced a significant policy shift in its approach...

<p>A new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1078"><em>Wildlife Monographs</em></a> is shedding light on the most critical considerations for grizzly bear conservation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research explores the intricate relationship between grizzly bears, their habitat, and human-induced challenges, painting a comprehensive picture of the elements threatening their survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impacts">Human impacts</h2>



<p>The greatest human impact on grizzly bear populations has been identified in two predominant forms: top-down influences and bottom-up effects.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Top-down impacts include bear fatalities associated with illegal killings or direct conflict with humans. Road density and the amount of secure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lynx-habitat-selection-is-heavily-influenced-by-human-disturbance/">habitat</a> away from roads are also top-down influences on grizzlies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the other hand, bottom-up effects are related to the indirect effects of human activities, such as a decline in food resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>"The influence of bottom-up food resources and top-down mortality risk underlies the demographic trajectory of wildlife populations. For species of conservation concern, understanding the factors driving population dynamics is crucial to effective management and, ultimately, conservation," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In southeastern British Columbia, Canada, populations of the mostly omnivorous grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) are fragmented into a mosaic of small isolated or larger partially connected sub-populations. They obtain most of their energy from vegetative resources that are also influenced by human activities."</p>



<p>"Roads and associated motorized human access shape availability of food resources but also displace bears and facilitate human-caused mortality. Effective grizzly bear management requires an understanding of the relationship between habitat quality and mortality risk."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-top-bottom-factors-nbsp">Top-bottom factors&nbsp;</h2>



<p>During the study, the researchers radio-collared and meticulously followed several grizzly bears for multiple years in southeastern British Columbia.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings revealed a significant interaction between the top-bottom factors, particularly the availability of huckleberry patches (a crucial food source for grizzlies) and the risk posed by the dense network of forestry roads.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forestry-roads-nbsp">Forestry roads&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study demonstrated that the mere existence of forestry roads not only increases the mortality risk for grizzly bears but also restricts their access to vital food sources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Consequently, the fitness and population density of female grizzlies was diminished - which is similar to the detrimental effects of direct habitat loss.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This two-fold negative impact highlights the adverse consequences of forestry roads for grizzly bear populations across western North America.</p>



<p>"At the intersection of top-down and bottom-up influences, we found that areas of higher road density offset food resources even if abundant, preventing effective use of the resource," said the researchers.</p>



<p>"With the omnivorous grizzly bear, top-down influences in our study area were not only associated with mortality risk, but they limited contributions of food resources to fitness and density, in essence having a similar effect as habitat loss."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“The securing of important food resources to make them accessible to bears is accomplished through some degree of restriction of human access,” said study lead author Dr. Michael Proctor of Birchdale Ecological Ltd. “Our results suggest that benefits of critical bear foods are not satisfactorily realized unless human access to nearby roads is reduced.”</p>



<p>This research emphasizes the intertwined relationship between human activities and grizzly bear protection. The preservation of this species depends not only on safeguarding their habitats but also on understanding and mitigating how humans influence their chances of survival.</p>



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Grizzly bear conservation must focus on habitat quality and mortality risk

A new study published in the journal Wildlife Monographs is...

<p>The Brazilian wandering spider is known to be one of the most dangerous arachnids, due to the extreme potency of its venom.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Bites can cause extreme pain and inflammation, loss of muscle control, and breathing problems, potentially leading to paralysis and suffocation if not treated immediately.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erectile-dysfunction-nbsp">Erectile dysfunction&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, according to a team of scientists led by the <a href="https://ufmg.br/international-visitors">Federal University of Minas Gerais</a>, one unusual effect of this venom – the fact that men who are bitten can experience unwanted erections lasting for hours – could make this venom an effective treatment against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/car-exhaust-erectile-dysfunction/">erectile dysfunction</a>.</p>



<p>After already completing a phase one safety trial, the Brazilian experts are now preparing to launch a phase two clinical trial to test whether a part of the spider venom called BZ371A could work as a treatment for erectile dysfunction by boosting blood flow across the body in men who underwent the surgical removal of their prostate due to cancer.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The previous trials aimed to make sure that this compound, isolated from other dangerous parts of the venom, did not cause any severe side effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pre-existing-health-conditions">Pre-existing health conditions</h2>



<p>Although medications for treating erectile dysfunction already exist – such as the well-known Viagra – it is estimated that about one out of three men cannot take them due to pre-existing health conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Scientists working on BZ371A hope that this compound will help these men in particular.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-protection-nbsp">Species protection&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to Maria Elena de Lima, a biochemist at Minas Gerais, these findings could also boost efforts to protect species such as the Brazilian wandering spider.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This helps demonstrate why our fauna must be preserved: it is an inexhaustible source of bioactive molecules, and we do not know even one percent of this potential.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While erectile dysfunction is a common problem in men - particularly over 40 years of age – beings caused by a variety of triggers, such as stress, tiredness, alcohol consumption, or as a side effect of some medicines, many women also struggle with sexual dysfunction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Thus, the scientists hope that BZ371A from spider venom could also be used one day to help women suffering from such conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brazilian-wandering-spider-nbsp">Brazilian wandering spider&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Brazilian wandering spider (genus Phoneutria) is a group of large and aggressive spiders found primarily in tropical South America. They are sometimes called "armed spiders" or "banana spiders" due to their occasional appearance in shipments of bananas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venom">Venom</h3>



<p>They are considered to be one of the world's most venomous spiders based on the potency of their venom. A bite can be deadly to humans, especially children, but fatalities are rare due to the spider's tendency not to deliver a full envenomation and the availability of antivenom.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



<p>Unlike typical spiders that stay in their webs, Brazilian wandering spiders are active hunters, primarily at night, hence the name "wandering" spider.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>They are relatively large, with a body length of up to 5 cm (2 inches) and a leg span of up to 15 cm (6 inches).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>Wandering spiders are typically found in the tropical regions of South America, especially Brazil. They inhabit a range of environments, from forests to urban areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bite-symptoms">Bite symptoms</h3>



<p>Symptoms from a bite can include severe pain, inflammation, increased heartbeat, and difficulty breathing. In some cases, victims can also experience paralysis or death if not treated promptly.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treatment">Treatment</h3>



<p>If you are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, seek medical attention immediately. Antivenom is available in areas where these spiders are found.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning">Warning</h3>



<p>Although they can be aggressive if threatened, Brazilian wandering spiders tend to avoid human interaction when possible. It's essential to be cautious and avoid handling them.</p>



<p>Remember, while they are dangerous, encounters with these spiders are relatively rare, and bites are even rarer. It's always good to be informed and take precautions if in an area where they could be present.</p>



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Spider venom might soon be the new Viagra

The Brazilian wandering spider is known to be one of...

<p>By surveying populations of the Yarrow’s spiny lizard in 18 mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona, a team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/">University of Arizona</a> has found that climate change is currently causing extinctions at an increasing, worrisome rate.</p>



<p>“The magnitude of extinction we found over the past seven years was similar to that seen in other studies that spanned almost 70 years,” said senior author John J. Wiens, a professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Arizona.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Yarrow’s spiny lizard is native to southwestern U.S. and western Mexico and can be found in oak and pine forests in 18 of Arizona’s Sky Island mountains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts initially conducted surveys of this lizard in 2014 and 2015, followed by resurveys in 2021 and 2022, which aimed to assess if there had been any changes in the lizard populations since then.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The investigations revealed that about half of the lizard populations living at lower elevations had disappeared. According to Wiens, this happened because temperatures are higher at lower elevations and the lizards living there were unable to tolerate the increasing heat.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinction-rate">Extinction rate</h2>



<p>Thus, this loss of low-elevation lizard populations is yet another signature pattern of climate change (along with declines in myriad other species). “The rate of extinction in such a short time period was shocking,” said Wiens.</p>



<p>By comparing these findings with historical data from the same mountain ranges, the researchers discovered that the average extinction rate of the lizard populations at low elevations had nearly tripled over the past seven years, relative to the preceding 42 years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While previous studies have already predicted that climate-driven extinctions will increase as global warming accelerates, such an extraordinary rate of extinction has not been observed before.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>By 2025, a distinct three-million-year-old lineage of the Yarrow’s spiny lizard from the Mule Mountains could be completely extinct.</p>



<p>“The low-elevation populations in the Mules were fine in 2014. Now the only ones that we have found left were within about 300 feet of the top of the mountain in 2022, and they appear to have been losing about 170 feet per year,” Wiens explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-genetic-variability-nbsp">Greater genetic variability&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fortunately, not all low-elevation populations went extinct between the two surveys. For instance, two populations found at very low elevations survived.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Genomic analyses of data collected in 2014 and 2015 revealed that the populations that were less genetically variable and were exposed to greater climate change effects were the ones that tended to go extinct.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This suggests that populations with higher genetic variability are more resilient and able to adapt to climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In future research, the experts are planning to further examine the extinction and survival mechanisms of the Yarrow’s spiny lizards living in these mountain ranges, as well as to conduct similar studies with other lizards living in ever warmer places, such as California’s infamous Death Valley.</p>



<p>According to Wiens, it is critical to study the impacts of climate change on biodiversity at shorter timescales rather than looking for changes after tens of years have already passed.</p>



<p>“We’ve shown now that there can be devastating climate change effects over very short time periods,” he&nbsp;concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.14303">Ecology Letters</a>.</p>



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Three-million-year-old lineage of the Yarrow’s spiny lizard is nearly extinct

By surveying populations of the Yarrow’s spiny lizard in 18...

Thylacine,Was,The,Largest,Carnivorous,Marsupial.,Now,Extinct,,The,Last

<p>In a groundbreaking new study, scientists have sequenced RNA from a Tasmanian tiger specimen that is over a century old, bringing the goal of resurrecting extinct species closer to reality. </p>



<p>The specimen, preserved at room temperature in the <a href="https://www.nrm.se/en/16.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swedish Museum of Natural History</a>, has allowed researchers to reconstruct the skin and skeletal muscle transcriptomes from this extinct species, marking a first in the scientific community.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-tasmanian-tiger-a-look-back">The Tasmanian tiger: A look back</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tasmanian-tigers-aboriginals-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tasmanian tiger</a>, or thylacine, stands as a symbol of human-induced extinction. This carnivorous marsupial, once reigning as an apex predator across Australia and the island of Tasmania, faced its downfall post-European colonization. </p>



<p>Deemed an agricultural nuisance, the government set bounties on these creatures in the late 19th century. This resulted in their rapid decline. The last recorded thylacine died in captivity in 1936, but its memory still haunts the conservationist community.</p>



<p>Today, there are renewed efforts to bring the Tasmanian tiger back. Its native Tasmanian habitat remains largely intact, suggesting that its reintroduction could restore past ecosystem balances disrupted by its absence. But reviving the thylacine requires more than just its DNA; scientists must understand its gene expression and regulatory mechanisms, which is where transcriptome (RNA) research comes in.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monumental-achievement">Monumental achievement</h2>



<p>Emilio Mármol, the lead author of the study, highlights the challenges of de-extinction, stating, “Resurrecting the Tasmanian tiger or the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-made-woolly-mammoths-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">woolly mammoth</a> requires a deep knowledge of both the genome and transcriptome regulation.” This sentiment underscores the significance of their research, published in the <a href="https://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2023/07/18/gr.277663.123.abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Genome Research journal</a>, as they've provided the first detailed look into the Tasmanian tiger’s RNA.</p>



<p>The team's ability to sequence the transcriptome from <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/tasmanian-tiger_Thylacine_Specimen_2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">130-year-old tissue samples</a>, and identify tissue-specific gene expressions akin to extant marsupials and mammals, is a monumental achievement. Moreover, the quality of the recovered transcriptomes allowed for the annotation of previously undiscovered ribosomal RNA and microRNA genes, adhering to MirGeneDB recommendations.</p>



<p>Marc R. Friedländer, an Associate Professor at <a href="https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stockholm University</a>, commented on the revolutionary nature of the study. He stated that it offers a first look at “thylacine-specific regulatory genes, such as microRNAs, that got extinct more than one century ago.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-the-future">Implications for the future</h2>



<p>This research doesn't just hold promise for the Tasmanian tiger. It points to the vast potential locked away in museum specimens worldwide. These treasure troves could hold the keys to understanding, and likely resurrecting, extinct species and even ancient RNA viruses.</p>



<p>Love Dalén, Professor of evolutionary genomics at Stockholm University, foresees a future where scientists could potentially recover RNA from ancient RNA viruses like SARS-CoV2, or even their evolutionary ancestors, from preserved specimens like bat skins.</p>



<p>As we move forward, the interplay of genomics and transcriptomics could usher in a golden age of paleogenetics, going far beyond just DNA. The authors of this study stand at the forefront of this brave new world, anticipating the holistic research developments that await.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-de-extinction">More about de-extinction</h2>



<p>De-extinction, a fascinating frontier in modern biology, seeks to resurrect extinct species using advanced scientific techniques. But how does this process work, and what are its implications?</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-de-extinction">The science behind de-extinction</h3>



<p>At the heart of de-extinction lies DNA. Scientists extract and sequence DNA from preserved specimens of extinct species, often from museum samples or frozen remains. Once they've obtained a clear genetic blueprint, they undertake the process of cloning.</p>



<p>Cloning involves implanting the DNA of the extinct species into the egg of a closely related living species. The living species then acts as a surrogate, carrying the embryo to term and giving birth. If successful, the result is a living, breathing animal of a previously extinct species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-success-stories-and-challenges">Success stories and challenges</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12478" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pyrenean ibex</a>, extinct since 2000, briefly touched the world of the living in 2003 when scientists successfully cloned a calf. Sadly, the calf lived for only a few minutes due to lung defects, but the experiment proved de-extinction's potential.</p>



<p>However, challenges abound. Cloning remains an imperfect science, often leading to birth defects. Additionally, even if scientists achieve de-extinction, the reborn species might not exhibit the same behaviors or fulfill the same ecological roles as their predecessors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-and-ecological-considerations">Ethical and ecological considerations</h3>



<p>De-extinction raises important ethical questions. Is it right to bring back a species that nature, or human interference, has eradicated? And if we do, where will these animals live? Many extinct species lost their habitats long ago, and reintroducing them might disrupt current ecosystems.</p>



<p>Moreover, some argue that funds and energy spent on de-extinction could better serve efforts to prevent currently endangered species from going extinct.</p>



<p>Despite its challenges and controversies, de-extinction captivates the scientific community and the public alike. As laboratory techniques improve, such as extinct RNA extraction discussed in this article, and ethical debates continue, we may yet see lost species roam the Earth once again.</p>



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Huge progress made in the race to resurrect extinct species

In a groundbreaking new study, scientists have sequenced RNA from...

<p>The sixth mass extinction, primarily driven by human activities, is more dire than previously anticipated. Not only are we seeing a rapid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lions-are-dangling-precariously-on-the-brink-of-extinction-immediate-action-is-needed/">extinction</a> of species, but entire branches on the tree of life are now disappearing.</p>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</a> and the National Autonomous University of Mexico have recently revealed these alarming findings in a study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306987120"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-of-life-is-vanishing">Tree of life is vanishing</h2>



<p>While the extinction of species like the passenger pigeon and the Yangtze river dolphin is deeply concerning, the loss is more profound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Each of these species was the last of its genus, marking an entire branch of life's tree wiped out.</p>



<p>Lead researchers, Gerardo Ceballos and Paul Ehrlich, assessed 5,400 genera of terrestrial vertebrates, including 34,600 species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their results were staggering: 73 genera have become extinct since 1500 AD.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genus-extinctions-nbsp">Genus extinctions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Birds were hardest hit with 44 genus extinctions, trailed by mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. This rate of extinction surpasses the last million years by 35 times.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In other words, without human influence, in just five centuries, human actions have triggered a surge of genus extinctions that would have otherwise taken 18,000 years. The researchers refer to this as a "biological annihilation."</p>



<p>“In the long term, we’re putting a big dent in the evolution of life on the planet,” said Ceballos. “But also, in this century, what we’re doing to the tree of life will cause a lot of suffering for humanity.”</p>



<p>“What we’re losing are our only known living companions in the entire universe,” added Ehrlich..</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-repercussions-nbsp">Alarming repercussions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>When a species vanishes, others within its genus can potentially compensate for its ecological function.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the extinction of an entire genus creates an irreparable gap in the ecosystem that could require tens of millions of years to restore through natural evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This imbalance impacts humanity significantly. For example, the eradication of passenger pigeons, a control on the population of white-footed mice (primary carriers of Lyme disease), has led to a surge in Lyme disease cases among humans.</p>



<p>“As scientists, we have to be careful not to be alarmist,” said Ceballos. But, he explained, the gravity of the findings in this case called for more powerful language than usual. “We would be unethical not to explain the magnitude of the problem, since we and other scientists are alarmed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-implications">Further implications</h2>



<p>The loss of genera means losing invaluable knowledge. The gastric brooding frog, now extinct and the last of its genus, could have offered insights into human diseases like acid reflux.</p>



<p>Loss of genera could also exacerbate the worsening climate crisis. “Climate disruption is accelerating extinction, and extinction is interacting with the climate, because the nature of the plants, animals, and microbes on the planet is one of the big determinants of what kind of climate we have,” said Ehrlich.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinction-crisis-and-the-tree-of-life">Extinction crisis and the tree of life</h2>



<p>To prevent further extinctions, the researchers are calling for immediate political, economic, and social action on unprecedented scales.</p>



<p>Increased conservation efforts should prioritize the tropics. This is due to the fact that the tropical regions have the highest concentration of both genus extinctions and genera with only one remaining species. The experts are also calling for increased public awareness of the extinction crisis, especially given how deeply it intersects with the more-publicized climate crisis.</p>



<p>“The size and growth of the human population, the increasing scale of its consumption, and the fact that the consumption is very inequitable are all major parts of the problem,” said the researchers.</p>



<p>“The idea that you can continue those things and save biodiversity is insane,” Ehrlich added. “It’s like sitting on a limb and sawing it off at the same time.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction">More about the sixth mass extinction</h2>



<p>Throughout Earth's vast history, five significant mass extinctions have punctuated the otherwise slow and methodical evolution of life. These catastrophic events have wiped out between 50% to more than 90% of Earth's species, reshaping the trajectory of evolution each time.</p>



<p>Today, we are on the precipice of what scientists have dubbed the "Sixth Mass Extinction," a widespread decline in species predominantly driven by human activities. Unlike previous extinctions caused by natural cataclysms, humans are responsible. This new wave of biodiversity loss is emblematic of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/welcome-to-humanitys-new-era-the-anthropocene/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthropocene epoch</a> – a proposed epoch that emphasizes the significant and enduring impact humans have on our planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-and-consequences">Causes and consequences</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-driven-causes">Human-driven causes</h4>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Habitat Destruction: The expansion of agriculture, infrastructure, and urbanization have led to significant habitat loss and fragmentation, making it difficult or impossible for many species to survive.<br></li>



<li>Overexploitation: Overfishing, hunting, and poaching have led to rapid declines in many species.<br></li>



<li>Pollution: From plastics choking marine life to chemicals contaminating water sources, pollution poses a direct threat to biodiversity.<br></li>



<li>Climate Change: Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and extreme weather events disrupt habitats and stress ecosystems.<br></li>



<li>Invasive Species: The movement of species to new areas, often due to human actions, can lead to the decline or extinction of native species.</li>
</ol>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences">Consequences</h4>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Loss of Biodiversity: Species extinctions lead to the degradation of ecosystems, which can result in decreased ecosystem resilience and functionality.<br></li>



<li>Disruption of Food Webs: As key species go extinct, the effects cascade throughout the ecosystem, affecting predator-prey dynamics and resource availability.<br></li>



<li>Economic Impact: Biodiversity loss can affect industries like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and tourism.<br></li>



<li>Loss of Ecosystem Services: Clean water, pollination of crops, and disease control are some services that are compromised with decreasing biodiversity.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responding-to-the-crisis">Responding to the crisis</h3>



<p>To mitigate the effects of the sixth mass extinction, comprehensive and immediate action is required. Some steps include:</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Protected Areas: Expanding and connecting protected areas can provide refuges for species and preserve vital habitats.<br></li>



<li>Sustainable Development: Balancing human needs with the conservation of the natural world is crucial. This involves sustainable farming, fishing, and forestry practices.<br></li>



<li>Public Awareness: Educating the public about the importance of biodiversity can foster a culture of conservation.<br></li>



<li>Legislation and Global Agreements: International cooperation, backed by effective policies and regulations, can drive large-scale conservation efforts.</li>
</ol>



<p>The sixth mass extinction, unlike its predecessors, is a testament to humanity's profound influence on the planet. It serves as a dire reminder of the interconnectedness of life and the responsibility we bear as stewards of the Earth. </p>



<p>Addressing the crisis demands collective global action, informed decisions, and a commitment to preserving the intricate web of life for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1001624"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Sixth mass extinction is wiping out entire branches of Earth's tree of life

The sixth mass extinction, primarily driven by human activities, is...

<p>All animals – including humans – have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/">circadian clocks</a> that are regulated by cues from their environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, according to a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk/">University of Stirling</a> in Scotland, animals in zoos can be exposed to highly different cues than their counterparts in the wild.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-pandas">Giant pandas</h2>



<p>Since animals’ circadian clocks are tightly linked to their physiology and behavior, changes in these clocks can impact their welfare, which is crucial to maintaining captive populations at high risk of extinction in the wild, such as giant pandas.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jet-lag">Jet lag</h2>



<p>To better understand this phenomenon, the experts examined how the “jet lag” of living in high latitudes may affect captive giant pandas. Since the animals did not evolve or live at high latitudes, their circadian clocks do not match their environment.</p>



<p>“Animals, including humans, have evolved rhythms to synchronize their internal environment with the external environment,” said lead author Kristine Gandia, a PhD student in Behavior and Evolution at Stirling. </p>



<p>“When internal clocks are not synchronized with external cues like light and temperature, animals experience adverse effects. In humans, this can range from jet lag to metabolic issues and seasonal affective disorder.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-patterns">Seasonal patterns</h2>



<p>Since giant pandas have highly seasonal lives, they are an ideal case study for understanding how circadian clocks affect behavior and wellbeing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pandas prefer to eat specific species of bamboo and love new shoots, which triggers seasonal migration patterns as these shoots emerge in the spring.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, since finding mates is easier when all pandas follow the same nutritious shoots, the migratory season is also the breeding season.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-captive-pandas-nbsp">Captive pandas&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Recently, pandas became so popular that many zoos housing them maintain public webcams, which makes it easier for behavior to be monitored around the clock.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition, since many pandas live in zoos located outside their normal range – where important cues such as daylight and temperature ranges are different from those in their natural habitats – zoos provide unique opportunities to understand why the circadian clock matters for their wellbeing.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, changes in the daylight and temperature ranges of the pandas could potentially leave them “jet lagged,” particularly since their circadian rhythms are highly dependent on seasonality. Moreover, pandas in captivity also appear to be frequently affected by anthropogenic cues, like zoo keepers’ regular visits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For the present study, the scientists used webcams to monitor 11 giant pandas at six zoos located both inside and outside the animals’ natural latitudinal range.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Every month for a year, the researchers conducted a day’s worth of hourly focal sampling to understand how pandas’ behavior changed across a day, as well as how those patterns changed across a full year, by monitoring variables such as general activity, sexual behavior, and atypical behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The investigations revealed that daylight and temperature were particularly important cues for pandas, being closely associated with general activity in latitudes matching their natural range in China.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Just like their wild counterparts, captive pandas showed three peaks in activity over 24 hours, including a peak at night. Moreover, adult pandas only engaged in sexual behavior during the daytime, which makes it easier to find mates in the wild.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-changes">Behavioral changes</h2>



<p>Pandas outside their natural latitudes were less active, most likely because daylight and temperature cues were different – a finding also supported by the fact that the behaviors of pandas in mismatched latitudes differed from those in matched latitudes the most when the pandas in mismatched latitudes were exposed to more divergent daylight and temperature cues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-seasons">Extreme seasons</h3>



<p>“When giant pandas are housed at higher latitudes - meaning they experience more extreme seasons than they evolved with - this changes their levels of general activity and atypical behavior,” Gandia explained.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zoo-specific-cues-nbsp">Zoo-specific cues&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The experts also discovered that captive pandas reacted to zoo-specific cues, becoming extremely active in the morning and displaying abnormal behaviors in anticipation with keepers providing them food in the first part of the day.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sexual-behaviors-nbsp">Sexual behaviors&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Finally, the animals’ abnormal and sexual behaviors were found to fluctuate at similar points, suggesting that they might be frustrated because they cannot migrate or mate as they would normally do.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Thus, pandas living at mismatched latitudes performed fewer abnormal behaviors, most likely because they were not getting the same cues for sexual behaviors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“To expand on this research, we would want to incorporate cycles of physiological indicators. Importantly, we would want to assess sexual hormones to understand the effects the environment may have on the timing of release," said Gandia.</p>



<p>"This could help us further understand how to promote successful reproduction for a vulnerable species which is notoriously difficult to breed."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188566" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Psychology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Captive pandas become jet lagged outside of their natural environment 

All animals – including humans – have circadian clocks that...

<p>Australian koalas, already battling diminishing numbers due to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> in recent years, face an escalating threat. According to a new study led by <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/">Flinders University</a>, nearly half of the vital koala habitats in Australia will be at a high risk of bushfires by 2070.</p>



<p>Further studies by the team show that, by 2070, suitable habitats for koalas might shrink by a staggering 62 percent without even accounting for the impact of fires. These findings collectively highlight the challenges ahead for koala conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-threats">Multiple threats</h2>



<p>The increasing threat of bushfires only adds to the pressures of climate change and human activities, which are already placing enormous strain on koala populations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In addition to being highly sensitive to changes in climate, habitat reduction and fragmentation arising from land clearing for development has placed more koalas in close proximity to humans. This has escalated mortality rates of koalas due to domestic animal predation and road-kill," wrote the researchers.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The experts noted that koalas are dependent on eucalyptus for both shelter and food. This means that their survival depends on a minimum level of Eucalyptus forest cover.</p>



<p>The researchers evaluated the effects of climate change on fire risk across the forests that provide crucial habitats for koalas. The findings reveal a distressing surge in the vulnerability of these habitats to wildfires.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-susceptible-habitats">Highly susceptible habitats</h2>



<p>Currently, 39.56 percent of the koala habitat in Australia is deemed highly susceptible to bushfires. This is projected to climb to 44.61 percent by 2070. The prediction represents a broader rise in the vulnerability of all Australian vegetation to these fires.</p>



<p>“Wildfires will increasingly impact koala populations in the future. If this iconic and vulnerable marsupial is to be protected, conservation strategies need to be adapted to deal with this threat,” said lead author Professor Farzin Shabani, who now works in the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Qatar University.</p>



<p>“It is crucial to strike a balance between ensuring that koala habitats and populations are not completely destroyed by fire while also allowing for forest rejuvenation and regeneration through periodic burns.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-susceptibility-maps-nbsp">Fire susceptibility maps&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers used the dynamic Decision Tree machine learning algorithm to develop fire susceptibility maps.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These maps vividly depict an increase in Australia's regions with "high" or "very high" fire susceptibility, rising from the current 14.9 percent to an anticipated 15.66 percent by 2070. For areas conducive to koala-sustaining plants, the vulnerability is set to leap from the 39.56 to 44.61 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The models revealed that koala habitats in South Australia and Queensland will face a more pronounced threat compared to other states.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By 2070, a staggering 89.11 percent of koala habitats in South Australia and 65.24 percent in Queensland will be exposed to high or extremely high fire susceptibility.</p>



<p>“Koalas may still be able to survive in areas highly susceptible to bushfires if their food sources can also withstand the fire-prone conditions, and if koalas can re-populate previously burnt-out areas from neighboring habitat - but this task is becoming more difficult due to habitat fragmentation and the increasingly large areas being burnt,” explained study co-author Dr. John Llewelyn, an expert in the Global Ecology Lab at Flinders University.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-nbsp">Conservation challenges&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Llewelyn emphasized the urgency of devising strategies to safeguard koalas and other fire-sensitive species, while also facilitating forest rejuvenation through controlled burns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While many of the affected tree species have an inherent resilience to fire, the massive biogeographic and demographic impact of widespread wildfires may leave ecosystems declining across landscapes, increasing susceptibility to regeneration failure,” says Dr Llewelyn.</p>



<p>“Fires of greater severity - megafires - will likely reduce the quality of koala habitats, increase habitat fragmentation, make it harder for koalas to recolonize areas, and directly kill more koalas, leading to increasingly isolated and smaller populations that are vulnerable to local extinction."</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103331"><em>Environmental Technology &amp; Innovation</em></a><em>.&nbsp;</em></p>



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Shrinking koala habitats face an escalating threat of bushfires

Australian koalas, already battling diminishing numbers due to widespread bushfires...

<p>The worldwide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-rhino-day-celebrating-and-protecting-the-magnificent-rhinoceros/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhino</a> population is displaying a remarkable resurgence, with the latest data revealing an increase to approximately 27,000 individuals despite the persistent threats of poaching and habitat degradation. This rebound marks the first comeback for some species in over a decade.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h2>



<p>At the pinnacle of the 20th century, around 500,000 rhinos roamed across the landscapes of Africa and Asia. Sadly, their numbers have seen drastic reductions since then, primarily due to human activities. </p>



<p>A glimmer of hope emerged last year when populations in certain regions started showing signs of recovery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-rhino-population-trend">Positive rhino population trend</h2>



<p>Statistics released by the <a href="https://rhinos.org/our-work/research-and-publications/afrsg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN African Rhino Specialist Group</a> reported a global rhinoceros population of around 27,000 at the conclusion of 2022, indicating a hopeful trend. Specifically, the southern white rhinos experienced growth for the first time since 2012, rising from 15,942 at the end of 2021 to 16,803. </p>



<p>Additionally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-majestic-and-endangered-black-rhinoceros-past-present-and-unknown-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black rhinos</a>, native to east and southern Africa, where poaching for their horns severely decreased their numbers, also improved by approximately 5%, going from 6,195 to 6,487 over the past year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-pay-off">Conservation efforts pay off</h2>



<p>Efforts by conservationists to establish new populations significantly contributed to this population surge. </p>



<p>Dr Michael Knight, the chair of the IUCN rhino group, emphasized the importance of building on these positive developments and remaining vigilant, stating, “With this good news, we can take a sigh of relief for the first time in a decade."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-situation-for-javan-and-sumatran-rhinos">Critical situation for Javan and Sumatran rhinos</h2>



<p>However, not all species are faring well. The Javan and Sumatran rhinos remain critically endangered and in grave risk of extinction, with their numbers continuing to decline steadily. </p>



<p>Some estimates suggest as few as 34 Sumatran rhinos remain, often located in isolated forest patches, hampering their ability to mate and reproduce.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-response-and-challenges">International response and challenges</h2>



<p>The international community continues to rally around conservation efforts, with Dr Jo Shaw, the CEO of Save the Rhino International, reaffirming a commitment to the future of all five rhino species. However, challenges persist, particularly in Africa, where rhino deaths increased in 2022. </p>



<p>There is also concern over the stable but threatened population of greater one-horned rhinos in India and Nepal, where habitat loss and poaching continue to be substantial issues. Illicit activities have also been reported in the <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/608/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ujung Kulon National Park</a> in Indonesia, home to all 76 of the existing Javan rhinos.</p>



<p>In summary, the rising numbers of several rhino species are a testament to the relentless efforts of conservationists and international cooperation. However, this progress is fragile and underscores the imperative to intensify conservation efforts, particularly for the critically endangered Javan and Sumatran rhinos. </p>



<p>Sustained vigilance, combined with innovative conservation strategies and robust international support, will be paramount in ensuring the long-term survival and flourishing of these majestic creatures.</p>



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Global rhino population numbers slowly rebound

The worldwide rhino population is displaying a remarkable resurgence, with...

species in Saididae