Red-wattled lapwing

Description

The red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus) is a lapwing or large plover,a wader in the family Charadriidae.Like other lapwings they are ground birds that are incapable of perching.Their characteristic loud alarm calls are indicators of human or animal movements and the sounds have been variously rendered as did he do it or pity to do it leading to the colloquial name of did-he-do-it bird.Usually seen in pairs or small groups and usually not far from water they sometimes form large aggregations in the non-breeding season (winter).They nest in a ground scrape laying three to four camouflaged eggs.Adults near the nest fly around,diving at potential predators while calling noisily.The cryptically patterned chicks hatch and immediately follow their parents to feed,hiding by lying low on the ground or in the grass when threatened.Red-wattled lapwings are large waders,about 35 cm long.The wings and back are light brown with a purple to green sheen,but the head,a bib on the front and back of the neck are black.Prominently white patch runs between these two colours,from belly and tail,flanking the neck to the sides of crown.Short tail is tipped black.A red fleshy wattle in front of each eye,black-tipped red bill,and the long legs are yellow.In flight,prominent white wing bars formed by the white on the secondary coverts.Race aigneri is slightly paler and larger than the nominate race and is found in Turkey,Iran,Iraq,Afghanistan and the Indus valley.The nominate race is found all over India.The Sri Lankan race lankae is smaller and dark while atronuchalis the race in north-eastern India and eastern Bangladesh has a white cheek surrounded by black.Males and females are similar in plumage but males have a 5% longer wing and tend to have a longer carpal spur.The length of the birds is 320-350mm,wing of 208-247mm with the nominate averaging 223mm,Sri Lanka 217mm.The Bill is 31-36mm and tarsus of 70-83mm.Tail length is 104-128mm.It usually keeps in pairs or trios in well-watered open country,ploughed fields,grazing land,and margins and dry beds of tanks and puddles.They occasionally form large flocks,ranging from 26 to 200 birds.It is also found in forest clearings around rain-filled depressions.It runs about in short spurts and dips forward obliquely (with unflexed legs) to pick up food in a typical plover manner.They are said to feed at night being especially active around the full moon.Is uncannily and ceaselessly vigilant,day or night,and is the first to detect intrusions and raise an alarm,and was therefore considered a nuisance by hunters.Flight rather slow,with deliberate flaps,but capable of remarkable agility when defending nest or being hunted by a hawk.Its striking appearance is supplemented by its noisy nature,with a loud and scolding did-he-do-it call,often uttered at night.Leucistic abnormal plumage is rare.The local names are mainly onomatopoeic in origin and include titeeri (Hindi),tittibha (Kannada),tateehar (Sindhi),titodi (Gujarati),hatatut (Kashmiri),balighora (Assamese),yennappa chitawa (Telugu),aal-kaati (Tamil,meaning "human indicator").