Corncrake

Description

The corn crake is a medium-sized rail,27–30 cm (11–12 in) long with a wingspan of 42–53 cm (17–21 in).Males weigh 165 g (5.8 oz) on average and females 145 g (5.1 oz).The adult male has the crown of its head and all of its upperparts brown-black in colour,streaked with buff or grey.The wing coverts are a distinctive chestnut colour with some white bars.The face,neck and breast are blue-grey,apart from a pale brown streak from the base of the bill to behind the eye,the belly is white,and the flanks,and undertail are barred with chestnut and white.The strong bill is flesh-coloured,the iris is pale brown,and the legs and feet are pale grey.Compared to the male,the female has warmer-toned upperparts and a narrower duller eye streak.Outside the breeding season,the upperparts of both sexes become darker and the underparts less grey.The juvenile is like the adult in appearance,but has a yellow tone to its upperparts,and the grey of the underparts is replaced with buff-brown.The chicks have black down,as with all rails.While there are no subspecies,all populations show great individual variation in colouring,and the birds gradually become paler and greyer towards the east of the range.Adults undergo a complete moult after breeding,which is normally finished by late August or early September,before migration to south eastern Africa.There is a pre-breeding partial moult prior to the return from Africa,mainly involving the plumage of the head,body and tail.Young birds have a head and body moult about five weeks after hatching.The corn crake is sympatric with the African crake on the wintering grounds,but can be distinguished by its larger size,paler upperparts,tawny upperwing and different underparts pattern.In flight,it has longer,less rounded wings,and shallower wingbeats than its African relative,and shows a white leading edge to the inner wing.In both the breeding and wintering ranges it is unlikely to be confused with any other rails,since sympatric species are smaller,with white markings on the upperparts,different underparts patterns and shorter bills.A flying corn crake can resemble a gamebird,but its chestnut wing pattern and dangling legs are diagnostic.