Homalopoma nocturnum

In an attempt to re-establish vital ecological processes, a research team led by <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/">Oregon State University</a> (OSU) has recently proposed a series of management changes on western federal lands that would result in significant increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wisconsin-gray-wolf-population-dropped-by-30-percent-in-one-year/">gray wolf</a> and beaver populations – two currently endangered species that play a large number of critical ecological roles.&nbsp;



Gray wolves – apex predators able to trigger powerful, widespread ecological effects by controlling native ungulates such as elk, and facilitating the regrowth of vegetations species like aspen - were hunted to near extinction in the American West. Since the 1990s, wolves have been reintroduced to several regions of the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest through measures made possible by the <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/the-us-endangered-species-act">Endangered Species Act</a>.&nbsp;



“Still, the gray wolf’s current range in those 11 states is only about 14 percent of its historical range,” said study co-lead author Christopher Wolf, a postdoctoral scholar in Forestry at OSU. “They probably once numbered in the tens of thousands, but today there might only be 3,500 wolves across the entire West.”



Similarly, beaver populations, once widespread in the West, have declined by 90 percent after the beginning of settler colonialism and have now vanished from many streams, leaving a large number of ecosystem services unprovided. By falling trees and shrubs to build their dams, beavers play a critical role in enriching fish habitats, increasing water quality as well as water and sediment retention, maintaining water flows through droughts, boosting carbon sequestration, and generally improving the habitats of a variety of riparian plant and animal species.



“Beaver restoration is a cost-effective way to repair degraded riparian areas,” said study co-author Robert Beschta, a professor emeritus of Forestry at OSU. “Riparian areas occupy less than two percent of the land in the West but provide habitat for up to 70 percent of wildlife species.”



In their study, the researchers included a catalogue of 92 threatened and endangered plant and animal species which have at least ten percent of the ranges within their proposed “Western Rewilding Network.” The most common threat for these species is livestock grazing, which can cause stream and wetland degradation, affect wildfire regimes, and make it increasingly harder for woody species, such as willow, to regenerate.



“We suggest the removal of grazing on federal allotments from approximately 285,000 square kilometers within the rewilding network, representing 29 percent of the total 985,000 square kilometers of federal lands in the 11 western states that are annually grazed. That means we need an economically and socially just federal compensation program for those who give up their grazing permits. Rewilding will be most effective when participation concerns for all stakeholders are considered, including Indigenous people and their governments,” Professor Beschta concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac069">BioScience</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer&nbsp;&nbsp;

Wolves and beavers needed to "rewild" the American West

In an attempt to re-establish vital ecological processes, a research...

A new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109235">Ecological Indicators</a> has investigated how climate change will impact the distribution of great <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-group-of-blue-whales-discovered-with-bomb-detectors/">whales</a> in New Zealand waters. By using a complex modeling approach for projecting the regional range shift of blue and sperm whales by the end of the century, under different climate change scenarios, the experts argue that the suitable habitats for both species will likely shift southward as the oceans warm.&nbsp;



In the most severe climate change scenario, the scientists project a 61 percent and 42 percent loss and decrease of currently suitable habitats for sperm and blue whales, respectively, particularly in New Zealand’s northern waters.



“Regardless of which of the climate change scenarios will be the reality, even the best-case scenario indicates notable changes in the distribution of suitable habitat for sperm and blue whales in New Zealand,” said study lead author Katharina Peters, a postdoctoral researcher in Animal Behavior, Population Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology at the <a href="https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/">University of Canterbury</a>.



Due to their strong connection to the ocean, island nations such as New Zealand are highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. For instance, sperm whales are crucial for the tourism industry and local economy.&nbsp;



“The whale watch industry off Kaikoura may be at potential risk due to fewer and less reliable sightings of sperm whales off that coastline in the future,” explained study co-author Karen Stockin, an expert in Cetacean Ecology at the <a href="https://www.massey.ac.nz/">Massey University of New Zealand</a>. “Such changes in sperm whale distribution would have socioeconomic impacts due to the direct and indirect reliance on the whale watching activities by the local economy.”



Moreover, blue and sperm whales are also major ecosystem engineers, fulfilling a variety of important tasks, such as facilitating the transfer of nutrients from deep waters to the surface and across different latitudes through migration. Their predicted future southward drift will most likely impact ecosystem functioning and destabilize many ecological processes in northern New Zealand.



Although this study highlights the negative impact of climate change on great whales, it also identifies habitats that may be suitable in the future for both species in the South Island and other offshore islands.&nbsp;



“Such areas have the potential to serve as climate refugia for both species,” said study senior author Frédérik Saltré, a research fellow in Ecology at <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/">Flinders University</a>. “Knowing about these areas early on provides an opportunity for their increased protection in the future, particularly when considering the placement of marine protected areas and the legislation of oil and gas exploration,” he concluded.



Image Credit: Photo courtesy DBL Wildlife



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer&nbsp;&nbsp;

Great whales will drift southward due to climate change

A new study published in the journal Ecological Indicators has...

A new study from <a href="https://www.hamilton.edu/">Hamilton College</a> has revealed that "brain fog" affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-ocean-species-on-the-west-coast-face-an-uncertain-future/">species</a> across the animal kingdom. While it is known that infections such as COVID-19 can impair learning, memory, and problem-solving in people, the researchers set out to investigate whether infected animals may suffer from brain fog as well.&nbsp;



Study lead author Professor Andrea K. Townsend was previously interested in learning how infectious disease impacts the problem-solving performance of American crows. She was surprised to discover that very few studies had compared the cognitive effects of disease in other species.&nbsp;



After analyzing the existing evidence, the experts found that a wide range of species - from rats to birds - show signs of cognitive impairment when they are fighting an infection.



The researchers noted many possible causes of brain fog in animals, including damage by the parasite, certain immune responses, lack of motivation, malnutrition, and even alterations to the host microbiome.



“I think one surprising thing for me was how little is known. We're seeing an accelerated emergence of all of these infectious diseases, and yet we know very little about how disease might affect cognition and the implications of this for wild animals as well as for humans,” said Professor Townsend.



Cognitive impairment can potentially affect entire communities. For instance, bees may have difficulty finding food when they are fighting an infection.&nbsp;



“This is really a bad outcome, if you are a bee, because foraging success depends on the ability to efficiently find the most productive flowers,” explained Professor Townsend. In this scenario, bee populations could suffer, as well as the flowers that depend on them for pollination.



The experts warn that climate change will only make matters worse by causing animals to become stressed and more vulnerable to disease and brain fog.



“So, here you might have a snowball effect where animals in stressed environments are more likely to get sick and their cognitive abilities are impaired.&nbsp; Then they are less able to deal with these stressful, changing environments because of their impaired cognitive abilities.&nbsp; It could increase the costs of environmental change for some wild animals,” said Professor Townsend.&nbsp;



“We’re also living in a period of accelerating disease emergence, which is likely to have lots of contributing factors. For example, climate change is altering the range of many insects that carry diseases. In North America, the ranges of mosquitoes, ticks, and other vectors are extending northward. This is a problem because these ranges are extending into populations of naive hosts that have never experienced the diseases that they carry before. Therefore, they don’t have immunity to these infections and are likely to be highly susceptible to them."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/">Cell</a>.



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

"Brain fog" affects a wide range of animals

A new study from Hamilton College has revealed that "brain...

According to a study published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635721000589">Behavioral Processes</a>, humans are able to reliably identify <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playfulness-is-a-key-personality-trait-of-gifted-dogs/">dogs</a>’ emotions and moods based on their facial expression. The experts found that slight expressive changes, such as wide eyes or a rolling tongue, can help humans detect six different basic emotions in dogs – happiness, sadness, curiosity, fear, disgust, and anger. The easiest emotions to spot appeared to be anger, which was correctly identified by the study participants 78 percent of the time.



The researchers used pictures of three dog breeds – Malinois, Doberman, and Rhodesian Ridgeback – and enrolled 105 undergraduate students who were shown slides presenting four different expressive images of the same breed and asked to identify which image best depicted one of the six emotions. In the case of anger, which was induced in dogs by a person raising a padded stick or using a noisy leaf blower, humans were able to accurately identify it 78 percent of the time.&nbsp;



When it came to other basic emotions that the dogs experienced, participants managed to identify happiness and sadness about three-quarters of the time, and fear, disgust, and surprise in 55 percent, 51 percent, and 49 percent of the cases, respectively.&nbsp;



“Analyses indicated that participants were able to correctly identify all emotions across all&nbsp;dog breeds&nbsp;significantly better than chance,” the study authors reported. “Accuracy of emotion identification was predicted to be lower for the Doberman due to its darker coloration, possibly interfering with recognition of subtle emotional cues, but was found to be highest for the Malinois, followed by the Doberman, and then the Rhodesian Ridgeback.”



“Our findings suggest people can naturally understand their dogs’ emotions from their facial expressions,” said study senior author Harris Friedman, a professor emeritus of Psychology at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a>. According to lead author Tina Bloom, a researcher at the <a href="http://www.floraglades.org/">Floraglades Foundation</a>, we can understand dogs’ feeling so well because we have lived with them for a very long time and managed to create highly powerful inter-species bonds.



Further research is needed to extend the analysis to different breeds, and clarify how breed and other factors influences our capacity to detect dogs’ emotions.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

People can read dogs’ emotions from their expressions

According to a study published in the journal Behavioral Processes,...

Last year, researchers at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/">Eotvos Lorand University</a> (ELTE) demonstrated that some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-adjust-to-new-diets-very-quickly/">dogs</a> have an incredible capacity for learning. The experts found that these exceptional dogs - known as gifted word learners - can learn up to 12 new toy names in one week and can remember the new toy names for at least two months.



“These gifted dogs can learn new names of toys in a remarkable speed,” said Dr. Claudia Fugazza, who led the research. “In our previous study we found that they could learn a new toy name after hearing it only 4 times. But, with such short exposure, they did not form a long-term memory of it."



Now, the ELTE team has made another fascinating discovery - an association between giftedness and playfulness in dogs. The researchers found that playfulness is the one key personality trait makes gifted dogs stand out from the crowd.&nbsp;



'This study shows that there is a relationship between extremely high levels of playfulness and giftedness in learning object verbal labels in dogs," said study co-author Ádám Miklósi.



For the investigation, Dr. Fugazza and her team asked the owners of 165 Border collies to complete a dog personality survey. The study was focused on border collies because they were the most common gifted word learners.



Of the dogs analyzed for the study, 21 were known to be gifted learners and the rest were selected at random.&nbsp;



The questions were designed to assess the personality of the dogs in five categories: fearfulness, aggression toward people, playfulness and excitability, and aggression toward other animals.



When the exports compared the responses from owners of gifted dogs to those from the owners of typical dogs, playfulness was the only personality trait that was consistently different between the two groups.



It’s not clear from the study whether it’s the playfulness that helps the dogs learn more words, or whether the extra playful ones ended up with more opportunities to learn, Dr. Fugazza told <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/signs-dog-intelligence-gifted-dogs-play-study-finds-rcna41534">NBC News</a>.



The results do not necessarily mean that playful dogs are smarter. “Intelligence is the result of diverse cognitive traits that allow individuals to flexibly solve different types of problems,” said Dr. Fugazza. "Giftedness refers to an extremely good capacity in the case of a specific skill.”



A similar connection between playfulness and problem-solving abilities was previously established among humans. The research, led by Cheng-Ping Chang at the National University of Tainan, showed that students who are more creative and playful tend to be gifted in math and science. The study results also suggest that playfulness enhances creativity and exploration.&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Playfulness is a key personality trait of gifted dogs

Last year, researchers at Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE) demonstrated that...

Agri-environment schemes can effectively boost wildlife populations without affecting food production, according to a long-term study from the <a href="https://www.ceh.ac.uk/">UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology</a> (UKCEH).



Since the end of World War II, major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-loss-weakens-ecosystem-functioning/">biodiversity</a> losses in the UK have been caused by the intensification of farming practices. In recent decades, agri-environment schemes have been introduced to help farmers manage their land in a way that enhances the landscape and supports biodiversity.



For the current study, the researchers monitored a commercial farm called Hillesden, located in southeast England, where wildlife habitats were experimentally created more than ten years ago. These habitats include seed-bearing plants for birds and wildflowers for pollinators. 



The results of the UKCEH study showed that the creation of wildlife habitats on the farm significantly increased local bird and butterfly populations without damaging food production. 



The experts found that the majority of species had greater population numbers at Hillesden compared to farmed landscapes without agri-environment measures during the same timeframe. For example, 40 percent of butterfly species at Hillesden increased in population size between 2006 and 2016, compared to 21 percent elsewhere.



According to the study authors, the abundance of the common linnet more than doubled at Hillesden. The yellowhammer and chaffinch also fared better compared to birds at other sites.



"Investigating changes in populations over a significant period of time, and comparing these with other sites, means we can be confident that agri-environment options can bring long-term term benefits for bird and butterfly populations," said study lead author Dr. John Redhead.



"Hillesden is a typical, large arable farm with conventional agricultural practices, in an ordinary landscape with no large patches of natural habitat. Therefore, it is likely that the results of our long-term study indicate what can be achieved on other commercial farms with good planning, implementation and management of agri-environment measures."



A previous study from the UKCEH suggests that crop production does not suffer from agri-environment measures. The research showed that overall crop production at Hillesden was unaffected by the loss of agricultural land for habitat creation. In fact, some crop yields were even boosted.&nbsp;



"The Hillesden study shows that it is possible to balance wildlife conservation with efficient food production," said Marek Nowakowski of the Wildlife Farming Company. "I am confident other farmers could achieve similar results with the right training and advice."



Robin Faccenda, owner of the Hillesden estate, said it has never been more important to balance profitable farming with increased wildlife delivery than it is in these challenging times. "My advice to anyone wishing to improve the wildlife on their farm would be to get good advice and create a range of appropriate quality habitats."



The study is published in the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652664">Journal of Applied Ecology</a>.



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Agri-environment schemes can bring wildlife back to farms

Agri-environment schemes can effectively boost wildlife populations without affecting food...

Neotropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/coastal-wetlands-are-threatened-by-salt-water-intrusion/">wetlands</a> are among the most diverse and beautiful regions on Earth. They are home to exotic birds and rare mammals, including jaguars. A recent study from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/">Queen Mary University of London</a> highlights the urgent need to protect the biodiversity of Neotropical wetlands.&nbsp;



The large-scale study was conducted in Brazil and analyzed 72 wetland lakes in the Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal, and Paraná regions. The researchers examined humans' impact on biodiversity. They also investigated how biodiversity levels affect multifunctionality, or the various functions an ecosystem provides.



"This is one of a few studies that demonstrate how human pressures compromise the functioning of wetlands through their negative impact on biodiversity," said study co-author Dr. Pavel Kratina. "To our knowledge, this work presents the first empirical evidence of a large-scale positive relationship between aquatic biodiversity across multiple organismal groups and multifunctionality of wetlands."



The team examined seven groups of aquatic species to demonstrate their influence on several ecosystem functions, including aquatic phosphorus and nitrogen availability, standing biomass, microorganism abundance, and underwater habitat complexity.



The experts used the Human Footprint (HFP) index to determine the level of human impact. The HFP index measures impacts from farmland, human density, light pollution, railways, roads, and navigable waterways.&nbsp;



The researchers found that human activities harm biodiversity, which is detrimental to the functioning of ecosystems. The Paraná wetland, located near a grossly populated area, was the most threatened.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"This high-resolution dataset revealed strong and consistent associations between the diversity of multiple groups of aquatic organisms and wetland multifunctionality," said Kratina. "These results underline the important role of species richness and functional diversity in driving functioning of Neotropical wetlands."



The experts also discovered that fish diversity can indicate how well an ecosystem functions. According to Dr. Kratina, the study shows that an increasing human footprint correlates with a decline in species richness and functional diversity.



"Human Footprint index has a large direct negative effect on multifunctionality, but HFP also had indirect negative effects on the multifunctionality, mediated by declining species richness," explained Dr. Kratina.



"Although these indirect negative effects of human pressure were driven by the decline in the diversity of most organismal groups, these effects were strongly mediated by fish diversity, because fish diversity is very important for functioning of wetlands."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/">Nature Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:nire518@gmail.com">Erin Moody </a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Biodiversity loss weakens ecosystem functioning

Neotropical wetlands are among the most diverse and beautiful regions...

Homalopoma nocturnum

Taxonomic tree: