<h2>The Hajar Mountains</h2>
<p>are the highest mountain range within the eastern Arabian Peninsula. They located in northeastern Oman and the eastern United Arab Emirates. Lying 50 to 100 kilometers inland from the Gulf of Oman coast, they divide the low coastal plain of Oman from the high desert plateau.</p>
<p>The Hajar mountains start in the north, creating the Musandam peninsula. From there, the Northern Hajjar runs southeast, parallel to the coast but also moving gradually farther away as it goes. The middle section of the Hajjar is the Jebel Akhdar, which is the highest and wildest terrain in the country. Jebel Akhdar, in addition to the smaller Jebel Nakhl range, is bordered on the east side by the low Samail Valley. Eastwards of Samail are the Eastern Hajjar, which run east, towards the fishing town of Sur, nearly at the eastern point of Oman. Totally, the mountains stretch for 500 kilometers.</p>
<p>The low and coastal land that is north and east of the Jebel Hajjar is called Al Batinah Region, and the terrain that is inland of the mountains is Ad Dhahirah.</p>
<h3>&#8211;</h3>
<p>These mountains are a significant ecoregion, the only habitat in eastern Arabia that is above 2,000 meters in elevation. The climate is usually wet, warmer and cool from December to March. But It has occasional rain from April to September.</p>
<p>They are rich in plant life compared to the majority of Arabia, including numerous endemic species. The types of vegetation on this mountain vary with the altitude. They are blanketed with shrubland at the lower elevations, becoming richer with woodland, including wild olive and fig trees at between 3,630 and 8,250 feet. Then higher still are junipers. Fruit trees, apricot and pomegranate. For example, are grown in the cooler valleys and in locations where there are rocky outcrops with little vegetation.</p>
<p>Image Caption: Nakhal Fort. Credit: Mark Hills/Wikipedia (CC BY 2.0)</p>


What is Al Hajar Mountains?

<p>Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities around the world vanished beneath the waves? It's a chilling thought, but the melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could put that nightmare scenario within reach. Scientists have just uncovered a troubling cycle that's accelerating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> ice melting even faster than we thought, threatening a future where our coastlines are redrawn forever.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vicious-cycle">The vicious cycle</h2>



<p>Ice shelves are vast, floating extensions of the glaciers and ice sheets that cover Antarctica. These immense structures act like protective barriers, helping to slow down the flow of ice from the land into the ocean. </p>



<p>The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is a particularly vulnerable region - much of its base rests below sea level. This low-lying foundation makes it incredibly susceptible to the effects of a hidden, warm-water threat.</p>



<p>Known as the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), this deep ocean current possesses temperatures significantly higher than the freezing Antarctic waters. The CDW stealthily flows beneath the West Antarctic ice shelves, steadily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-slow-antarctica-ice-melt-with-sunlight-reflecting-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> them from below. </p>



<p>This constant erosion weakens the ice shelves' structure, potentially destabilizing the entire ice sheet and leading to accelerated ice loss into the ocean.</p>



<p>"This cycle could speed up the melting of ice shelves, potentially making the West Antarctic Ice Sheet less stable in the future," said <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/people/5x2hkq/professor-alberto-naveira-garabato" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato</a> from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-ice-melt-creates-stronger-currents">Antarctica's ice melt creates stronger currents</h2>



<p>The melting caused by the warm water intrusion sets off a self-amplifying chain reaction known as a positive feedback loop. In this context, "positive" doesn't imply a beneficial outcome; rather, it means that the process reinforces itself, spiraling into an increasingly destructive cycle. Here's how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-and-mixing">Melting and mixing</h3>



<p>As the CDW erodes the ice shelf from underneath, it mixes with the resulting freshwater melt. This blend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rate-of-melting-ice-in-antarctica-is-not-consistent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melted</a> ice and seawater has a lower density than the surrounding ocean water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-buoyancy-effect">The buoyancy effect</h3>



<p>Driven by its lower density, this lighter meltwater mixture naturally seeks to rise towards the surface. This upward movement has two major consequences:</p>



<ul>
<li>It distorts the layer of warm CDW beneath the ice shelf, generating a swirling effect that further destabilizes the ice.</li>



<li>It seeks out underwater channels and troughs near the coastline. As it flows outwards, it drags along additional warm CDW, exposing even more of the ice shelf to melting.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-runaway-effect">The runaway effect</h3>



<p>This cycle becomes self-perpetuating. The more ice melts, the larger the volume of light "meltwater mix" is generated. This, in turn, strengthens the currents that transport even more warm CDW towards the ice shelf, accelerating the melting process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-antarctica-ice-melt-has-baffled-scientists">Why Antarctica ice melt has baffled scientists</h2>



<p>While scientists knew this warm water was causing trouble, they were stumped about what was driving the currents that pushed the warm water towards the vulnerable ice shelves. </p>



<p>Thanks to advanced computer simulations, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Los Angeles</a>, <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, and the University of Southampton have cracked the case.</p>



<p>"These simulations reveal that this deep current conveying warm waters toward the ice shelves is driven by the very same ice shelf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geoengineering-can-we-dim-the-sun-to-avoid-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> that such warm waters cause," explained Dr. Alessandro Silvano from the University of Southampton.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-extreme-ice-melt-in-antarctica">Consequences of extreme ice melt in Antarctica</h2>



<p>The potential consequences of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapsing into the ocean are nothing short of catastrophic. This immense ice sheet contains enough frozen water to raise global sea levels by a staggering five meters (around 16 feet). To put that into perspective, this level of sea-level rise would permanently inundate vast swaths of coastal land around the globe.</p>



<p>Major cities, densely populated regions, and vital infrastructure would be severely impacted or disappear underwater. This would trigger forced mass migrations and create humanitarian crises on an unprecedented scale. Crucial agricultural areas would be lost, disrupting global food supplies. Additionally, the altered salinity and composition of coastal waters would devastate marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>It's important to emphasize that this extreme scenario of total ice sheet collapse would compound the effects of the sea-level rise that's already underway due to global warming. The threat posed by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and its impacts.</p>



<p>The discovery of this feedback loop highlights the urgency of finding ways to slow or reverse the melting. While complex computer models used by scientists often exclude such processes, this study makes a compelling case for their inclusion. </p>



<p>Understanding the intricate workings of our climate is key to protecting our planet, and studies like this are crucial. Now, it's up to us to take this knowledge and turn it into meaningful action.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl0601" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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This natural process is making Antarctica's ice melt faster

Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities...

<p>Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a planet packed with secrets. One of the most intriguing mysteries of Mars has been swirling around the puzzling presence of methane gas. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-mission-has-surpassed-expectations-in-tracking-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas</a>, mostly produced by living organisms on Earth, has NASA's Curiosity rover sniffing around in Mars' Gale Crater.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-methane-behavior">Mars methane behavior</h2>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> methane has an erratic, unpredictable behavior that defies current scientific understanding. It appears at night within Gale Crater, only to vanish during the Martian day. Additionally, its levels fluctuate dramatically with the seasons – sometimes surging, sometimes remaining undetectable. </p>



<p>To make matters even more perplexing, spacecraft orbiting Mars, equipped with sensitive instruments specifically designed to detect methane, can't find any trace of it in the wider atmosphere. This contradictory evidence and lack of a clear pattern of origin have left scientists puzzled.</p>



<p>“It’s a story with a lot of plot twists,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/vasavada/">Ashwin&nbsp;Vasavada</a>, Curiosity’s project scientist at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) in Southern California, which leads Curiosity’s mission.</p>



<p>While the tantalizing possibility of methane as a sign of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-the-building-blocks-of-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> (current or ancient) remains, most scientists believe geological processes occurring deep beneath the Martian surface are the more likely culprits. </p>



<p>However, even those theories fail to fully explain the variability and inconsistency of methane detections. This mystery demands a deeper and more nuanced understanding, motivating scientists to investigate and explore all potential explanations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salt-a-methane-trap-on-mars">Salt: A methane trap on Mars?</h2>



<p>NASA researchers have recently proposed a fascinating explanation for the methane's disappearing act. They suggest that the methane might be temporarily stored beneath a hardened seal of salt within the Martian soil.</p>



<p>To understand this, imagine the Martian soil as a mixture of frozen water and various salts – much like a very salty ice cube. This mixture is likely a result of Mars' past when it might have had liquid water. Scientists theorize that as temperatures fluctuate, some of this salty ice may melt slightly. </p>



<p>However, in the thin Martian atmosphere, this meltwater quickly evaporates, leaving behind a concentrated, hardened layer of salt on the surface. This salty crust could potentially act as a temporary barrier, trapping any methane gas produced below.</p>



<p>The really intriguing part of the theory is how this methane might escape. The researchers suggest that these salty seals aren't permanent. Fluctuations in temperature or disturbances – even something like a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-may-have-once-been-a-cradle-for-life/">Mars</a> rover driving over the surface – could potentially cause cracks or breaks in the salt crust. </p>



<p>These openings could allow the trapped methane to release in sudden bursts, creating a "methane burp" detectable by Curiosity. This would explain the localized, sporadic nature of the methane detections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-regolith-and-salt">Martian regolith and salt</h2>



<p>This hypothesis isn't simply speculation. A research team led by NASA scientist Alexander Pavlov has conducted a series of controlled experiments to test its validity. They meticulously recreated Martian environmental conditions within a laboratory setting. </p>



<p>This involved using samples of Martian regolith (soil) with varying salt concentrations, mimicking the presence of perchlorates commonly found on Mars. The samples were then subjected to temperature and pressure fluctuations that mirrored those experienced on the Martian surface.</p>



<p>Significantly, the experiments yielded promising results. Under specific conditions, particularly with a specific range of salt concentration, the researchers observed the formation of a hardened surface crust within the simulated Martian soil. </p>



<p>This finding supports the theory that such a salty seal could indeed form on Mars. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrated that the presence of this crust effectively trapped gas beneath its surface, lending credence to the idea that methane could be temporarily stored in this way. </p>



<p>These laboratory results provide a strong foundation for the salty seal theory, suggesting it may be a viable explanation for the methane's puzzling behavior on Mars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-study-methane-on-mars">Why study methane on Mars?</h2>



<p>Methane matters on Mars for several compelling reasons. Primarily, its presence and behavior offer crucial clues in the ongoing investigation into whether the Red Planet could have ever harbored the conditions necessary for life to exist. Here's why:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-as-a-potential-biosignature">Methane as a potential biosignature</h3>



<p>On Earth, a significant portion of methane is produced by biological processes – the activity of living organisms. While non-biological processes can also produce methane, its detection on Mars raises the tantalizing possibility of either current microbial life or the remnants of ancient life that once thrived on the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-geochemistry">Martian geochemistry</h3>



<p>Even if methane on Mars proves to be entirely geological in origin, studying its source and how it disappears provides valuable insights into the planet's geological activity and history. These processes could shed light on the presence of subsurface water, past volcanic activity, or other unique Martian phenomena.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrobiology-and-beyond">Astrobiology and beyond</h3>



<p>The implications of methane's presence and its potential origins extend beyond Mars. Determining whether life could have existed on our neighboring planet helps us understand the broader question of whether life might exist elsewhere in the universe. It could inform the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-worlds-new-strategy-to-identify-planets-that-may-host-life/">habitable environments</a> on other planets and moons within and beyond our solar system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thrill-of-the-unknown">Thrill of the unknown</h3>



<p>Beyond its significance for astrobiology, the mystery of Martian methane represents a captivating scientific puzzle. Its unpredictable behavior challenges our current understanding of the planet's chemistry and geology, driving scientists to develop innovative theories, conduct rigorous experiments, and push the boundaries of exploration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>While the salty crust hypothesis offers a potential explanation for methane's behavior, it necessitates further rigorous testing and validation. Researchers need to investigate whether other salt compounds prevalent on Mars exhibit similar properties and could form temporary seals capable of trapping methane. </p>



<p>To gain a comprehensive understanding of methane dynamics on Mars, dedicated instruments capable of continuous, widespread methane monitoring are crucial. Unfortunately, the Curiosity rover's current capabilities allow for only intermittent methane measurements, limiting the ability to track real-time fluctuations and spatial variations across the Martian surface.</p>



<p>"Some of the methane work will have to be left to future surface spacecraft that are more focused on answering these specific questions," Vasavada said.</p>



<p>Until then, the Martian methane mystery keeps us guessing. Who knows what further surprises the Red Planet holds?</p>



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Mars is releasing mysterious methane burps – but why?

Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a...

<p>Since the 1930s, the <a href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/">Old Farmers' Almanac</a> has been publishing names for the full moons, drawing from what were termed “Indian” names that have since become widely recognized and utilized. </p>



<p>The full moon of April, which occurs tonight, is often called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a>, a name attributed to the herb moss pink or creeping phlox - also known as moss phlox, mountain phlox, and creeping phlox - which is native to the eastern United States and one of spring's earliest widespread flowers. </p>



<p>Other names for this April moon include the “Sprouting Grass Moon,” the “Egg Moon,” and the “Fish Moon,” the latter being used by coastal tribes to mark the time when shad fish move upstream to spawn.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-return-of-navigable-waterways">The return of navigable waterways</h2>



<p>Moreover, the names "Breaking Ice Moon" (Algonquin) and "Moon When the Streams Are Again Navigable" (Dakota) capture the thawing of ice and the return of navigable waterways typical of early spring. </p>



<p>The "Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs" (Tlingit) and "Moon of the Red Grass Appearing" (Oglala) highlight the imminent surge in plant life as spring progresses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reemergence-of-life-in-april">The reemergence of life in April</h2>



<p>Additional names reflect the reemergence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/">wildlife</a> during this season, such as the "Moon When the Ducks Come Back" (Lakota), "Moon When the Geese Lay Eggs" (Dakota), and "Frog Moon" (Cree), each indicating the return or increased activity of these species.</p>



<p>Similarly, the "Sucker Moon" (Anishinaabe) marks the period for harvesting sucker fish, which migrate to streams or shallow lake areas to spawn. </p>



<p>According to cultural lore, during this time, the sucker fish returns from the spirit world to cleanse the waterways and the life within them. </p>



<p>This name is sometimes used for the February Moon as well, to honor the sucker fish's role in sustaining the Anishinaabe people through the winter by providing a crucial food source.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-observances-and-april-s-full-moon">Cultural observances and April's full moon </h2>



<p>This moon also corresponds with significant cultural and religious observances in various parts of the world. It aligns with the Jewish festival of Pesach, or Passover, which in 2024 will begin at sundown on April 22 and conclude at nightfall on April 30. </p>



<p>The celebration starts in the middle of the Hebrew month of Nisan, with the Seder feasts taking place on the first two nights.</p>



<p>In the Hindu lunisolar calendar, which varies by region, this full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tonights-worm-moon-marks-the-beginning-of-spring/">moon</a> typically coincides with Hanuman Jayanti, the celebration of the birth of Lord Hanuman.</p>



<p>For Buddhists in Sri Lanka, this full moon is known as Bak Poya and commemorates the Buddha's visit to Sri Lanka, where he averted a war by settling a dispute between chiefs.</p>



<p>This lunar event falls near the middle of Shawwāl, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar, and during the third month of the Chinese Year of the Dragon.</p>



<p>In light of these diverse celebrations, people all over the world&nbsp; are encouraged to wear festive celestial attire in honor of the full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/">moon</a>. </p>



<p>It’s a time to enjoy the burgeoning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-has-arrived-in-the-northern-hemisphere/">spring</a>, acknowledge these various cultural celebrations, set an extra seat at the table in a spirit of inclusivity, and importantly, strive for peace and not war.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-april-s-full-moon">More about April's full moon</h2>



<p>April’s full moon will reach its brightest point at 7:49 P.M. on Tuesday, April 23. Astronomically, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a> signifies the time when the moon is fully illuminated by the sun as seen from Earth, appearing fully round.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Like Earth, the Moon has a day side and a night side, which change as the Moon rotates,” explained <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a>. “The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark, but how much we are able to see of that illuminated half changes as the Moon travels through its orbit.”</p>



<p>The timing of the full moon varies slightly due to the lunar cycle averaging about 29.5 days. This leads to some variation in the date and time of the full moon each month.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrological-significance-of-the-pink-moon">Astrological significance of the Pink Moon</h2>



<p>In 2024, the Pink Moon falls on April 25th, during the sun’s transit through Taurus. This placement is quite significant astrologically for several reasons:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Taurus Sun Scorpio Moon opposition</h3>



<p>The Pink Moon will be in the opposite sign of Scorpio, creating a full moon in Scorpio. This opposition highlights the balance between Taurus and Scorpio themes - material security and stability versus emotional depth and transformation. </p>



<p>It’s a potent time for delving into psychological matters, addressing issues of trust, and managing resources in relationships.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intensity and transformation</h3>



<p>Scorpio is a sign associated with intensity, depth, transformation, and the unseen. A full moon in Scorpio can bring to the surface deep-seated emotions and hidden truths. </p>



<p>This is a powerful time for healing, as it provides an opportunity to confront and release old wounds, secrets, or things that have been repressed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Financial and emotional investments</h3>



<p>Given Taurus’s influence on possessions and Scorpio’s on investments and shared resources, this full moon could highlight issues around finances, particularly what is owned individually versus jointly. It can prompt decisions about investments, loans, inheritances, or other financial matters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhanced intuition</h3>



<p>Scorpio’s watery, intuitive energy combined with the illuminating power of the full moon can enhance psychic abilities and deepen intuitive insights. This period may be particularly potent for those who practice divination or other metaphysical activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Transformation and rebirth</h3>



<p>Scorpio is the sign of death and rebirth, so this full moon might signal a time of significant personal transformation. It can be an excellent period for ending unhealthy patterns or relationships and for beginning anew with a fresh perspective or renewed purpose.</p>



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April's full "Pink Moon" tonight signifies the reemergence of life 

Since the 1930s, the Old Farmers' Almanac has been publishing...

<p>The tundra, a critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sink</a>, is undergoing significant changes due to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-warming-climate-transforms-soil-into-a-carbon-emitter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming climate</a>. Traditionally known to store carbon, these vast, cold landscapes are now releasing it, potentially exacerbating climate change. </p>



<p>This shift is the focus of a recent comprehensive study that delves into how the warming climate affects carbon dynamics in tundra regions across the globe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-effect-on-tundra-sites">Warming effect on tundra sites</h2>



<p>To explore this phenomenon, a diverse team of 70 scientists from various countries embarked on an ambitious project. They implemented open-top chambers (OTCs) at 28 tundra sites worldwide to simulate increased temperatures. </p>



<p>The OTCs, functioning like mini-greenhouses, effectively trap heat and block wind, creating a localized warming effect. As a result, this method led to an average increase of 1.4 degrees Celsius in air temperature and 0.4 degrees in soil temperature. </p>



<p>Furthermore, soil moisture decreased by 1.6 percent, influencing the tundra's ability to function as a carbon sink.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-warming-and-carbon-release">Tundra warming and carbon release</h2>



<p>The experimental warming significantly impacted the tundra's ecosystem respiration, especially during the growing season, increasing it by 30 percent. </p>



<p>This increase is due to increased metabolic activities in soil organisms and plants, as noted by Sybryn Maes from <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå University</a>.</p>



<p>"We knew from earlier studies that we were likely to find an increase in respiration with warming, but we found a remarkable increase – nearly four times greater than previously estimated, though it varied with time and location," said Maes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variability-across-tundra-regions">Variability across tundra regions</h2>



<p>The study also revealed that the increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-plants-continue-offsetting-our-carbon-emissions-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem respiration</a> varies with local soil conditions. Factors like nitrogen levels and soil pH play a role. This variability indicates that not all tundra regions respond uniformly to warming. </p>



<p>Professor Ellen Dorrepaal, also from Umeå University, emphasized the uniqueness of their findings. "Our work represents the first assessment of ecosystem respiration response to experimental warming across such a broad environmental gradient in the tundra, incorporating a comprehensive set of environmental drivers," said Professor Dorrepaal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-arctic-and-alpine-regions">Broader implications for arctic and alpine regions</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings extend beyond the individual study sites. Matti Kummu from <a href="https://www.aalto.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aalto University</a> highlighted the broader perspective.</p>



<p>"We see that some areas, particularly parts of Siberia and Canada, exhibit greater sensitivity to warming," said Kummu. "We anticipate an increase in respiration across the whole Arctic and alpine tundra, but more in situ data, particularly on the local soil conditions, is key to addressing the outstanding uncertainties and refining our predictions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-climate-models">Refining climate models  </h2>



<p>The researchers plan to further study how these experimental sites develop over time. They will also broaden their experiments to include new locations. </p>



<p>This ongoing work is essential for a more accurate understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-pool-of-global-soil-carbon-alters-climate-change-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>'s impact on our planet's ecosystems and the broader climate system.</p>



<p>Additionally, the research highlights an urgent need for continuous exploration and monitoring of tundra regions. This is crucial to improve predictions and counteract global warming.</p>



<p>As the tundra shifts from being a carbon sink to a potential carbon source, grasping these dynamics grows increasingly crucial in our global efforts to effectively manage climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-impacts-of-warming-on-tundra">Additional impacts of warming on tundra</h2>



<p>Warming affects tundra in several critical ways beyond just increasing carbon emissions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-thawing"><strong>Permafrost thawing</strong></h3>



<p>As temperatures rise, permafrost - permanently frozen ground in the tundra - begins to thaw. This releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, which further accelerates global warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altered-plant-life"><strong>Altered plant life</strong></h3>



<p>Warming leads to changes in vegetation patterns. Shrubs and trees can start to encroach on traditional tundra landscapes, which alters the habitat and can disrupt the local biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-soil-erosion"><strong>Increased soil erosion</strong></h3>



<p>With less ice to stabilize the soil, warmer temperatures can increase erosion rates. This not only affects the physical landscape but can also release more carbon stored in the soil.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-los-s"><strong>Biodiversity los</strong>s</h3>



<p>The unique species adapted to cold tundra environments may struggle to survive in warmer conditions, leading to reduced biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-water-systems"><strong>Changes in water systems</strong></h3>



<p>Thawing permafrost affects water flows in the tundra. It can lead to the formation of new lakes and wetlands or the drying up of existing ones, significantly impacting local ecosystems and water availability.</p>



<p>Understanding these effects is crucial for predicting and mitigating the broader impacts of climate change on the tundra and its role in global ecological and climate systems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07274-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em></em>.</p>



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Warming climate turns tundra from carbon sink to source

The tundra, a critical carbon sink, is undergoing significant changes...

<p>Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune systems, countless deaths, and untold suffering. Yet, there's hope on the horizon. Scientists are tirelessly unraveling cancer's mysteries. </p>



<p>One such breakthrough is immunotherapy, a cutting-edge approach that uses the body's own defenses to wage war against cancer cells. Researchers at <a href="https://www.vt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> are at the forefront of this research, developing a new type of immunotherapy with the potential to save lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system-and-cancer">Immune system and cancer</h2>



<p>Our immune system is a complex defense network made up of different cell types and organs. It works constantly to detect and eliminate threats, including harmful bacteria and viruses.</p>



<p>Cancer cells, unfortunately, develop ways to disguise themselves or suppress the immune system's response. This allows them to grow and spread unchecked.</p>



<p>Immunotherapy aims to outsmart cancer by enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. It introduces substances that either directly boost immune cells or remove the disguises cancer cells use to hide.</p>



<p>Unlike chemotherapy, which targets all rapidly dividing cells (both healthy and cancerous), immunotherapy is more precise. This often results in fewer harsh side effects for patients.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-with-immunotherapy">The challenge with immunotherapy</h2>



<p>Cytokines are small proteins that act as communication signals within the immune system. They play a critical role in coordinating the immune response, attracting and activating various immune cells to fight against threats.</p>



<p>“Cytokines are potent and highly effective at stimulating the immune cells to eliminate cancer cells,” said Professor <a href="https://che.vt.edu/People/faculty/Tong.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rong Tong</a>. “The problem is they’re so potent that if they roam freely throughout the body, they’ll activate every immune cell they encounter, which can cause an overactive immune response and potentially fatal side effects.”</p>



<p>The goal of scientists was to harness the power of cytokines to fight cancer while minimizing their potential side effects. This involved developing a method to deliver cytokines specifically to the tumor site, preventing their uncontrolled spread throughout the body.</p>



<p>Researchers at Virginia Tech addressed this challenge with their innovative localized cytokine therapy approach, providing a more targeted and controlled way to boost the immune system against cancer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-systems-anchored-cytokines-against-cancer">Immune systems anchored cytokines against cancer</h2>



<p>Dr. Tong teamed up with Dr. Wenjun "Rebecca" Cai to engineer a revolutionary approach to localized cytokine therapy. They developed tiny particles designed to carry the cytokine proteins directly to the tumor. These particles act as specialized delivery vehicles.</p>



<p>The particles are engineered with "anchors" – molecules on their surface that can bind specifically to components within the tumor. After injection, these anchors help the particles attach themselves firmly within the tumor environment.</p>



<p>The anchoring mechanism ensures that the cytokines remain primarily within the tumor. This prevents them from spreading throughout the body, minimizing potential harm to healthy cells, while allowing them to send powerful signals to attract immune cells to the tumor site.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combination-therapy">Combination therapy</h2>



<p>Now, this alone is a remarkable advancement, but the researchers went one step further. They paired their anchored cytokine system with FDA-approved therapies called checkpoint blockade antibodies. </p>



<p>Cancer cells can develop mechanisms to suppress or deactivate immune cells, essentially disabling their ability to fight back. Checkpoint blockade antibodies target these mechanisms, re-activating the immune cells so they can attack the cancer.</p>



<p>The anchored cytokines act as a powerful amplifier, attracting large numbers of immune cells to the tumor site and enhancing their cancer-fighting capabilities. </p>



<p>This combined approach creates a synergistic effect – checkpoint blockade antibodies take away cancer's defenses, while the cytokines rally a powerful immune attack. Studies have demonstrated the significant success of this strategy in eliminating tumors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-cancer-treatment">The future of cancer treatment</h2>



<p>This research is a tremendous leap forward in the field of immunotherapy, potentially leading to safer and more successful cancer treatments. It also opens doors for the development of similar delivery systems for other potent immune-boosting drugs.</p>



<p>“Researchers are still looking for safer and more effective cancer treatments,” said Tong. “This motivation is what drives us to develop new technologies in the field. The whole class of drugs that are employed to jump-start the immune system to fight cancer cells has largely not yet succeeded. Our goal is to create novel solutions that allow researchers to test these drugs with existing FDA-approved therapeutics, ensuring both safety and enhanced efficacy.”</p>



<p>The Virginia Tech researchers' dedication epitomizes the ongoing battle against cancer. While there's much work still ahead, projects like this provide immense hope that someday cancer will be a word that loses its terrifying power.</p>



<p>“I view this project as a perfect marriage between chemical engineering and materials science,” Cai said. “The former focuses on the synthesis and drug delivery part, the latter on applying advanced materials characterization. This collaboration not only accelerates immunotherapy research, but also has the ability to transform cancer treatment.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em>Science Advances</em>.</p>



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Reprogramming the immune system to attack cancer cells

Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune...

<p>In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults perceive the onset of old age compared to previous generations. The experts found that, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancy</a> increases and retirement ages are pushed back, the public perception of when old age begins is shifting to later in life. </p>



<p>The study was led by an international team of researchers including psychologist Markus Wettstein from <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a> in Berlin, and his colleagues from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, the <a href="https://www.uni.lu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Luxembourg</a>, and the <a href="https://www.uni-greifswald.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Greifswald</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-notable-shift-in-the-perceived-start-of-old-age-nbsp">Notable shift in the perceived start of old age&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts analyzed responses from 14,056 participants in the <a href="https://www.dza.de/en/research/deas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Aging Survey</a>. This longitudinal study spans over 25 years and includes German residents born between 1911 and 1974, assessing their views on aging.</p>



<p>The survey consistently asked participants the age at which they considered someone to be old. Findings indicate a notable shift: participants born earlier in the 20th century identified the start of old age at younger ages than those born later. For instance, participants born in 1911 believed old age started at 71 when they were 65 years old, whereas those born in 1956 placed the threshold at 74.</p>



<p>However, the scientists identified a slowdown in this trend of pushing back the perceived start of old age in recent decades, suggesting that this shift might not continue indefinitely. “The trend toward postponing old age is not linear and might not necessarily continue in the future,” Wettstein explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-changes-the-perspective-nbsp">Aging changes the perspective&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Further analysis showed that as individuals age, they tend to view old age as beginning later in life. For example, at age 64, participants on average believed old age started at 74.7, but by age 74, they adjusted this belief to 76.8. This shift roughly translates to a one-year increase in the perceived start of old age for every four to five years of actual aging.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-gender-equal-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gender</a> and health also play significant roles in how early individuals perceive the onset of old age. The study found that women, on average, believe it starts about two years later than men do, a gap that has widened over time. Moreover, individuals who reported feeling lonelier, being in poorer health, or feeling older themselves tended to say old age starts earlier.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-the-trend-of-postponing-old-age">What drives the trend of postponing old age?</h2>



<p>These findings are critical for understanding how individuals plan for their aging and how society views older adults. “It is unclear to what extent the trend towards postponing old age reflects a trend towards more positive views on older people and aging, or rather the opposite - perhaps the onset of old age is postponed because people consider being old to be an undesirable state,” Wettstein said.</p>



<p>The experts call for further research to determine if this trend will persist and to expand the scope of inquiry to more diverse and non-Western populations, to better understand global perceptions of aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-about-old-age">Interesting facts about old age</h2>



<p>Old age can be a period of growth, adaptation, and continued contribution to society, not merely a time of decline. Here are some interesting facts:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-life-expectancy">Increased life expectancy</h3>



<p>Globally, life expectancy has significantly increased over the past century. Advances in healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions have played a major role in extending the average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-senior-years">Healthier senior years</h3>



<p>Many older adults today are healthier than in the past. Improved medical treatments for chronic diseases like heart disease and arthritis mean many seniors can maintain a better quality of life for longer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-plasticity">Brain plasticity</h3>



<p>Contrary to the belief that the brain's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-adults-brain-cells/">capabilities</a> decline unavoidably with age, research shows that the brain maintains plasticity into older adulthood, meaning it can continue to form new neural connections and adapt.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-population-shifts">Population shifts</h3>



<p>The demographic of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improves-life-quality-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older adults</a> is increasing faster than other age groups. By 2050, the number of people aged 60 years and older will more than double. This shift is challenging societies to adapt infrastructures and policies to meet the needs of an aging population.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



<p>Older adults contribute significantly to the economy, often referred to as the "silver economy." This includes not just their spending power but also their contributions to the workforce and volunteer sectors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wisdom-and-emotions">Wisdom and emotions</h3>



<p>Older adults often experience what is known as the "positivity effect,” a tendency to remember positive experiences over negative ones. Studies suggest that this might be an adaptive mechanism to enhance overall well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-differences">Cultural differences</h3>



<p>Attitudes towards aging vary significantly by culture. In some cultures, older adults are revered and considered wise, whereas, in others, youth is valued more.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000812" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Psychology and Aging</em></a>.</p>



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Public perception of ‘old age’ has shifted to later in life

In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults...

Cbn,Cannabinoloil,And,Marijuana.,Formula,Cannabis,.,Weed,Decriminalization,.

<p>Did you know that a compound found in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> plant might protect your brain from damage and decline? It's called cannabinol (CBN), and it's not the THC you're probably familiar with. </p>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.salk.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salk Institute</a> are delving into cannabinol's secrets, uncovering its potential to revolutionize how we treat brain injuries and diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-cannabinol">What is cannabinol?</h2>



<p>You've probably heard of THC, the compound in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> responsible for its well-known "high", and CBD, known for its potential therapeutic benefits. Cannabinol is a lesser-known cannabinoid, also derived from the cannabis plant. </p>



<p>While it does have some mild psychoactive effects, they are significantly less pronounced than those of THC. What makes CBN particularly interesting to scientists is its potential to protect our brains.</p>



<p>Think of your brain as being filled with tiny energy-producing factories called mitochondria. These powerhouses are essential for keeping brain cells healthy and functioning. Unfortunately, in diseases like Alzheimer's or after a traumatic brain injury, these mitochondria can malfunction and break down. </p>



<p>This leads to the death of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> cells, which contributes to the devastating symptoms of these conditions. CBN appears to have the ability to intervene in this process, acting to support and protect these failing mitochondria. </p>



<p>This safeguarding effect of cannabinol could be key to slowing or preventing the damage caused by brain-related diseases and injuries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabinol-components-to-protect-brain">Cannabinol components to protect brain</h2>



<p>To identify the specific components of CBN responsible for its protective effects, the researchers carefully deconstructed the molecule into smaller fragments. This allowed them to isolate and analyze the active parts.</p>



<p>Armed with the knowledge of CBN's most potent fragments, the scientists created four new compounds inspired by CBN's structure but with those supercharged active parts amplified. These enhanced versions of CBN aimed to provide even greater brain protection than the original molecule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabinol-s-impact-on-the-brain">Cannabinol's impact on the brain</h2>



<p>The Salk team's research pinpointed a specific way brain cells can die, called oxytosis/ferroptosis. This type of cell death plays a role in various neurological diseases, causing significant damage. The new CBN-inspired compounds demonstrated the ability to protect brain cells from this harmful process.</p>



<p>In laboratory tests using both mouse and human brain cells, the enhanced compounds showed protective abilities that matched the effectiveness of natural CBN. This means they offer the potential benefits of CBN but may do so even more powerfully.</p>



<p>To gauge the real-world impact of these compounds, scientists used fruit flies with traumatic brain injury, a common model for studying these types of injuries in humans. One compound, named CP1, shone brightly in this study. </p>



<p>Flies treated with CP1 had significantly higher survival rates than untreated flies, suggesting CP1 could play a critical role in minimizing the devastating consequences of brain trauma.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cannabinol-beyond-its-brain-benefits">More about cannabinol beyond its brain benefits</h2>



<p>As discussed above, cannabinol is a cannabinoid derived from the cannabis plant, known mostly for being mildly psychoactive and primarily found in aged cannabis where THC has degraded over time. Here's a bit more about CBN:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and chemical nature</h3>



<p>CBN forms when THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, is exposed to oxygen and light. Over time, THC breaks down and converts into CBN. Compared to THC, CBN has a lower psychoactive effect, which makes it less potent but potentially more suitable for medical use without strong euphoric effects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Potential Medical Benefits</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Sleep aid:</strong> CBN is often marketed as a sleep aid or sedative, with some reports suggesting it can help users fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly.</li>



<li><strong>Pain relief:</strong> It may work as an analgesic or pain reliever, particularly when combined with other cannabinoids like CBD.</li>



<li><strong>Anti-inflammatory:</strong> Like other cannabinoids, CBN has shown anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial in treating conditions like arthritis.</li>



<li><strong>Neuroprotectant:</strong> As demonstrated in the Salk Institute's research, CBN may offer neuroprotective effects, making it a candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases.</li>



<li><strong>Antibacterial:</strong> Studies have shown that CBN can act as an antibacterial agent, effective against various bacterial strains including MRSA.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Use and Accessibility</h3>



<p>The legal status of CBN can vary depending on local laws, especially as it is derived from cannabis. In regions where cannabis is legal, products containing CBN are becoming more available.</p>



<p>While there is promising research supporting CBN’s efficacy, more clinical studies are necessary to fully understand its therapeutic potential.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-brain-health">The future of brain health</h2>



<p>"Our findings help demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CBN, as well as the scientific opportunity we have to replicate and refine its drug-like properties," says Research Professor Pamela Maher, senior author of the study.</p>



<p>Imagine giving this CP1 compound to athletes at risk for head injuries or to someone immediately after a car accident. Could it lessen the long-term consequences of brain trauma? </p>



<p>The Salk team is determined to find out. Their future research will explore these enhanced CBN compounds in the context of age-related brain decline, potentially changing how we approach brain health as we age.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231724001149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Redox Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Cannabinol (CBN) seems to prevent cognitive decline and brain disorders

Did you know that a compound found in the cannabis...

<p>Astronomers have recently created a high-resolution map showcasing a colossal outflow of gas within the nearby galaxy NGC 4383. This galactic explosion is shedding light on the intricate processes that contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-explosion-created-elements-essential-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical</a> enrichment of intergalactic space and provides clues about the mechanisms that regulate galaxy evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intergalactic-enrichment">Intergalactic enrichment</h2>



<p>Galaxies are vast, dynamic environments where stars act as cosmic factories, transforming simple elements into heavier ones throughout their lives. During their final, explosive stages – called supernovae – these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> blast out immense quantities of gas laced with the complex elements they've created.</p>



<p>This stellar debris mixes with the existing gas and dust within the galaxy, a region known as the interstellar medium. The infusion of these heavier elements increases the overall richness of the interstellar medium, providing new building blocks for subsequent generations of stars and planets.</p>



<p>Through this process of cosmic recycling – stellar birth, element production, supernova dispersal, and the formation of new celestial bodies – galaxies steadily evolve and change their chemical makeup.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galactic-explosion-in-ngc-4383">Galactic explosion in NGC 4383</h2>



<p>The detailed observations of NGC 4383 have revealed a truly exceptional gas outflow, emphasizing the scale and power of such galactic explosions within galaxies. Key findings of this study include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scale-and-velocity">Scale and velocity</h3>



<p>The sheer size of the expelled gas is extraordinary. Traveling at light speed, it would take 20,000 years to cross the entire structure. To put the velocities into perspective, the ejected material speeds outward in excess of 200 kilometers per second – hundreds of times faster than a bullet train.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-composition">Chemical composition</h3>



<p>Scientists analyzed the light from the outflow to determine its makeup. They discovered a diverse mixture of heavier elements, including essential building blocks of life like oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, along with numerous others. This indicates that the outflow is not just leftover debris, but a treasure trove of ingredients for future cosmic structures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mass">Mass</h3>



<p>Astonishingly, the total mass contained within this outflow is equivalent to over 50 million times the mass of our Sun. This underscores the immense energy involved in such galactic events and the substantial amount of material they can displace.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-ngc-4383-s-outflow">Capturing NGC 4383's outflow</h2>



<p>This significant breakthrough highlights the power of advanced astronomical tools and surveys in pushing the boundaries of our knowledge. Here's a breakdown of the key components:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mauve-survey">MAUVE survey</h3>



<p>This large-scale project meticulously maps galaxies using cutting-edge instruments. Its aim is to understand how galaxies evolve, including investigating the role of gas flows into and out of these cosmic structures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-muse-integral-field-spectrograph">MUSE integral field spectrograph</h3>



<p>MUSE is a sophisticated instrument that collects light and splits it into its component colors (a spectrum). Crucially, it does this simultaneously for many points across an extended object like NGC 4383's gas outflow. This allows scientists to map the velocity, temperature, and chemical composition of the outflow in unprecedented detail.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-european-southern-observatory-s-very-large-telescope-vlt">European southern observatory's Very large telescope (VLT)</h3>



<p>The VLT is a world-leading astronomical observatory located in Chile. It consists of multiple telescopes that operate together and are equipped with state-of-the-art instruments like MUSE, enabling researchers to make groundbreaking discoveries.</p>



<p>The combination of the MAUVE survey's focus, MUSE's capabilities, and the power of the VLT telescopes provided the ideal conditions for scientists to capture such stunning details of NGC 4383's remarkable outflow.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-ngc-4383-s-explosion-for-galactic-evolution">Implications of NGC 4383's explosion for galactic evolution</h2>



<p>“Very little is known about the physics of outflows and their properties because outflows are very hard to detect,” noted lead author Dr Adam Watts, from <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a> node at the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (<a href="https://www.icrar.org/">ICRAR</a>). The case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-luminous-galaxy-ngc-3783-and-a-blue-giant-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NGC</a> 4383 addresses this challenge, offering fresh insights into galactic outflows. These processes play a crucial role in several facets of galaxy evolution:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation-of-star-formation">Regulation of star formation</h3>



<p>Stars are born within dense clouds of gas and dust within galaxies. This raw material needs to collapse under its own gravity to trigger star formation.</p>



<p>Powerful outflows, driven by things like supernova <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-blaze-star-explosion-visible-one-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explosions</a> and intense radiation from massive stars, act like a powerful cosmic broom. They can disrupt and disperse the gas clouds, essentially removing the fuel needed for future star formation.</p>



<p>When star-forming material is swept away, the galaxy has a harder time making new stars. This can significantly slow down the overall rate of star formation and affect how long a galaxy remains actively star-forming.</p>



<p>Outflows are a crucial regulating mechanism in galaxies. Without them, galaxies might burn through their star-forming fuel too quickly. Outflows help galaxies maintain a more sustainable level of star formation over long periods of time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-4383-s-long-term-legacy">NGC 4383's long-term legacy</h3>



<p>The gas ejected by galactic outflows doesn't just vanish into the void. Instead, it becomes a part of the vast intergalactic medium – the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cassiopeia-a-resembles-a-shiny-christmas-ornament-in-this-webb-telescope-photo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> between galaxies.</p>



<p>Over time, the dispersed material mixes with the existing gas in the intergalactic medium. This gradually alters its overall chemical makeup, increasing the abundance of heavier elements produced in stars.</p>



<p>These enriched pockets of intergalactic gas could then influence subsequent galaxy formation. When new galaxies form, they draw in this material, starting off with a more complex mix of elements than the earliest galaxies in the universe.</p>



<p>Galactic outflows leave a lasting chemical fingerprint on the cosmos. They play a subtle but essential role in the universe's ongoing evolution.</p>



<p>"We hope that in the future, MAUVE observations reveal the importance of gas outflows in the local Universe with exquisite detail," commented Professor Barbara Catinella, co-author and co-leader of the MAUVE survey. NGC 4383 provides a fascinating puzzle piece, helping astronomers understand the complex interplay between stars, galaxies, and the grand tapestry of the cosmos.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/530/2/1968/7642869" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></em>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESO/A. Watts et al</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Massive galactic explosion provides clues about galaxy evolution

Astronomers have recently created a high-resolution map showcasing a colossal...

<p>Have you ever felt like your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> health has kept you from fully living your life? Struggling with depression or anxiety can make it seem like time itself slows down, trapping you in a cycle of worry and fogginess. </p>



<p>According to a new nationwide survey, called the <a href="https://genesight.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GeneSight</a> Mental Health Monitor, you're not alone. A staggering amount of Americans report losing precious time due to poor mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poor-mental-health-and-lost-time">Poor mental health and lost time</h2>



<p>The survey results paint a devastating picture of the toll mental illness takes. The fact that 44% of Americans believe they've lost significant time due to poor mental health highlights the widespread reach of this issue. </p>



<p>For those already diagnosed with anxiety and/or depression, the situation worsens dramatically – nearly 80% report the same heartbreaking sense of lost time.</p>



<p>It's even more distressing to consider that half of individuals battling anxiety and/or depression feel they've lost years of their life to these challenges. The fact that 12% report losing entire decades emphasizes the profound and far-reaching consequences of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supportive-adults-help-protect-children-from-mental-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> health struggles. </p>



<p>These are not just numbers; they represent stolen moments, missed experiences, and the immense weight of mental illness over a lifetime.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-losing-time-to-mental-health-look-like">What does losing time to mental health look like?</h2>



<p>The concept of "lost time" might seem abstract, but the consequences are painfully real. For those struggling with mental health, this translates into a devastating array of missed experiences:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missed-milestones">Missed milestones</h3>



<p>Over half of individuals with anxiety and/or depression report the heartbreak of missing out on major life events. These are moments meant for celebration – weddings, graduations, the birth of children – yet mental health struggles cast a dark shadow over what should be joyous occasions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-special-moments">Special moments</h3>



<p>It's not just about absence. Even when physically present at important gatherings, a staggering 71% of those surveyed say that mental health prevents them from truly being there. Imagine being surrounded by loved ones yet feeling disconnected, unable to fully participate in the shared experience.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-s-stolen-joyful-times">Mental health's stolen joyful times</h3>



<p>Nearly 8 in 10 people admit that within the past year alone, their mental health has robbed them of simple pleasures. This could mean struggling to find enjoyment in hobbies, outings with friends, or even moments of everyday relaxation.</p>



<p>“For a patient who is struggling, time ticks a lot slower than it does for the rest of us,” said Debbie Thomas, a psychiatric nurse practitioner in Louisville, Kentucky. “One of my patients told me that, when they woke up in the morning, they counted how many hours before they could go back to bed. That’s pretty telling when someone is in the depths of depression and anxiety to that degree.”&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frustration-and-regret-of-lost-time-to-mental-health">Frustration and regret of lost time to mental health</h2>



<p>The pain of missing out on life due to mental health issues goes far deeper than the events themselves. The aftermath holds its own set of agonizing emotions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exhaustion">Exhaustion</h3>



<p>For 60%, depressive episodes leave them feeling utterly depleted, as if every ounce of energy has been wrung out of them. This isn't just tiredness; it's a profound physical and emotional drain.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disorientation">Disorientation </h3>



<p>Half of respondents describe the end of a down period as disorienting – like waking from a confusing, hazy fog. This speaks to the distorting effect mental illness has on one's perception of reality and sense of self.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappointment">Disappointment</h3>



<p>A significant 47% struggle with deep sadness and frustration over the missed opportunities. This lingering disappointment underscores the realization that while time moves forward, the moments lost to mental health struggles can never be recovered.</p>



<p>“Patients who have lost time due to depressive episodes or periods of anxiety often feel a sense of loss, which further complicates their mental health situation,” said Sharon Philbin, an advanced practice registered nurse in Pawtucket, Rhode Island,. “Many of my patients say they are thankful they feel better, but they worry that it will happen again.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prolonged-treatment-time-of-mental-health">Prolonged treatment time of mental health</h2>



<p>Sadly, one out of every three respondents with anxiety and/or depression feels that they've missed out on things due to ineffective mental health treatments. Navigating the world of psychiatric medication can be tough. </p>



<p>The typical approach often involves months or even years of trial and error as doctors and patients struggle to find the right medication and dosage. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritize-your-mental-health-with-time">Prioritize your mental health with time</h2>



<p>Taking care of your mental health is essential for both your well-being and your ability to lead a fulfilling life. Here are strategies to help manage and improve your mental health:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stay active</h3>



<p>Physical activity isn't just good for the body; it also has a profound impact on our mental health. Exercise releases endorphins, chemicals in your brain that act as natural painkillers and mood elevators. It also helps regulate sleep, which can greatly improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-biodiversity-areas-have-greater-mental-health-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood</a> and decrease stress. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Eat well</h3>



<p>Nutrition plays a crucial role in brain health. Eating a diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals supports brain function and can ward off anxiety and depression. Focus on incorporating plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains into your diet. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish like salmon, have been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Get enough sleep</h3>



<p>Sleep and mental health are closely connected. Lack of sleep can exacerbate stress, anxiety, and depression. Try to maintain a regular sleep schedule—going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Ensure your bedroom is conducive to sleep: quiet, dark, and cool, and free from screens and distractions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Connect with others</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Social</a> interaction is a fundamental human need that helps ward off loneliness and depression. Maintain strong relationships with friends and family who can provide support and understanding. Activities like joining clubs or groups, volunteering, or attending community events can also provide valuable social interaction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Manage stress</h3>



<p>Chronic stress is detrimental to mental health. Managing stress through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-apps-to-practice-mindfulness-improves-mental-health-of-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mindfulness</a>, meditation, yoga, or deep-breathing exercises can significantly reduce your anxiety and improve your emotional well-being. Regular practice can help you stay calm and better equipped to handle life's challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Avoid Alcohol and drugs</h3>



<p>While you might feel that alcohol or drugs lessen stress in the short term, they often worsen symptoms of anxiety and depression in the long run. If you're struggling with substance use, seek professional help to develop healthier coping mechanisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Set goals and priorities</h3>



<p>Determine what you want to achieve personally and professionally and set realistic goals to help guide you. Setting and achieving goals provides a sense of purpose and control, which can greatly improve your mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Take breaks</h3>



<p>In times of stress, taking a step back to simply breathe and relax can be incredibly helpful. Whether it’s stepping outside, taking a day off to unwind, or simply setting aside time for hobbies you enjoy, breaks can significantly restore your mental energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Practice gratitude</h3>



<p>Recognizing and appreciating the positives in your life can shift your mindset from one of scarcity to one of abundance, which can decrease anxiety and boost your mood. Consider keeping a gratitude journal, where you regularly write down things you're grateful for, to help maintain a positive frame of mind.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-help-for-mental-health-time-loss">Get help for mental health time loss</h3>



<p>There's no substitute for professional help when it comes to treating mental illness. A mental health professional can provide a diagnosis, offer treatment, and help you develop strategies to cope with symptoms. Don’t hesitate to seek help if you feel overwhelmed or unable to cope.</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Talk to your doctor:</strong>&nbsp;Discuss your symptoms and discuss medication options. Ask about whether genetic testing to diagnose mental health issues might be right for you.</li>



<li><strong>Seek therapy:</strong>&nbsp;A qualified therapist can offer valuable guidance, coping strategies, and support on your mental health journey.</li>



<li><strong>Support resources:</strong>&nbsp;Organizations like the National Alliance on Mental Illness (<a href="https://www.nami.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NAMI</a>) offer education, support groups, and helplines.</li>
</ul>



<p>The GeneSight Mental Health Monitor is a survey conducted by ACUPOLL Precision Research, Inc This study was commissioned by Myriad Genetics, a leader in genetic testing and precision medicine. Their GeneSight Psychotropic test offers insights into how an individual's genes may affect their response to various mental health medications.</p>



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Millions of Americans have lost years of time to poor mental health

Have you ever felt like your mental health has kept...

<p>Parrots, renowned for their vibrant colors and remarkable imitative abilities, are increasingly targeted by illegal wildlife trade operations. A forensic project led by scientists at The Australian National University (<a href="https://www.anu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANU</a>) aims to bring perpetrators to justice, protect parrots, and safeguard global health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-toolkit-to-track-illegal-parrot-trade">DNA toolkit to track illegal parrot trade</h2>



<p>Dr. George Olah, chief investigator at the ANU Fenner School of Environment and Society, is leading the development of a comprehensive DNA database designed to revolutionize parrot conservation efforts. </p>



<p>This database, drawing inspiration from INTERPOL's I-Familia (which utilizes kinship matching to identify missing persons), will provide authorities with the scientific tools necessary to dismantle illegal trafficking networks.</p>



<p>“This research project is like CSI, but for parrots,” said Dr Olah. “For traded wildlife, we don’t yet have a widely used DNA database like the one INTERPOL is using, for instance, to identify missing persons through international police cooperation. Once we have it, we can analyse the trade network, showing which birds are coming from which islands." </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-illegal-parrot-trade">Identifying illegal parrot trade</h2>



<p>The innovative process involves:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sample-collection">Sample collection</h3>



<p>Scientists will focus on parrot species classified as threatened or endangered, such as the iconic Yellow-crested Cockatoo or the vibrantly colored Sumba Eclectus.</p>



<p>To minimize harm to the birds, researchers will collect either a single feather or a minuscule amount of blood (typically from a nestling). This contains the necessary biological material for DNA analysis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-analysis">DNA analysis</h3>



<p>Cutting-edge nanopore technology enables rapid and cost-effective DNA sequencing. This technology works by passing individual DNA strands through tiny pores and detecting changes in electrical current, allowing scientists to determine the precise sequence of the bird's genetic code.</p>



<p>The sequencing process generates a unique genetic profile for each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-intelligence-longevity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot</a>, acting like a biological fingerprint that differentiates it from other individuals in its species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-database-development">Database development </h3>



<p>Law enforcement agencies around the world can access these unique DNA profiles stored in a secure, centralized database.</p>



<p>When law enforcement intercepts suspected trafficked parrots, samples can be collected and analyzed in the same way. Investigators can potentially pinpoint where the seized birds were taken from in the wild by comparing their DNA against the database.</p>



<p>The database becomes a powerful reference tool, providing essential clues to help track criminal networks and identify smuggling hotspots involved in the illegal wildlife trade.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-forensics-to-track-illegal-trading-of-parrots">DNA forensics to track illegal trading of parrots</h2>



<p>This toolkit offers a two-pronged approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-zealand-worlds-largest-parrot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrot</a> conservation:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-illegal-parrot-trade">Combating illegal parrot trade</h3>



<p>Currently, limited information is available when parrots are confiscated from illegal traders. Using DNA analysis, law enforcement can match the seized birds with the database, tracing them back to their original geographic area.</p>



<p>This traceability creates a 'breadcrumb trail,' offering valuable insight into the routes used by smugglers and potentially revealing established trafficking networks.</p>



<p>As this knowledge base grows, authorities can implement targeted interventions, disrupting supply chains and leading to the identification and arrest of the individuals involved in poaching and trafficking activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facilitating-reintroduction">Facilitating reintroduction</h3>



<p>Confiscated parrots from illegal trade often cannot be readily returned to the wild, as their exact origins are unknown. This creates issues if they are the wrong subspecies for the intended release area, potentially harming local populations.</p>



<p>DNA analysis solves this problem. Wildlife officials can pinpoint the origin of confiscated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-red-crowned-parrots-are-thriving-in-urban-texas-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrots</a> to ensure their release. They can return them to their true homes - the correct habitats.</p>



<p>The reintroductions are critical for boosting wild populations, particularly of threatened or endangered species. The technology enables not just successful rescues, but supports long-term conservation efforts and the restoration of natural ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-parrots-protecting-public-health">Protecting parrots, protecting public health</h2>



<p>The illegal wildlife trade poses a significant threat to biodiversity and global public health. Wildlife trafficking is a primary vector for the spread of zoonotic diseases, those capable of transmitting from animals to humans (as evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic). </p>



<p>“So if we know more about the illegal wildlife market, we can safeguard not only the wildlife but humans too,”&nbsp;explained Dr Olah.</p>



<p>While initially focusing on Indonesia, a hotspot for illegal parrot trade, this project holds the potential for global expansion. The team envisions collaborations with law enforcement agencies worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-you-can-get-involved">How you can get involved</h2>



<p>In the fight against illegal wildlife trafficking, knowledge truly is power. Here's how to start arming yourself with the information you need:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educate-yourself-and-others">Educate yourself and others</h3>



<p>Actively seek information about the illegal parrot trade from reputable sources like scientific journals, conservation organization websites, and documentaries. Understanding the scope of the problem is the first step towards effective action.</p>



<p>The illegal parrot trade is just one part of the larger illegal wildlife trafficking industry. Learn about the broader trade in endangered species, its drivers, and its far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity.</p>



<p>Share your knowledge with your friends, family, and online communities. Raising awareness sparks conversations and creates a ripple effect, inspiring others to take action.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-conservation-organizations">Support conservation organizations</h3>



<p>Thoroughly research different conservation organizations dedicated to protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-colorful-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrots</a> and fighting wildlife trafficking. Examine their mission statements, track record, and financial transparency to ensure they align with your values and priorities.</p>



<p>Financial contributions can make a huge difference for conservation efforts on the ground. Choose organizations that use donations effectively and can demonstrate the impact of their work.</p>



<p>Many organizations welcome other forms of support. Volunteer your time and skills, participate in their campaigns, and spread the word about their work through your social networks.</p>



<p>This DNA-based conservation initiative represents a significant turning point in the fight to protect parrots and maintain a healthy, balanced world.</p>



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Saving parrots in the illegal wildlife trade with DNA technology

Parrots, renowned for their vibrant colors and remarkable imitative abilities,...

<p>We all know the adage "You are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-and-when-may-extend-your-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">what you eat</a>." But what about how <em>much</em> you eat? It turns out, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calorie-restriction-makes-it-possible-to-slow-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caloric</a> restriction (intentionally eating less) could play a fascinating – and complex – role in the aging process.</p>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State University</a> are diving into this mystery, and their recent study on calorie restriction has uncovered a surprising twist in how our bodies might respond to this dietary change. Could eating less hold a key to a longer, healthier life?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-telomeres-and-biological-age">Telomeres and biological age</h2>



<p>To understand the study, we need to get to know telomeres. Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA found at the very tips of our chromosomes. Chromosomes are the structures within our cells that house our genetic information.</p>



<p>Each time our cells divide, the telomeres get a bit shorter. This shortening is a natural part of the cell division process. Over time, our telomeres become progressively shorter.</p>



<p>When telomeres get too short, our cells lose their ability to function properly. Telomeres act as safeguards for the ends of our chromosomes, preventing important genetic information from being lost. Once telomeres become critically short, cells can become damaged and stop functioning efficiently.</p>



<p>Many factors, including stress, illness, and our lifestyle choices, affect the rate of telomere shortening. While telomere shortening naturally occurs, some factors can accelerate the process.</p>



<p>Generally speaking, shorter telomeres are linked to a higher "biological age". This means that your body's cells might be exhibiting signs of age that are more advanced than your actual chronological age in years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caloric-restriction">Caloric restriction</h2>



<p>Scientists have observed a fascinating phenomenon in many animal species: calorie <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calorie-restriction-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restriction</a> appears to be linked to a longer lifespan. Studies on various animals, from worms to rodents, have shown that restricting calorie intake can significantly extend their lifespans compared to those eating a normal diet. </p>



<p>These findings fueled the curiosity of researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/">Penn State University</a>. They wanted to investigate whether this effect translated to humans as well. To explore this question, the researchers turned to data from the CALERIE study, a groundbreaking national research project. </p>



<p>CALERIE stands for Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Energy Intake. It's the first long-term, randomized clinical trial designed to examine the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alternate-day-fasting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calorie</a> restriction on human health. </p>



<p>Participants in the CALERIE study were divided into two groups: one group followed a calorie-restricted diet, while the other maintained a typical diet. The Penn State researchers specifically focused on analyzing data related to telomere length to see if calorie restriction impacted how quickly telomeres shortened in the study participants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unexpected-results-of-caloric-restriction">The unexpected results of caloric restriction</h2>



<p>Instead of the expected outcome – a gradual slowing down of telomere loss in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calorie</a> restriction group – the researchers stumbled upon some unexpected twists and turns. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-year-one">Year one </h3>



<p>Individuals following the calorie-restricted diet experienced both weight loss and an accelerated rate of telomere shortening compared to those eating normally. This was contrary to the researchers' initial hypothesis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-year-two">Year two</h3>



<p>Once the weight of participants on the calorie-restricted diet stabilized, a change occurred. They began to exhibit a slower rate of telomere shortening compared to the control group.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-end-result-a-draw">The end result: A draw </h3>



<p>After two years of the study, the average telomere lengths in both the calorie restriction group and the control group were surprisingly similar. These findings suggest a complex and dynamic relationship between calorie restriction and telomere dynamics. </p>



<p>The initial acceleration in telomere loss could be the body's response to a significant change in energy intake. Cells might enter a temporary state of stress while adjusting to the new dietary conditions.</p>



<p>Once weight stabilized in the calorie restriction group, the long-term benefits associated with reduced calorie intake may have kicked in. Lower levels of cellular waste products and oxidative stress (which can damage DNA) might contribute to the observed slowdown in telomere shortening.</p>



<p>However, it's possible that the two-year study period was not long enough to fully capture the potential long-term effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-has-extraordinary-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calorie</a> restriction on telomere length.</p>



<p>"This research shows the complexity of how caloric restriction affects telomere loss," said Idan Shalev, associate professor of biobehavioral health at Penn State. "We hypothesized that telomere loss would be slower among people on caloric restriction. Instead, we found that people on caloric restriction lost telomeres more rapidly at first and then more slowly after their weight stabilized."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-what-s-the-takeaway">So, what's the takeaway?</h2>



<p>The initial spike in telomere loss for the calorie restriction group was unexpected but could indicate a complex response happening in our cells.</p>



<p>The study only followed participants for two years. Researchers hope that a 10-year follow-up will reveal more about whether calorie restriction has a lasting impact on telomere length and, in turn, the pace of aging. While the telomere data isn't conclusive yet, calorie restriction has other proven health benefits. </p>



<p>"One primary mechanism through which life is extended relates to metabolism in a cell. When energy is consumed within a cell, waste products from that process cause oxidative stress thatcan damage DNA and otherwise break down the cell. When a person’s cells consume less energy due to caloric restriction, however, there are fewer waste products, and the cell does not break down as quickly,” said Waylon Hastings, lead author of the study.</p>



<p>Previous studies on CALERIE participants showed that calorie restriction can help reduce harmful cholesterol and lower blood pressure. Clearly, there's more to discover about how our bodies respond long-term to eating less.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-you-try-caloric-restriction">Should you try caloric restriction?</h2>



<p>While potential benefits exist, it's definitely not a one-size-fits-all situation. Restricting calories for an extended period should always be done under medical supervision.</p>



<p>This research sheds light on the intricate connection between what we eat and how we age. Could our dinner plate hold secrets to a longer, healthier life? Scientists are eager to find out.</p>



<p>The findings are published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.14149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aging Cell</a></em>.</p>



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Can caloric restriction help you live longer? It's complicated

We all know the adage "You are what you eat."...

<p>Cold-air pooling, an intriguing climatic anomaly where cold air descends from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/leaf-cover-affects-the-climate-in-mountain-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain</a> peaks into lower valleys, challenges the generally accepted fact that higher altitudes are cooler than the valleys below. </p>



<p>The phenomenon creates an environment where temperatures are actually warmer at higher altitudes and colder below. It reverses the typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-are-cooling-the-air-around-them-to-survive-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a> gradient expected in mountainous regions. </p>



<p>This unusual occurrence disrupts the norm where cooler temperatures are expected with increased elevation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-air-pooling-occurrence">Cold-air pooling occurrence</h2>



<p>Researchers conducted the study over two years at various New England sites, including Vermont's Nulhegan Basin and the expansive terrain of the Green Mountains. They found that cold-air pooling is not just an occasional occurrence.</p>



<p>Contrary to what was previously thought, this phenomenon is a frequent and consistent feature. "Cold-air pooling happens frequently, year-round, well into daylight hours," said Carol Adair, a professor involved in the study.</p>



<p>To understand the impact of this phenomenon, the research team meticulously collected temperature data and examined the distribution of tree species across different elevations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reversal-of-vegetation-patterns-by-cold-air-pooling">Reversal of vegetation patterns by cold-air pooling</h2>



<p>Melissa Pastore, the lead author of the study from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, noted a fascinating twist in vegetation patterns corresponding with these temperature inversions.</p>



<p>"Instead of finding more cold-preferring species like spruce and fir at high elevations, we found them in lower elevations - just the opposite of what we expect," explained Pastore.</p>



<p>This discovery shows that cold-air pooling significantly affects forest structure, creating an ecological paradox by reversing the expected natural order.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-implications">Conservation implications</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are profound for conservation efforts. Areas experiencing cold-air pooling could serve as crucial refuges for cold-adapted species threatened by global warming.</p>



<p>"These cold-air-pooling areas could be valuable targets for small areas that provide a refuge from climate change," Pastore elaborates. "They're areas that might be buffered from, or even decoupled from, climate change, and they're harboring cold-adapted species that we know are vulnerable."</p>



<p>Additionally, Adair discusses the practical benefits of preserving these unique ecological niches, "including carbon storage and small-scale recreational opportunities."</p>



<p>She highlights that communities of cold-loving coniferous trees not only store more carbon but also maintain soil moisture longer. This is vital during extreme rainfall events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-more-research">A call for more research</h2>



<p>While cold-air pooling offers some respite for certain species, it is not a complete safeguard against climate change. "These forests are still going to warm—I definitely don't want to say these are complete safe havens, because climate change will happen there, too—but it might be slower," Pastore cautions.</p>



<p>The ongoing research aims to further delineate the temporal and geographic extent of this phenomenon beneath the forest canopy. This ensures that future ecological models accurately reflect these microclimatic conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-beacon-of-hope">A beacon of hope</h2>



<p>The research not only provides critical insights into how some forest areas might defy broader climatic trends but also injects a dose of optimism into ecological studies. </p>



<p>Adair reflects on the significance of these findings, "A lot of my research is telling people why bad things are happening, so this is nice. It's not all good news, but it's some good news. These places exist. We can use them. They're important. They're clearly structuring forests."</p>



<p>This study exemplifies how understanding nuanced ecological dynamics can lead to effective conservation strategies, offering a glimmer of hope for species that might otherwise succumb to the escalating pressures of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cold-air-pooling">More about cold-air pooling</h2>



<p>As discussed, cold-air pooling, also known as temperature inversion or cold air trapping, is a meteorological phenomenon where cold <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-are-cooling-the-air-around-them-to-survive-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air</a>, being denser and heavier than warm air, sinks into lower elevations such as valleys and basins. </p>



<p>This process is especially prevalent during clear, calm nights when the ground rapidly loses heat through radiation. Here's a more detailed look at how it occurs and its effects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Radiative cooling</strong>: On clear nights, the earth's surface cools by emitting infrared radiation. Without clouds to reflect this radiation back to the surface, the ground and the air near it cool much more quickly.</li>



<li><strong>Air Density and movement</strong>: As the air cools, it becomes denser and heavier. Since cold air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, this also often results in clearer skies, enhancing the cooling effect.</li>



<li><strong>Topographical influence</strong>: In mountainous or hilly regions, the cooled air flows downward due to gravity, collecting in the lower parts of the landscape, such as valleys or basins.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Temperature reversal</strong>: Unlike the typical environmental lapse rate where temperature decreases with altitude, in cold-air pooling scenarios, lower elevations experience colder temperatures than the surrounding higher elevations.</li>



<li><strong>Stability and duration</strong>: This phenomenon is most stable under anticyclonic conditions (high atmospheric pressure) with little to no wind. It can last from sunset to sunrise and may persist for several days under sustained conditions.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological and Environmental Impacts</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Vegetation and wildlife</strong>: The altered temperature gradients can affect the distribution of plant species and wildlife. Species that are typically adapted to cooler conditions might be found at lower than expected elevations.</li>



<li><strong>Agricultural impacts</strong>: Frost pockets created by cold-air pooling can lead to increased risk of frost damage to crops in affected valleys.</li>



<li><strong>Air quality</strong>: Since the cold air traps pollutants and restricts their dispersion, areas experiencing cold-air pooling might also suffer from reduced air quality.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climatic importance</h3>



<p>Cold-air pooling is significant in the study of microclimates and is crucial for accurate weather forecasting in regions where it frequently occurs. Understanding this phenomenon helps in better predicting frost events and managing the ecological impacts on local flora and fauna. </p>



<p>It also provides insights into how localized climatic conditions can diverge significantly from broader patterns, which is essential for effective land use planning and conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11126" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a></em>.</p>



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Cold-air pooling in mountains defies elevation temperature norms

Cold-air pooling, an intriguing climatic anomaly where cold air descends...