<p>NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.</p>
<p>ITIS Reports &#8212; ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.</p>
<p>FWS Digital Media Library &#8212; The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service&#8217;s National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.</p>


Trichechus senegalensis

Clean,Hydrogen,Energy,Concept.,Environment.,Eco-friendly,Industry.,And,Alternative,Energy

<p>The race for clean, sustainable energy is heating up, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-energy-create-jobs-coal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green</a> hydrogen is poised to take center stage. This versatile fuel has the potential to replace fossil fuels in everything from transportation to heavy industry. </p>



<p>There's just one catch -- producing green hydrogen in the massive quantities we need has seemed impossible due to its reliance on a super-rare metal: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-changing-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iridium</a>.</p>



<p>But a breakthrough from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (<a href="https://www.riken.jp/en/research/labs/csrs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSRS</a>) in Japan could be about to change everything. </p>



<p>Their new technique reduces the amount of iridium needed in green hydrogen production by a whopping 95% – a game-changer for scaling up this transformative technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-hydrogen">Green hydrogen</h2>



<p>Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can be extracted from water through electrolysis, a process that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. When used as fuel, hydrogen emits only water vapor, making it a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zero-emissions</a> energy source.</p>



<p>Traditionally, extracting hydrogen from water has required significant energy, often sourced from fossil fuels, which undermines the purpose of clean energy. </p>



<p>Electrolysis powered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>, like solar or wind, offers a solution. This process produces "green hydrogen" without leaving a carbon footprint.</p>



<p>Electrolysis needs efficient catalysts, and iridium, while highly effective, is both rare and expensive. This makes large-scale green hydrogen production costly and challenging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iridium-in-hydrogen-production">Iridium in hydrogen production</h2>



<p>The RIKEN team's innovation lies in the way they combined iridium with manganese oxide.&nbsp;Instead of using a large block of iridium,&nbsp;they isolated individual iridium atoms and strategically dispersed them across the surface of manganese oxide,&nbsp;a more common metal.&nbsp;This careful arrangement and bonding trigger unique chemical interactions.</p>



<p>This new catalyst achieves the same excellent hydrogen production rate as pure iridium would,&nbsp;but with a fraction (only 5%!) of the rare,&nbsp;expensive metal.&nbsp;This makes it a far more accessible and cost-effective solution.</p>



<p>In electrolysis,&nbsp;catalysts can degrade over time,&nbsp;decreasing efficiency and increasing costs.&nbsp;This breakthrough catalyst maintains consistent performance for a remarkable duration – 3000 hours translates to over four months of non-stop hydrogen generation without any performance loss.</p>



<p>Oxidation states refer to how many electrons an atom has lost or gained in a chemical bond.&nbsp;Researchers believe that the iridium bonded with manganese oxide achieves an unusual +6 oxidation state,&nbsp;which could be the reason behind its significantly enhanced performance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-green-hydrogen">Significance of green hydrogen</h2>



<p>“We expect our catalyst to be easily transferred to real-world applications," says Ryuhei Nakamura,&nbsp;the study's lead researcher.&nbsp;This means existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-energy-supporters-stand-strong/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green</a> hydrogen plants might be upgradeable,&nbsp;making the transition smoother.</p>



<p>Less iridium means lower upfront costs, making green hydrogen more competitive and attractive for investment. Iridium's scarcity and high price create a huge barrier to scaling up green <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydrothermal-vents-earths-first-living-beings-hydrogen-gas-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrogen</a> production. </p>



<p>This new technique dramatically lowers the amount of iridium required, making the whole process significantly more affordable to set up and run.</p>



<p>When the cost of a technology decreases,&nbsp;it becomes a more enticing investment opportunity. Lower upfront costs due to reduced iridium needs could bring in a wider range of investors,&nbsp;accelerating funding for green hydrogen projects and development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faster-transition">Faster transition</h2>



<p>This breakthrough could give us decades of breathing room as we develop truly sustainable catalysts made from common metals. Ideally, green hydrogen production wouldn't rely on rare metals at all. </p>



<p>However, developing efficient catalysts using earth-abundant metals takes time. This breakthrough buys us decades by greatly improving efficiency while we work toward fully sustainable solutions.</p>



<p>The global energy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-countries-are-lagging-behind-in-the-shift-to-green-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transition</a> can't happen overnight.&nbsp;This technology provides a realistic pathway:&nbsp;increased green hydrogen production while giving us time to perfect catalysts that are completely independent of rare metals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-hydrogen-is-a-part-of-the-bigger-picture">Green hydrogen is a part of the bigger picture</h2>



<p>The team is already collaborating with industry heavyweights to test their catalyst at scale. We could see this technology rolled out sooner rather than later. </p>



<p>Collaborating with industry players means moving quickly from the lab to testing in large-scale hydrogen production facilities. This significantly speeds up practical application.</p>



<p>If tests are successful,&nbsp;this technology could be integrated fairly quickly into existing hydrogen production processes.&nbsp;This means we might not have to wait years or decades for the benefits.</p>



<p>The RIKEN catalyst is fantastic news,&nbsp;but remember,&nbsp;it's one piece of a much larger puzzle.&nbsp;To really unleash green hydrogen's potential,&nbsp;we need:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Investment everywhere:</strong>&nbsp;Governments,&nbsp;companies,&nbsp;and investors need to step up their funding of green hydrogen infrastructure,&nbsp;from production to distribution.</li>



<li><strong>A team effort:</strong>&nbsp;Green hydrogen will work best alongside other renewables like solar and wind.&nbsp;Smart energy grids are needed to balance it all out.</li>



<li><strong>The consumer factor:</strong>&nbsp;Industries need incentives to switch,&nbsp;but so do we as individuals.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/costless-nudges-green-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green</a> hydrogen-powered vehicles or energy storage solutions could become part of our daily lives in the future.</li>
</ul>



<p>This breakthrough reminds us of the incredible potential science has to address our global energy challenges.&nbsp;The green hydrogen revolution is still in its early stages,&nbsp;but progress like this makes it feel excitingly within reach.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Let's stay informed,&nbsp;engaged,&nbsp;and push for policies that accelerate innovation and drive down costs – a cleaner,&nbsp;greener future is waiting.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5193" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Green' hydrogen energy production just got a lot easier

The race for clean, sustainable energy is heating up, and green hydrogen...

NOAA Warning: Seven Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are racing towards Earth

Update -- May 10, 2024 at 2:04 PM EDT NOAA...

<p>The universe brims with celestial objects whose beauty and complexity captivate our imaginations.&nbsp;From swirling spiral galaxies to colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-photobombed-by-asteroid-beautiful-photo-galaxy-ugc-12158/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> clusters,&nbsp;telescopes like the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) in Chile offer breathtaking images of the cosmos,&nbsp;fueling our quest to understand its mysteries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A recent release of VST images unveils a captivating array of cosmic phenomena,&nbsp;highlighting star birth,&nbsp;galaxy mergers,&nbsp;and the intricate workings of the universe on a grand scale.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vlt-survey-telescope">VLT Survey Telescope </h2>



<p>Managed by Italy's National Institute for Astrophysics (<a href="http://www.inaf.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INAF</a>), the VLT Survey Telescope (<a href="https://vst.inaf.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VST</a>) features a 2.6-meter mirror and a wide-field camera called OmegaCAM. This setup allows the telescope to capture expansive sections of the sky in great detail. </p>



<p>The VST specializes in surveying large cosmic regions, enabling astronomers to study the evolution and clustering of galaxies over time. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OmegaCAM</a>'s wide-field capability covers one square degree of the sky per image, providing comprehensive data that contribute to our understanding of galaxy formation, interaction, and clustering in the universe.</p>



<p>The telescope has been operating since 2011 at the European Southern Observatory's Paranal Observatory in Chile. Since 2022, INAF has fully managed its operations. It collects detailed data across wide areas of the sky. This makes it valuable for large-scale astrophysics research and public outreach initiatives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxies-captured-by-the-vlt-telescope">Galaxies captured by the VLT telescope </h2>



<p>Let's explore the scientific and aesthetic wonders of three galaxies featured in the VLT telescope release:</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eso-510-g13">ESO 510-G13</h2>



<p>Located approximately 150 million light-years away in the Hydra constellation, the lenticular galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy_lenticular_ESO-510-G13_VST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO 510-G13</a> stands out due to its prominent central bulge and distinctive dust lane. </p>



<p>This lane forms a distorted "S" shape, hinting at a turbulent past likely involving a merger or close encounter with another galaxy.</p>



<p>Lenticular galaxies like ESO 510-G13 are a transitional type between spiral and elliptical galaxies. They feature a central bulge and a surrounding disk with little to no spiral arm structure. </p>



<p>The distorted dust lane crossing the bulge obscures part of the galaxy's light. This provides evidence of past interactions or collisions that likely stripped away interstellar gas and altered its shape.</p>



<p>Galactic collisions, suspected in ESO 510-G13's case, are common and play a crucial role in galaxy evolution over billions of years. Gravitational forces between interacting galaxies can redistribute stars, gas, and dust, leading to new star formation and reorganizing galactic structures.</p>



<p>The distorted "S" shape of the dust lane suggests gravitational forces warped the disk, impacting the galaxy's morphology, triggering star formation bursts, and possibly fueling the central supermassive black hole.</p>



<p>In the VLT telescope image, other galaxies appear in the background. A pair of spiral galaxies shines brightly from about 250 million light-years away. Zooming in reveals even more galaxies that appear as tiny spots among the stars of the Milky Way.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hcg-90">HCG 90</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/VLT-galaxy-images.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hickson Compact Group 90 (HCG 90)</a> is a group of four <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. It is about 100 million light-years away in the Piscis Austrinus constellation. </p>



<p>Three galaxies - NGC 7173, NGC 7176, and NGC 7174 - are engaged in a gravitational dance. Their shapes are distorted, creating a shared halo of diffuse light from stripped stars and gas.</p>



<p>The elliptical galaxies NGC 7173 and NGC 7176 are linked to the spiral galaxy NGC 7174, which shows a distorted shape due to their gravitational influence. </p>



<p>This halo of light envelops the trio and highlights the long-term gravitational interactions shaping their current forms.</p>



<p>The fourth member, NGC 7172, appears less affected by the gravitational turmoil of its neighbors. Its core, crossed by dark dust clouds, hides a supermassive black hole actively devouring surrounding material. This active galactic nucleus (AGN) suggests a different evolutionary path within the group.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abell-1689">Abell 1689</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-cluster_Abell-1689_VST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Abell 1689</a> galaxy cluster is about 2 billion light-years away in the Virgo constellation. It acts as a colossal gravitational lens due to its immense mass. With over 200 galaxies, its combined mass - including hot gas and dark matter - bends and magnifies light from more distant galaxies behind it.</p>



<p>In the VST image, gravitational lensing creates faint streaks and arcs around the cluster's core. These represent distorted images of galaxies billions of light-years away. The intense gravitational field produces multiple images of the same background galaxy by bending light in different directions.</p>



<p>The lensing pattern provides clues about the distribution of dark matter, which accounts for most of the cluster's mass. By studying these patterns, astronomers can map this invisible matter.</p>



<p>The background <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> revealed through gravitational lensing offer insights into early galaxy formation and evolution. This cosmic time machine allows scientists to peer into the distant reaches of the cosmos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-and-wonder-of-the-galaxy-images">Science and wonder of the galaxy Images</h2>



<p>“Besides scientific research, one of the goals of the VST Centre is to disseminate scientific knowledge and to share the wonders of the Universe with the general public. We especially wish that young people can discover and nurture their interest in astrophysics through these amazing images," said Enrichetta Iodice, INAF researcher in Naples and responsible for the national Coordination Centre for VST.</p>



<p>By studying these snapshots, astronomers gain valuable insights and learn about the fundamental processes that shape the cosmos. These include the birth of stars and the large-scale structures that hold the universe together.</p>



<p>More information is available at the <a href="https://vst.inaf.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VST website</a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: INAF/VST/VEGAS, E. Iodice (INAF). Acknowledgment: M. Spavone (INAF), R. Calvi (INAF)</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Twisted galaxies and galaxy clusters captured warping spacetime

The universe brims with celestial objects whose beauty and complexity...

<p>In the quest to combat raw material shortages, a surprising hero emerges from the sea: fish residues. </p>



<p>Researchers are unlocking the potential of over a million tons of fish byproducts annually. This could not only alleviate shortages in the food and cosmetic industries but also pave the way for new employment opportunities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-derived-collagen-and-gelatin">Fish-derived collagen and gelatin</h2>



<p>Central to this research is the conversion of fish skin and bones into valuable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-boost-healthy-aging-during-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collagen</a> and gelatin. These fish-derived products provide numerous benefits compared to traditional sources from pigs or cattle. Notably, fish collagen is often of higher quality, making it particularly attractive to those who avoid meat-based products.</p>



<p>"Fish-derived collagen enables people who don't eat meat to enjoy products containing gelatin," noted Rasa Slizyte, a Senior Research Scientist at <a href="https://www.sintef.no/en/ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SINTEF Ocean</a>.</p>



<p>The research specifically targets whitefish residues. If utilized to their full potential, these could produce over 6,500 tons of gelatin annually from just fish skin. </p>



<p>Additionally, collagen derived from fish plays a vital role in creating diverse products like creams, capsules, powders, and jellies. </p>



<p>Considering the frequent shortages of marine raw materials, these fish byproducts represent a significant advantage for the pharmaceutical, dietary, nutrition, and cosmetic industries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-innovations-in-fish-residue-utilization">Challenges and innovations in fish residue utilization</h2>



<p>Despite the plentiful supply of fish skins, fully capitalizing on their potential presents significant challenges. Many fishing vessels lack the necessary space or equipment to adequately preserve these raw materials through freezing or other preservation methods.</p>



<p>To address these challenges, the SUPREME project, led by the <a href="https://www.sintef.no/en/ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian science institute SINTEF Ocean</a> in collaboration with several research partners including the <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian university NTNU</a> and the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark (DTU)</a>, has explored various preservation technologies. </p>



<p>These methods, which include freezing, salting, and low pH treatments, have shown promising results in maintaining the high quality of gelatin and preserving the integrity of amino acids in the fish skins.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fish residues from salmon and beyond</h2>



<p>The scope of research into fish residues extends beyond whitefish. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-salmon-can-help-lower-your-cholesterol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salmon</a>, celebrated for its collagen-rich skin and backbones, also offers significant potential for sustainable utilization. </p>



<p>The residual muscle tissue left on salmon bones after filleting is particularly well-suited for gelatin extraction and oil production. </p>



<p>Through a process known as hydrolysis, collagen proteins are broken into smaller, taste-neutral peptides, making them ideal for various applications.</p>



<p>Moreover, salmon parts contain substantially more oil than whitefish, prompting the development of advanced processing technologies. </p>



<p>These technologies are designed to extract up to 90% of the oil, maintaining its high quality, which is crucial for the production of premium products such as taste-neutral proteins and high-quality gelatin. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-shift-towards-local-processing">A shift towards local processing</h2>



<p>Currently, a significant amount of fish caught in Norway is sent abroad for processing. By enhancing local processing capabilities, not only could the full potential of fish skins be better utilized, but it would also create more jobs locally. </p>



<p>"If we were to process more of the fish here in Norway, we would not only be better able to exploit the potential of the fish skins but would also create more jobs," said Slizyte.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stabilizing-key-ingredients">Stabilizing key ingredients</h2>



<p>As part of another initiative called OMEGA, researchers are focusing on stabilizing marine oils and gelatin rapidly after extraction. </p>



<p>This stabilization is crucial in creating microcapsules that protect the integrity of these materials, ensuring they deliver their full benefits without degradation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-fish-residues">Maximizing fish residues </h2>



<p>The ongoing research projects underscore the feasibility of utilizing all fish raw materials. With whitefish and salmon studies providing promising results, researchers are now turning their attention to herring.</p>



<p>These efforts reflect a broader commitment to sustainability and economic efficiency, demonstrating the untapped potential residing within our oceans. </p>



<p>Through innovative research and technology, the future of fish residues looks not only viable but vibrant, offering a sustainable solution to industry challenges while contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global health</a> and well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about fish residues</h2>



<p>Fish residues primarily refer to the leftover parts of fish that are not used for direct human consumption. This includes parts like heads, tails, fins, bones, and internal organs. These residues often result from processes in the seafood industry where fish are fileted or processed in other ways to prepare consumer products.</p>



<p>Despite being seen as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seafree-new-technology-turns-waste-from-fish-farming-into-seaweed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste</a>, fish residues have several valuable uses. They can be converted into fishmeal, which is a high-protein feed ingredient used extensively in aquaculture and livestock diets. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omega-3-supplements-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fish oil</a>, another byproduct, is extracted from the tissues of oily fish and is highly valued for its omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial for cardiovascular health.</p>



<p>Additionally, fish residues can be utilized in the production of biodiesel, as a base for cosmetics, and even in pharmaceuticals where certain substances derived from fish parts are used for their beneficial health properties. The collagen extracted from fish skin and bones, for example, is used in health supplements and beauty products.</p>



<p>Efficient use of fish residues not only provides economic benefits but also helps in waste management and environmental sustainability by reducing the disposal of organic waste into the environment.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Fish residues can be transformed into valuable resources

In the quest to combat raw material shortages, a surprising...

<p>New insights into Jupiter’s magnetosphere could enhance our ability to forecast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-weather-poses-significant-risks-to-railway-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a>, potentially mitigating risks to communication satellites and power grids.</p>



<p>Recent research focused on Jupiter has illuminated significant details about the giant planet that might have broader implications for understanding Earth's space environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-jupiter-s-magnetosphere">Significance of Jupiter’s magnetosphere </h2>



<p>Peter Delamere, a professor at the <a href="https://www.gi.alaska.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF Geophysical Institute</a> and the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/cnsm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF College of Natural Science and Mathematics</a>, emphasized the importance of the research.  </p>



<p>"By exploring a larger space such as Jupiter, we can better understand the fundamental physics governing Earth's magnetosphere and thereby improve our space weather forecasting." </p>



<p>Professor Delamere also highlighted the immediate relevance of this research to our technological infrastructure. "We are one big space weather event from losing communication satellites, our power grid assets, or both."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-space-weather">Understanding space weather</h2>



<p>Space weather encompasses disturbances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-powerful-force-of-earths-magnetosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s magnetosphere</a>, primarily driven by solar wind interactions and coronal mass ejections from the sun. These disturbances can disrupt power grids, communication systems, and pipelines due to magnetic fluctuations. </p>



<p>By studying Jupiter, scientists hope to gain insights that can lead to more robust protections against these disruptions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-juno-mission">Insights from the Juno mission</h2>



<p>Delamere's team includes Professor Peter Damiano, graduate researchers Austin Smith and Chynna Spitler, and former student Blake Mino. The researchers have been analyzing data from the NASA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/io-jupiter-moon-juno-mission-discovers-fire-mountains-polar-cyclones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juno spacecraft</a>. </p>



<p>Since 2016, Juno's unique polar orbit around Jupiter has provided unprecedented data, reshaping our understanding of the planet's auroral physics.</p>



<p>"The data from Juno has been transformative in terms of understanding Jupiter's auroral physics and helping further the discussion about its magnetic field lines," noted Delamere. </p>



<p>These studies build on historical debates that trace back to observations made during the Voyager missions in 1979.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-debate-over-jupiter-s-magnetosphere">The debate over Jupiter's magnetosphere </h2>



<p>The researchers investigated whether Jupiter's magnetosphere is predominantly open or closed at its poles - a question that has intrigued scientists for over four decades. </p>



<p>In simple terms, an "open" magnetosphere allows solar wind particles to interact directly with a planet’s atmosphere, while a "closed" system mostly shields the planet from these particles.</p>



<p>The team's latest findings suggest Jupiter has regions of both open and closed magnetic field lines at its poles, indicating complex interactions between the solar wind and the giant planet's atmosphere. </p>



<p>"This year we provided the compelling evidence in the Juno data to support the model result. It is a major validation," said Delamere, referring to a collaborative paper that proposed a dual-region model of Jupiter's poles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-big-picture-earth-and-jupiter">The big picture: Earth and Jupiter</h2>



<p>The research underscores the importance of comparative planetology in understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-life-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> environments. </p>



<p>"In the big picture, Jupiter and Earth represent opposite ends of the spectrum - open versus closed field lines," noted Delamere. "To fully understand magnetospheric physics, we need to understand both limits."</p>



<p>The study findings, which also include contributions from researchers across various institutions, are set to be presented at the upcoming Conference on Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets.</p>



<p>The research not only propels the debate over Jupiter’s magnetosphere but also promises to enhance our understanding of Earth’s vulnerability to space weather.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Jupiter's magnetosphere&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Jupiter's magnetosphere is the largest and most powerful of any planet in our solar system, significantly larger than that of Earth. It is generated by the planet's internal dynamo effect, which is powered by the fast rotation of Jupiter's metallic hydrogen core.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This immense magnetic field extends up to seven million kilometers toward the Sun and almost reaches Saturn's orbit on the side facing away from the Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intense radiation belts</h3>



<p>The strength and extent of Jupiter's magnetosphere result in a highly charged environment, capable of trapping particles such as electrons, protons, and other charged atoms. This creates intense radiation belts that are much stronger than Earth's Van Allen belts.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind</h3>



<p>The magnetosphere's interaction with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar wind</a> - a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun - creates a shock front where the solar wind is slowed abruptly and diverted around Jupiter.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Jupiter's moons</h3>



<p>This magnetic environment has profound effects on Jupiter’s moons, particularly Io, which has intense volcanic activity. The interaction between Io and Jupiter’s magnetosphere generates a powerful electric current that strips atoms from Io's surface and incorporates them into Jupiter's magnetic field, forming a vast plasma torus along Io’s orbit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Light shows</h3>



<p>Jupiter's magnetosphere is characterized by bright auroras at its poles, similar to Earth’s northern and southern lights but far more powerful. These auroras are generated by the interaction of the magnetosphere with particles of the solar wind and the plasma from Io, leading to spectacular light shows.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023AV001111" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Secrets of Jupiter’s magnetosphere will help us predict space weather

New insights into Jupiter’s magnetosphere could enhance our ability to...

<p>A comprehensive 30-year study in the United States has shed light on the potential health risks associated with the consumption of ultra-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-are-harmful-to-nearly-every-part-of-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">processed foods</a>. </p>



<p>This extensive research, recently published in the journal The BMJ, reveals a slight increase in the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-associated-with-premature-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">premature death</a> linked to the intake of these foods. </p>



<p>Notably, ready-to-eat meat, poultry, seafood products, sugary drinks, dairy-based desserts, and highly processed breakfast foods were identified as having the strongest associations with increased mortality rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-ultra-processed-foods">What are ultra-processed foods?</h2>



<p>Ultra-processed foods are typically high in energy, added sugars, saturated fats, and salt. They often include packaged baked goods, snacks, fizzy drinks, sugary cereals, and ready-to-eat or heat products. </p>



<p>These foods generally contain additives like colors, emulsifiers, and flavors, but lack essential nutrients such as vitamins and fiber. Moreover, the allure of convenience they offer masks the potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/highly-processed-foods-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health risks</a> they carry.</p>



<p>"Ultra-processed foods, which are typically of low nutritional quality and high energy density, have been dominating the food supply of high income countries, and their consumption is markedly increasing in middle income countries," noted the study authors. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-ultra-processed-foods-on-long-term-health">Impact of ultra-processed foods on long-term health</h2>



<p>The researchers followed the long-term health of over 114,000 health professionals across the U.S. who were free from cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes at the start of the study. </p>



<p>Detailed health and lifestyle data were collected biennially, and dietary information was assessed every four years using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI) score.</p>



<p>After a follow-up period averaging 34 years, the study documented 48,193 deaths - attributing 13,557 to cancer and 11,416 to cardiovascular diseases, among others. </p>



<p>Participants in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food intake (averaging seven servings per day) exhibited a 4% higher risk of overall death and a 9% increased risk of deaths from causes other than cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, compared to those consuming the least.</p>



<p>Interestingly, no significant links were found between ultra-processed food intake and deaths from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or respiratory diseases. </p>



<p>The authors also noted that the association between ultra-processed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-allergies-junk-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food consumption</a> and mortality was less pronounced when overall dietary quality was considered. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interpreting-the-findings-with-precision">Interpreting the findings with precision</h2>



<p>Despite these findings, the researchers caution against overly simplistic dietary recommendations, emphasizing that not all ultra-processed foods should be universally restricted. </p>



<p>The experts advocate for a nuanced approach, suggesting that future studies should refine the classification of ultra-processed foods to better understand their health impacts. </p>



<p>Additionally, the study's predominantly white, health-professional participant base may limit the generalizability of the findings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avoid-ultra-processed-foods-for-better-health">Avoid ultra-processed foods for better health</h2>



<p>In a linked editorial, researchers from New Zealand highlighted that while avoiding ultra-processed foods is beneficial, it shouldn't overshadow the need for broader food policies. </p>



<p>Furthermore, they argue for stronger measures like marketing restrictions on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-food-restaurants-unhealthy-options/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unhealthy foods</a> to children, warning labels on nutritionally poor products, and taxes on sugary drinks. </p>



<p>The goal is to advocate for more robust global food policies that align with public health and environmental sustainability, without being compromised by the interests of multinational food companies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-future">Healthier future</h2>



<p>The study concludes that limiting certain types of ultra-processed foods could significantly enhance long-term health outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between various forms of these foods and advocates for a more comprehensive classification to inform dietary recommendations effectively. </p>



<p>The researchers urge for more extensive studies that include diverse populations to provide a broader understanding of how different demographics may be affected by ultra-processed food consumption.</p>



<p>As our knowledge of ultra-processed foods and their potential health effects continues to evolve, so too should our strategies for maintaining a healthy diet amidst the modern challenges of convenience and fast-paced lifestyles. The allure of ultra-processed foods often lies in their affordability and ease of preparation, making them an attractive option for many. </p>



<p>However, it's essential to balance this convenience with health considerations, prioritizing nutrient-rich, minimally processed foods wherever possible. By rethinking our approach to diet and nutrition, individuals and policymakers can work together to create a healthier food environment that aligns with public health goals while still accommodating the realities of modern living.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/385/bmj-2023-078476" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The BMJ</a></em>.</p>



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Health risks of ultra-processed foods revealed in 30-year study

A comprehensive 30-year study in the United States has shed...

<p>Our planet has just recorded its hottest April ever, marking an unprecedented sequence where each of the past 11 months has set a new heat record, according to the European Union's climate change monitoring institute, <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S). </p>



<p>The report, released on Wednesday, highlights that since June 2023, each month has been the hottest of its kind in recorded history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-in-the-climate-system">Shift in the climate system</h2>



<p>In their latest monthly bulletin, C3S reported that with the inclusion of this April, the global average temperature over the past 12 months has been the highest ever recorded, at 1.61 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial average from 1850-1900.</p>



<p>Recent extreme temperatures, such as prolonged periods of record-breaking sea surface temperatures, have prompted scientists to explore the possibility that human actions might have pushed the climate system to a critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tipping-points-report-shows-humanity-on-a-disastrous-trajectory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping point</a>. </p>



<p>“I think many scientists have asked the question whether there could be a shift in the climate system,” said Julien Nicolas, a Senior Climate Scientist at C3S.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-el-nino-phenomenon-nbsp">Recent El Niño phenomenon&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The principal driver of climate change is the emission of greenhouse gasses from fossil fuels, but the recent natural El Niño phenomenon, which causes warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, has also contributed to the temperature increases.</p>



<p>"El Niño peaked at the beginning of the year and the sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific are now going back towards neutral conditions," said Copernicus Director Carlo Buontempo.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, whilst temperature variations associated with natural cycles like El Niño come and go, the extra energy trapped into the ocean and the atmosphere by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases will keep pushing the global temperature towards new records."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-record-heat-in-april">Broader implications of the record heat in April</h2>



<p>The impact of climate change was starkly evident in April's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather extremes</a>, including a heatwave in the Sahel region, which is linked to thousands of deaths. </p>



<p>Hayley Fowler, a climate scientist at <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a>, pointed out the urgency of the situation regarding global warming limits set by international agreements. “At what point do we declare we've lost the battle to keep temperatures below 1.5? My personal opinion is we've already lost that battle, and we really need to think very seriously about keeping below 2C and reducing our emissions as fast as we can,” she said.</p>



<p>The target to cap global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius was set at the 2015 U.N. climate summit, a threshold that scientists argue would prevent the most catastrophic effects of climate change, such as extreme heat, severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>, and irreversible damage to ecosystems. </p>



<p>Although technically the 1.5C target has not been breached - as it refers to a long-term global temperature average - some experts believe it is no longer feasible to achieve this goal and are calling for more aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 emissions</a> reductions to minimize exceeding the target.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-ocean-heat">Record ocean heat</h2>



<p>According to a recent analysis from the BBC, the world's oceans have set new heat records every single day over the past year.</p>



<p>"The fact that all this heat is going into the ocean, and in fact, it's warming in some respects even more rapidly than we thought it would, is a cause for great concern," said Professor Mike Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey.</p>



<p>"These are real signs of the environment moving into areas where we really don't want it to be and if it carries on in that direction the consequences will be severe."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fourth-global-coral-bleaching-event-nbsp">Fourth global coral bleaching event&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The latest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching event</a>, confirmed as the fourth global event of its kind, is currently underway and has been significantly impacting coral reefs around the world. This ongoing event has been observed since early 2023 and has affected over 54% of the world's coral reefs, with conditions worsening, making it potentially the largest bleaching event ever recorded.</p>



<p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been monitoring the bleaching event through its Coral Reef Watch program, which has recorded extensive heat stress across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean basins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Coral bleaching has been particularly severe in areas like the Great Barrier Reef, which has experienced simultaneous high levels of bleaching across its entire area for the first time ever.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This widespread bleaching has profound implications not only for marine biodiversity but also for the economies and food security of communities that rely on these ecosystems. The global economic value of coral reefs is immense, estimated at $2.7 trillion annually, supporting industries such as tourism and fishing.</p>



<p>More details about C3S' report on record April heat can be found <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-global-temperature-record-streak-continues-april-2024-was-hottest-record" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



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April's record heat extends an alarming climate trend

Our planet has just recorded its hottest April ever, marking...

<p>A series of powerful solar flares and eruptions from the sun are set to trigger a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-severe-geomagnetic-storm-watch-first-time-since-2005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">severe geomagnetic storm</a>, potentially bringing breathtaking displays of auroras, the northern lights, to skies across the United States this weekend. </p>



<p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) issued a rare severe geomagnetic storm watch on Thursday, the first since 2005, indicating that auroras could be visible as far south as Alabama and Northern California from Friday evening through the weekend.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-flares-and-auroras">Solar flares and auroras</h2>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">region 3664</a>, which spans an impressive 16 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<p>Shawn Dahl, a service coordinator at the SWPC in Boulder, Colorado, emphasized the significance of the event, stating, "We have a rare event on our hands."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-aurora-borealis">Understanding the aurora borealis</h2>



<p>The northern lights, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora borealis</a>, are created when charged particles ejected from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-covered-with-moss-peculiar-structure-sunspot-groups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the sun</a> during solar storms collide with Earth's magnetic field. </p>



<p>These energetic particles interact with atoms and molecules in the planet's upper atmosphere, resulting in the mesmerizing, colorful displays we observe in the night sky. </p>



<p>While typically seen at high latitudes, intense periods of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/team-creates-video-showing-the-sun-in-gamma-rays-over-a-14-year-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar activity</a> can cause the auroras to be visible much farther south than usual.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-the-northern-lights">Viewing the northern lights</h2>



<p>The SWPC's aurora dashboard provides short-term forecasts for those hoping to catch a glimpse of the northern lights. For the best viewing experience, find a dark location far from city lights on a clear night. </p>



<p>Keep an eye on the dashboard and local weather forecasts to maximize your chances of witnessing this spectacular celestial event.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impacts-of-severe-solar-storms">Potential impacts of severe solar storms</h2>



<p>While amplified northern lights displays are a breathtaking sight, severe solar storms can also have disruptive effects on Earth. </p>



<p>Coronal mass ejections, the clouds of plasma and charged particles unleashed by solar flares, have the power to disrupt communications and power grids on Earth and interfere with satellites in space when directed at our planet. </p>



<p>The SWPC has notified operators of these systems to take protective action in anticipation of the incoming solar activity.</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as the southern states, down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-solar-activity-expected">Increased solar activity expected</h2>



<p>The sun's activity follows an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">11-year cycle</a>, alternating between periods of minimum and maximum activity. The current cycle, which began in late 2019, is predicted to reach its peak in July 2025, according to NOAA and NASA forecasts. </p>



<p>As we approach this peak, we can expect more frequent and intense solar events, potentially leading to more opportunities to witness the awe-inspiring northern lights.</p>



<p>With several moderate to strong solar flares detected since Wednesday morning and at least five flares and their associated coronal mass ejections apparently directed at Earth, the SWPC warns that geomagnetic storm conditions could persist through the weekend. </p>



<p>As we eagerly await the arrival of this rare celestial event, remember to stay informed, stay safe, and, most importantly, take a moment to marvel at the wonders of our universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-opportunity-to-witness-our-universe-in-action">Rare opportunity to witness our universe in action</h2>



<p>In summary, as we eagerly anticipate the arrival of this rare and awe-inspiring celestial event, remember to stay informed about the latest updates from Earth.com and the NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center.</p>



<p>Take necessary precautions to protect sensitive equipment, and find a dark, clear location to maximize your chances of witnessing the northern lights. </p>



<p>Embrace this opportunity to marvel at the wonders of our universe, and share the experience with friends and family. </p>



<p>The severe solar storm this weekend promises to paint the skies with breathtaking auroras, reminding us of the powerful and beautiful forces at work in the cosmos.</p>



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Auroras expected across the U.S. from massive solar storm

A series of powerful solar flares and eruptions from the...

<p>Elephants are amazing creatures known not only for their impressive size but for their intelligence and deep social connections.&nbsp;Just like us,&nbsp;they have ways of communicating and building their friendships.&nbsp;But you might be surprised to learn just how elaborate those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-may-be-the-first-non-human-animals-to-call-each-other-by-names/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greetings</a> can be.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-an-elephant-greeting-special">What makes an elephant greeting special</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elephants</a>, like humans, have unique ways of greeting each other, involving an elaborate blend of sounds and movements. A recent study analyzed how a herd of semi-captive elephants in Zimbabwe greet one another, uncovering a wide range of distinctive behaviors. </p>



<p>Here’s a detailed breakdown of their fascinating greeting rituals:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vocal lineup</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Rumbling:</strong> A deep, resonant vocalization produced by vibrating the vocal cords. Elephants often rumble as a form of communication, signaling reassurance, excitement, or even warning. During greetings, rumbling is frequently combined with ear flapping, a rhythmic movement that accentuates the sound.</li>



<li><strong>Trumpeting:</strong> A high-pitched, trumpet-like call usually associated with excitement or alertness. Elephants produce this sound by forcefully expelling air through their trunks. During greetings, trumpeting often signals a positive emotional state, as elephants celebrate a reunion.</li>



<li><strong>Roaring:</strong> A loud, intense vocalization used in more elaborate greetings. Roaring indicates heightened excitement and is often accompanied by dynamic physical gestures like ear spreading or trunk swinging. The roar adds a layer of energy to the greetings, emphasizing the emotional connection between elephants.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The movements</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ear flapping and spreading:</strong> Ear flapping involves rapidly moving the ears back and forth, creating a distinctive swishing sound. Ear spreading, on the other hand, is when elephants extend their ears outward to their fullest extent. Both behaviors are used to enhance communication, drawing attention to the vocalizations and adding visual emphasis.</li>



<li><strong>Tail wagging:</strong> Elephants wag their tails in various ways, from gentle swaying to vigorous movements. Tail wagging often reflects the elephant’s emotional state and adds a playful or welcoming note to the greeting. It's comparable to how dogs wag their tails when they see a familiar face.</li>



<li><strong>Trunk swinging:</strong> A rhythmic, side-to-side movement of the trunk, sometimes combined with trunk reaching toward the other elephant. Trunk swinging demonstrates recognition and familiarity, reinforcing social bonds between elephants.</li>



<li><strong>Approaching backwards:</strong> A unique gesture where an elephant approaches another elephant with its back. This unexpected behavior is thought to be playful, creating an element of surprise and demonstrating trust within the herd.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The smelly surprise in elephant greeting</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Urination and defecation:</strong> Often present during greetings, possibly as a form of scent marking or stress relief. Elephants might urinate or defecate in response to excitement or heightened emotions when meeting a friend. This behavior can provide olfactory cues that enhance recognition.</li>



<li><strong>Special sweat gland secretions:</strong> <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-body-conscious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elephants</a> have a unique gland located on their temporal region (between the eyes and ears). This gland releases a distinctive scent that plays a crucial role in social communication. During greetings, elephants often secrete from this gland, adding another layer of olfactory information to their greeting rituals.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hello-depends-on-who-s-watching-and-smelling">"Hello" depends on who's watching (and smelling)</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-behavior-provides-new-insights-into-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elephants</a> are not only sophisticated in their greetings but also incredibly adaptable in how they communicate based on the attention they're receiving. Here's a fascinating aspect of their social behavior:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">When elephants are being observed</h3>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a> discovered that elephants tailor their greetings depending on whether the other elephant is watching or not. When the greeting elephant knows it's being watched by its buddy, it focuses more on visual gestures to make the interaction more engaging. Common visual gestures include:</p>



<p><strong>Trunk reaching:</strong></p>



<ul>
<li>The greeting elephant extends its trunk toward the other elephant, often reaching out to touch the face or trunk of their friend.</li>



<li>This gesture is a clear signal of recognition and a desire to connect physically.</li>
</ul>



<p><strong>Ear spreading:</strong></p>



<ul>
<li>The elephant spreads its ears wide apart, making itself appear larger and more impressive.</li>



<li>Ear spreading is visually striking and conveys excitement and recognition.</li>
</ul>



<p><strong>Trunk swinging:</strong></p>



<ul>
<li>The trunk is swung rhythmically from side to side or in circular motions.</li>



<li>Trunk swinging can signify playfulness and reinforces the bond between the elephants.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">When elephants aren't observed</h3>



<p>When the greeting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-have-personality-traits-that-help-them-solve-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a> notices that its buddy isn't paying attention, it switches to communication methods that don't rely on visual cues. Instead, they use sounds and touch to capture attention or communicate affection:</p>



<p><strong>Ear flapping:</strong></p>



<ul>
<li>The elephant rapidly moves its ears back and forth, creating a distinctive swishing sound.</li>



<li>Ear flapping is often paired with rumbling or trumpeting, providing an auditory signal that's hard to ignore.</li>
</ul>



<p><strong>Ear slapping on the neck:</strong></p>



<ul>
<li>The elephant slaps its ears against its neck, producing a sound that can be heard by nearby elephants.</li>



<li>This action adds emphasis to vocalizations like rumbling or trumpeting.</li>
</ul>



<p><strong>Trunk touching:</strong></p>



<ul>
<li>The elephant reaches out with its trunk to touch the face, trunk, or body of its friend.</li>



<li>Physical touch reinforces social bonds and provides comfort or reassurance.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Significance of flexible elephant greeting</h2>



<p>This flexibility in greeting behavior illustrates the adaptability of elephants' communication strategies. By adjusting their greetings based on whether they're being watched, elephants ensure that their messages are received and understood. </p>



<p>When they have an attentive audience, elephants use more visual signals like trunk reaching, ear spreading, and trunk swinging to capture attention. However, when not being observed, they rely on auditory and tactile cues such as ear flapping and trunk touching. </p>



<p>This adaptability demonstrates their social intelligence, as elephants choose the most effective way to say "hello" depending on their audience’s attention.</p>



<p>"Our results suggest that social relationships flexibly impact the use of signals by elephants during greeting, and supports the hypothesis that elaborate greeting behaviour functions to strengthen social bonds upon reunion," noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-elephant-greetings-so-elaborate">Why are elephant greetings so elaborate?</h2>



<p>Researchers believe these elaborate greetings serve multiple purposes. They help strengthen social bonds and show recognition, particularly among closely bonded females. The combination of vocalizations, trunk reaching, and ear spreading reinforces their connections and ensures a warm welcome. </p>



<p>In addition, male elephants often direct their trunks towards other males, which researchers suggest could promote positive interactions or help them sniff out chemical information about potential competition. </p>



<p>This behavior enables them to assess each other's status and intentions, facilitating a more nuanced understanding of their social environment and ensuring smoother interactions within their community.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-like-humans-and-apes">Like humans (and apes)</h2>



<p>Elephants aren't the only ones with clever communication skills. Humans, chimpanzees, and other apes also use a mix of sounds and gestures, adapting how they communicate to fit the situation. Humans combine verbal language with facial expressions and body language to convey emotions and intentions. </p>



<p>Chimpanzees and other apes similarly use vocalizations like pant-hoots and screams, alongside gestures like hand waves or embraces, to express dominance, friendliness, or alarm. Both humans and apes modify their communication based on context, audience, and social hierarchy, demonstrating remarkable flexibility and intelligence in their social interactions.</p>



<p>The next time you see footage of an elephant greeting,&nbsp;pay close attention:&nbsp;there's a whole conversation happening. Their elaborate rituals remind us just how intelligent and socially complex animals can be.&nbsp;It's yet another reason to appreciate and protect these awe-inspiring creatures.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Elephants have heartwarming ways to greet their friends

Elephants are amazing creatures known not only for their impressive...

<p>The unfairness of discrimination is obvious,&nbsp;but did you know it could also rob you of years of healthy life?&nbsp;A new study shows that experiencing prejudice can cause premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/syncing-brain-muscle-circadian-rhythms-slows-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>, increasing your risk of serious diseases and shortening your lifespan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discrimination-what-it-is-and-how-it-causes-aging">Discrimination: What it is and how it causes aging</h2>



<p>We often hear about major discrimination – big,&nbsp;shocking events like being denied a job because of your race or being harassed due to your gender identity.&nbsp;But the study by <a href="https://publichealth.nyu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU's School of Global Public Health</a> found that everyday slights ("microaggressions"),&nbsp;along with workplace bias,&nbsp;were also damaging.&nbsp;This includes:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Being treated with less respect than others:&nbsp;</strong>This could mean being ignored in meetings,&nbsp;having your ideas dismissed,&nbsp;or facing condescending comments laced with stereotypes.&nbsp;This constant undermining chips away at your confidence and sense of belonging.</li>



<li><strong>Being unfairly passed over for opportunities:</strong>&nbsp;Imagine consistently being overlooked for promotions,&nbsp;training,&nbsp;or high-profile projects despite your qualifications.&nbsp;This not only limits your career growth but sends a crushing message that your contributions aren't valued.</li>



<li><strong>Feeling threatened or harassed due to your identity (race,&nbsp;gender,&nbsp;sexual orientation,&nbsp;etc.):&nbsp;</strong>Even if the harassment isn't overt physical violence,&nbsp;it can take the form of offensive jokes,&nbsp;invasive questions,&nbsp;or exclusion from social groups.&nbsp;These experiences create a hostile environment where you feel unsafe and unwelcome,&nbsp;impacting your mental and physical health.</li>
</ul>



<p>These seemingly subtle acts might be dismissed by some as "not a big deal" or told to "just get over it".&nbsp;However,&nbsp;this study highlights the very real harm caused by this kind of persistent disrespect.&nbsp;The cumulative effect over time contributes to the stress that drives premature aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-premature-aging-discrimination-s-hidden-cost">Premature aging: Discrimination's hidden cost</h2>



<p>The NYU study looked at over 2,000 adults and found a clear link:&nbsp;people who experienced more discrimination had signs of accelerated aging at the molecular level.</p>



<p>“Experiencing discrimination appears to hasten the process of aging,&nbsp;which may be contributing to disease and early mortality and fueling health disparities,” said Adolfo Cuevas,&nbsp;lead author of the study.</p>



<p>This doesn't mean you'll instantly get wrinkles, but it puts you at higher risk for age-related diseases like heart problems, depression, and more. It's a heavy burden to carry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-from-discrimination-and-aging-connection">Stress from discrimination and aging connection</h2>



<p>Our bodies are amazingly resilient,&nbsp;but they're not designed for constant stress.&nbsp;When we face threats (real or perceived),our bodies go into "fight-or-flight" mode.&nbsp;This ancient survival mechanism prepares us to handle danger by:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Increasing heart rate and blood pressure:</strong>&nbsp;This gets more oxygen to muscles for quick action.</li>



<li><strong>Dumping stored energy:</strong>&nbsp;Sugars are released into the bloodstream for immediate fuel.</li>



<li><strong>Suppressing 'non-essential' functions:</strong>&nbsp;Digestion and the immune system temporarily slow down.</li>
</ul>



<p>This release of hormones like cortisol was originally designed for short bursts to escape a predator or fight off an attacker. But in modern life,&nbsp;our bodies can't always tell the difference between a looming deadline and real physical danger.</p>



<p>This chronic stress leads to something called "biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-may-be-driven-by-genetic-imbalances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>," where our bodies start to function like they're older than our actual age.&nbsp;Here's how:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Cellular damage:</strong>&nbsp;Cortisol and other stress hormones can damage cells and hinder DNA repair.</li>



<li><strong>Inflammation:</strong>&nbsp;Constant 'fight-or-flight' mode triggers low-grade inflammation throughout the body,&nbsp;linked to many chronic diseases.</li>



<li><strong>Weakened immune system:</strong>&nbsp;Stress takes a toll on our ability to fight off infections and diseases.</li>
</ul>



<p>Discrimination is a powerful stressor because it hits our core need for safety,&nbsp;belonging,&nbsp;and respect.&nbsp;This constant strain eats away at our health on a cellular level,&nbsp;making us biologically 'older' than our years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-race-matters">Race matters</h2>



<p>The study revealed a troubling trend:&nbsp;Black participants reported experiencing more discrimination and exhibited signs of faster biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-discovered-in-plant-leaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> compared to White participants.&nbsp;This highlights the persistent social inequalities that lead to a greater burden of discrimination for Black Americans.</p>



<p>However,&nbsp;the study also found a seemingly contradictory result.&nbsp;White participants who did experience discrimination showed a potentially stronger negative impact on their biological aging.&nbsp;Researchers hypothesize a few reasons for this.</p>



<p>Black participants might have faced more frequent and low-level ("microaggressions") discrimination throughout their lives. This constant drip of stress may have a cumulative effect, leading to a higher overall level of biological aging. </p>



<p>In contrast, White participants who experienced discrimination may have had fewer encounters, making it a more acute stressor with a potentially more intense impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facing-prejudice">Facing prejudice</h2>



<p>Living in a society where you face regular prejudice might lead some people to develop coping mechanisms to manage the stress. </p>



<p>Black Americans may have had more experience navigating these situations, while White participants who rarely experience discrimination might lack established coping strategies.</p>



<p>Additionally, studies suggest that strong social support networks can buffer the negative effects of stress.&nbsp;Black communities often have a rich tradition of social support,&nbsp;which might help to mitigate the impact of discrimination on biological aging.</p>



<p>It's important to note that these are potential explanations, and further research is needed to fully understand the complex reasons behind this disparity. </p>



<p>"These findings underscore the importance of addressing all forms of discrimination to support healthy aging and promote health equity,” noted Cuevas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-back-change-starts-with-us">Fighting back: Change starts with us</h2>



<p>This research is sobering, but it's also empowering. Here's what we can do:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-our-own-biases">Challenge our own biases</h3>



<p>We all have biases that can influence our thoughts and actions. Take time to reflect on unconscious prejudices and work to unlearn them. Educate yourself on different perspectives and engage in conversations that promote understanding and empathy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speak-up">Speak up</h3>



<p>When you witness discrimination, safely call it out. Be an ally by supporting those affected and advocating for inclusive behavior. It's crucial not to remain silent or passive when someone is being mistreated.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-anti-discrimination-efforts">Support anti-discrimination efforts</h3>



<p>Contribute your time or resources to organizations that combat discrimination and fight for equality. Volunteering or donating to these groups helps amplify their impact and furthers the cause.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manage-stress">Manage stress</h3>



<p>While discrimination can be a significant source of stress, it's important to address other stressors that are within our control. Find and practice healthy coping techniques like exercise, meditation, or talking to friends to reduce overall stress levels.</p>



<p>Imagine a world where everyone is treated with respect,&nbsp;regardless of how they look or who they love.&nbsp;It's not just a moral issue – this study suggests it's a matter of life and death.&nbsp;By working together,&nbsp;we can create a society where everyone has a chance to live a long and healthy life.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354624000528?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brain Behavior &amp; Immunity - Health</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Discrimination speeds up aging at the molecular level

The unfairness of discrimination is obvious,&nbsp;but did you know it...

<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a> and <a href="http://research.google" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Google Research</a> have achieved a remarkable feat. They created the largest-ever 3D map reconstruction of a human brain fragment at synaptic resolution. </p>



<p>This breakthrough in connectomics, the study of neural connections within the brain, offers an unparalleled view into the intricate architecture that underlies our thoughts, memories, and consciousness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-in-creating-3d-map-of-human-brain">Complexity in creating 3D map of human brain</h2>



<p>While a cubic millimeter of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-advanced-brain-mapping-yet-reveals-how-we-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> tissue may seem insignificant, it harbors a staggering network of elements:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>57,000 cells:</strong> These include a variety of neurons and glial cells that carry out essential functions like processing information, supporting neural health, and maintaining homeostasis within the brain.</li>



<li><strong>230 millimeters of blood vessels:</strong> A dense network of capillaries ensures a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients to keep these cells functioning optimally, highlighting the brain's intensive metabolic demands.</li>



<li><strong>150 million synapses:</strong> Synapses are the junctions where neurons communicate, and this small tissue fragment contains a massive web of these connections, forming the basis for thoughts, memories, and all brain activity.</li>



<li><strong>1,400 terabytes of data:</strong> The sheer volume of information captured by imaging this fragment is astounding. This data provides a comprehensive look at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/brain_excitatory-neurons_six-layers_Google_Harvard_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain's wiring diagram</a>, revealing the intricate patterns that underpin cognition and behavior.</li>
</ul>



<p>Understanding this intricate system holds immense potential for neuroscience. It can unravel mysteries of brain diseases, inspire new therapies, and shed light on the fundamental principles of brain function.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-map-the-human-brain">Why map the human brain?</h2>



<p>A <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/brain_human-temporal-cortex_mapping_Google_Harvard_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehensive brain map</a>, akin to a detailed atlas of neural pathways, could revolutionize our understanding of:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognition">Cognition</h3>



<p>Comprehensive brain maps have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of how the brain gives rise to thought and behavior. These maps would reveal the intricate organization of neural circuits. </p>



<p>They underlie cognitive processes like learning, memory formation, and complex decision-making. Understanding these circuits is crucial for grasping how the brain functions.</p>



<p>By observing how neural connections and activity change during different mental states, scientists could unlock the physical basis of thought. </p>



<p>This would provide an unprecedented look into the biological mechanisms of the mind. It could reveal how the brain organizes and processes information. Understanding these processes could revolutionize our grasp of cognition and behavior.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurological-disorders">Neurological disorders</h3>



<p>Detailed brain maps hold tremendous promise in the fight against neurological disorders.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By comparing maps of healthy brains to those of individuals with conditions like Alzheimer's, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, scientists can identify specific structural abnormalities. They can also spot unusual connectivity patterns linked to each disease. </p>



<p>This knowledge could be crucial for developing targeted therapies that address the root causes. Such therapies would go beyond just managing symptoms.</p>



<p>Instead, they could lead to more effective and personalized treatments. This approach has the potential to revolutionize how we understand and treat brain disorders.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3>



<p>The human brain serves as a potential model for the future of artificial intelligence. Analyzing detailed brain maps could inspire new designs for AI systems that are less energy-intensive and more adaptive. </p>



<p>Understanding the brain's network organization could lead to advancements in artificial neural networks, resulting in AI systems capable of more sophisticated learning and problem-solving abilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harvard-google-collaboration">Harvard-Google collaboration</h2>



<p>This cutting-edge research is driven by a collaboration between neuroscientists led by Dr.&nbsp;Jeff Lichtman at Harvard,&nbsp;and AI experts at Google Research.&nbsp;The process involves:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-imaging-electron-microscopy">Imaging: Electron microscopy</h3>



<p>Electron microscopy employs beams of electrons instead of light to visualize objects. This allows for significantly higher magnification and resolution compared to traditional light microscopy, making it possible to capture the intricate details of brain tissue down to individual synapses.</p>



<p>Electron microscopy generates images that meticulously map the intricate structures in the brain. It captures neurons (nerve cells), their axons and dendrites, and the tiny junctions where neurons communicate. These detailed maps help scientists understand the brain's complex architecture.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-analysis">AI analysis</h3>



<p>The vast amount of data from human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/syncing-brain-muscle-circadian-rhythms-slows-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> map collected through electron microscopy requires sophisticated analysis.&nbsp;Google's advanced algorithms are specifically designed to process these complex images,&nbsp;identifying and color-coding distinct elements like neurons,&nbsp;blood vessels,&nbsp;and synapses.</p>



<p>The algorithms don't just analyze individual images. They piece together sequences of images to create a comprehensive reconstruction. This results in a detailed three-dimensional model of the brain tissue. This 3D map represents the complex network of connections and interactions within the brain.</p>



<p>"A fragment of a human brain – just a minuscule bit – is still thousands of terabytes. The scale of this endeavor highlights the vast complexity of the human brain." noted Dr. Jeff Lichtman from Harvard.</p>



<p>"Our priority was to ensure that the results of this significant project could be widely accessible and leveraged by the scientific community," added Viren Jain from Google Research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-insights-from-human-brain-map">Early insights from human brain map</h2>



<p>The discovery of neurons with an abnormally high number of synapses highlights the potential existence of centralized hubs within the brain's network.&nbsp;These highly connected neurons might play a crucial role in coordinating and integrating information across different brain regions.</p>



<p>Further investigation of these neural hubs in the map of human brain could reveal how they contribute to complex cognitive processes like decision-making,&nbsp;attention,&nbsp;and overall brain efficiency.</p>



<p>Moreover, the observation of axons forming peculiar loops deviates from the expected patterns of neural wiring.&nbsp;This raises questions about the prevalence of these formations and whether they represent normal variations within the brain's architecture.</p>



<p>If these unusual axon configurations are found to be consistently associated with the brain tissue of individuals with specific neurological disorders,&nbsp;they could serve as potential markers for early diagnosis or provide clues about the underlying disease mechanisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-towards-a-whole-brain-map-of-humans">Future directions: Towards a whole brain map of humans</h2>



<p>Fuelled by the success of this study,&nbsp;the team's ambitious goal is to map an entire mouse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brains-bend-time-to-adapt-to-lifes-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> – a task requiring roughly 1,000 times the current data volume.</p>



<p>The researchers have made their dataset of human brain map and analysis tools publicly available. This underscores their commitment to open science. Now, the global neuroscience community can contribute to this monumental effort. Sharing this information encourages collaboration and accelerates discovery.</p>



<p>This work represents a major stride towards deciphering the intricate wiring of the human brain.&nbsp;As connectomics continues to advance,&nbsp;we can anticipate groundbreaking discoveries that deepen our understanding of the very essence of what makes us human.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk4858" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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Largest-ever 3D map of human brain created by Harvard and Google

Researchers from Harvard University and Google Research have achieved a...

<p>Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-black-holes-and-quasars-grew-faster-than-their-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, never to return? These mysterious cosmic monsters are places where gravity bends the rules of the universe, trapping even light in their clutches. At the edge of a black hole lies a boundary called the event horizon – a point of no return. But what does it really look like to cross this threshold? Thanks to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s incredible new visualization, we can now take that terrifying plunge... without the actual danger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-event-horizon">Event horizon</h2>



<p>The event horizon is the defining boundary of a black hole, marking the point beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It separates the black hole from the rest of the universe and acts as a one-way door. Crossing this threshold means being trapped forever in a realm of intense gravity.</p>



<p>In physics terms, the event horizon represents the surface surrounding a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. The radius of this surface is known as the Schwarzschild radius for non-rotating black holes and depends on the black hole’s mass. Within this region, gravitational forces are so strong that even time itself slows down, a phenomenon called gravitational time dilation.</p>



<p>But what lies beyond the event horizon? At the very core of a black hole lies the singularity, where density becomes infinite and the laws of physics as we know them cease to operate. The intense gravitational forces stretch objects falling toward this singularity into long, thin shapes - a process called spaghettification.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supercomputer-simulation-for-black-hole-visualization">Supercomputer simulation for black hole visualization</h2>



<p>The creation of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> visualizations involved a dedicated team. Leading the team was Dr. Jeremy Schnittman, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The experts relied on the immense computational power of the Discover supercomputer. The supercomputer is housed at NASA's Center for Climate Simulation.</p>



<p>This extraordinary computing muscle was necessary because simulating the behavior of matter and energy under the influence of a black hole's incredibly strong gravity requires extremely complex calculations. “People often ask about this, and simulating these difficult-to-imagine processes helps me connect the mathematics of relativity to actual consequences in the real universe,” said Schnittman.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-you-fall-in">What happens when you fall in?</h2>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>NASA's simulation presents two distinct scenarios: crossing the event horizon, which determines your ultimate fate, or narrowly escaping the black hole's immense gravitational pull. As you approach the black hole, the profound effects of Einstein's theory of relativity become strikingly evident. </p>



<p>Light emitted by surrounding stars and the swirling accretion disk (a region of superheated gas around the black hole) undergoes severe warping and distortion. The closer you venture, the faster you are propelled, ultimately reaching speeds close to that of light.</p>
</blockquote>



<p>If you cross the event horizon, there is no possibility of return. From the perspective of a distant observer, time would appear to slow down for you to the point where you seem frozen in place, never fully crossing. However, from your own perspective, the end would come swiftly. </p>



<p>"Once the camera crosses the horizon, its destruction due to the extreme gravitational forces is just 12.8 seconds away," explained Schnittman. These tidal forces would cause an extreme stretching effect on any object.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="gn0lsftefk-3610576-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>The alternative scenario, while intense, doesn't end in your demise. If you manage to orbit very close to the event horizon and escape, you would experience extreme time dilation. Your journey might seem like a matter of hours from your perspective, but those far from the black hole's influence would have experienced a much longer passage of time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-black-hole-visualization">Significance of black hole visualization</h2>



<p>Black holes may hold a captivating presence in science fiction, but visualizations like NASA's serve a crucial role in furthering our understanding of the very real and intricate scientific principles that govern these cosmic phenomena. </p>



<p>These simulations provide a valuable tool for making Einstein's theory of relativity more concrete. They transform abstract concepts into a comprehensible experience. Remarkably, the visualizations show the profound effects that black holes have on their surroundings. This includes the warping of spacetime and the distortion of light.</p>



<p>The immense public fascination with black holes is understandable – their existence pushes the boundaries of our current knowledge and challenges our perception of reality. It's no wonder that these captivating objects were featured prominently in the film '"Interstellar."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiencing-black-hole-virtually">Experiencing black hole virtually</h2>



<p>NASA's black hole visualization represents a remarkable leap in our ability to comprehend the awe-inspiring power of these cosmic giants. It provides an unprecedented opportunity to safely delve into the boundaries of known physics, offering us a virtual journey to the extremes of the universe. </p>



<p>Through these simulations, we can witness firsthand how gravity distorts spacetime. The images fundamentally alter our understanding of the laws that govern our reality. The visualizations reveal how light warps and time bends. They show how matter behaves in the presence of a black hole's immense gravitational pull.</p>



<p>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</p>



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What would it be like to fall into a black hole?

Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked...

Date	Citation Page	Title
07/20/1979	44 FR 42910 42911	ETWP; Determination of Threatened Status for the West African Manatee
05/17/1978	43 FR 21338 21339	Proposed Threatened Status for the West African Manatee ;