Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the bright rocks and deep canyons of the Mojave Desert in southern Nevada.

The Muddy and Virgin Rivers are visible in the photo, carrying water across the desert to Lake Mead reservoir.&nbsp;

The Muddy River, which flows through Moapa Valley, is bordered by agricultural fields and towns. By contrast, Virgin River, is bordered by dark vegetation.

Both of the rivers empty into the northern part of Lake Mead - known as the Overton Arm - which ultimately merges with the Colorado River to the south.

The reddish orange rocks near the center of the photo represent the Valley of Fire State Park, which is located approximately 40 miles northeast of Las Vegas.&nbsp;

At sunset, valley outcrops made of bright, rust-colored Aztec sandstone appear to be on fire. This sandstone formed from ancient sand dune fields dating back to the Jurassic Period.

According to NASA, significant archaeological artifacts have been found throughout Moapa Valley, with some dating back to 300 BCE. During that time, the region was occupied by Anasazi Native Americans, hunter-gatherers who built pueblo villages.&nbsp;

The southern part of the Moapa River Indian Reservation is also visible in this photograph, which was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The Mojave Desert in southern Nevada

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the bright rocks and deep canyons of the Mojave Desert in southern Nevada. The Muddy and Virgin Rivers are visible in the photo, carrying water across the desert to Lake Mead reservoir.&nbsp; The Muddy River, which flows through Moapa Valley, is bordered by agricultural fields and towns. By contrast, Virgin River, is bordered by dark vegetation. Both of the rivers empty into the northern part of Lake Mead -...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features an astronaut view of South Island, New Zealand in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The island is breathtakingly beautiful and full of adventure, with golden beaches, rainforests, majestic mountains, lakes, and glaciers.&nbsp;



The Southern Alps run along the entire length of the island. Stretching hundreds of kilometers across South Island, the mountains contrast with the surrounding landscape.



Aoraki Mount Cook is the highest peak in the mountain range, which rises approximately 3,750 meters (12,300 feet) above sea level.&nbsp;



According to ESA, the mountains and their foothills on the west side experience frequent rain and snowfall year-round, while the downwind (east side) of these peaks have a more arid climate and many cloud-free days.



"South Island is also marked by the Alpine Fault, the major surface expression of the boundary between the Indo-Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates," reports ESA.



"The central section of the fault runs the length of South Island. As the plates progressively converge, the Southern Alps should continue to rise skyward over time."



The image was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station (ISS).



Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

South Island, New Zealand in the southwest Pacific

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Red,Lionfish

Red lionfish is mainly native to the Indo-Pacific region, but has become an invasive species in the Caribbean Sea, as well as along the East Coast of the United States and East Mediterranean and also found in Brazil at Fernando de Noronha. Lionfish have distinctive brown or maroon, and white stripes or bands covering the head and body.

Red Lionfish

Red lionfish is mainly native to the Indo-Pacific region, but has become...

Yemen,Chameleon,Isolated,On,Black,Large,Background.lizard,On,The,Green

Yemen Chameleon is native to the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Males grow to around 17-24 inches in length and females around 14 inches, they grow casques on their head and are born as pastel green before growing stripes and more colorful as they grow. They are known for their variable color changes due to a variety of factors, including to show aggression, social status, reproduction, and stress.

Yemen Chameleon

Yemen Chameleon is native to the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Males grow to...

Flamingo,Isolated

Adult American flamingos are smaller on average than greater flamingos, but are the largest flamingos in the Americas.  Most of its plumage is pink, giving rise to its earlier name of rosy flamingo and differentiating adults from the much paler greater flamingo. The wing coverts are red, and the primary and secondary flight feathers are black. The bill is pink and white with an extensive black tip. The legs are entirely pink. The American flamingo breeds in the Galápagos Islands, coastal Colombia, Venezuela and nearby islands, northern Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago, along the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), the Bahamas, Virgin Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands, Cameron Parish, Louisiana, and in extreme southern Florida.

American Flamingo

Adult American flamingos are smaller on average than greater flamingos, but...

Cecropia,Moth,Caterpillar,hyalophora,Cecropia,Feeding,,And,Showing,Distinctive,Warning,Coloration

The cecropia moth, is North America's largest native&nbsp;moth. There are typically five larval&nbsp;instars&nbsp;(developmental stages), each lasting approximately one week. The first instar&nbsp;larvae&nbsp;are black. Their coloration is due to small black hairs growing from&nbsp;tubercles&nbsp;(small projections) all over their body. These larvae feed upon many common trees and shrubs including maple, birch, and apple. As the caterpillars grow larger into the second larval instar, they become yellow green. During the third, fourth, and fifth instars, the cecropia moth becomes rather large and bluish green. At these final stages, the tubercles become blue, yellow or orange, depending on location on the body, while the black hairs are eventually lost.

Cecropia Moth Caterpillar

The cecropia moth, is North America's largest native&nbsp;moth. There are...

Nicobar,Pigeon

The Nicobar pigeon is found on small islands and in coastal regions from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, east through the Malay Archipelago, to the Solomons and Palau. Nicobars are large pigeons, measuring 40 cm (16 in) in length. The head is grey, like the upper neck plumage, which turns into green and copper hackles. The tail is very short and pure white. The rest of its plumage is metallic green. The cere of the dark bill forms a small blackish knob; the strong legs and feet are dull red. The irises are dark.

Nicobar Pigeon

The Nicobar pigeon is found on small islands and in coastal regions...

One,Of,The,Most,Beautiful,Creatures,On,Planet,Earth:the,Red

This species has large, bright red eyes with vertically narrowed pupils. The red eyed tree frog is very colorful, with a vibrant green body, yellow and blue vertical stripes along its side, a white underside, brightly colored red or orange feet, and red eyes. Additionally, they have sticky pads on their toes that allow them to cling onto leaves.  



This tree frog, is an arboreal hylid native to Neotropical rainforests where it ranges from Mexico, through Central America, to <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/buenaventura-colombia/">Colombia</a>. The Red-Eyed Tree Frog is a good pet choice for you if you are looking for something that is a commitment but doesn’t have to be handled all the time. Frogs aren’t something that you’ll be picking up and snuggling with. Instead, people own them because they enjoy watching them move around their terrarium and appreciate their beauty from a distance.



As with other amphibians, red-eyed tree frogs start life as tadpoles in temporary or permanent ponds. As adult frogs, they remain dependent on water to keep their skin moist, staying close to water sources.

Red Eyed Tree Frog

This species has large, bright red eyes with vertically narrowed...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Kourou, French Guiana, where the James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled to launch in mid-December from the Guiana Space Centre.



French Guiana was chosen as the site of Europe's Spaceport for its low risk of cyclones and earthquakes.&nbsp;



According to NASA, the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope will be the culmination of more than two decades of work by a team of 10,000 people, spanning 14 countries and 29 U.S. states.



The telescope - a collaboration between NASA, ESA, and the Canadian Space Agency - is the world's largest and most powerful space telescope. It will give scientists the opportunity to look back 13.5 billion years to the first light in the universe to reveal how the first stars and galaxies formed and evolved over millions of years.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The launch of the James Webb Space Telescope in French Guiana

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features one of the very first photographs collected by Landsat 9, a joint mission between NASA and the USGS that launched in September 2021.



The image shows the metropolitan area of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario, along with neighboring Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie.



According to NASA, the “first-light” images from Landsat 9 provide a preview of how the mission will help people manage vital natural resources and understand the impacts of climate change.



“First light is a big milestone for Landsat users; it’s the first chance to really see the kind of quality that Landsat 9 provides,” said Jeff Masek, the mission’s project scientist at NASA. “When we have Landsat 9 operating in coordination with Landsat 8, it’s going to be this wealth of data, allowing us to monitor changes to our home planet every eight days.”



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Landsat 9 captures Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario

Cooperation makes it possible for large groups of people to co-exist peacefully. However, considering that group collaboration often conflicts with individual goals, it is not clear how it evolved in the first place.&nbsp;



A new study published by the <a href="https://www.sfn.org/">Society for Neuroscience</a> has produced new evidence that oxytocin - the "love hormone'' known to play a key role in bonding - may explain how cooperation emerged in humans.



"Human society operates on large-scale cooperation. However, individual differences in cooperativeness and incentives to free-ride on others’ cooperation make large-scale cooperation fragile and can lead to reduced social-welfare," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Thus, how individual cooperation spreads through human social networks remains puzzling from ecological, evolutionary and societal perspectives. Here, we identify oxytocin and costly punishment as biobehavioral mechanisms that facilitate the propagation of cooperation in social networks."



In three lab experiments, the experts gave intranasal oxytocin or a saline placebo to participants who occupied the most influential role in artificial social networks. The study participants played a series of games with strangers.&nbsp;



The results showed that when the central members received oxytocin, cooperation spread through the social network. The researchers noted that giving oxytocin to central individuals increased their trust and enforcement of collaborative norms.&nbsp;



"Oxytocin-enhanced norm enforcement, but not elevated trust, explained the spreading of cooperation throughout the social network," wrote the study authors.



"Moreover, grounded in evolutionary game theory, we simulated computer agents that interacted in heterogeneous networks with central nodes varying in terms of cooperation and punishment levels. Simulation results confirmed that central cooperators’ willingness to punish non-cooperation allowed the permeation of the network and enabled the evolution of network cooperation."



"These results identify an oxytocin-initiated proximate mechanism explaining how individual cooperation facilitates network-wide cooperation in human society and shed light on the widespread phenomenon of heterogeneous composition and enforcement systems at all levels of life."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.jneurosci.org/">JNeurosci</a>.



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Oxytocin promotes cooperation among humans

Cooperation makes it possible for large groups of people to...

Zika and dengue viruses cause death and suffering in tropical regions worldwide. They are part of the same infamous family as Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile. Although the Zika virus rarely kills adults, a recent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-covid-19-outbreak-could-be-devastating-for-mountain-gorillas/">outbreak</a> in South America caused multiple congenital disabilities, often cutting lives short.&nbsp;



Dengue is a killer of both adults and children; every year, it kills roughly 20,000 people, primarily children. These viruses depend on mosquitoes to spread. In tropical areas where mosquitoes don't die off annually, the diseases are unrelenting.&nbsp;



In what seems like something out of an intriguing horror movie, a team of scientists led by <a href="https://health.uconn.edu/">UConn Health</a> has discovered that dengue and zika viruses - like malaria - have adapted ways to increase their transmission rates. The viruses modify their hosts' scent in a way that attracts more mosquitoes who feed on them and then carry the virus to non-infected individuals.&nbsp;



A multinational group of scientists first saw that mosquitoes had a preference for mice who were infected with dengue. After analyzing the skin of the infected mice, they determined which molecules the mice's skin had in common and applied these molecules to non-infected mice and humans. The experts found that the mosquitoes were attracted to acetophenone, a type of molecule secreted by a common bacteria called Bacillus.&nbsp;



Bacillus is usually kept in check by an antimicrobial peptide. However infected humans and mice don't produce as much of this peptide. Therefore, the bacteria multiply faster and more acetophenone is released. Mosquitos find the scent of acetophenone intoxicating.



Study co-author Penghua Wang explained: "The virus can manipulate the hosts' skin microbiome to attract more mosquitoes to spread faster!"



However, hope is not lost. When the researchers gave dengue-infected mice isotretinoin, a vitamin A derivative, the mice's skin began producing more antimicrobial peptides and gave off less acetophenone making them less attractive to mosquitoes. The experts hope that by starting a vitamin A regime, infected individuals could become less attractive to mosquitos, which will help slow the spread.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Although the research is promising, human trials will need to be conducted. According to Wang, further investigation is needed to determine whether the connections the team discovered exist under real-world conditions and whether isotretinoin works to reduce acetophenone production in humans as it does with mice.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/">Cell</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:nire518@gmail.com">Erin Moody </a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Some viruses make people smell more enticing to mosquitos

Zika and dengue viruses cause death and suffering in tropical...

The beginning of the 20th century was a hectic time of fast-paced change and expansion, the ghosts of which still haunt us today. One of the most obvious impacts of this period for modern observers is the continued legacy of air pollution, specifically carbon dioxide.&nbsp;Now, scientists at <a href="https://www.usf.edu/">University of Southern Florida</a> (USF) have discovered that sea levels have already risen some 18 centimeters since the beginning of the 20th century.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The results reported in our study are alarming,” said study lead author Professor Bogdan P. Onac. “The sea-level rise since the 1900s is unprecedented when compared to the natural change in ice volumes over the last 4,000 years. This implies that if global temperatures continue to rise, sea levels could eventually reach higher levels than scientists previously estimated.”



To come to this alarming conclusion, the scientists visited some of the 1,000 cave systems in Mallorca, Spain. They analyzed cave formations from 4,000 years ago until today. The team took 13 samples from 8 caves along the Mediterranean coast, where caves are periodically flooded. Water levels are recorded with fidelity by mineral deposits, providing a window into sea levels at different times.&nbsp;



Taking the samples to a lab in New Mexico, the researchers dated the deposits using the Uranium-series method. This method is similar to other element decay dating methods. With a timeline of deposits, sophisticated computer software analyzed the data and modeled sea levels over time.



The model showed a rise in sea levels 3,200 years ago when ice caps melted slowly over 400 years. The experts were also able to pinpoint changes from the Medieval warm period and the little ice age, testifying to the model’s veracity. However, the main result showed that the sea level remained mostly stable until the industrial period.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“If humans continue to be the main driver and the temperature increases 1.5 degrees in the near future, there will be irreversible damage,” said Professor Onac. “There will be no turning back from that point on…Even if we stop right now, sea level will continue to rise for at least a couple of decades, if not centuries, simply because the system is warmed up.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv">Science Advances</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com">Zach Fitzner</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Caves reveal alarming evidence of sea level rise

The beginning of the 20th century was a hectic time...

Experiencing a mangrove forest can be like walking (or kayaking) through a dream. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-urchin-behavior-drives-destruction-of-kelp-forests/">forests</a> are magical places. They provide habitat and protection for many species, including humans. However, we have not returned the favor. They are threatened by deforestation, pollution, and climate change.&nbsp;



A study published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01391-9">Nature Climate Change</a> gives us another reason to worry about mangroves: ocean density. The research predicts changes in seawater density due to climate change will affect propagule dispersal. Propagules are a particular type of seed germinating while still on the tree. These propagules travel the ocean until they find a good place to put down roots.



“Climate change affects sea-surface density via changes in temperature and salinity. Since propagules of widely distributed mangroves species have densities near that of seawater, changes in ocean density hold implications for oceanic dispersal of mangroves. Whether mangrove propagules float or sink depends on the difference between the densities of the propagules and that of the surrounding water," explained Tom Van der Stocken of <a href="https://www.vub.be/">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>



“It is expected that warming winter temperatures and sea level rise will impact the distribution of these carbon-rich forests, but changes in surface-ocean properties might also influence distributional patterns through dispersal.”



Focusing on data from the Bio-ORACLE database, the researchers used the UNESCO EOS-80 equation of state polynomial for seawater to estimate future sea-surface densities.&nbsp;



“Our study provides evidence that the density of surface-ocean waters along mangrove forests will decrease by the end of the 21st century, and a factor of two larger in the Indo-West Pacific region than in the Atlantic East Pacific," said study co-author Nico Koedam.



The researchers acknowledge that their projections are tentative and hope their study will inspire more research.&nbsp;



“There is still uncertainty on exactly how the projected changes in seawater density will impact realized mangrove dispersal in different parts of the world and more research is needed regarding the biological response of mangroves to climate-driven changes in surface-water properties," said Van der Stocken.



"In this study, we took advantage of marine data layers to fill this gap, and we hope that our study will help to inspire new research that will quantify the effects of changes in the properties of the ocean surface on propagule floating periods, dispersal, and connectivity.”



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By <a href="mailto:nire518@gmail.com">Erin Moody </a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Changes in seawater will affect mangrove distribution

Experiencing a mangrove forest can be like walking (or kayaking)...

Air, water, and soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-in-six-deaths-in-2019-was-caused-by-pollution/">pollution</a> are responsible for over nine million deaths each year. More than 60 percent of pollution-related diseases and deaths are caused by cardiovascular problems, including ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, heart attacks, and strokes. However, while air and water pollution have been studied extensively as leading causes of cardiovascular disease, the effects of soil pollution on the heart received less scientific attention. 



Now, a research team led by the<a href="https://www.unimedizin-mainz.de/international/welcome.html"> University Medical Center Mainz</a> has found that pesticides and heavy metals in soils have detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system.



“Soil contamination is a less visible danger to human health than dirty air,” said study lead author Thomas Münzel, the Chief of the Department of Cardiology at UMC Mainz. “But evidence is mounting that pollutants in soil may damage cardiovascular health through a number of mechanisms including inflammation and disrupting the body’s natural clock.”



According to Professor Münzel and his colleagues, soils contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides, and plastics may lead to cardiovascular disease by increasing oxidative stress in the blood vessels, causing inflammation, and disturbing our circadian rhythms. Dirty soil can enter the body by inhaling dust, fertilizer crystals, and plastic particles, while heavy metals such as lead or cadmium, plastics, or organic toxicants from pesticides can also be ingested orally. Moreover, these soil pollutants often wash into rivers, creating dirty water that may be consumed. Most of these substances found in soils are known to cause a wide range of cardiovascular issues.



&nbsp;“Although soil pollution with heavy metals and its association with cardiovascular diseases is especially a problem low- and middle-income countries since their populations are disproportionately exposed to these environmental pollutants, it becomes a problem for any country in the world due to the increasing globalization of food supply chains and uptake of these heavy metals with fruits, vegetables, and meat,” explained the study authors.



&nbsp;“More studies are needed on the combined effect of multiple soil pollutants on cardiovascular disease since we are rarely exposed to one toxic agent alone. Research is urgently required on how nano- and microplastic might initiate and exacerbate cardiovascular disease. Until we know more, it seems sensible to wear a face mask to limit exposure to windblown dust, filter water to remove contaminants, and buy food grown in healthy soil,” concluded Professor Münzel.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cvr/cvac082/6604488">Cardiovascular Research</a>.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer&nbsp;&nbsp;

Soil pollution has been linked to heart disease

Air, water, and soil pollution are responsible for over nine...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Patagonia, which includes Argentina and Chile at the southern tip of South America. The region is known for its rugged beauty, with an abundance of glaciers and dramatic mountain peaks.&nbsp;



"Covering an area of around 673,000 square kilometers, Patagonia is split by Argentina and Chile," reports ESA. "The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains, with lakes, fjords, rainforests and glaciers in the west and deserts and tablelands to the east."



"The island archipelago of Tierra del Fuego, located at the southern tip of Patagonia, is shared by Argentina and Chile, with the eastern part of the main island belonging to Argentina and the southern point of the archipelago, which forms Cape Horn, belonging to Chile. The Strait of Magellan, named after the discoverer, lies between Tierra del Fuego and mainland Argentina."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Patagonia: the southernmost region of South America

[sendtonews key="UN3EsNjPIM-2080637-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life.



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide absorbed depends on a number of ocean variables, all of which can be measured from space."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

How the ocean and climate influence each other

[sendtonews key="uwirCufwYv-2012371-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes the science behind the distillation process. Liquor is produced through the distillation of fruits, vegetables, or sugar that have gone through alcoholic fermentation.



"Distilling liquor might be a relatively simple process - heating a fermented liquid and keeping only the boiled alcohol - but it is dangerous and illegal without a license," reports ACS. "To extract only alcohol from a mixture of many ingredients, scientists must explore boiling points and the intermolecular forces that shape them."



Video Credit: ACS



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Can liquor be distilled at home?

[sendtonews key="isBvsReV7u-2073751-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...