Scientists recently discovered that certain changes in the roots of teeth can reveal whether someone is a current or former smoker. 



This breakthrough came from a team at <a href="https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northumbria University</a>, working alongside scientists from the <a href="https://le.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leicester</a>. Their findings could offer powerful tools for both forensic science and archaeology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-teeth-can-tell-us">What teeth can tell us</h2>



Your teeth aren’t just for chewing. They carry a hidden timeline of your life. Teeth are made up of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tooth-enamel-holds-a-record-of-human-health/">enamel</a>, dentine, and cementum. 



<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cementum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cementum</a> is the hard tissue that coats the tooth’s root, and it grows in layers - similar to the way trees deposit annual growth rings. Every year, a new layer forms.



The research team originally set out to use these cementum rings to estimate a person’s age. That kind of analysis can help identify victims of disasters when DNA samples aren’t available.



“By looking at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-reveal-the-carbon-storage-capacity-of-a-forest/">growth rings</a> in the teeth, we can also estimate a person’s age when the tooth was removed, or when they died,” said Dr. Ed Schwalbe, coauthor and professor in the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences at Northumbria University.



“Together, this information could help identify unknown individuals - such as disaster victims or those buried in mass graves - and offer new tools for forensic and historical investigations,” he confirmed.



But they also found something unexpected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smoking-marks-teeth-as-well">Smoking marks teeth as well</h2>



They examined 88 teeth from both living dental patients and archaeological remains. In many cases, the cementum rings weren’t smooth and regular. Some had disruptions - changes in thickness or shape that didn’t line up with the typical growth pattern.



They looked more closely. These disruptions weren’t random. They were consistently found in the teeth of people who smoked or used to smoke.



“Our research shows that it’s possible to tell if someone was a smoker just by examining their teeth,” said Dr. Schwalbe. 



“We found that the regular annual deposition of rings was disrupted for some individuals and realised that these disruptions were associated with current or ex-smokers, but were very rare in non-smokers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smoking-s-undeniable-signature-in-teeth">Smoking's undeniable signature in teeth</h2>



In teeth from former <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smokers-have-weaker-hearts-that-pump-less-blood/">smokers</a>, the team saw thick layers of cementum built up over disrupted rings. They believe that when someone quits <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quitting-smoking-at-any-age-brings-big-and-immediate-health-benefits/">smoking</a>, the cementum begins to return to a normal growth pattern, forming denser layers on top of the older, damaged ones. 



That may explain why ex-smokers’ teeth showed thicker cementum than was found in the teeth of current smokers.



The numbers were striking. Disrupted cementum appeared in 70% of ex-smokers and 33% of current smokers - but in only 3% of people who had never smoked.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/smoking_teeth-stains-damage_cementum-rings_credit-NorthumbriaU_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/smoking_teeth-stains-damage_cementum-rings_credit-NorthumbriaU_1s.webp" alt="Example of smoking damage in an archaeological tooth. The magnified image shows variations in the tooth's cementum rings from smoking. Credit: Northumbria University" class="wp-image-1975125"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Example of smoking damage in an archaeological tooth. The magnified image shows variations in the tooth's cementum rings from smoking. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Northumbria University</figcaption></figure>



“We compared the cemental deposition of smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers visually and statistically to identify irregularities that were potentially connected to smoking activity,” said Dr. Valentina Perrone, lead author on the study. 



“We found that individuals with a history of smoking - whether as a current or former smoker – were significantly more likely to have disruption to their cementum than those who did not."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quitting-doesn-t-remove-smoking-markers">Quitting doesn't remove smoking markers</h2>



The study included 46 living participants who needed teeth extracted as part of routine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brushing-your-teeth-regularly-can-prevent-deadly-liver-disease/">dental care</a>. In one standout case, a participant’s tooth showed damage estimated to have occurred between the ages of 22 and 41.



When the researchers reviewed the patient’s history, they found that the individual, who was aged 58 at the time, had smoked between the ages of 28 and 38.



That matched the evidence exactly.



“Smoking is known to have a systemic impact on the body and numerous studies have highlighted the correlation between smoking, <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354473" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">periodontitis</a> and tooth loss,” Dr Perrone added. 



“This study shows, for the first time, the biological record of smoking-related oral health damage within the dental structure.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-from-past-centuries">Echoes from past centuries</h2>



To test whether these markers of smoking could be found in much older remains, the team worked with Dr. Sarah Inskip, UKRI Fellow at the University of Leicester’s School of Archaeology and Ancient History. They examined 18 archaeological teeth dating from between 1776 and 1890.



Some of these teeth came from individuals known to have smoked. Signs included discoloration and even physical notches worn into the teeth by clay pipes.



Even after centuries underground, the cementum in those teeth still bore the same disruption patterns as found in the teeth of modern smokers.



“This could help us learn more about people’s lifestyles in the past, especially in archaeological studies where patterns of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-bans-could-help-prevent-1-2-million-lung-cancer-deaths/">tobacco</a> use can reveal important cultural insights,” said Dr. Schwalbe.



“The identification of 'smoking damage' in archaeological teeth opens up further avenues to understand how the long-term consumption of tobacco in populations has affected our health through time,” Dr. Inskip added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-your-teeth-don-t-lie">Your teeth don’t lie</h2>



These findings show that even if someone quits smoking, their teeth may carry the evidence for life. 



That insight has major implications - not just for understanding personal health histories, but for reconstructing the lives of people long gone.



The next time you smile, remember that your teeth are holding a history of some of your lifestyle choices.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0323812" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS One</a>.



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Smoking leaves permanent traces in teeth deep below the surface - a new forensic

Scientists recently discovered that certain changes in the roots of teeth can reveal whether someone is a current or former smoker. This breakthrough came from a team at Northumbria University, working alongside scientists from the University of Leicester. Their findings could offer powerful tools for both forensic science and archaeology. What teeth can tell us Your teeth aren’t just for chewing. They carry a hidden timeline of your life. Teeth are made up of enamel, dentine, and cementum. Cementum is the hard tissue that coats the tooth’s...

When researchers set out to gain a better understanding of how American gun owners perceive firearm ownership, they found that white men who are financially stressed are more likely to cling to their guns for moral support.

A research team at <a href="https://www.baylor.edu/">Baylor University</a> analyzed data on gun owners from across the United States and established a link between economic stress and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/higher-suicide-rates-rural-areas/">gun</a> ownership. White males who feel that their financial security is threatened often develop an emotional attachment to their firearms.

In addition, the experts determined that this particular group of white males is more likely to consider violence against the United States government as being justified.

Paul Froese is a Sociology professor at Baylor and co-author of the study.

“This speaks to the belief in some ‘dark state’ within the government which needs fighting,” said Froese. “What’s paradoxical is that white male gun owners in the U.S. see themselves as hyper-patriotic, but they are the first to say, ‘If the government impedes me, I have the moral and almost patriotic right to fight back.’”

Nonwhite gun owners, however, place much less value on their guns in times of financial hardship, according to the study authors. Nonwhites are also less inclined to justify violence against the government.

Froese explains that these individuals have most likely “developed different coping mechanisms” to deal with economic stress.

The researchers used data from a Gallup poll of 1,572 Americans in January 2014, which included 577 gun owners. The participants were asked about the types of guns they owned, why they owned firearms, their attitudes toward gun policies, and their feelings on violence against the government.

The research team identified differences between gun owners and non-owners. They found that gun owners were more likely to be white, male, married, older, earn more, and live in rural areas. In addition, gun owners reported being more conservative, attending church regularly, and feeling more alienated from society compared to those individuals who did not own guns.

There were also notable differences among the gun owners when it came to their sense of authority.

“Simply owning a gun does not predict an individual will express anti-gun control opinions, but rather whether the person feels empowered by the gun,” said Froese. “The emotional and moral connection explains variation within the population of gun owners.”

The findings of the study are published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/socpro">Social Problems</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

White American men cling to guns out of economic hardship

When researchers set out to gain a better understanding of...

A recent study reveals that marriage may actually lower a person's risk of getting dementia, while widowers and single adults are at a higher risk of developing the chronic disorder.

Researchers collected data from 15 relevant studies published through 2016. The experts analyzed the reports, which were based on over 800,000 participants from Europe, North and South America, and Asia, to determine whether there was a link between marital status and dementia risk.


After accounting for age and gender, the study showed that lifelong single adults were 42 percent more likely to develop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dementia-expensive-families/">dementia</a>. The researchers pointed out that this single group has poorer overall health, which may help to explain the heightened risk.

However, studies based on single people born after 1927 showed that dementia risk was just 24 percent higher. This indicated that the health risk lessened across single adults over time, but the researchers have not identified the reason for this.

Widowers were found to be 20 percent more prone to dementia than married people, and the experts believe this may be partially attributed to the heightened stress levels caused by bereavement. These stress levels are linked to impaired nerve signaling and cognitive functioning.

According to the researchers, the connection between lower dementia risk and marriage strengthened as the study became more in depth. The team believes that married couples engage in healthier lifestyles, such as eating well and exercising more, which are associated with a lower risk of dementia.

While the findings of the study suggest that there are factors which reduce the chance that a person will develop dementia, the researchers pointed out that dementia is still not easily prevented.

"Therefore, ways of destigmatising dementia and producing dementia-friendly communities more accepting and embracing of the kinds of disruptions that dementia can produce should progress alongside biomedical and public health programs," said the study authors.

The research is published online in the <a href="http://jnnp.bmj.com/">Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Marriage could lessen your chances of developing dementia

A recent study reveals that marriage may actually lower a...

Around the time that urban societies were developing in Egypt and Mesopotamia between 5,300 and 3,300 years ago, the Indus Civilization was also evolving. Scientists have long believed that the settlements of this era sprung up along the banks of a thriving river, but new evidence shows that a major Himalayan river central to the Indus Civilization was no longer active.

The Ghaggar-Hakra River in northwest <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/smoke-fog-northern-india/">India</a> and Pakistan is believed to have dried up due to changes in the climate or shifting tectonic plates. But, prior to this study, scientists did not know exactly when the river ceased. It was assumed that the Indus settlements depended on the river and developed around it.

However, a research team from <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/">Imperial College London</a> and the <a href="https://www.iitk.ac.in/">Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur</a> has now provided surprising evidence that the Ghaggar-Hakra was no longer flowing at the time the settlements of the Indus Civilization emerged. The findings of the study suggest that ancient urban societies did not depend exclusively on an active, flowing river system to flourish.

"The findings challenge our current understanding of how urbanization in many ancient civilizations began and grew in relation to natural resources,” said lead author Professor Sanjeev Gupta. “Contrary to current belief, it was the departure of a large river, rather than its arrival, that triggered the growth of Indus urban centers."

The researchers discovered that a major Himalayan river, the Sutlej River, once flowed in the tracks of the Ghaggar-Hakra River, but abruptly changed course about eight thousand years ago. By the time the Indus people settled into the region, there was only an abandoned large river valley.

The large impression in the ground left behind from the the Sutlej River collected water seasonally from monsoons, providing the Indus settlements with a temporary source of water.

"We now know that, given the right conditions, valleys that have lost their rivers can still serve as a water source,” said study co-author Rajiv Sinha. “The civilization would also not have been threatened by the risk of devastating floods that living next to a big river brings."

Since most previous research has been focused on the link between rivers drying up and the abandonment of ancient urban centers, the team believes this study may encourage archaeologists to take a new look at the development of settlements in early civilizations. The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/">Nature Communications</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Ancient societies did not all need active rivers to thrive

Around the time that urban societies were developing in Egypt...

An unprecedented study by researchers at <a href="http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/">Columbia University Medical Center</a> (CUMC) has investigated the nature of deaths from opioid overdoses. The study revealed that 60 percent of individuals who died as a result of opioid overdose were previously diagnosed with chronic pain, while a great number of fatalities also occurred in individuals who had psychiatric disorders.

The <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/">Center for Disease Control</a> reports that the number of opioid-related deaths quadrupled between 1999 and 2015, jumping from 8,048 to 33,091.

The research team analyzed the clinical diagnoses and medication prescriptions of over 13,000 adults who died of an opioid overdose between 2001 and 2007. Over 50 percent of these individuals had been diagnosed with chronic pain, while many others had been diagnosed with depression and anxiety. 

"The frequent occurrence of treated chronic pain and mental health conditions among overdose decedents underscores the importance of offering substance use treatment services in clinics that treat patients with chronic pain and mental health problems,” said study lead author Dr. Mark Olfson. “Such a strategy might increase early clinical intervention in patients who are at high risk for fatal opioid overdose.”

While nearly a third of those who died had been diagnosed with a drug use disorder in the year prior to death, less than one in twenty had been diagnosed with an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-fight-opioid-addiction/">opioid</a> use disorder in the month before death.

"Because clinical diagnoses generally indicate treatment, this service pattern suggests that dropout from drug treatment is common before fatal opioid overdose,” said Dr. Olfson. “Improving treatment retention with contingency management or other effective behavioral interventions might help lower the risk of fatal overdose in these patients.”

More than half of the individuals who overdosed had filled prescriptions for opioids or benzodiazepines in the year before death, and many had filled prescriptions for both types of medications. 

"This medication combination is known to increase the risk of respiratory depression, which is the unusually slow and shallow breathing that is the primary cause of death in most fatal opioid overdoses," said Dr. Olfson. "In the years since, there has been an increase in the proportion of US overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines and opioids." The authors urged providers to restrict the combination, in the lowest possible dose and duration, to those patients for whom alternative strategies have proven inadequate.

The study, “Service Use Preceding Opioid-Related Fatality,” is published in the <a href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/">American Journal of Psychiatry</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Opioid deaths linked to chronic pain and mental disorders

An unprecedented study by researchers at Columbia University Medical Center...

As we enter the colder months in the Northern hemisphere, we’re beginning to see an influx of people sniffling, coughing, and sneezing all around us. The common cold usually makes its first appearance around this time, spreading like wildfire through offices, schools, and homes. But why is it that we seem to catch this same virus every single year? Why hasn’t our body developed an immunity to it yet? 

These are questions that new research published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/ncomms/">Nature Communications</a> might just answer. Professor Pierre Talbot from <a href="http://www.inrs.ca/english/homepage">Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique</a> (INRS) in Canada has been studying coronaviruses – which include the common cold – for many years. These viruses come in a wide variety, and include other infections such as neurological diseases. In this study, Talbot and his colleagues attempted to find out why coronaviruses are able to adapt and evolve so effectively while evading a host’s immune system.

In appearance, coronaviruses look like tiny, spiky spheres. Now, the researchers believe that these spikes play a role in the virus’s ability to adapt to new environments. The spikes are made up of S proteins (the S stands for spike, of course), which allow the virus to attach itself to host cells. Specifically, the spike’s receptor binding domain (RBD) initiates the interaction between a cell and the virus. However, these RBDs are also targets for antibodies in the host’s immune system that are seeking to neutralize the virus.

So for coronaviruses to infect a host cell, it needs an exposed RBD. But that same RBD is a target for antibodies, so in order for the virus to be effective, the RBD needs to be masked. Talbot and his colleagues figured out that the coronavirus does this by having an RBD that is made up of three parts that vary significantly between strains. Due to this variation, antibodies are unable to detect a new strain, but the RBD still retains – and in some cases improves – its affinity for the target cell. Furthermore, the RBDs can alternate between visible and masked states.

The research team analyzed the RBD’s structure up close, finding three long loops that attach to the host cell protein. Previous analyses of these viruses dating back roughly a half-century have found that these loops are essentially the only thing that varies from one coronavirus strain to the next.

Through this research, we now have a better understanding of why the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-flies-teach-humans-common-cold/">common cold</a> is so persistent. Although there is a lot more work to be done, it’s possible that research such as this could lead to a welcome reduction in wintertime sniffling, coughing, and sneezing.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Why can’t humans develop immunity against the common cold?

As we enter the colder months in the Northern hemisphere,...

Carbon-based organic semiconductors could soon play a major role in electronics and solar energy conversion.

Semiconductors, usually made of silicon, are essential to all modern electronics and can be found in everything from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rational-choices-smartphones-computers/">smartphones</a> to televisions. 

Semiconductors are somewhere between a conductor and an insulator. They don’t work as a true insulator like glass, nor do they have the same conductive strengths as metal, hence the name semi. 

Doping is required to increase the conductive properties of a semiconductor. Doping is a process where chemicals or impurities are added to the semiconductor which then changes the electrical behavior of the semiconductor.  

A team of researchers from <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/">Princeton University</a>, the <a href="http://www.gatech.edu/">Georgia Institute of Technology</a> and <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en/">Humboldt University in Berlin</a> have found a way to increase the conductivity of organic semiconductors with doping. 

“Organic semiconductors are ideal materials for the fabrication of mechanically flexible devices with energy-saving low-temperature processes,” said Xin Lin, one of the researchers. “One of their major disadvantages has been their relatively poor electrical conductivity.  In some applications, this can lead to difficulties and inefficient devices. We are working on new ways to improve the electrical properties of these organic semiconductors.” 

For the study, the researchers developed a new type of dopant which drastically improves the conductivity of organic semiconductors. 

The dopant is a ruthenium-containing compound and a reducing agent. It adds electrons to the semiconductor. The results show that the ruthenium compound dopant increases the conductivity of organic semiconductors nearly one million times its original value. 

For the compound to work with organic semiconductors, the research team had to figure out how to break apart the ruthenium.  The ruthenium compound is a dimer, and it contains two identical molecules which are connected by a chemical bond. 

The researchers examined different possibilities for breaking the compound's molecules apart in order for it to work as a dopant, eventually finding that when exposed to ultraviolet light the dopant increased the conductive properties by almost 100,000 times. 

Even when the UV light was turned off, the dopant still worked with the organic semiconductors. 

“Once the light is turned off, you might expect the reverse reaction to occur and the increased conductivity to disappear. However, that is not the case,” said Seth Marder, one of the leaders in the development of the new dopant. “The light activates the system more, which leads to more light production and ore activation until the system is fully activated.” 

This discovery is a breakthrough for semiconductors and increasing the conductivity of organic semiconductors. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer

Organic electronics might be right around the corner

Carbon-based organic semiconductors could soon play a major role in...

Cinnamon could be a new key ingredient in your diet, as a new study has revealed that a compound in cinnamon could help fight obesity and hyperglycemia. 

Cinnamaldehyde is a naturally occurring oil found in cinnamon that has been proven to help counter obesity and hypoglycemia in mice, and researchers from the<a href="https://umich.edu/"> University of Michigan</a> wanted to see if humans could reap similar benefits.

The new study was published in the journal Metabolism. 

The researchers found that cinnamaldehyde activates metabolic responses and aids in thermogenesis. Thermogenesis is an essential metabolic process in humans where the energy used to burn calories produces heat. 

Cinnamaldehyde gives fat cells an added boost to burn energy. 

For the study, the researchers used adipocytes (fat cells) from both mice and humans. First, fat cells from mice were treated with cinnamaldehyde and the researchers observed how the compound affected the cells. 

Then the researchers used adipose stem cells from human volunteers to see if the results of the mice testing could be duplicated in human fat cells. 

The cinnamaldehyde worked similarly in humans, boosting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harder-burn-off-belly-fat/">metabolism</a> by increasing proteins that are helpful to thermogenesis. 

The results are promising, showing that cinnamon, even in small amounts used in baking and seasoning, could help counter weight gain and even help with treating diabetes. 

“Cinnamon has been part of our diets for thousands of years, and people generally enjoy it,” Jun Wu, a co-author of the study, told <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/11/25/cinnamon-may-help-attack-fat-fight-obesity-study-finds/894486001/">USA Today</a>. “So if it can protect against obesity, too, it may offer an approach to metabolic health that is easier for patients to adhere to.” 

The study shows that cinnamaldehyde activates thermogenesis in both mice and humans, but further testing will need to be done before your doctor suggests cinnamon as a new way to lose weight. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer

Cinnamon could help boost your metabolism and fight obesity

Cinnamon could be a new key ingredient in your diet,...

California mayoral candidate Kevin Saunders is pushing for the legalization of psychedelic mushrooms. Saunders, who is running for mayor in the town of Marina, hopes to give voters in California the option of legalizing magic mushrooms on the 2018 ballot.

Saunders believes that psychedelic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magic-mushrooms-depression-brain/">mushrooms</a> may help adults work through the stress of today's world.

“The world is really hurting and everybody is at a loss about what’s going on right now with Trump, Brexit, the refugee crisis and everything else,” said Saunders.

The former cannabis advocate stands behind the transformative power of psilocybin, saying that, “It could allow people to figure out what to do and could revolutionize the way we treat those with depression, addiction and cluster headaches.”

Psilocybin, the hallucinogenic compound found in magic mushrooms, is classified as a Schedule I drug. However, the use psilocybin has been approved for medical trials in dozens of states.

In fact, the concept of having magic mushrooms legalized may not be as far-fetched as it seems, as clinical trials are underway in both the United States and Europe to test the potential of psilocybin in treating alcoholism, tobacco addiction, severe anxiety, and treatment-resistant depression.

Saunders told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk">The Guardian</a> that magic mushrooms helped him recover from a “debilitating five-year heroin addiction” at age 32. He explained,“I got to the root of why I made a conscious decision to become a heroin addict; I’ve been clean almost 15 years.”

Researchers have also demonstrated that psilocybin is safer than other drugs, including alcohol. The 2017 <a href="https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/">Global Drug Survey</a>, a comprehensive poll that investigates the drug use of 120,000 people in 50 countries, found that 90 percent less patients sought emergency medical treatment for psilocybin compared to alcohol.

Regardless, the U.S. Justice Department's <a href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/#risks">National Drug Intelligence Center</a> compares psilocybin to heroin and LSD. The organization reports, “The psychological consequences of psilocybin use include hallucinations and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and psychosis also may occur, particularly if a user ingests a large dose.”

In August, Saunders filed paperwork with the State Attorney General's office to let voters in California decide whether psilocybin will be legalized in 2018. He needs 365,880 signatures to get his <a href="https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/initiatives/pdfs/17-0024%20%28Legalize%20Psilocybin%29_0.pdf">California Psilocybin Legalization Initiative</a> on the ballot.

Saunders told <a href="http://www.sacbee.com/">The Sacramento Bee</a> that the legalization of psilocybin is "a natural step after voters’ legalization of pot." 

The <a href="https://www.opsbuzz.com/">Oregon Psilocybin Society</a> has started its own initiative to raise awareness about the safety and benefits of controlled psilocybin, and the organization aims to get psilocybin on Oregon’s statewide ballot in 2020.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

California could legalize psychedelic mushrooms next year

California mayoral candidate Kevin Saunders is pushing for the legalization...

New research that is being presented at the annual meeting of the <a href="http://www.rsna.org/">Radiological Society of North America</a> (RSNA) reveals that young football players with a history of concussion or subconcussive impacts experience brain changes after one season of play. 

The studies, conducted at <a href="http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/">UT Southwestern Medical Center</a> in Dallas and <a href="http://admissions.wfu.edu/">Wake Forest University</a>, investigated the brain's default mode network (DMN) to observe how playing football affects youths’ brain health.


The DMN is a network of interacting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-risky-decision-making/">brain</a> regions that is active during wakeful rest. Changes in the DMN are associated with mental disorders, and decreased connectivity within the network is associated with traumatic brain injury.

"The DMN exists in the deep gray matter areas of the brain," explained study co-author Elizabeth M. Davenport. "It includes structures that activate when we are awake and engaging in introspection or processing emotions, which are activities that are important for brain health."

The research team set out to identify the outcome of numerous subconcussive impacts on the DMN. For this study, they examined youth football players with no history of concussion.

"Over a season of football, players are exposed to numerous head impacts. The vast majority of these do not result in concussion," said co-author Gowtham Krishnan Murugesan. "This work adds to a growing body of literature indicating that subconcussive head impacts can have an effect on the brain. This is a highly understudied area at the youth and high school level."

26 youth football players between the ages of 9 and 13 were equipped with the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) for an entire football season. These helmets contain sensors that measure the magnitude, location, and direction of impacts to the head. 

For each player, impact data from the helmets was used to calculate a risk of concussion exposure. The results of the study showed an increasing functional change in the DMN with consistent exposure to head impacts.

"The brains of these youth and adolescent athletes are undergoing rapid maturation in this age range. This study demonstrates that playing a season of contact sports at the youth level can produce neuroimaging brain changes, particularly for the DMN," said Murugesan.

In the second study, 20 high school football players wore the HITS helmets throughout a season. Five of the players had experienced at least one concussion, while the other 15 players had no history of concussion.

After the season, the five players with a history of concussion had substantially lower connectivity in the DMN. The players with no history of concussion typically showed an increase in DMN connectivity.

"The brain's default mode network changes differently as a result of previous concussion," said Dr. Davenport. "Previous concussion seems to prime the brain for additional changes. Concussion history may be affecting the brain's ability to compensate for subconcussive impacts."
--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Youth football can alter a kid’s brain in just one season

New research that is being presented at the annual meeting...

New research is showing that xenophobia, or fear of other groups, strongly impacted the outcome of the Brexit vote. The study has revealed that British citizens who felt immigrants were a threat to their way of life were more likely to vote for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brexit-impact-uk-food-agriculture/">United Kingdom</a> to withdraw from the European Union.

Last year, 52 percent of British citizens voted in favor of Brexit. Some experts attributed this surprising outcome to the age, gender, or education of the voters, while others speculated that an agenda known as the “Leave campaign” may have generated a fear of foreigners.

A team of researchers led by Dr. Agnieszka Golec de Zavala at the <a href="http://www.london.ac.uk/">University of London</a> set out to examine the influence that xenophobia may have had on voting behavior. The experts found that feelings of fear of other groups did, in fact, have a noticeable impact on the overall decision of voters.

The researchers next wanted to determine which groups of people feel threatened by immigrants coming into the UK. The team identified three groups. 

First are the authoritarians, who fear disruption of the traditional status quo. Next are people high in social dominance orientation, who compete with immigrants for their group's dominance. The third group is made up of narcissists, who believe the UK is entitled to privileged treatment. The narcissists are concerned that the value of the UK is not acknowledged by other countries. 

Furthermore, the researchers found that people who were simply proud to be British or valued their British identity were not more likely to have xenophobic attitudes or vote for Brexit.

Dr. Golec de Zavala explained that this study pinpoints collective narcissism as a new factor that needs to be considered when predicting political outcomes. 

"From Brexit, Trump and support for Vladimir Putin in Russia to the nationalist, ultra- conservative government in Poland, studies from our and other labs show that collective narcissism systematically predicts prejudice, aggression and a tendency to interpret innocent behaviors as provocation to the national group," she said.

While the study provides evidence that voting was linked to prejudice, the authors point out that this was conducted after Brexit was voted in, and people may have felt more empowered to express their xenophobic attitudes.

The research is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology">Frontiers in Psychology</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Fear of foreigners strongly influenced the passing of Brexit

New research is showing that xenophobia, or fear of other...

New research from the <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/">Yale School of Medicine</a> is providing unprecedented insight into what makes humans smarter than other animals. The study has linked the dopamine system in humans to higher intelligence.

The researchers showed that humans have abundant dopamine in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brains-grow-learn-cuts/">brain</a> that guides in thinking and planning. Dopamine is a chemical that plays a central role in reward-motivated behavior. 

The research team established that the progression of the dopamine system in humans is much different than of other species.

For the study, the researchers compared the brains of five macaque monkeys, five chimpanzees and six humans. After analyzing 247 samples of brain tissue, they found substantial differences in dopamine levels.

The inconsistencies were not apparent in some regions of the brain, but differences were very noticeable in the neocortex and the striatum. 

The team found that two enzymes which aid in the production of dopamine were more active in the human brain than in the brains of the other species. The scientists also discovered that three times as many neurons in the human striatum were producing dopamine compared to the ape striatum.

“That caught our attention,” said study co-author Dr. Andre Miguel Sousa.

In addition to reward processing, dopamine plays a role in regulating the brain's executive functions such as memory, attention, and reasoning.

The findings of the study, which are published in the journal <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/">Science</a>, challenge previous assumptions about the human brain, such as the idea that the neocortex is the only region involved in intelligence. 

The researchers hope the investigation will lead to a better understanding of the brain, as well as help to explain the causes of brain disorders.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Dopamine might be behind human intelligence

New research from the Yale School of Medicine is providing...

The philosopher Rene Descartes once said, “Cogito, ergo sum” – “I think, therefore I am.” He may have been more right than he suspected. A pair of researchers believe that thoughts and feelings don’t rise out of our human consciousness, but from non-conscious structures in the brain.

Dr. David Oakley of <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/">University College London</a> and Dr. Peter Halligan of <a href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/">Cardiff University</a> have come to that conclusion after analyzing a number of neuroscientific studies. 

“We suggest that our personal awareness does not create, cause or choose our beliefs, feelings or perceptions. Instead, the contents of consciousness are generated 'behind the scenes' by fast, efficient, non-conscious systems in our brains,” the pair wrote in a column for <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-if-consciousness-is-not-what-drives-the-human-mind-86785">The Conversation</a>.

Basically, they said, human consciousness doesn’t control or generate thoughts and emotions, it just becomes aware of them.

To support their argument, the researchers pointed to the sleep process.

“If this sounds strange, consider how effortlessly we regain consciousness each morning after losing it the night before …” Oakley and Halligan wrote.

They also noted that thoughts and emotions often arise fully formed in people’s minds; they’re not aware of the process of forming them, just as they aren’t aware of the process that pumps the heart or filters blood through the liver. 

A study on hypnosis also supporters their argument, the researchers claim. Through hypnosis, subjects’ perception of reality and emotions can be influenced by outside suggestions, the scientists said.

Instead of emotions and thoughts making up human consciousness, Oakley and Halligan argue, people’s awareness of those processes and the personal narrative they construct to explain them is true consciousness. 

But while humans may not be able to control thoughts and emotions, this doesn’t mean everyone has free license to do whatever they want, the researchers said.

“Just because consciousness has been placed in the passenger seat, does not mean we need to dispense with important everyday notions such as free will and personal responsibility,” they wrote.

—

By <a href="mailto:kcathey@earth.com">Kyla Cathey</a>, <a href="http://www.earth.com">Earth.com</a> staff writer

Researchers: Thoughts, emotions may not come from human consciousness

The philosopher Rene Descartes once said, “Cogito, ergo sum” –...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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