Water fern

Description

Azolla filiculoides (water fern) is a species of Azolla, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Americas which was introduced to Europe, North and sub-Saharan Africa, China, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, the Caribbean and Hawaii. It is a floating aquatic fern, with very fast growth, capable of spreading over lake surfaces to give complete coverage of the water in only a few months. Each individual plant is 1–2 cm across, green tinged pink, orange or red at the edges, branching freely, and breaking into smaller sections as it grows. It is not tolerant of cold temperatures and, in temperate regions it largely dies back in winter, surviving by means of submerged buds. It harbors the diazotrophic organism, Nostoc azollae, in specialized leaf pockets. This ancient symbiosis allows N. azollae to fix nitrogen from the air and contribute to the fern's metabolism. Fossil records from as recent as the last interglacials are known from several locations in Europe (Hyde et al. 1978). 50 million years ago, Azolla filiculoides may have played a pivotal role in cooling the planet. Azolla filiculoides was one of the first two fern species for which a reference genome has been published. The only sure method of distinguishing this species from Azolla cristata is to examine the trichomes on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Trichomes are small protuberances that create water resistance. They are unicellular in A. filiculoides but septate (two-celled) in A. cristata. The species has been introduced to many regions of the Old World, grown for its nitrogen-fixing ability that may be used to enhance the growth rate of crops grown in water, such as rice, or by removal from lakes for use as green manure. A. filiculoides is frequently cultivated in aquariums and ponds, where it can become easily dominant over other species. A. filiculoides was first recorded in Europe in 1870s-1880s, when the species may have been accidentally transported in ballast water, with fry, or directly as an ornamental or aquarium plant. It was introduced into Asia from East Germany in 1977 as an alternative to the cold susceptible native strain of A. pinnata, used as a green manure in the rice industry.A. filiculoides has also been spread around the world as a research model plant for the study of Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In the areas of introduction, A. filiculoides is capable of rapid growth, especially in eutrophic ecosystems, and outcompete native aquatic plants.