Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The convergence of these tectonic plates causes uplift, folding, and deformation of the colorful rock layers, and subsequent erosion exposes them."



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "Colorful Mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance. 



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger ecosystem that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/">mountains</a>.



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a large sediment plume from the Yangtze River that extends hundreds of kilometers off the coast of China.



"Brown, sediment-laden water is visible along this shallow, turbid stretch of coast year-round, but a vast plume like the one visible here is a characteristic feature of winter. Scientists have proposed several causes of this seasonal phenomenon," said NASA.



"The ebb and flow of tides contain enough energy to stir up sediments from the seafloor, a 2017 study found. While there are also tides in the summer, the models used in the study showed that sediment only rises to the surface in the winter. That’s when temperatures and salinities at the sea surface and bottom are similar, allowing for vertical mixing to occur and for sediment to churn higher into the water column."



Additional studies have suggested that the summer monsoon’s influence on currents impedes the eastward flow of sediment out of the estuaries, noted NASA.



"Despite what looks like a glut of suspended sediment in the water, the overall amount of it flowing from the Yangtze River has declined steadily over the past several decades. The construction of dams, including the Three Gorges Dam, has been the primary driver of this trend."



It is important for scientists to track the movement of suspended sediment. This material can cause direct harm to marine life, as well as indirect harm by blocking sunlight.



The Yangtze River, also known as the Chang Jiang in Chinese, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, following the Nile and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/">Amazon</a>. It flows for over 6,300 kilometers (about 3,917 miles) from the glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China to the East China Sea at Shanghai.&nbsp;



The Yangtze River basin is a key region for China's agriculture, industry, and hydroelectric power production. The river's waters are used for irrigation, navigation, and as a source of freshwater. The basin is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Yangtze river dolphin or Baiji, which may now be extinct.



The image was captured on February 12, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite sensor on the NOAA-20 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Sediment flows offshore from the Yangtze River 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is a tributary of the Congo River, one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-rivers-keep-antimicrobial-resistant-genes-at-bay/">rivers</a> in the world by discharge and depth. 



The Ruki River, previously known as the Busira, merges with the Momboyo River near the town of Basankusu to become the Lulonga River, which eventually flows into the Congo River at the town of Lisala.



"If the appearance of the muddy Amazon River evokes a coffee cut with cream, the Ruki River, coursing gently through the Congo Basin, is like a dark tea," said NASA.



"On its slow path through mostly untouched lowland rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the water leaches organic material from vegetation, prompting some researchers to think it is one of the darkest blackwater rivers on Earth. The dissolved material in this distinctive water, scientists are finding, offers clues into the carbon cycle of tropical forests."



In a recent study, researchers measured the chemical composition and flow of the Ruki for the first time.&nbsp;



"The study reported that, as the water color suggests, the Ruki is rich in dissolved organic carbon compounds. It contains four times as much organic carbon as the Congo River and 1.5 times as much as the Rio Negro, the world’s largest blackwater river and a major tributary of the Amazon," said NASA.



Due to this heavy carbon load, the researchers concluded that “tropical forests like those around the Ruki might not accumulate quite as much carbon as we once thought.”



The region around the Ruki River is rich in biodiversity, hosting various species of flora and fauna. It is part of the Congo Basin, the second-largest tropical rainforest area in the world, which is a critical habitat for endangered species and a significant carbon sink.



The river is vital for the livelihoods of local communities. Fishing is a crucial activity, with many people depending on it for sustenance and income. The river also supports agriculture along its banks, where communities grow crops.



In many parts of the DRC, rivers like the Ruki are crucial transportation corridors due to the challenging and often nonexistent road infrastructure. The river enables the movement of people and goods, facilitating trade and access to markets, health care, and education.



The region faces several challenges, including deforestation, overfishing, and environmental degradation, which threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of people who depend on it. Efforts to manage and conserve the river's resources are vital for sustainable development.



Understanding and protecting the Ruki River and its surroundings are crucial for the DRC's environmental sustainability, economic development, and the well-being of its communities.



The image was captured by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.



"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.



"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year.&nbsp;



"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.



"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."



"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.



The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.



"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." 



"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.



"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.



James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.



“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. 



The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. 



Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. 



Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.



This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. 



With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.



The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.



“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. 



It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

Today’s Image Of The Day features glacial meltwater from a Greenland ice sheet traveling down through cracks of the glacier. When temperatures warm during the summertime, the top layers of ice begin to melt, forming pools of water that can slide down such cracks and reach the bedrock. Once at the bottom, the water creates a slippery slide for the glacier to glide on.

A team of researchers from <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/">Columbia University</a> has created a new technique that allows what happens to meltwater once it reaches the bottom. Upon completing preliminary trials, the team published their results in the journal <a href="http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-8007/">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.

According to the study, the outcome of meltwater movement depends on the rate at which meltwater flows down, along with the amount of water stored beneath the ice in the winter. The permeability and topography of the land also play an important role.

"The distribution of meltwater evolves constantly, switching from one location to another," said Columbia grad student Winnie Chu, lead author of the study. "By knowing how this distribution changes seasonally, we can better understand the spatial linkage between ice and water flow." 

According to Chu, when ice melts in the summertime, much of that water can be stored at the base of the glacier. This storage space of subglacial water could ultimately mediate some of the impact of meltwater on summer ice flow. The new technique is a massive breakthrough in the study of the lifespan of meltwater. 

Joseph MacGregor, glaciologist and geophysicist at the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, commented, "We have prevailing ideas of how water flows on the surface of ice sheets, through ice sheets, and under ice sheets. What we don't have are great observations of where that water is beneath the ice most of the time. This result changes that state of affairs. It also demonstrates the value of airborne remote sensing for testing fundamental glaciological hypotheses."

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Credit: Marco Tedesco from the <a href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory</a>

New breakthroughs in the study of glacial meltwater

Ever misplaced your keys or forgotten where you parked? Imagine if you had the remarkable memory of a mountain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chickadees-are-genetically-inclined-to-have-a-remarkable-memory/">chickadee</a>. Despite their small size, with brains just larger than a pea, these nimble birds masterfully remember the locations of tens of thousands of food caches.&nbsp;



Mountain chickadees hide seeds in tree bark, under dead leaves, and within pine cones throughout mountainous terrains. Their ability to recall these locations during the harsh winter months is crucial for their survival amid the cold and snow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-memory-of-mountain-chickadees-nbsp">Remarkable memory of mountain chickadees&nbsp;</h2>



A research study led by the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado, Boulder</a> and the <a href="https://www.unr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Nevada, Reno</a> has identified nearly a hundred genes that are linked to the birds’ spatial memory, which is their ability to pinpoint and recall the locations of these hidden caches. 



Furthermore, the experts suggest that there might be a trade-off between having robust <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-term-memory-starts-at-age-2-study-finds/">long-term memory</a> and the ability to quickly forget old memories to make room for new ones. This discovery has the potential to deepen our understanding of how spatial memory evolves not just in animals, but also in humans.



“Chickadees are impressive birds,” said senior author Scott Taylor, the director of CU Boulder’s Mountain Research Station and an associate professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.&nbsp;



“They can remember tens of thousands of locations where they cached food across an entire winter and a new set of those the next winter. Their spatial memory is much more developed than many other birds that don't have to have this strategy to survive cold winters.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



To assess how these birds manage such a feat, Taylor’s colleagues at the University of Nevada, Reno, led by biologist professor Vladimir Pravosudov, put together a creative test. They set up multiple feeder arrays in California’s Sierra Nevada mountains, each consisting of eight bird feeders filled with seeds.&nbsp;



Each feeder was equipped with a gate that had a radio frequency reader capable of detecting a tag placed on the chickadees. The setup required the mountain chickadees to remember which feeders they could access as each gate was programmed to open only for certain birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spatial-learning-among-mountain-chickadees-nbsp">Spatial learning among mountain chickadees&nbsp;</h2>



Pravosudov’s team observed and recorded the number of times each bird visited the incorrect feeders before finding the right one. The underlying theory was that mountain chickadees with superior spatial memory capabilities would show a lower rate of errors.



Additionally, using blood samples, the scientists sequenced the genomes of 162 tagged chickadees, creating the largest dataset ever for exploring the genetic basis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ravens-develop-sophisticated-cognitive-skills-by-the-age-of-four-months/">cognitive abilities</a> in chickadees.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-of-spatial-memory-in-birds">Genetics of spatial memory in birds</h2>



By correlating the birds’ genetic information with their performance in the feeder test, the team identified 97 genes associated with the chickadees’ spatial learning and memory. Birds with specific genetic variants at these genes demonstrated fewer incorrect attempts before successfully locating their designated feeders.



According to co-author Sara Padula, a Ph.D. student in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, a large proportion of these variants are linked to neuron formation in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that plays a fundamental role in learning and memory. “Understanding the genetic basis of this trait will allow us to understand how the trait evolves,” said Taylor.



Moreover, he pointed out that the common ancestor of all North American chickadees cached food. However, among the seven species of chickadees found today, two do not.&nbsp;



“They live in a milder environment where food is generally available year-round. Now that we know the gene regions that underlie spatial memory, we can look at what variation looks like in these species that have lost caching,” said Taylor.



“This study substantially advanced our understanding of the genetics of spatial memory in birds and behavioral genetics more broadly,” added co-author Georgy Semenov, a research associate in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-good-long-term-memory-may-have-a-disadvantage">Good long-term memory may have a disadvantage</h2>



The research also highlighted a potential downside to having an excellent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/songbirds-rely-on-an-autism-gene-for-memorization/">memory</a>. After a few days of the initial task, Pravosudov’s team reassigned new feeders to the birds. Surprisingly, mountain chickadees that excelled in the initial tests struggled with adapting to the new feeders. They found it challenging to discard old memories and form new ones.



“In a more variable environment, what our collaborators found suggests that chickadees with good long-term memory may have a disadvantage. For example, if there is an unexpected snowstorm, these birds may keep trying to visit caches that have been buried in the snow, rather than forgetting them and looking for other caches,” Padula said.



As climate conditions continue to change, birds that can adapt quickly by forming new memories might have a better chance of survival. “Because of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-climate-change-happening-too-fast-for-birds-to-keep-up/">climate change</a>, we might expect these selective pressures that have been shaping chickadee’s special memory for thousands of years to shift significantly,” Taylor concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.058" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Mountain chickadees have an extraordinary memory

Ever misplaced your keys or forgotten where you parked? Imagine...

Scientists have discovered a shocking new trait in some of the world's most common – and dangerous – <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>. Turns out, bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli have a taste for human blood, and they'll hunt it down like vampires.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacterial-vampirism">Bacterial vampirism</h2>



Researchers at <a href="https://wsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington State University</a> have given this newly observed behavior the term "bacterial vampirism." This term illuminates how certain bacteria have an unusual ability to migrate from the gut, where they cause illnesses like food poisoning, into the bloodstream where they pose a much more serious threat.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intestinal-bacteria-could-help-you-live-a-very-long-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> demonstrate a remarkable capacity to detect serum, the liquid component of blood. Serum is a rich source of nutrients that bacteria thrive on. Even the smallest injury within the digestive system acts as an invitation for these bacteria to swarm towards it, allowing them to infiltrate the bloodstream. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-senses-of-vampire-bacteria">Super senses of vampire bacteria</h2>



The research team, led by Professor Arden Baylink, found that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/certain-gut-bacteria-lower-cholesterol-and-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> are like microscopic sharks. They can detect the tiniest trace of blood, even minuscule amounts. 



"Bacteria infecting the bloodstream can be lethal," explained Professor Baylink. "We learned some of the bacteria that most commonly cause bloodstream infections actually sense a chemical in human blood and swim toward it."



Bacteria have ways to sense their environment. They have special proteins on their surfaces that act like tiny receptors. These receptors help bacteria detect various things, like chemicals in their surroundings that might signal sources of food or danger.



The bacteria analyzed in this study have a specific protein receptor that is designed to pick up on traces of blood (more specifically, serum, the liquid part of blood).



This receptor acts like a nose for the bacteria. It picks up the chemical signals from the blood and guides the bacteria toward the source. Think of it like a shark detecting a few drops of blood in the ocean and swimming towards it.



Imagine the chemicals in blood leaving a faint trail. The bacteria, using their specialized receptor, can follow that trail right to the injury where the blood is leaking into the gut.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-vampire-bacteria-for-new-cures">Using vampire bacteria for new cures</h2>



By uncovering the mechanism behind how bacteria find their way into the bloodstream, scientists can now develop new strategies to prevent these infections.



"By learning how these bacteria are able to detect sources of blood, in the future we could develop new drugs that block this ability. These medicines could improve the lives and health of people with inflammatory bowel disease who are at high risk for bloodstream infections," noted study co-author and PhD student Siena Glenn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-vampire-bacteria">Significance of vampire bacteria</h2>



You might be wondering why it's particularly important that bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella can target blood for nutrients especially given that these bacteria are commonly found in the human gut. 



Normally, when these bacteria cause food poisoning, the body's immune system is typically able to fight them off relatively efficiently. The symptoms, while unpleasant, are usually not life-threatening and tend to resolve with time.



However, the scenario changes drastically if these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/christensenella-minuta-gut-bacteria-linked-obesity-different-men-women/">bacteria</a> manage to enter the bloodstream. When E. coli and Salmonella transition from the gut to the bloodstream, they bypass many of the body's natural defense mechanisms. 



These defenses are primarily localized to the gastrointestinal tract. In the gut, the immune system is well-equipped to handle invaders through a combination of physical barriers, chemical secretions, and immune cells that target and eliminate pathogens. 



Once bacteria enter the bloodstream, these localized defenses are no longer effective. This allows the bacteria to spread more freely and potentially cause more severe health issues.



In the bloodstream, these bacteria can spread throughout the body, potentially leading to systemic infections that are much more severe and difficult to treat.



This is particularly risky for individuals with chronic intestinal conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These conditions are characterized by inflammation and sometimes ulceration of the gut lining, which can compromise the integrity of the intestinal barrier. 



Small lesions or microscopic tears in the gut — which might be inconsequential in a healthy individual — can act as portals for bacteria to escape from the gut and enter the bloodstream.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-threatening-response">Life-threatening response </h2>



For someone with Crohn's or ulcerative colitis, these microscopic breaches in the gut lining are far from benign. They provide potential entry points for opportunistic bacteria that otherwise remain confined to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-gut-microbiome-is-shaped-by-what-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut</a>. 



Once in the bloodstream, these "bloodthirsty" bacteria can exploit the nutrient-rich environment to multiply and spread, leading to a dangerous condition known as sepsis. 



Sepsis is a life-threatening response to infection that can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death if not promptly and effectively treated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-protect-yourself">How to protect yourself</h2>



While you can't stop these bacteria from living in your gut (and sometimes they're even helpful), here are some important tips:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cook-food-thoroughly">Cook food thoroughly</h3>



Bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli often cause food poisoning. Proper cooking destroys these harmful bacteria.



 Use a food thermometer to ensure meats, poultry, and eggs reach their recommended internal temperatures before eating. This is especially important to avoid getting these bacteria into your system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-see-your-doctor">See your doctor</h3>



If you have a chronic gut condition like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, your gut lining may be more susceptible to small injuries or lesions. These create an opening for bacteria to enter your bloodstream, potentially leading to serious complications like sepsis. 



Your doctor can help you understand your specific risks and provide guidance on managing your gut health to minimize potential complications.



While the idea of "vampire bacteria" might give you the creeps, this knowledge is power. Scientists are getting the upper hand, and that means new treatments and prevention strategies could be on the way. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/93178v2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a>.



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Common gut bacteria behave like vampires to target human blood

Scientists have discovered a shocking new trait in some of...

The lush, green forests of West Virginia are a world away from the arid landscapes of the American West. But the effects of a devastating "megadrought" in the U.S. are a stark reminder of the complex ways our planet's ecosystems are connected. Researchers at <a href="http://www.wvu.edu/">West Virginia University</a> are studying this severe weather event to understand it better.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-persistent-u-s-megadrought">Persistent U.S. megadrought </h2>



Typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/american-southwest-megadrought-is-the-worst-in-12-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a> might last for a season or a few years, causing hardship and stress. A megadrought extends its impact across multiple decades. The ongoing megadrought in the Western U.S. began in the year 2000. 



Shockingly, it has been going on for 23 years. An entire generation has grown up with the constant pressures of water scarcity.



This crisis has far-reaching consequences:



<ul>
<li>Plants and wildlife adapted to arid conditions reach their limits. Landscapes may change permanently, as some species die out and those better suited to the new conditions move in.</li>



<li>Farmers face difficult choices. Crops may fail, raising food prices. Land might need to be taken out of production entirely, affecting livelihoods and communities.</li>



<li>Reservoirs shrink to critical levels. Cities and towns might enforce water restrictions or face the possibility of their water supplies running out.</li>



<li>Wildfires become more frequent and intense due to dry conditions. Dust storms can increase, damaging crops and harming air quality. In some areas, the ground subsides (sinks) when too much groundwater is pumped out.</li>
</ul>



Scientists are urgently working to gather the data needed to understand the megadrought's effects on the land, water resources, and communities that depend on them. This knowledge is the first vital step in identifying solutions, creating water management strategies, and building resilience for an uncertain future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-u-s-megadrought">Decoding the U.S. megadrought</h2>



The landscape itself holds the key to understanding the severity and impact of the megadrought. Dr. Kannenberg from the <a href="http://eberly.wvu.edu/">WVU Eberly College of Arts and Sciences</a> and his team use a suite of scientific tools to uncover these hidden secrets:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-rings">Tree rings</h3>



Each ring in a tree's trunk marks a year of growth. Wide rings signal plentiful water, whereas narrow rings speak of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-virtual-certainty-us-southwest-will-megadrought-soon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a>. By analyzing tree rings from ancient trees, scientists can reconstruct a climate record extending back centuries. 



The data reveals the current megadrought is the most severe the region has experienced in at least 1,200 years, a sobering benchmark for the challenges the West faces.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-weather-stations">High-tech weather stations</h3>



Eddy covariance flux towers are advanced instruments that go far beyond simple weather monitoring. These towers act like the ecosystem's stethoscope.



They measure how much water evaporates from the soil, how much is taken up by plants and released to the atmosphere, and how much comes down as rain. This detailed water budget reveals which areas are hardest hit by drought.



Moreover, these towers quantify the exchange of carbon dioxide between the land and the atmosphere. Plants absorb CO2 during photosynthesis, reducing its concentration in the air. Tracking this "breathing" cycle helps scientists understand if drought is crippling plants' ability to act as carbon sinks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-and-groundwater">Soil and groundwater</h3>



The land beneath our feet doesn't just hold clues, it paints a stark picture of the crisis happening below the surface:



<ul>
<li>Soil moisture:&nbsp;Sensors measure the water content of the soil, revealing how deep plants must send their roots to survive and which areas are becoming too parched to support life.</li>



<li>Groundwater: Groundwater is a crucial water supply in times of drought. Wells act as windows into the dwindling aquifers, signaling when these vital reserves are dangerously low and highlighting the potential for long-term damage.</li>
</ul>



This multifaceted approach allowed Dr. Kannenberg's team to build a clearer picture of the megadrought's effect on plants – from individual trees to entire ecosystems – and the precious water resources that support them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-megadrought-beyond-u-s">Impact of megadrought beyond U.S.</h2>



"Globally, megadroughts are projected to increase in frequency and severity in the coming decades." explained Dr. Kannenberg. This is not a problem the West faces alone. 



The data gathered in this research will help scientists understand what other regions, even those not currently considered dry, might face in the future.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-megadroughts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drought</a> conditions limit a plant's ability to perform photosynthesis, the process of using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into energy. Adequate water is essential for plants to open their stomata (tiny pores on leaves) and access the CO2 they need. During drought, plants often close their stomata to conserve water, sacrificing their ability to "inhale" CO2.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-capture">Carbon capture</h2>



This has a significant impact on carbon capture. With generally plentiful rainfall, trees in the East have a consistent water supply. This enables them to act as reliable carbon sinks, steadily removing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it as wood and other plant tissues. This plays a role in mitigating climate change.



Arid landscapes naturally support less dense vegetation, meaning even without drought stress, they store less carbon overall. However, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-in-the-sahara-linked-to-a-megadrought-in-asia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> further reduces their already limited ability to photosynthesize and absorb CO2. In extreme drought years, carbon capture may cease almost entirely in some areas.



Even while droughts drastically limit their immediate carbon capture potential, desert and dryland plants do still play a role in the global carbon cycle, though the dynamics of this are less understood than in wetter regions.



"Dryland ecosystems in particular are really important for determining how much carbon gets taken up by the whole Earth's surface globally," Dr. Kannenberg explained. It's less about how much they store at once, and more about how unpredictable they are, making our ability to model future climate change harder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



As the Earth warms, dry areas will likely become drier, and droughts will be worse. "Historically, megadroughts are a rare, rare thing, but there have been a number of them throughout time, and they're going to get more frequent and more severe in the future," said Dr. Kannenberg.



While the scope of the problem is daunting, knowledge itself is a form of preparation. Understanding how the West's plants, soil, and precious water resources are responding to this megadrought creates a roadmap for what other regions may face. 



This research has the potential to guide smarter land management, water use policies, and hopefully, ease the impact of future droughts worldwide.



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Megadrought in the western U.S. is the worst in at least 1,200 years

The lush, green forests of West Virginia are a world...

Honey bees - those buzzing dynamos that pollinate our food - are in trouble. Despite decades of study, scientists couldn't quite crack the code of why bee colonies are <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=Honey%20bees&amp;start=0">collapsing</a>. A new study is shedding light on this mystery by revealing multiple stressors that honey bees encouunter on a typical day in the field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-network-of-honey-bee-stressors">Complex network of honey bee stressors</h2>



New research from <a href="https://www.yorku.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York University</a> indicates that honey bees are not afflicted by a lone stressor, but rather an interconnected web of threats.



"Our study is the first to apply systems level or network analyses to honey bee stressors at a massive scale. I think this represents a paradigm shift in the field because we have been so focussed on finding the one big thing, the smoking gun," said Professor Amro Zayed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relentless-barrage-of-stressors">Relentless barrage of stressors</h2>



The study broadened its scope to expose the vast network of stressors confronting honey bees. Consider their work environment: fields bursting with apples, canola, blueberries, and other crops. 



These bees encounter a relentless barrage of stressors, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-cannot-fly-straight-after-ingesting-pesticides/">pesticides</a>, viruses, parasites, and unpredictable environmental changes. The result of this exposure is a complex and harmful entanglement, where any single stressor has the potential to intensify the impact of others.



The researchers uncovered a startling reality: honey bees grapple with an average of 23 stressors simultaneously. This translates into a staggering 307 potential interactions, all with the capacity to undermine their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-virus-has-evolved-to-become-less-deadly-in-a-u-s-forest/">health</a>. Furthermore, certain stressors emerge as particularly influential, further compounding the damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencer-stressors-for-honey-bees">Influencer stressors for honey bees</h2>



The researchers call them "influencer stressors." Just like social media influencers, certain viruses and pesticides are the ringleaders, making other stressors even nastier.



"Understanding which stressors co-occur and are likely to interact is profoundly important to unraveling how they are impacting the health and mortality of honey bee colonies," noted study lead author Sarah French.



"There have been a lot of studies about major pesticides, but in this research, we also saw a lot of minor pesticides that we don’t usually think about or study. We also found a lot of viruses that beekeepers don’t typically test for or manage. Seeing the influencer stressors interact with all these other stressors, whether it be mites, other pesticides or viruses, was not only interesting, but surprising."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-identifying-honey-bee-stressors">Significance of identifying honey bee stressors</h2>



Honey bees play an indispensable role in our food production and economy, making their protection a significant concern. These small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybee-pollination-produces-plant-offspring-vastly-inferior-to-plants-pollinated-by-other-species/">pollinators</a> are vital for the fertilization of many crop species, contributing to the diversity and availability of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. 



Without honey bees, many of the foods we take for granted could become scarce and more expensive. The economic impact is profound; honey bees add billions of dollars to global economies through their pollination services. In the U.S. alone, they contribute over $15 billion to the value of crop production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colony-collapse-disorder">Colony collapse disorder</h2>



The urgency to understand and protect honey bees from their stressors is underscored by the troubling rates at which colonies are declining. This decline, often referred to as Colony Collapse Disorder, is marked by the mysterious and sudden disappearance of worker bees from a colony, leaving behind a queen, food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees. 



Despite extensive research, the precise causes of these die-offs remain elusive, complicating efforts to devise effective interventions.



The situation is dire; some regions report winter losses of up to 60 percent of their bee colonies. These losses are not just numbers; they represent a significant threat to biodiversity, food security, and agricultural economies. 



The causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-lifespans-are-mysteriously-declining/">bee decline</a> are believed to be multifaceted, involving a combination of environmental stressors such as pesticides, habitat loss, climate change, nutrition deficit, parasites, and pathogens like the Varroa mite and viral diseases. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



Each of these stressors alone is a threat, but in combination, they can lead to devastating effects on honey bee populations.



Understanding the complex interactions between these stressors and developing strategies to mitigate them is crucial. It also maintains the health of natural ecosystems by supporting the growth of trees, flowers, and other plants. 



Therefore, protecting honey bees is not merely an act of environmental stewardship—it is a critical necessity for sustaining our natural resources and agriculture.



Hope isn't lost. The study is part of a larger project called BEECSI, which uses 'omics' tools to help beekeepers assess bee health. The more we understand about these complex webs of stressors, the better we can protect these vital pollinators.



So, the next time you munch an apple or admire a field of wildflowers, remember the incredible hard workers behind them, and the fascinating (if somewhat stressful!) world they navigate.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(24)00379-8">Current Biology</a>.



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Honey bees face a multitude of complex stressors in the field

Honey bees - those buzzing dynamos that pollinate our food...

We all know that a mom's health and nutrition matter before and during pregnancy. But what about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dads-metabolic-health-advantages-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dads</a>? A new study suggests that a father's diet plays a surprisingly big role in the health of his future children. 



Scientists are discovering that a father's diet can change his offspring's metabolism, health risks, and even emotional well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-father-s-diet">Father's diet</h2>



The researchers used a mouse model to explore how a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fathers-life-experiences-offspring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">father</a>'s diet may affect his future offspring. Here's what they discovered:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anxious-sons">Anxious sons</h3>



Fathers who consumed a diet with less protein and more carbohydrates were more likely to have male offspring exhibiting increased signs of anxiety.



This anxiety was measured by researchers observing how much time these mice preferred to spend in the perceived "safer" areas of a maze.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-at-risk-daughters">At-risk daughters</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-dad-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fathers</a> whose diets were primarily composed of high amounts of fat were more likely to produce female offspring with a greater degree of body fat. Furthermore, these daughters displayed early indicators of metabolic disease, including conditions like diabetes.



The study confirms that a father's diet matters before a baby is even conceived. It's not just about the calories - but also where those calories come from. 



"By [changing] mixtures of protein, fat, and carbs in the father's diet we could influence specific features of his sons and daughters health and behavior," said Professor Stephen Simpson, co-senior author and academic director of the Charles Perkins Centre at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-father-s-diet-at-molecular-level">Impact of father's diet at molecular level</h2>



A father's diet can influence the development of sperm cells. Tiny molecules attached to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-ddt-alters-sperm-putting-children-at-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a>, influenced by the nutrients he consumes, may act like tiny flags. These flags can potentially alter how a child's genes are expressed, even though the DNA itself remains unchanged.



This means a father's dietary choices can influence how certain genes are "turned on" or "turned off" in his offspring, potentially impacting their health and development.



It's not simply about how much a father eats, but what he eats. The specific balance of macronutrients – protein, fat, and carbohydrates – appears to have a significant impact. 



For example, the study suggests that low-protein, high-carb diets in fathers may be linked to increased anxiety in sons, while high-fat diets may be associated with increased body fat and metabolic disease risk in daughters.



Overall, this research highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to family planning that considers the health of both the mother and the father. By focusing on a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients before conception, parents may be laying the groundwork for a healthier future generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dads-to-be-take-note">Dads-to-be, take note</h2>



While we can't directly apply mice studies to humans, these findings are huge. They imply that we need to take a closer look at the diet of both parents when thinking about family planning and the long-term health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happy-childhood-health-adulthood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a>. 



"Our study is a step towards establishing dietary guidelines for fathers-to-be, with the ultimate goal of lowering the risk of metabolic disease and mood disorders in the next generation," said co-author Professor Romain Barrès.



It might be time to pay extra attention to nutrition alongside your partner. A balanced diet rich in a variety of nutrients seems like the way to go. Ditching the junk food in favor of some home-cooked meals might benefit your own health as well as that of your future children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ideal-father-s-diet">Ideal father's diet</h2>



An ideal father's diet is crucial not just for his own health but also for potentially influencing the health of his future children. The diet should be comprehensive, incorporating a variety of nutrients that contribute to good health and fertility. Here’s a detailed guide on what an ideal diet for a prospective father might include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Balanced Macronutrients</h3>



<ol>
<li>Proteins:
<ul>
<li>Proteins are the building blocks of the body, essential for the growth and repair of cells and for making hormones and enzymes.</li>



<li>Sources: Include both animal (chicken, turkey, beef, pork, fish) and plant-based sources (beans, lentils, tofu, tempeh) to diversify amino acid intake.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Carbohydrates:
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates are the body's main energy source. Complex carbohydrates provide sustained energy and are rich in fiber, which aids digestion.</li>



<li>Sources: Whole grains (brown rice, whole wheat pasta, barley), legumes, fruits, and vegetables.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Fats:
<ul>
<li>Fats are vital for hormonal health, including the production of sex hormones necessary for reproductive health.</li>



<li>Sources: Focus on unsaturated fats found in olive oil, nuts, seeds, avocados, and fatty fish like salmon and mackerel.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Essential Micronutrients</h3>



<ol>
<li>Zinc:
<ul>
<li>Zinc is critical for testosterone production and the development of healthy sperm.</li>



<li>Sources: Meat, shellfish (especially oysters), chickpeas, lentils, and seeds like pumpkin and sesame.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Folate (Vitamin B9):
<ul>
<li>Folate is important for cellular division and is crucial in the production of DNA and RNA. It is also essential for sperm quality and count.</li>



<li>Sources: Dark leafy greens, fruits, nuts, beans, peas, and fortified grains.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Vitamin D:
<ul>
<li>Vitamin D is linked to higher levels of testosterone and overall reproductive health.</li>



<li>Sources: Exposure to sunlight is a primary source. Also found in fortified dairy products, fatty fish, and egg yolks.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Vitamin C:
<ul>
<li>This vitamin serves as an antioxidant protecting cells, including sperm, from damage. It also plays a role in collagen production and immune function.</li>



<li>Sources: Citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, and broccoli.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Selenium:
<ul>
<li>Selenium is important for sperm motility and overall antioxidant defense systems in the body.</li>



<li>Sources: Brazil nuts, fish, eggs, and grains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Lifestyle considerations</h3>



<ol>
<li>Hydration:
<ul>
<li>Drinking plenty of water is crucial for maintaining all bodily functions, including the health of sperm.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Limiting Harmful Substances:
<ul>
<li>Alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drugs can all detrimentally affect sperm quality and overall health. These should be minimized or avoided.</li>
</ul>
</li>



<li>Eating Patterns:
<ul>
<li>Regular, balanced meals help stabilize blood sugar, manage weight, and provide a steady supply of energy and nutrients throughout the day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>



Following these guidelines can help prospective fathers optimize their health and potentially influence the health outcomes of their future children. While we still need more evidence in humans, this research is a wake-up call. 



Your dad's choices mattered to you even before you were born. It's a humbling and exciting reminder of how interconnected we all are, down to what's on our plates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46782-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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A father's diet impacts the health of his future children

We all know that a mom's health and nutrition matter...

Puya,Alpestris,,Sapphire,Tower,,Giant,Bromeliad,In,Bloom,Close-up,In

Get ready to witness an incredibly rare and spectacular sight. A plant so extraordinary it's been nicknamed the Sapphire Tower is blooming for the first time in a decade at the <a href="https://bbgardens.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birmingham Botanical Gardens</a>. 



This "otherworldly" beauty from the Chilean Andes is a must-see, but you'll have to hurry – these <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/sapphire-tower-plant-blooms_puya-alpestris_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breathtaking blooms</a> won't last long.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-sapphire-tower">What is the Sapphire Tower?</h2>



The Sapphire Tower, or <a href="https://earthpedia.earth.com/plant-encyclopedia/angiosperms/bromeliaceae/puya-alpestris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Puya alpestris</a>, is a fascinating and visually striking plant native to the Andean regions of Chile. 



Part of the bromeliad family, which includes more familiar plants like pineapples and Spanish moss, Puya alpestris is particularly notable for its unique and vibrant characteristics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appearance and growth</h3>



The Sapphire Tower is characterized by its rosettes of silver-green leaves that are long, narrow, and edged with sharp spines. 



The plant can grow quite large, typically reaching heights of up to a meter or more. It's known for its dramatic <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/7-beautiful-flowering-trees-and-how-to-identify-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering</a> stalks, which can extend several meters high, far above the foliage.



The flowers themselves are what give the Sapphire Tower its name. They bloom in a striking metallic blue to turquoise color, and they are densely packed on the towering spikes. 



These blooms are not only rare but also ephemeral, typically appearing only after many years of growth. The plant’s blooming cycle is particularly slow, often taking up to a decade to produce flowers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pollination and ecological role</h3>



In its native habitat in Chile, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/sapphire-tower-plant_puya-alpestris_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Puya alpestris</a> is adapted to being pollinated by birds, particularly hummingbirds. 



The shape of the flowers and their arrangement on the tall spike are perfectly suited to facilitate bird pollination. 



The coloration of the flowers is also believed to be an adaptation to attract these specific pollinators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sapphire Tower cultivation and care</h3>



Outside of its native range, cultivating Puya alpestris can be challenging. It requires well-draining soil, as it is adapted to the rocky soils of mountainous regions. 



The plant prefers full sun and tolerates drought well. This is due to its ability to store water in its thick leaves, similar to other bromeliads. 



In regions outside of Chile, the Puya alpestris is often grown in botanical gardens. It is also grown as an ornamental plant by enthusiasts who appreciate its dramatic appearance and rare blooming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinating-the-sapphire-tower">Pollinating the Sapphire Tower</h2>



In their natural habitat, Sapphire Towers rely on hummingbirds for pollination. But in a botanical garden, dedicated horticulturists like Alberto Trinco step in to give nature a helping hand.



"Each flower only lasts a few days, giving us a limited window of time to give nature a helping hand," explains Trinco. "It is very slow-growing, so to witness its spectacular blooms is both exciting and rare."



Their job is to carefully transfer pollen from one <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/5-easiest-perennial-flowers-to-grow-in-your-garden/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flower</a> to another – a delicate process with a brief window for success.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-pollination-is-important-to-sapphire-tower-plants">Why pollination is important to Sapphire Tower plants</h2>



Pollination plays a vital role in the life cycle of plants such as the Sapphire Tower. This process is essential because it leads to the production of seeds, which are crucial for the propagation and survival of the species. 



By transferring pollen from the male structures of one <a href="https://www.earth.com/plant-encyclopedia/angiosperms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flower</a> to the female structures of another, pollination initiates the development of seeds that will eventually grow into new plants.



For the Sapphire Tower, which blooms infrequently and only under specific conditions, successful pollination is particularly significant. 



The seeds produced through this process ensure the continuation of the species, allowing it to thrive in its natural habitats. 



These seeds carry the genetic blueprint of the plants, enhancing genetic diversity. This diversity is crucial for adapting to changing environmental conditions and resisting diseases and pests.



By preserving the species through natural reproductive processes like pollination, we ensure its survival. This allows future generations to enjoy and appreciate the extraordinary beauty of the Sapphire Tower.



The plant’s unique characteristics and striking appearance make it a valuable specimen for botanical gardens and plant enthusiasts. 



Thus, effective pollination not only supports the ecological balance in the plant's native environment but also enhances human appreciation and understanding of biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-don-t-miss-this-exquisite-sapphire-tower-bloom">Don't miss this "exquisite" Sapphire Tower bloom</h2>



If you're lucky enough to be near the Birmingham Botanical Gardens, you have a chance to witness this breathtaking sight for yourself. But don't wait too long! You might only have between 10 days to two weeks to experience it.



The Sapphire Tower serves as an incredible reminder of our planet's amazing biodiversity. Slow-growing marvels and fleeting, vibrant blooms fill the natural world with delicate and awe-inspiring wonders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-on-sapphire-towers">Interesting facts on Sapphire Towers</h2>



Here are some other fascinating facts about the Sapphire Tower to amaze your friends and family:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distant-relatives">Distant relatives</h3>



Bromeliads are the same plant family as pineapples. It's hard to imagine the spiky, alien-like Sapphire Tower is related to our favorite tropical fruit, but it is. 



This family, known for their rosette shape and central "tank" formed by their tightly overlapping leaf bases, showcases a wide variety of forms and adaptations, highlighting the diversity of the bromeliad family.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-home">High altitude home</h3>



Sapphire Towers thrive in the harsh, mountainous regions of Chile. These plants perfectly adapt to the rocky, nutrient-poor soils and the drastic temperature shifts between day and night in high altitudes. Their resilience in these tough environments showcases their hardy nature and survival strategies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-living-fossils">Living fossils</h3>



Some Puya species, including the Sapphire Tower, are incredibly old and have changed little for millions of years. These plants are living relics of ancient times, providing a glimpse into past ecosystems and the evolutionary history of flora.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptation-mastery">Adaptation mastery</h3>



The Sapphire Tower’s ability to store water in its thick, waxy leaves enables it to survive the dry periods common in its native habitat. This water storage capability, along with their ability to absorb water directly from fog and mist, demonstrates their incredible adaptability to their environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-significance">Conservation significance</h3>



The unique characteristics and the rarity of the Sapphire Tower make it an important species for conservation efforts. Preserving such species helps maintain biodiversity and the health of ecosystems, which in turn supports overall environmental resilience and stability.



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Rare 'Sapphire Tower' plant blooms for the first time in a decade

Get ready to witness an incredibly rare and spectacular sight....

Psilocybin, the primary psychoactive component in “magic mushrooms” of the genus Psilocybe, has recently gained attention not only as a popular recreational drug but also in the realm of medicine for its potential therapeutic benefits.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-is-psilocybin-produced-by-magic-mushrooms">How is psilocybin produced by magic mushrooms?</h2>



Notably, the psilocybin found in magic mushrooms has shown promise in treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magic-mushrooms-depression-brain/">depression</a>, addiction, and anxiety, reaching advanced stages of clinical trials as a potential pharmaceutical treatment. Now, a study led by the <a href="https://www.i-med.ac.at/universitaet/index.html.en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Medical University of Innsbruck</a> has comprehensively examined how psilocybin is produced by magic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-learn-why-psilocybin-mushrooms-make-you-hallucinate/">mushrooms</a>.



Produced by a complex biochemical process from the amino acid L-tryptophan, psilocybin's synthesis involves critical enzymes, including PsiM, a methyltransferase.&nbsp;



“There are many methyl transfer reactions in nature,” said co-author Dirk Hoffmeister, a professor of pharmaceutical microbiology at <a href="https://www.uni-jena.de/en">Friedrich Schiller University Jena</a> and leader of a research group at the <a href="https://www.leibniz-hki.de/en/">Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute</a> (Leibniz-HKI). “Here, we asked ourselves how exactly psilocybin production is accomplished.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psim-enzyme-s-role-in-psilocybin-production">PsiM enzyme's role in psilocybin production</h2>



In&nbsp; a collaborative effort, experts from the Medical University of Innsbruck, led by crystallographer Bernhard Rupp, and Hoffmeister's team at Jena delved into the PsiM enzyme's role in psilocybin production using biochemical analysis and X-ray crystal structure analysis, which visualizes proteins at the atomic level.&nbsp;



Their findings revealed that PsiM, crucial for the last two steps of psilocybin synthesis, bears significant structural similarities to enzymes typically involved in RNA modification. Despite some differences, these similarities suggest that PsiM evolved from an RNA methyltransferase, which originally could attach only one methyl group to its target.



The experts also found that a single amino acid change in PsiM enabled it to carry out two consecutive methylation reactions, crucial for converting the psilocybin precursor norbaeocystin into psilocybin. This precursor structurally mimics part of RNA but undergoes double methylation, a key step in psilocybin production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-biotechnological-applications-in-creating-psilocybin">Future biotechnological applications in creating psilocybin</h2>



Moreover, the researchers explored whether PsiM could add a third methyl group to convert psilocybin into aeruginascin, a naturally occurring psilocybin analog. The scientific community has long debated whether aeruginascin is a byproduct of psilocybin biosynthesis.&nbsp;



“This is clearly not the case. PsiM is not able to convert psilocybin to aeruginascin,” Hoffmeister said. While definitively ruling out PsiM's involvement in aeruginascin production, this finding highlights its potential for future biotechnological applications in creating psilocybin.



“Overall, our results can help to develop new variants of psilocybin with improved therapeutic properties and to produce them biotechnologically,” Hoffmeister concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-magic-mushrooms">More about magic mushrooms</h2>



Magic mushrooms have been used for thousands of years in various cultural and religious rituals, primarily for their ability to induce profound changes in perception, mood, and thought. Upon ingestion, psilocybin is converted in the body to psilocin, which is responsible for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-offers-new-explanation-for-how-psychedelic-drugs-work/">psychedelic effects</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experience-of-magic-mushrooms-nbsp">Experience of magic mushrooms&nbsp;</h3>



The experience of taking magic mushrooms can vary greatly depending on the dose, individual psychology, and environmental setting. 



Common effects include visual and auditory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-learn-why-psilocybin-mushrooms-make-you-hallucinate/">hallucinations</a>, an altered sense of time, euphoria, and a feeling of deep connection to others and the natural world. However, users can also experience negative effects such as anxiety, paranoia, and nausea.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-interest-nbsp">Scientific interest&nbsp;</h3>



Scientific interest in psilocybin has grown in recent years, especially for its potential therapeutic benefits. Research suggests that psilocybin may help treat depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction.&nbsp;



These studies have shown that psilocybin can create lasting changes in personality and attitude towards life, often characterized by increased openness and a greater sense of peace.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-landscape-nbsp">Legal landscape&nbsp;</h3>



Despite their potential benefits, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-psilocybin-mushrooms-got-their-magic/">magic</a> mushrooms are classified as Schedule I substances in the United States and are illegal in many other countries. This classification is due to their high potential for abuse and lack of recognized medical value under current laws.&nbsp;



However, the legal landscape is slowly changing as more research highlights the therapeutic potential of psilocybin, leading some regions to reconsider their stance on these substances.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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How did magic mushrooms evolve to contain psilocybin?

Psilocybin, the primary psychoactive component in “magic mushrooms” of the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Oh, the weather outside may be frightful, and while the holiday season is well and truly over, 72 million people are currently operating under a winter storm warning. The events are so serious that several have already died in the Northeast U.S. and thousands have been left without power in the South, while California braces itself this weekend to receive over 12 inches of rain. (That’s a lot, especially for the drought-stricken state.)
In North Carolina, some cities have received eight inches or more of snow. In Virginia there is a blizzard warning in place, and in New York City some areas have seen over five inches of snow. Pictured here, authorities in Connecticut have shut down Interstate 91 after a 25-car pileup clogged traffic near Middletown.
The inclement weather conditions are causing misery for travellers, with many airlines cancelling flights over the weekend and local authorities asking drivers to stay home to wait out this winter storm.
Whatever your plans are this weekend, we hope you stay warm and safe from these extreme weather conditions.
&nbsp;
Image credit: <a href="http://www.ct.gov/despp/cwp/view.asp?a=4201&amp;q=494678&amp;desppNAV_GID=2077">Connecticut State Police</a>

Winter storm causes chaos in the U.S.

The balance in the Caribbean reefs may be helped by “tiny grazers” a new report claims.

Thirty years ago a mysterious disease wiped out long-spined black sea urchins across the Caribbean, leading to massive algal overgrowth that smothered already overfished coral reefs. Now, marine biologists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) report that smaller sea urchins and parrotfish may be taking the place of the large sea urchins, restoring the balance on degraded reefs.

An STRI fellow, Catie Kuempel joined staff scientist Andrew Altieri in exploring a large area of the sea floor in Bocas del Toro, Panama, where corals had died but, surprisingly, algae had not taken over. The most common algal grazers they found were a small sea urchin about the size of a ping pong ball, Echinometra viridis, and a tiny finger-sized striped parrotfish, Scarus iseri, which would be of no interest to fishermen. They propose that these tiny organisms may be able to preempt shifts from coral to algae on degraded coral reefs. They may be small, but there are a lot of them: small grazers comprise up to 95 percent of the biomass of all grazing organisms on the reefs in the study. Their combined weight is roughly equal to that of a smaller number of bigger herbivores on healthier reefs.

Intense grazing by the small sea urchins and fish was highest on the most degraded reefs. In an experimental setup involving placing cages on the seafloor to exclude grazers of different sizes, intense herbivory in cages that permitted access to only small herbivores revealed that they could do the job of clearing algae once thought to belong only to the larger species of parrotfish and the long-spined black urchins, Diadema antillarum.

In Jan., 1983, STRI staff scientist Harilaos Lessios noticed that long-spined black urchins, but not other species of urchins were dying near the Atlantic entrance of the Panama Canal. He contacted dive shops and was able to track the mass mortality of urchins as it spread across the Caribbean from 1983-1984.

Subsequently deprived of this large species of grazer, algae grew unchecked, especially on reefs where overfishing has eliminated large parrotfish. Today, despite the fact that Diadema antillarum has recovered in some areas, the total number of this urchin in the Caribbean is still only about 12 percent of pre-die-off numbers.

"Even those of us who had worked extensively with D. antillarum did not expect that its recovery would be so slow or that its absence would contribute so dramatically to changes in complex ecological communities such as coral reefs," wrote Lessios in a review article of observed changes 30 years later. "Its recovery is the only hopeful ray in the gloomy prospects for Caribbean reefs."

"Given that the frequency of coral disease will probably increase with global warming and that overfishing can be prevented only in protected areas, which cannot expand indefinitely if people continue obtaining their protein from the sea, the best hope for Caribbean reefs is that D. antillarum will recover," Lessios predicted.

Based on their observations in Bocas del Toro, Kuempel and Altieri are more hopeful, suggesting that management and monitoring strategies aimed at preventing phase-shifts from coral to algae on reefs should broaden to include the role and importance of diminutive species of herbivores. "These dollhouse-sized species came the rescue of reefs in Panama, and may be important elsewhere as well," said Altieri.

They will continue to explore whether the algae consumption by these small species that tips the balance back from the algal domination of dead reefs is clearing the way for new coral growth.

Source: <a href="https://www.stri.si.edu/">The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</a>