Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) features the Dark Wolf Nebula, located around 5,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius.



According to ESO, this image of the dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-ring-nebula-as-it-has-never-been-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> creates the illusion of a wolf-like silhouette against a colorful cosmic backdrop. 



“This image takes up an area in the sky equivalent to four full Moons, but is actually part of an even larger nebula called Gum 55. If you look closely, the wolf could even be a werewolf, its hands ready to grab unsuspecting bystanders,” noted <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-nebulae-nbsp">Dark nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



Dark nebulae are dense regions in space filled with gas and dust that absorb visible light, making them appear as dark patches against brighter backgrounds.&nbsp;



Unlike emission or reflection nebulae, dark nebulae do not glow on their own. Instead, they obstruct and obscure the light from stars and other objects lying behind them.&nbsp;



This characteristic makes them challenging to observe using visible-light telescopes, as they absorb and scatter light rather than reflecting or emitting it.&nbsp;



However, when viewed in infrared, where their obscuring effect is reduced, dark nebulae reveal intricate details about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-the-perseus-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular clouds</a> they contain.



According to ESO, astronomers study these clouds of frozen dust because they often contain new stars in the making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-wolf-nebula-nbsp">Dark Wolf Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Dark Wolf Nebula is part of a larger complex known as the Lupus Molecular Cloud, one of several significant star-forming regions close to Earth.&nbsp;



Inside of dark nebulae, the conditions are prime for star formation. The dense gas and dust clump together under gravitational forces, and as the clouds contract, they heat up, eventually igniting nuclear fusion and forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new stars</a>.



The Dark Wolf Nebula is known for revealing young, low-mass stars, or T Tauri stars, which are in the early stages of their evolution. These stars are still surrounded by disks of material that may eventually form new planets.



This nebula is typically studied in infrared, which allows scientists to look beyond the obscuring dust to observe the processes of star formation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-scorpius-nbsp">The constellation Scorpius&nbsp;</h2>



Scorpius is one of the most recognizable constellations in the sky. It resembles a scorpion with a long, curved tail and stinger.&nbsp;



Located in the southern sky, Scorpius is especially visible during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



The constellation is often associated with the story of Orion in Greek mythology. According to legend, the scorpion was sent by the goddess Artemis to kill Orion, the great hunter, either as punishment for his arrogance or to protect her animals, depending on the version of the tale.&nbsp;



The gods later placed both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a> and Scorpius in the sky, but in opposite parts of the heavens so they would never be seen together - as Scorpius rises in the east and Orion sets in the west.



Scorpius contains several notable stars and deep-sky objects. Its brightest star, Antares, is a red supergiant often referred to as the "Heart of the Scorpion" due to its reddish hue and central position.&nbsp;



Antares is one of the largest visible stars in the sky and has a luminosity tens of thousands of times greater than that of our Sun.&nbsp;



Scorpius is located close to the core of the Milky Way, making it a rich region for star clusters and nebulae. Among these are the Butterfly Cluster and the Ptolemy Cluster, both of which are visible to the naked eye under dark skies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-image-of-the-dark-wolf-nebula">Image of the Dark Wolf Nebula </h2>



“This image shows in spectacular detail how the dark wolf stands out against the glowing star-forming clouds behind it,” noted ESO.



“The colorful clouds are built up mostly of hydrogen gas and glow in reddish tones excited by the intense UV radiation from the newborn stars within them.”



The picture was created from images taken at different times. Each of the images has a filter that makes a different color of light visible.&nbsp;



Observations of the Dark Wolf Nebula provide astronomers with valuable information about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of stars</a> and the environments in which they form.



The image was captured by the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) at ESO’s Paranal Observatory in Chile.



Image Credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team



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Dark Wolf Nebula in the constellation Scorpius

Today's Image of the Day from the European Southern Observatory...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features an incredible new image of the Crab Nebula in bright neon colors. 



“The unusual image was produced by combining data from telescopes spanning nearly the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



Colored in red, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) provided information about the nebula gathered in the radio regime.



NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope took infrared images, which appear yellow, while the NASA/ESA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-captures-another-cosmic-masterpiece-in-galaxy-ngc-2217/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope provided images made in optical wavelengths, colored in green.&nbsp;



Blue colors represent ultraviolet observations made by ESA’s XMM-Newton telescope, and the purple colors are X-ray radiation data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-about-the-crab-nebula-nbsp">About the Crab Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Crab Nebula, located in the constellation Taurus, contains the remnants of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova explosion</a> first observed on Earth in 1054 AD. This explosion was recorded by Chinese astronomers and possibly by Native American rock art.&nbsp;



The nebula spans about 11 light-years across and lies approximately 6,500 light-years away from Earth. It is one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-crab-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studied objects</a> in the sky, largely due to its status as a bright and dynamic supernova remnant.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crab-pulsar">The Crab Pulsar</h2>



The Crab Nebula contains a pulsar at its center, which is a rapidly rotating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slow-spinning-neutron-star-completely-defies-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron star</a> that emits pulses of radiation. This pulsar, known as the Crab Pulsar, spins about 30 times per second and is a significant source of gamma rays and other forms of high-energy radiation.&nbsp;



The nebula itself is a complex structure of filaments and synchrotron radiation. The filaments are remnants of the original star's outer layers, while the synchrotron radiation emerges from electrons spiraling in the magnetic fields produced by the pulsar.



“Surrounding the pulsar lies a mix of material; some of it was originally expelled from the star before it went supernova, and the rest was ejected during the explosion itself,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



“Fast-moving winds of particles fly off from the neutron star, energizing the dust and gas around it. These different layers and intricacies of the nebula can be observed in all of the different wavelengths of light.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crab-nebula-observation-nbsp">Crab Nebula observation&nbsp;</h2>



Throughout its history, the Crab Nebula has provided critical insights into the processes of stellar death, the behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pulsars-are-helping-astronomers-pinpoint-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsars</a>, and the mechanics of supernova remnants.&nbsp;



Its continuous observation has revealed changes over time, such as the expansion of its filaments and variations in its brightness, offering a dynamic laboratory for astrophysical studies.



Overall, the Crab Nebula is a highly energetic and object, providing valuable insights into the processes following a supernova explosion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-nebulae">Fascinating facts about nebulae</h2>



Nebulae are some of the most breathtaking and intriguing structures in the universe. They are vast clouds of gas and dust, often considered stellar nurseries where new stars are born. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-of-nebulae">Colors of nebulae </h3>



One of the most fascinating aspects of nebulae is their ability to glow in different colors. This occurs because they either reflect the light of nearby stars or emit light due to the ionization of gases within them, particularly hydrogen. 



Some nebulae, like the famous Orion Nebula, are visible to the naked eye and serve as one of the nearest regions of active star formation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae">Planetary nebulae </h3>



Stars are born in dense regions of nebulae, and when they die, some will expel their outer layers, creating stunning structures known as planetary nebulae. The colorful clouds left behind can shine brightly for thousands of years. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-size">Massive size</h3>



Another amazing fact is that some nebulae are so vast that light can take years to travel from one side to the other, stretching across hundreds of light-years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-remnants">Star remnants </h3>



Perhaps even more mind-boggling is the fact that nebulae are the remnants of previous generations of stars. Supernova explosions of massive stars can create these glowing clouds of gas and dust, seeding the cosmos with the elements necessary for the formation of new stars and planets.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Dubner (IAFE, CONICET-University of Buenos Aires) et al.; A. Loll et al.; T. Temim et al.; F. Seward et al.; VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF; Chandra/CXC; Spitzer/JPL-Caltech; XMM-Newton/ESA; and Hubble/STScI



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Crab Nebula: The remains of a massive star explosion

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies. This group includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.



The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. 



The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Young, massive stars in the Triangulum Galaxy

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a false-color radar depiction of central Ethiopia.



According to ESA, the photograph is a blend of multiple Sentinel-1 images from spring, summer and autumn 2023, which have been overlaid to create this single image.



“Radar images capture surface texture rather than reflected light so they are naturally black and white but here images from each season have been assigned a different color: red, green and blue respectively,” explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“When the images are combined, the different colors reveal variations that occurred in the different seasons.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rugged-terrain-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Rugged terrain of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



ESA noted that Ethiopia’s terrain is one of the most rugged in Africa. The landscape is primarily characterized by highlands and plateaus.&nbsp;



The Ethiopian Highlands, also known as the Roof of Africa, dominate this region and include some of the highest peaks in Africa, such as Ras Dashen. The terrain features steep escarpments, deep valleys, and numerous rivers.&nbsp;



The central part of the country is also home to the Great Rift Valley, which runs through Ethiopia and includes a series of lakes and volcanic mountains. The region's varied topography contributes to its rich biodiversity and distinct climate zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lakes-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Lakes of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, water bodies appear dark in this image because flat water surfaces reflect the radar signal away from the satellite. “The various colors visible in some lakes are due either to the changing surface currents and sediments from rivers or to variations in water level.”



Lake Ziway is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-flamingos-at-risk-due-to-rising-lake-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> in the region. It is located about 160 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.&nbsp;



The lake is known for its rich bird diversity, including large populations of pelicans, cormorants, and herons. Lake Ziway also supports local fishing communities.



Lake Shala is the deepest lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley and is known for its volcanic origins. It has a maximum depth of 266 meters and is surrounded by hot springs and steep, rocky cliffs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Climate of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



Central Ethiopia features a diverse climate, primarily influenced by its elevation and geographical location within the tropics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highland-climate">Highland climate</h3>



Much of central Ethiopia consists of highlands, with elevations ranging from 1,500 to over 3,000 meters above sea level. These highlands experience a temperate climate, with cooler <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-in-africa-are-rising-above-levels-that-rhinoceros-can-tolerate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> compared to the lowlands.&nbsp;



The average temperatures range from 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. The higher elevations, such as those found in the Ethiopian Highlands, can experience temperatures that are close to freezing at night.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rainy-seasons">Rainy seasons</h3>



Central Ethiopia has two main rainy seasons. The primary rainy season, known as the "Kiremt," occurs from June to September and brings the majority of the annual rainfall.&nbsp;



The "Belg," or short rainy season, occurs from March to May. The rainfall during these periods supports agriculture, which is a key part of the region's economy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-season">Dry season</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-wet-forests-have-seen-an-alarming-rise-in-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dry season</a>, known as the "Bega," spans from October to February.&nbsp;During this time, the region experiences significantly less rainfall, and the weather tends to be sunny and dry. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Culture of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-animals-that-create-their-own-culture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> of central Ethiopia is a dynamic blend of ancient traditions and modern influences. This culture is characterized by a strong sense of community and a profound connection to the region's historical and spiritual roots.



The Amhara people have played a significant role in the cultural and political life of central Ethiopia. The Amhara are known for their rich heritage, which includes the Amharic language, a Semitic tongue that serves as one of the country's official languages.



Orthodox Christianity is a key aspect of central Ethiopian culture, particularly among the Amhara and other highland communities.&nbsp;



This part of East Africa is also known for its traditional music and dance, which reflect the region's historical depth and cultural diversity.&nbsp;



The cuisine of central Ethiopia is another significant cultural aspect, with injera (a spongy flatbread made from teff) being a staple food.&nbsp;Injera is typically served with a variety of stews (wats) and salads.



The communal eating experience, where meals are shared from a single large plate, emphasizes the importance of community and togetherness.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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The vibrant seasons of central Ethiopia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Sombrero Galaxy, with its magnificent structure captured in stunning detail by the Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sombrero-galaxy-nbsp">Sombrero Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104, is one of the most intriguing and easily recognizable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the night sky.



The galaxy is notable for its bright nucleus, large central bulge, and prominent dust lane that gives it a sombrero-like appearance when viewed from Earth. It is located in the constellation Virgo, about 29 million light-years away.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



The most distinguishing feature is the dark dust lane that encircles the galaxy along its equator, resembling the rim of a sombrero hat. This dust lane is composed of interstellar dust and gas, where new stars are being born.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-type-and-structure">Galaxy type and structure</h3>



The Sombrero Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)a galaxy, indicating it is an unbarred spiral galaxy with a prominent nucleus. 



However, its large bulge and dust lane also give it characteristics of an elliptical galaxy and a lenticular galaxy, making it a hybrid of sorts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-nucleus">Bright nucleus</h3>



The galaxy has a very bright nucleus, which is thought to house a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black hole</a>. Observations suggest the black hole at its center is one of the most massive known, with an estimated mass of hundreds of millions of solar masses.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-scale">Size and scale</h3>



The Sombrero Galaxy spans about 50,000 light-years in diameter, making it about half the size of our Milky Way. Its halo is also populated with globular clusters, similar to the Milky Way, though the exact number is still a subject of research.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-discovery">Research and discovery</h3>



Due to its unique features and relatively close proximity, the Sombrero Galaxy has been the focus of extensive research and has been studied across various wavelengths - from radio to X-ray. 



These studies help astronomers gain insights into the processes of galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation</a> and evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-expanding-universe-model-nbsp">The expanding universe model&nbsp;</h2>



The expanding universe model is a fundamental concept in cosmology that describes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a> as continuously growing in scale over time. 



This model is based on observations that galaxies are moving away from each other, with their separation increasing as time progresses.&nbsp;



The Sombrero Galaxy was one of the first galaxies to be identified as having a redshift, indicating it is moving away from us, which was an important piece of evidence supporting the expanding universe model. The key aspects of this model include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-law">Hubble's Law</h3>



In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are receding from each other at velocities proportional to their distances. 



This relationship, known as Hubble's Law, provided the first observational evidence for the expanding universe. It suggests that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it appears to be moving away from us. 



This expansion is often described by the analogy of dots on an inflating balloon; as the balloon expands, the dots (representing galaxies) move away from each other.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-bang-theory">Big Bang Theory</h3>



The expanding universe model is a cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began as a singular, extremely hot and dense point approximately 13.8 billion years ago. 



The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. This theory explains the creation of all space, time, matter, and energy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-microwave-background-radiation">Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation</h3>



The discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation in 1965 provided strong evidence for the Big Bang theory and the expanding universe model. 



The CMB is the afterglow radiation from the Big Bang, observed as a faint microwave signal pervasive throughout the universe. It is considered a snapshot of the infant universe, showing a time about 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the universe had cooled enough for atoms to form and light to travel freely.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-expansion">Accelerated Expansion</h3>



Observations of distant supernovae in the late 20th century revealed that the universe's expansion is accelerating, not slowing down as previously assumed. 



This acceleration is attributed to a mysterious force termed "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark energy</a>," which constitutes about 68% of the total energy content of the universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmological-principle">Cosmological Principle</h3>



The expanding universe model is based on the cosmological principle, which states that on large scales, the universe is homogeneous (uniform in composition) and isotropic (appearing the same in all directions). This principle supports the observation that the expansion of the universe is uniform and not directed outward from a central point.



The model has profoundly impacted our understanding of cosmology, leading to further inquiries into the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the ultimate fate of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



"NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat."



According to ESA, at a relatively bright magnitude of +8, Messier 104 is just beyond the limit of naked-eye visibility and can be easily viewed through small telescopes. 



"The Sombrero lies at the southern edge of the rich Virgo cluster of galaxies and is one of the most massive objects in that group, equivalent to 800 billion suns. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 30 million light-years from Earth."



Image Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)



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The Sombrero Galaxy hints at an expanding universe 

Steep rocky slopes and caves are habitats for wreckfish (above) and red bream.

They are deep-water marine fish and can be found on the ocean bottom, where they inhabit caves and shipwrecks.

Their scientific name is from Greek poly meaning "many" and prion meaning "saw", a references to their prominent spiny fins. They stay together in schools of at least five.

Also wreckfish are a long-lived commercial species in the Mediterranean, the south-eastern Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean.

Also the  fish is commonly known as chernia in Spanish-speaking Latin America, and as cherne in <a href="http://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-burning-overnight-portugal/">Portugal.</a>

<a href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/welcome.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Estuary to the Abyss: Exploring Along the Latitude 31-30 Transect: August 20 - September 1, 2004</a>

Wreckfish

October 2024 will be remembered by the locals around Pyramid Lake, Nevada, for a rather unusual display of nature's colors and patterns. 



The usually serene waters of the lake unleashed a stunning exhibition of blue-green algae, dancing and swirling across the surface. 



For the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=944807254356712&amp;set=pb.100064823373179.-2207520000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water Quality Program</a>, this bloom was arguably the most active in recent times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-pyramid-lake-from-space">Studying Pyramid Lake from space</h2>



The bloom, which added a touch of mystery to the lake, was so expansive that it was visible from space. The locals, bemused by this phenomenon, couldn't help but talk about it. 



Luckily, providing a better look at this spectacle was the <a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landsat 9 satellite</a>, which snapped astonishing natural-color images on October 8, 2024. 



Looking at the images captured by Operational Land Imager-2 (<a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLI-2</a>), you could see the mesmerizing swirling, whirlpool patterns created by the algae.



Nodularia spumigena, a type of cyanobacteria, is the culprit that is responsible for the bloom. 



This particular species thrives in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-from-africa-sparked-a-massive-phytoplankton-bloom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warm, saline waters</a> and can pull nitrogen right out of the atmosphere -- handy skills that ensured its survival in Pyramid Lake over the years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-beautiful-but-stay-away">It's beautiful, but stay away</h2>



What's fascinating about Nodularia spumigena, aside from its beauty, is its ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. This means it can create its own nutrients and outcompete other organisms when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-overlooked-component-eutrophication-lake-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen levels in the water</a> are low.



But there's a flip side. Nodularia spumigena can produce a toxin called nodularin, which is harmful to both animals and humans. If you come into contact with water contaminated by this toxin, it can lead to serious health issues, especially affecting the liver. 



That's why when blooms of this cyanobacterium occur, health authorities often warn people to steer clear of the water until things return to normal.



Respectively, the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe raised a safety flag on October 15, 2024, advising people to avoid contact with the water until it returned to its normal state.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cyanobacteria-and-phytoplankton">Understanding cyanobacteria and phytoplankton</h2>



Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria are both tiny organisms that live in water, but there's a key difference between them. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turning-plants-into-carbon-capture-machines-with-cyanobacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cyanobacteria</a>, also called blue-green algae, are actually bacteria that can photosynthesize -- they use sunlight to make food, much like plants do. Despite their name, they're not true algae.



These little guys have been around for billions of years, and you can find them almost everywhere: in oceans, lakes, soil, and even in extreme environments like hot springs. Cyanobacteria are actually responsible for producing a lot of the oxygen that made life possible on Earth.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-heatwaves-have-complex-effects-on-phytoplankton-food-web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytoplankton</a>, on the other hand, is a broader term that includes any microscopic organisms in the water that can photosynthesize. This group encompasses a variety of species, including algae and, interestingly enough, cyanobacteria. 



So, in a way, cyanobacteria are a type of phytoplankton, but not all phytoplankton are cyanobacteria.



Now, here's where it gets a bit tricky. While cyanobacteria are crucial for ecosystems and the oxygen we breathe, some species can produce toxins that are harmful to animals and humans. If you've ever heard about beaches closing because of harmful algal blooms, cyanobacteria are often the culprits. 



So, they play a double role: they're essential for life, but under certain conditions, such as this toxic bloom in Pyramid Lake, they can pose some serious health risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pyramid-lake-past-present-and-future">Pyramid Lake: Past, present and future</h2>



Pyramid Lake is a piece of history. It's a remnant of the ancient Lake Lahontan, created during the last ice age. 



Scientists speculate that the cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena has been a part of this ecosystem since that era.



This lake isn’t just about the water or the spectacular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-turning-green-thanks-to-climate-change-algae-blooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">algae blooms</a>. It's home to the endangered cui-ui fish (Chasmistes cuius) -- a species held in high regard by the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. 



Anglers will also recognize it as the site where a world-record Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) weighing a whopping 41 pounds was caught in 1925.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-the-bloom">Monitoring the bloom</h2>



To keep a pulse on these blooms and their implications, scientists and environmental organizations utilize various tools. 



For instance, the <a href="https://www.sfei.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">San Francisco Estuary Institute</a>'s water quality analysis tool indicated a surge in levels of chlorophyll-a between late September and mid-October. 



This invaluable data helps researchers understand the occurrence and potential impacts of such blooms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-pyramid-lake-for-the-future">Preserving Pyramid Lake for the future</h2>



This beautiful, toxic bloom underscores the importance of monitoring and conserving our aquatic ecosystems. 



Factors like temperature shifts, nutrient levels, and changes in water conditions can spark cyanobacteria growth almost anywhere on Earth.



The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe is keeping residents and visitors up-to-date on the lake's condition. 



By heeding safety recommendations and staying informed, we can all play a part in safeguarding ourselves and this delicate ecosystem.



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NASA Earth Observatory image by <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/about/wanmei-liang" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wanmei Liang</a>, using Landsat data from the <a href="http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Photo by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukegordon/3377729218/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke H. Gordon</a>. Story by <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/about/lindsey-doermann" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lindsey Doermann</a>.



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Pyramid Lake water turns dark green with beautiful swirling whirlpool currents

October 2024 will be remembered by the locals around Pyramid...

Social observation has a surprising power over our choices. Have you ever noticed how your decisions shift when others are watching? There's something about the subtle gaze of others that can flip our internal choice compass entirely.



New insights reveal how social observation sways our choices, nudging us toward safer or riskier options depending on how we interpret the expectations of others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-observation-and-decisions">Social observation and decisions</h2>



People tend to adjust their choices between a safe and risky decision based on their perception of an observer’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-often-overestimate-their-ability-to-understand-others-opinion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">opinion</a>, according to recent research published in the journal Life.



The study challenges the common belief that people universally lean toward riskier choices under observation. 



Instead, it presents solid evidence showing that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision-making</a> varies based on who’s observing - a unique adjustment that has been largely overlooked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-peers-influence-our-behavior">How peers influence our behavior</h2>



Past research has shown that the presence of others can impact our choices, particularly in teenagers, who often make riskier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quick-decisions-are-often-biased-and-misleading/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decisions</a> when they are being observed. This tendency also holds true in adults, who adapt their choices based on social cues.



HeeYoung Seon is a graduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, <a href="https://www.unist.ac.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology</a> (UNIST), South Korea, who co-authored the study with Professor Dongil Chung.



"Those studies suggest that people actively process information about their social environment when making decisions," said Seon.



"We speculated that people’s beliefs about their observers, which can be shaped by experience, may play a central role in their decision-making process."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-the-theory">Testing the theory</h2>



To investigate, the researchers conducted a three-part experiment with 43 participants who were asked to choose between a safe and a risky option during a gambling task.



First, participants made these choices alone. In the second "learning" phase, they were paired with a "risky" and a "safe" partner, predicting each partner's likely choice.



By the third 'observed' phase, participants made <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co-workers-influence-our-healthy-and-unhealthy-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">choices</a> while knowing they were being watched by a partner, providing key insights into how social observation shapes decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-social-observation">The power of social observation</h2>



Through this structured task, Seon and Chung observed that participants initially expected others to choose riskier options. However, over time, they accurately learned and anticipated their partners' choices.



When under observation by a safe partner, participants tended to avoid risky choices. With a risky partner, however, they leaned toward riskier options.



The findings suggest that people’s beliefs about their observers significantly impact their decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-s-role-in-social-decision-making">Brain’s role in social decision-making</h2>



The researchers also examined the neural mechanisms involved, using blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signaling to study <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a> in solo and observed phases. 



The team identified the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) as a key area activated under observation, pointing to its role in social cognitive functions.



"Our study provides further understanding for how the presence of others affects an individual's decision-making behavior," said Professor Chung.



"In the modern world, almost every choice we make is seen by others. In this environment, taking the perspectives of others into account is an essential ability to empathize with one another, make prosocial choices and follow social norms."



"Our data shed light on the flip side, showing how and why incorrect beliefs about others may lead to more risky or maladaptive behaviours, such as the formation of extremely polarised opinions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socially-driven-decision-making">Socially driven decision-making</h2>



The study's findings have far-reaching implications beyond the lab, shedding light on how social observation can shape behavior in everyday contexts. 



In settings like workplaces, classrooms, or even social media platforms, the awareness of being observed might subtly steer individuals toward choices they perceive as acceptable or expected by others.



Socially influenced decision-making can encourage conformity and collaboration in group settings. On the other hand, it may also lead to decision-making pitfalls - especially in high-stakes scenarios where overestimating others' preferences for risk or safety could have unintended consequences.



For instance, in financial environments where risky choices might be rewarded, employees under social scrutiny may feel pressured to engage in riskier behaviors, potentially leading to outcomes that mirror the influences of their perceived "observers."



Similarly, on social media, where decisions about sharing content or engaging in discussions often unfold in highly visible settings, individuals might adjust their expressions or stances based on what they think aligns with the majority's view. 



The study raises questions about how social observation impacts collective behaviors and emphasizes the importance of creating environments where authentic decision-making can thrive without undue social pressures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/102228v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a>.



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Social observation: Our decisions shift when people are watching

Social observation has a surprising power over our choices. Have...

Ever wondered how much water it takes for humans to cultivate the world's primary crops? A recent study illuminates some startling numbers. 



Our demand for water keeps increasing, despite our improved ability to grow more food with less water. This escalating demand could lead to a cluster of environmental and socio-economic problems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-footprint-of-crops">Water footprint of crops</h2>



The research, led by experts from <a href="http://www.utwente.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Twente</a>, scrutinized the water footprints of 175 crops spanning from 1990 to 2019. What's a water footprint? Simply put, it's the amount of water used in the production process.



This study separated water into two types - green and blue. The green kind comes from rainfall, while the blue kind is derived from irrigation and groundwater. 



"We need to differentiate between these two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-has-caused-crisis-levels-of-food-and-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> types as they play different roles in ecosystems and society," said Oleksandr Mialyk, a postdoctoral researcher at the Multidisciplinary Water Management group.



On a brighter note, the study revealed that around 80% of the scrutinized crops in 2019 required less water per ton than they did in 1990. So, we have become better at using less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-water-day-a-focus-on-prosperity-and-peace/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> to produce more food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surge-in-water-usage-for-crops">Surge in water usage for crops</h2>



Sadly, the productivity rise hasn't stopped the overall water footprint of crop production from inching higher. Since 1990, it surged by nearly 30%, or 1.55 trillion m3 (That's roughly 410,132 billion gallons). 



"Our estimate for 2019 stands at 6.8 trillion m3&nbsp;of mainly green water, which is around 2,400 liters per person per day," said Mialyk.



The most surprising part? A whopping 90% of the total increase happened between 2000 and 2019.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-crops-more-water">More crops, more water</h2>



So, what sparked this rise? The researchers highlight three significant socio-economic factors. First, our fast-paced globalization and economic growth have notably amplified our consumption of a variety of imported crops and crop products.



In addition, there has been a shift in our global diets towards more water-guzzling products like animal produce, sweetened beverages and junk food. 



Finally, many government efforts to secure energy and promote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green initiatives</a> have increased the production of crop-based biofuels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-versatility-in-water-consumption-of-crops">Versatility in water consumption of crops</h2>



Interestingly, these socio-economic shifts have mainly boosted the cultivation of "flex crops." These crops can be transformed into a myriad of products such as food, animal feed, and biofuels.



This flexibility gives farmers, investors, and insurers a safety net, reducing financial risks linked to crop production.



Over the last few decades, largely thanks to aggressive agricultural lobbyism, the production of these flex crops has rapidly shot up. 



The three biggest ones - oil palm fruit, soya beans, and maize (corn for many of us) - account for half the total water footprint increase of crop production from 1990–2019.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-guzzling-nations">Water-guzzling nations</h2>



India, China, and the United States are the biggest water consumers. But, the total water footprint increase has primarily happened in the tropics, often coupled with other environmental impacts like deforestation and biodiversity loss.



"This region offers optimal geographical conditions for crop production while favorable agricultural policies attract investments from large agrifood corporations," explained the researchers.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-implications-of-the-study">Environmental implications of the study </h2>



The intricate relationship between water usage and agriculture bears considerable environmental consequences. Extensive water consumption, primarily of green water, often results in diminished natural resources, ecosystem disruptions, and heightened groundwater depletion. 



These effects lead to losses in biodiversity and degradation of local habitats, which are often difficult to reverse. Furthermore, increased reliance on irrigation can exacerbate soil salinity and reduce soil fertility, posing severe long-term challenges to sustainable agriculture. 



An understanding of these environmental implications is crucial for developing effective water management strategies to ensure future agricultural sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-water-use-for-crops">Increasing water use for crops</h2>



"Our data suggests that humanity will keep increasing&nbsp;water consumption&nbsp;for crop production in the following decades," said Mialyk.&nbsp;



However, all hope isn’t lost. The researchers believe that there remains a lot of untapped potential in improving crop water productivity and shifting production to less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smart-soil-can-absorb-water-from-the-air-and-feed-itself/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water-scarce areas</a>.



Moreover, a broader adoption of less water-intensive diets and minimizing the reliance on first-generation biofuels could also help. 



""Our research shows that we have many problems and now it is time to work on the solutions for a more water-sustainable future of crop production," concluded Mialyk.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad78e9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Trillions of cubic meters of water is used to grow crops each year

Ever wondered how much water it takes for humans to...

A recent study points to an exciting possibility: that Uranus's moon Miranda, located in the far reaches of our solar system, may harbor a hidden sea beneath its icy crust, making it hospitable to extraterrestrial life.



Discovering water on a moon is no easy task. It's even harder when that moon is hundreds of millions of miles away.



Tom Nordheim, a planetary scientist at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JHAPL</a>), is the person who gave us a peek into these icy depths. 



"To find evidence of an ocean inside a small object like Miranda is incredibly surprising," said Nordheim, who co-authored the study. 



His team's work challenges our understanding of Miranda while positing new questions about the potential for life on other celestial bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-miranda-s-bizarre-moonscape">Miranda's bizarre moonscape</h2>



Recall 1986 when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-lost-contact-with-voyager-2-spacecraft-12-billion-miles-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voyager 2</a>, NASA's intrepid spacecraft, beamed back the first close-up images of Miranda. It was a sight to behold.



A bizarre landscape that looked as if it had been stitched together from bits and pieces of different worlds. 



From deep grooves and towering cliffs to mysterious trapezoid-shaped regions known as coronae, Miranda appeared to be a geological wonder. But what could have caused such a varied landscape?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-the-deal-with-uranus">What's the deal with Uranus?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-is-more-gassy-less-icy-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uranus</a> is one of the lesser-known planets in our solar system. Unlike the other planets, Uranus rotates on its side, so its axis is almost parallel to its orbit. 



This tilt causes some extreme seasons -- imagine a planet where each pole gets 42 years of continuous sunlight followed by 42 years of darkness. 



Scientists think a massive collision with an Earth-sized object might have knocked it over early in its history.



Another interesting aspect is Uranus's atmosphere, which is rich in icy materials like water, ammonia, and methane. That methane is what gives the planet its <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-ice-giant-uranus-in-stunning-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signature blue-green color</a>. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-photos-of-uranus-from-hubble-and-new-horizons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uranus</a> also has a set of faint rings and at least 27 moons, many named after Shakespearean characters like Miranda, which is the subject of this article, and Ariel. 



Despite being discovered way back in 1781 by William Herschel, Uranus still holds many secrets, and researchers are eager to explore it further to understand more about these distant, icy worlds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-ocean-on-a-moon-named-miranda">Hidden ocean on a moon named Miranda</h2>



Caleb Strom, a graduate student at the <a href="https://und.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Dakota</a>, and Alex Patthoff from the <a href="https://www.psi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planetary Science Institute</a> in Arizona joined Nordheim for this fascinating study.



They approached this mystery like detectives working a cold case, revisiting old Voyager 2 images and using modern computer modeling techniques to reconstruct Miranda's geologic past.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/miranda_uranus-moon_ocean_possible-life_Voyager2_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/miranda_uranus-moon_ocean_possible-life_Voyager2_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Uranus’ icy moon Miranda, captured by NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft on Jan. 24, 1986. Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech" class="wp-image-1949103"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Uranus’ icy moon Miranda, captured by NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft on Jan. 24, 1986. Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech</figcaption></figure>



As Strom and his team mapped out Miranda's convoluted surface features and modeled different scenarios for its interior structure, a startling picture began to emerge. 



Their findings suggest that around 100 to 500 million years ago, Miranda likely harbored a subsurface ocean, at least 62 miles deep, beneath a frozen crust no more than 19 miles thick.



"That result was a big surprise to the team," said Strom. The thought that a moon as small as Miranda could contain such a large ocean is not something scientists expected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tidal-forces-on-the-moon-miranda">Tidal forces on the moon Miranda</h2>



Even more confusing is the fact that this ocean could have been warm enough to remain liquid, despite Miranda's incredible distance from the Sun. 



The credit goes to a dance of gravitational forces played out between Miranda and her neighboring moons orbiting Uranus.



This phenomenon, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-interactions-with-mars-influence-deep-ocean-circulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orbital resonance</a>, can generate friction and heat within a moon's interior, enough to sustain a subsurface ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-miranda-still-have-a-liquid-ocean">Could Miranda still have a liquid ocean?</h2>



The case isn't closed yet. The team believes that Miranda's interior hasn't entirely frozen over. If it had, we would see specific surface features that just aren't there. 



So, there's a good chance that Miranda still has a subsurface ocean, though likely thinner than before. 



"But the suggestion of an ocean inside one of the most distant moons in the solar system is remarkable," remarked Strom.



This isn't the first time a small moon has surprised us. Back in 2004, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-sparking-energy-source-found-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enceladus</a>, one of Saturn's moons, revealed active geysers spewing water vapor and ice into space, hinting at a hidden ocean. Today, Enceladus is a prime target in the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-saturns-moon-enceladus-has-all-of-the-ingredients-necessary-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-the-miranda-moon-support-life">Could the Miranda moon support life?</h2>



It's still too early to pack our bags for Miranda, but the possibility of it harboring life is tantalizing. However, as Nordheim points out, we still need more data to confirm if an ocean definitely exists.



While recent research has provided fresh insights into Uranus's moons, we've barely scratched the surface. 



"We're squeezing the last bit of science we can from Voyager 2's images," says Nordheim. 



To truly understand Miranda's potential, we need to launch new missions to Uranus. Until then, we hold our breath and watch this icy moon with great anticipation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-miranda-ocean-worlds-and-extraterrestrial-life">Miranda, ocean worlds, and extraterrestrial life</h2>



In the grand scheme of our solar system, Miranda might just be the underdog story we didn't see coming. 



This tiny moon, once thought to be a frozen, inactive world, could be hiding a vast ocean beneath its patchwork surface. 



The idea that such a small body, orbiting one of the most distant planets, might have an environment capable of sustaining life is nothing short of mind-blowing.



All of this goes to show that there's so much left to discover out there. Revisiting old data with fresh eyes has opened up new possibilities and questions. 



Maybe it's high time we head back to Uranus and take a closer look at Miranda and its neighboring moons.



The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/ad77d7">The Planetary Science Journal</a>.



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Moon named 'Miranda' orbiting Uranus seems to have an ocean and possibly life

A recent study points to an exciting possibility: that Uranus's...

Mars and its tantalizing mysteries have spurred many space missions, each one revealing something new and compelling. NASA's Perseverance rover has been a prolific source of remarkable discoveries surrounding Mars and its moons, Phobos and Deimos. 



One such spectacle happened on September 30, 2024. From its unique vantage point, Perseverance captured Phobos <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Sun_Phobos-moon_transit_Perseverance-rover-photo_2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sliding right in front of the Sun</a>.



"From its perch on the western wall of Mars’ Jezero Crater, NASA’s Perseverance rover recently spied a 'googly eye' peering down from space. The pupil in this celestial gaze is the Martian moon Phobos, and the iris is our Sun," said <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-captures-googly-eye-during-solar-eclipse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phobos-eclipses-the-sun">Phobos eclipses the Sun</h2>



Phobos is a rather unassuming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-perseverance-rover-now-uses-ai-search-minerals-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celestial body</a> when you consider the company it keeps -- sharing Mars' orbit with its twin moon, Deimos. These two moons are the least massive in the solar system.



Despite its size, Phobos has a rather significant role. It casts its shadow right across the Martian surface as it orbits the planet. 



This happens because Phobos orbits exceptionally close to Mars -- closer than any moon to its parent planet in our solar system. 



This close proximity results in swift orbits, each complete revolution around Mars taking merely 7.6 hours.



And it was during one of these quick orbits that <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-2020-perseverance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseverance</a> caught the eclipse as Phobos transited across the Sun.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="dDkrA9ZzPX-3971698-12187" type="single"]</div>



Perseverance, equipped with its Mastcam-Z, documented the Martian landscape in detail and captured the fleeting yet awe-inspiring event of Phobos crossing the Sun. 



Despite its small size, the moon partially obscured our star, creating an impactful and mesmerizing visual effect. 



But, rather than just a beautiful cosmic spectacle, it allowed scientists a unique opportunity to explore deeper into the workings of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-finds-best-evidence-yet-life-on-mars-cheyava-falls-rock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian system</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interactions-between-a-planet-and-its-moon">Interactions between a planet and its moon</h2>



By capturing spectacular visuals like the Phobos transit, Perseverance holds significant scientific value.



By observing these occurrences over time and comparing images and videos of earlier Phobos transits, scientists can get a better understanding of the moon's evolving orbit. 



The experts discovered that Phobos is gradually moving closer to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-samples-bunsen-peak-rock-jezero-crater-martian-lake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>. In about 50 million years, it is expected either to collide into Mars or disintegrate.



Studying these developments helps scientists comprehend the long-term gravitational interactions between a planet and its moon, contributing to our understanding of planetary evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perseverance-rover-mission">Perseverance rover mission</h2>



The Perseverance mission goes beyond observing mesmerizing eclipses. The rover's primary objective is astrobiology, actively searching for signs of ancient microbial life on Mars. 



It studies Mars' geology and climate. The rover analyzes Martian rock formations, serving as a crucial link in understanding Mars's past when the planet's conditions could have been suitable for life.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/sun_phobos-moon_transit_perseverance-rover-photo_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Sun_Phobos-moon_transit_Perseverance-rover-photo_1s.webp" alt="NASA's Perseverance Mars rover used its Mastcam-Z camera to capture the silhouette of Phobos, one of the two Martian moons, as it passed in front of the Sun on Feb. 8, 2024, the 1,056th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. This is one of several transits of Phobos that NASA's Mars rovers have captured. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1949097"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NASA's Perseverance Mars rover used its Mastcam-Z camera to capture the silhouette of Phobos, one of the two Martian moons, as it passed in front of the Sun on Feb. 8, 2024, the 1,056th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. This is one of several transits of Phobos that NASA's Mars rovers have captured. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



But that's not all. Perseverance is also responsible for collecting rock and soil samples from the Martian surface for future analysis back on Earth. It's a part of a mission being developed in partnership with the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



Once these materials are transported back home, scientists can perform meticulous laboratory experiments not feasible with the rover's onboard instruments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-imaging-the-sun-s-eclipse-with-phobos">Imaging the Sun's eclipse with Phobos</h2>



The Mastcam-Z on Perseverance was instrumental in capturing the stunning image of Phobos crossing the Sun.



This advanced imaging system was developed collectively by <a href="https://www.asu.edu/">Arizona State Uni</a><a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">v</a><a href="https://www.asu.edu/">ersity</a>, <a href="https://www.msss.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malin Space Science Systems</a>, and the <a href="https://nbi.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Niels Bohr Institute</a>.



The camera holds a vital position in making space exploration relatable by capturing visually captivating events that inspire public engagement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-s-vision-moon-to-mars">NASA's vision: Moon to Mars</h2>



The Perseverance mission forms a part of NASA's broader exploration strategy, "Moon to Mars."



The rover is not merely bound by scientific objectives but is also laying the groundwork for future space travel. 



Perseverance tests out new technology that could be beneficial for future astronauts, such as systems that could generate oxygen from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-begins-steep-climb-up-martian-crater-rim-jezero-crater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> atmosphere.



The footage of the Martian moon as it eclipses the Sun is a reminder of the vastness and the wonders of space exploration. 



As Perseverance reveals the secrets of Mars, it helps us learn about our universe and brings us closer to visiting the Red Planet.



Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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Perseverance rover captures solar eclipse with Mars' moon Phobos

Mars and its tantalizing mysteries have spurred many space missions,...

Compared to the period just before the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals are now dedicating nearly an hour less each day to activities outside the home, a shift that researchers say is a lasting impact of the pandemic.



A study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2024.2385327" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Planning Association</a> shows that daily time spent on out-of-home activities has decreased by approximately 51 minutes since 2019. 



Additionally, there was a nearly 12-minute reduction in time spent on daily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-carbon-footprint-of-long-distance-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">travel</a>, such as driving or using public transportation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staying-at-home-after-the-pandemic">Staying at home after the pandemic</h2>



Based on a survey of 34,000 Americans, this analysis is the first to compare in-home versus out-of-home time following the pandemic.&nbsp;



Researchers from <a href="https://www.clemson.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clemson University</a> and the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA) found a trend toward reduced out-of-home activity that dates back to at least 2003, with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/financial-losses-during-the-pandemic-took-a-toll-on-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandemic</a> significantly accelerating this shift toward home-based activities.



The shift toward spending more time at home, referred to as “going nowhere fast,” is expected to have wide-ranging effects on psychology, social behavior, and economic conditions.&nbsp;



The study’s authors, who are urban planners, suggest that this reduced out-of-home activity should prompt changes in urban and transportation policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-and-transportation-policy-adjustments">Urban and transportation policy adjustments</h2>



The scientists recommend that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-are-largely-unprepared-for-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cities</a> rethink how they use office and retail spaces due to the increase in remote work and online shopping. 



They suggest easing restrictions on converting commercial spaces to residential units and increasing curb space for delivery vehicles to accommodate the boom in online shopping.



“In a world where cities cannot rely on captive office workers and must work to attract residents, workers, and customers, local officials might seek to invest more heavily in their remaining strengths,” said lead author Eric A. Morris, a professor of city and regional planning at Clemson University.



“These include opportunities for recreation, entertainment, culture, arts, and more. Central cities might shift toward becoming centers of consumption more than production.”



Urban centers might leverage their appeal by developing multi-unit housing, which tends to attract younger residents and those who enjoy urban living. Such adjustments could also help lower housing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-impacts-our-daily-routines-and-transportation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transportation</a> expenses, benefiting lower-income communities and society at large.



In terms of transportation policy, the authors suggest a shift away from costly infrastructure aimed at accommodating peak travel demands and instead focusing on pedestrian and cyclist safety and improving basic mobility options for underprivileged travelers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-staying-close-to-home">Advantages of staying close to home</h2>



While staying closer to home may involve certain disruptions, it also offers advantages, such as reducing travel time, fuel consumption, and emissions, which can save people time and money. However, increased time at home could lead to social isolation and other negative effects.



The study attributes part of this shift to advances in information technology and the way people learned to utilize these tools more effectively during the pandemic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-effects-on-leisure-time">Pandemic effects on leisure time</h2>



The researchers analyzed work and leisure patterns using data from the <a href="https://www.bls.gov/tus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Time Use Survey</a> (ATUS), a yearly review that tracks how Americans allocate their time. 



The ATUS, conducted by the United States Census Bureau and sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, has been running since 2003. The data for this study was compiled by the ATUS-X site managed by the <a href="https://twin-cities.umn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Minnesota</a> and the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>.



The researchers examined time use data from the years before, during, and after the pandemic - specifically 2019, 2021, 2022, and 2023. The year 2020 was excluded from analysis due to incomplete data collection during the height of the pandemic. The research focused on adults aged 17 and older.



The team categorized time into 16 in-home activities, such as sleep, exercise, and work, and 12 out-of-home activities, including attending arts events, shopping, working, and religious participation. Travel, by car, walking, or public transit (excluding air travel), was also analyzed separately.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decrease-in-travel-time">Decrease in travel time</h2>



The study found that time spent on 8 of the 12 out-of-home activities decreased between 2019 and 2021, while 11 of the 16 in-home activities increased.&nbsp;



Average out-of-home activity time dropped from 334 minutes per day in 2019 to 271 minutes in 2021 - a decline from roughly 5.5 hours to 4.5 hours per day. Although working from home contributed to this trend, other out-of-home activities saw significant decreases as well.



The decrease in travel time mirrored this pattern, with participants spending about 13 fewer minutes per day in transit. The study notes that this decline was not solely due to reduced commuting during the pandemic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staying-at-home-persists">Staying at home persists</h2>



Time spent away from home has only partially rebounded since the pandemic. Between 2021 and 2023, out-of-home time increased by just 11 minutes, from 270 minutes to 281 minutes per day.&nbsp;



However, this still represents a 53-minute drop compared to 2019. In 2023, out-of-home activity, travel, and seven types of out-of-home engagements remained below 2019 levels, while eight in-home activities remained elevated.



The researchers observed that this home-oriented trend has persisted into 2023, with minimal change compared to 2022.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-insights-and-continuing-trends">Additional insights and continuing trends</h2>



Interestingly, while online shopping increased, it did not lead to a significant rise in time spent shopping at home, as the process is generally quicker than in-person shopping.&nbsp;



Another surprising finding was that television viewing did not increase significantly, except during the initial pandemic phase. Meanwhile, many individuals have shifted their sports and exercise routines to home settings, likely driven by purchases of home gym equipment.



The authors note that this trend of spending more time at home has been developing for at least 16 years before the pandemic.&nbsp;



Previous research they conducted indicated that out-of-home activity among adults dropped by about 1.8 minutes per year from 2003 to 2019, with travel time decreasing by about 30 seconds per year over the same period.&nbsp;



However, the reductions observed during the pandemic were much greater than those suggested by previous trends.&nbsp;



While improvements in technology may account for some of these changes, other patterns, like increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-literally-changes-based-on-daily-activities-and-lifestyle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> duration, merit further investigation, the researchers conclude.



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Staying home is the new ‘going out’ after the pandemic 

Compared to the period just before the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals...

Staring into the depths of space can feel like looking into the eyes of the universe itself. Take a moment to observe this striking image of two merging galaxies that resemble a pair of luminous eyes gazing back. 



These celestial bodies, known as galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163, are engaged in a slow cosmic waltz that's both spooky and enlightening.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-galaxies-have-an-unlikely-encounter">Two galaxies have an unlikely encounter </h2>



In the grand scale of the cosmos, collisions between galaxies are not uncommon. However, the interaction between <a href="https://stsci-opo.org/STScI-01J9RRJA6MZCBT0YXAJQ961Q04.png" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NGC 2207 and IC 2163</a> is particularly intriguing. 



Located about 80 million light-years away in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-captures-another-cosmic-masterpiece-in-galaxy-ngc-2217/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canis Major</a>, these two spiral galaxies have begun a gentle pas de deux. 



IC 2163, the smaller galaxy on the left, has started to drift behind the larger NGC 2207. This gradual approach happened millions of years ago and has set the stage for a fascinating series of events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-galaxies-collide">When galaxies collide</h2>



Galaxy collisions are like a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-captures-a-galaxy-collision-with-a-radiant-smile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">slow-motion dance</a> that lasts millions of years. The stars within them are so spread out that they usually don't crash into each other directly. 



Instead, the gravitational pull between the galaxies causes them to stretch and warp. Gas clouds slam into one another, sparking massive bursts of new star formation. 



The shapes of the galaxies get distorted -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiral arms can twist</a> and tails of stars might stream out into space.



These cosmic encounters can also send shockwaves through the galaxies, influencing everything from star birth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-seen-separating-from-normal-matter-after-galaxy-cluster-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior of black holes</a> at their centers. 



Sometimes, the colliding galaxies eventually merge into a single, larger galaxy. It's a wild process that reshapes the galaxies involved and plays a big role in how the universe evolves over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shock-fronts-and-stellar-formation">Shock fronts and stellar formation</h2>



If you look closely, you can spot potential evidence of their interaction. The areas where material from both galaxies may have collided are highlighted in brighter red hues. 



These shock fronts, including features that resemble "eyelids," hint at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamic processes at play</a>. The gravitational tug-of-war has likely distorted their spiral arms, pulling out tidal tails and creating extensions that stretch into space.



What's truly remarkable is the rate of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> within these galaxies. Each year, they give birth to the equivalent of about two dozen Sun-sized stars. 



That's a stellar nursery bustling with activity, especially when you consider that our Milky Way produces only two or three such stars annually. 



Over recent decades, these galaxies have also been home to seven known supernovae. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-dandelion-year-1181-leaves-behind-zombie-star-defying-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explosive events</a> signify the end of massive stars while contributing to the cosmic recycling process, seeding the galaxies with elements that fuel new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-locating-the-stellar-nurseries">Locating the stellar nurseries</h2>



The vibrant blue regions captured by the <a href="https://hubblesite.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a> indicate areas rich in young, hot stars emitting ultraviolet light. 



Meanwhile, the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescop</a>e's mid-infrared observations highlight pink and white regions where dust and gas are abundant -- perfect conditions for star formation. 



Larger clusters of stars, known as super star clusters, can be seen in the upper spiral arm of NGC 2207, wrapping above and pointing left. These are the cosmic hotspots where the next generation of stars is born.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-this-galactic-duo">What's next for this galactic duo?</h2>



One can't help but wonder about the future of <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2024/136/01J9S5P7D668XGRWBNA950CSB2?news=true" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NGC 2207 and IC 2163</a>. Over the next few million years, they may continue their gravitational dance, passing by each other multiple times. 



This could eventually lead to a full merger, blending their cores and arms into a single, larger galaxy. Such a union would create a new cosmic entity, potentially with an even brighter core that could resemble a singular, cyclopean eye in the sky.



As they merge, their abundant gas and dust will fuel a final burst of star formation. But like all good things, this too will come to an end. 



Once their stellar fuel is exhausted, the frenetic pace of star birth will slow, and the galaxies will settle into a calmer existence.



Interestingly, this scenario offers a glimpse into a possible future for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>. Astronomers predict that in about four billion years, the Milky Way will collide with the neighboring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andromeda galaxy</a>. 



While the scale and specifics will differ, the cosmic choreography might share similarities with what's happening between NGC 2207 and IC 2163.



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Dancing galaxies resemble bloodshot demon eyes on a black cosmic tapestry

Staring into the depths of space can feel like looking...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Note the green fluorescence of the eyes of this short-nose greeneye fish. The submersible team collected the specimen for optical studies in the ship&#8217;s onboard laboratory.
Although Greeneyes are deep-sea aulopiform marine fishes in the small family Chlorophthalmidae. Thought to have a circumglobal distribution in tropical and temperate waters, the family contains just 18 species in two genera.
The family name <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/a-deep-sea-fish-called-green-eye/">Chlorophthalmidae</a> derives from the Greek words chloros meaning &#8220;green&#8221; and ophthalmos meaning &#8220;eye&#8221;. 
Also some species are of interest to commercial and subsistence fisheries; the fish are made into fish meal or sold fresh
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Image courtesy Edie Widder.
<a href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04deepscope/welcome.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Deep Scope: Seeing with &#8220;New Eyes&#8221;: August 7-17, 2004</a>

Greeneye fish

A chimaera on <a href="http://www.earth.com/image/new-seafloor-map-helps-scientists-find-new-features/">Bear Seamount</a>.

Scientific classification Rhinochimaeridae.

Chimaeras live in temperate ocean floors down to 2,600 m deep, with few occurring at depths shallower than 200 m (660 ft).

Exceptions include the members of the genus Callorhinchus, the rabbit fish and the spotted ratfish, which locally or periodically can be found at relatively shallow depths.

Therefore, these are also among the few species from the Chimaera order kept in public aquaria.

They  grow up to 150 cm (4.9 ft) in length, although this includes the lengthy tail found in some species. In many species, the snout is modified into an elongated sensory organ



<a href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04mountains/welcome.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mountains in the Sea 2004: Exploring the New England Seamount Chain: May 8-24, 2004</a>