Gastropteron bicornutum

Portrait,Of,A,Male,Bull,White,Rhino,Grazing,In,Kruger

<p>World Rhino Day, <a href="https://www.worldrhinoday.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celebrated annually</a> on September 22nd, is a global event initiated to generate awareness about the five species of rhinoceros and the myriad of challenges they face. </p>



<p>This special day is pivotal to garnering public support for the conservation of these iconic, yet endangered animals. Rhinos, with their prehistoric appearance and gentle demeanors, are vital components of their ecosystems, contributing to landscape resilience and biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-background-of-world-rhino-day">Historical background of World Rhino Day</h2>



<p>World Rhino Day was first announced by WWF-South Africa in 2010. The day was chosen to enable NGOs, zoos, rhino sanctuaries, and concerned individuals to celebrate rhinos in their distinct manner, highlighting the diverse issues related to their survival. </p>



<p>Since then, it has evolved into a global phenomenon. Various events, activities, and campaigns dedicated to the conservation of rhino species take place around the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-of-rhinoceros">Species of rhinoceros</h2>



<p>Rhinos belong to the family Rhinocerotidae and are classified into five species, each with unique characteristics and habitats.</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>White Rhino: Divided into Northern and Southern subspecies, they are the largest of the rhino species.<br></li>



<li>Black Rhino: Smaller than the white rhino, with a prehensile lip adapted for grasping leaves and twigs.<br></li>



<li>Greater One-Horned Rhino: Found in the Indian subcontinent, recognized by a single black horn and armored skin.<br></li>



<li>Sumatran Rhino: The smallest species, living in dense forest habitats in Malaysia and Indonesia.<br></li>



<li>Javan Rhino: The most threatened species with less than 70 individuals remaining. They are primarily found in Ujung Kulon National Park in Java, Indonesia.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-rhinos">The importance of rhinos</h2>



<p>Rhinos play a crucial ecological role as umbrella and keystone species. This means that their survival benefits numerous other species and contributes to ecosystem balance. </p>



<p>They facilitate nutrient cycling through their dung, promoting plant diversity, and support the survival of other herbivores by modifying vegetation structure. This, in turn, influences the whole ecological web, including predators, scavengers, and decomposers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-to-rhino-survival">Challenges to rhino survival</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poaching">Poaching</h3>



<p>Rhinos face relentless threats primarily from poaching, driven by the demand for their horns. Rhino horn, composed of keratin (the same material as human hair and nails), is erroneously believed to have medicinal properties in some cultures. This falsehood makes it extremely valuable on the black market.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat loss</h3>



<p>Loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion, human settlements, and infrastructural development further jeopardizes rhino populations by fragmenting and isolating habitats. These unfortunate human-induced circumstances make it challenging for rhinos to access resources and mates.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Climate change exacerbates these challenges by altering the availability of food and water and by influencing the range and behavior of other species in the ecosystem. This can have cascading effects on rhino populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-and-awareness">Conservation efforts and awareness</h2>



<p>World Rhino Day serves as a platform to underscore the urgent need for concerted global efforts to conserve rhinos. Numerous organizations and individuals collaborate to raise awareness about rhino conservation, undertake fund-raising activities, and work on the ground to protect rhinos from poaching and habitat loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anti-poaching-initiatives">Anti-poaching initiatives</h2>



<p>Strategies such as strict law enforcement, community engagement, and advanced technologies like drone surveillance and tracking devices are deployed to combat poaching.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-management-and-restoration">Habitat management and restoration</h2>



<p>Conservationists work on habitat management and restoration projects to ensure rhinos have the necessary environments to thrive. These efforts focus on reducing human-wildlife conflict and securing migratory routes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-and-rehabilitation-programs">Breeding and rehabilitation programs</h2>



<p>Sanctuaries and conservation areas facilitate breeding programs, reintroduction, and rehabilitation efforts to enhance genetic diversity and increase population sizes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-advocacy-on-world-rhino-day">Education and advocacy on World Rhino Day</h2>



<p>World Rhino Day is an opportunity for educational institutions, NGOs, and activists to disseminate information on the significance of rhinos and engage the public in conservation activities. The involvement of local communities is particularly crucial, as their support can greatly contribute to the protection of rhinos and their habitats.</p>



<p>In summary, World Rhino Day symbolizes a global unity in the pursuit of preserving the five species of rhinos. This day serves as a reminder of our collective responsibility to protect and conserve these majestic animals and their habitats, enabling them to play their crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. </p>



<p>The ongoing dedication to rhino conservation, supported by heightened awareness and reinforced regulations, is vital to ensure the survival of rhinos for future generations. By celebrating World Rhino Day, we reaffirm our commitment to biodiversity and take a step closer to a world where both humans and wildlife coexist harmoniously.</p>



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World Rhino Day: Celebrating and protecting the magnificent rhinoceros

World Rhino Day, celebrated annually on September 22nd, is a...

Adult,Cuckoo,Male,Perched,On,Branch

<p>Climate change is reshaping bird habitats and populations across the United Kingdom, presenting both challenges and opportunities for native and migratory species. </p>



<p>Scientists note that this environmental shift is producing "winners and losers" among bird populations, impacting not only the avian residents but also the bird-watching community in Britain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-new-sightings-the-winners">Rising new sightings: The winners</h2>



<p>According to a recent report by the BBC, bird enthusiasts in the UK are witnessing unprecedented sightings of non-native species, such as the black-winged stilts and bee-eaters -- migrants previously seldom seen on British shores. </p>



<p>Bird species like reed warblers are leveraging the extended, warmer summers to increase their progeny, while others like the Cetti's warbler, which colonized the UK decades ago, are progressively extending their range north.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diminishing-native-species-the-losers">Diminishing native species: The losers</h2>



<p>Conversely, the shifting climate is posing significant threats to species like cuckoos and willow warblers, which are experiencing sharp declines in Southern Britain. Dr. Dave Leech, the Head of Ringing at the <a href="https://www.bto.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Trust for Ornithology</a>, spoke to the BBC about the precarious plight of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cuckoos-are-unable-to-change-their-migrations-in-response-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cuckoos</a>, stating their populations are in "free fall." </p>



<p>The changing climate is reducing the availability of food, impeding these birds' ability to refuel before their strenuous journey back over the Sahara to over-winter in Africa. The worry is that future generations might miss out on the distinctive calls of cuckoos, a sound once synonymous with British wildlife.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multi-faceted-pressure-on-bird-populations">Multi-faceted pressure on bird populations</h2>



<p>The precarious balance of the avian ecosystem in the UK is not solely attributed to climate change. Loss of natural habitats like meadows and hedgerows, combined with the usage of pesticides, has led to a decline in nearly half of all bird species in the country. </p>



<p>The British Trust for Ornithology reports a substantial decrease in the number of wild birds in Britain, witnessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-all-uk-bird-species-are-in-a-state-of-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a drop of 73 million</a> since 1970.</p>



<p>Dr. Leech emphasizes that the changing climate is particularly impactful for migratory birds, which are grappling with extreme weather conditions across various continents, affecting their breeding, wintering, and migrational paths that span thousands of kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategic-monitoring-and-mitigation">Strategic monitoring and mitigation</h2>



<p>The continuous efforts of bird ringers and volunteers have been instrumental in monitoring these changes in bird populations, providing valuable insights into their decline. </p>



<p>Peter, a seasoned bird ringer from Gloucestershire, points out to the BBC that climate change, predominantly driven by human activities, will result in alterations in the avian landscape. While some <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species may disappear</a>, others could become commonplace, shifting the avian biodiversity of the region.</p>



<p>Collecting and analyzing ringing data is crucial for devising effective mitigation strategies against the adverse effects of climate change on bird species. Understanding these shifts will enable more informed conservation strategies, aiming to preserve the rich and diverse bird life in the UK.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-and-conserving-bird-populations">Preserving and conserving bird populations</h2>



<p>In summary, the interplay between climate change and avian species is unveiling a new pattern in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-populations-are-declining-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird sightings</a> in the UK. While this shift might excite bird lovers with the presence of new species, the decline of traditional inhabitants like the cuckoo raises concerns about the long-term impacts on the biodiversity of the region. </p>



<p>The proactive role of bird ringers, scientists, and volunteers is essential in monitoring and mitigating the repercussions of these environmental shifts, ensuring the sustenance of diverse bird species for future generations to experience and enjoy.</p>



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Bird populations in the UK are being decimated by climate change

Climate change is reshaping bird habitats and populations across the...

<p>Researchers unearthed a new species of tarantula exhibiting a vibrant electric blue coloration, nestled within the enigmatic landscapes of Thailand’s mangrove forests. This exciting discovery unfolded in the Phang-Nga province and is the inaugural record of a tarantula species dwelling in Thai mangrove ecosystems.</p>



<p>Dr. Narin Chomphuphuang and his research ensemble, accompanied by local wildlife aficionado and YouTuber <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwahnsJVPWodYOLoTQl3q6A" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JoCho Sippawat</a>, embarked on this trailblazing expedition following the revelation of Taksinus bambus -- the first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/four-new-tarantula-species-discovered-in-colombia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tarantula</a> known to inhabit bamboo stalks, in Thailand. Their quest was driven by the zeal to delve deeper into the secretive world of these arachnids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encounter-with-the-vibrant-creature">Encounter with the vibrant creature</h2>



<p>The distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/spider_Chilobrachys-natanicharum_Yuranan-Nanthaisong_2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electric blue</a> of the tarantula immediately distinguished it from its peers, its color acting as a beacon in the dense, dark green foliage. </p>



<p>Narin explained, “The first specimen we found was on a tree in the mangrove forest. These tarantulas inhabit hollow trees, presenting a challenge in catching them, as one needs to climb trees and lure them out of complex hollows amidst humid and slippery conditions.”</p>



<p>The expedition meticulously maneuvered through the terrain in the evenings and nocturnal hours during low tide, overcoming obstacles to collect two specimens, showcasing the tarantula’s elusive nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-symphony-of-colors">A symphony of colors</h2>



<p>The electric blue tarantula, it was discovered, doesn’t owe its striking coloration to pigments, but rather to the intricate nanostructures within their hair, manipulating light to craft the illustrious blue hue, sometimes revealing an enchanting violet tint, creating a mesmerizing iridescent effect. </p>



<p>The mechanism to appear blue necessitates the absorption of minimal energy while reflecting high-energy blue light, making blue one of the most scarce and fascinating colors in nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-prior-commercial-appearance">A prior commercial appearance</h2>



<p>Before its scientific documentation, this species had been seen in commercial tarantula markets as the "Chilobrachys sp. Electric Blue Tarantula," however, without any records of its distinctive attributes or its natural surroundings.</p>



<p>Dr. Narin elucidated the adaptability of the electric blue tarantula, explaining, “These tarantulas can flourish in both arboreal and terrestrial environments in evergreen forests but are confined to tree hollows in mangrove forests due to tidal activities.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-the-new-tarantula-species">Naming the new tarantula species</h2>



<p>The scientific designation, <em>Chilobrachys natanicharum</em>, resulted from an auction campaign, with Nichada Properties Co., Ltd., Thailand, emerging victorious, proposing a blend of the names of company executives Mr. Natakorn Changrew and Ms. Nichada Changrew. </p>



<p>The proceeds from the auction have been channeled to bolster the education of Lahu children in Thailand and to aid impoverished cancer patients. The Lahu people, an indigenous tribe known for their rich culture and traditions, face stark educational disparities due to financial constraints. </p>



<p>Similarly, many cancer sufferers grapple with economic adversities, hindering their access to quality medical care. The donation aims to bridge these gaps and extend support to those in dire need.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-over-habitat-destruction">Concerns over habitat destruction</h2>



<p>Dr. Narin emphasized the indispensability of taxonomy in research, from resolving everyday queries about species names to undertaking pivotal conservation research to thwart species extinction. He underscored its critical role in advancing knowledge and fostering conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The looming menace of deforestation imperils mangrove forests and their unique inhabitants like the electric blue tarantula—one of the world’s rarest. This discovery brings forth pertinent questions about humanity's inadvertent role in habitat destruction and the subsequent displacement of these exceptional species, prompting reflections on conservation imperatives.</p>



<p>This discovery, a beacon of Thailand’s rich biodiversity, has not only expanded the realms of arachnological knowledge but has also sparked crucial conversations about ecological conservation, habitat preservation, and the proactive roles that can be played to shield these extraordinary creatures from extinction.</p>



<p>The study was published in the <a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/106278/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal ZooKeys</a>.</p>



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Electric blue tarantula discovered in a Thai mangrove forest

Researchers unearthed a new species of tarantula exhibiting a vibrant...

<p>A new study published by <a href="https://global.oup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University Press</a> uncovers the evolutionary adaptations in bats that may explain their extraordinary capability to ward off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-increases-risk-of-fatal-bacterial-infections/">infections</a> and resist cancer. This discovery, believed to be associated with bats' rapid evolution, may have promising implications for cancer research.</p>



<p>Bats have long fascinated scientists due to their unique attributes. Not only are they the only mammals capable of sustained flight, but they also boast long lifespans, remarkably low cancer rates, and incredibly robust immune systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, it is widely believed that bats played a pivotal role in the emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. Their peculiar ability to tolerate various viral infections possibly arises from distinct features in their innate immune response.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-health-nbsp">Implications for human health&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The implications of understanding bats are far-reaching, especially for human health. Gaining insights into the bat immune system's mechanisms that enable it to withstand viral infections might pave the way for better strategies in preventing zoonotic disease transmissions to humans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, by comparing the genomic data of bats to other mammals more susceptible to cancer, researchers could unearth new knowledge about cancer's origins and its intricate relationship with immunity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While mice remain a primary organism for experimental studies due to their ease of manipulation, they lack many attributes relevant to human diseases. In contrast, bats offer a more comprehensive perspective.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>"The ability of bats to tolerate viral infections may stem from unusual features of their innate immune response. Together, these adaptations make bats a powerful system for investigating a wide variety of genotype-to-phenotype relationships, including several with implications for human health," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"For example, by better understanding the mechanisms of the bat immune system that allow them to tolerate viral infections, researchers may be better able to prevent zoonotic outbreaks."</p>



<p>"In addition, comparative genomic analyses of bats and cancer-susceptible mammals may shed new light on the causes of cancer and links between cancer and immunity."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For their investigation, the researchers used the Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read platform, along with bat samples from the American Museum of Natural History in Belize. The genomes of two bat species, the Jamaican fruit bat and the Mesoamerican mustached bat, were sequenced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team conducted an extensive comparative genomic analysis involving various bats and other mammals.</p>



<p>"Our comparative genomic analysis of these genome sequences, which have been released as a public resource, provides several new insights into unique features of innate immune response and cancer resistance in bats," said the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered-nbsp">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The scientists identified genetic modifications in six DNA repair-related proteins in bats.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, 46 proteins related to cancer suppression were found to be altered in bats. These modified genes related to cancer were present over two times more in bats than in other mammals.</p>



<p>“By generating these new bat genomes and comparing them to other mammals we continue to find extraordinary new adaptations in antiviral and anticancer genes,” said study lead author Armin Scheben.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These investigations are the first step towards translating research on the unique biology of bats into insights relevant to understanding and treating aging and diseases, such as cancer, in humans.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evad148" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Genome Biology and Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Unique biology of bats may hold secrets of cancer resistance

A new study published by Oxford University Press uncovers the...

Dolphin,Portrait,Detail,Of,Eye,While,Looking,At,You,From

<p>In a recent study, researchers have discovered that a staggering 72% of cetacean and pinniped stocks under U.S. jurisdiction exhibit high or very high vulnerability to the threats posed by climate change.&nbsp;The main threats to these marine mammals include rising ocean temperatures and changes in water composition. </p>



<p>Pinnipeds are “flipper-footed” animals such as seals, sea lions, and walruses, while cetaceans are species that cannot survive on land, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-embedded-in-tissues-of-whales-and-dolphins/">whales</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/dolphin-everything-you-need-to-know-about-these-magical-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a> and porpoises.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-marine-mammals">Climate change and marine mammals</h2>



<p>The study, led by Matthew D. Lettrich from <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Fisheries</a>, sheds light on the susceptibility of marine mammals in US waters to the ever-intensifying impacts of a changing climate.</p>



<p>Several factors drive this vulnerability. As the Earth's climate undergoes rapid alterations, the distribution, behavior, and movements of marine mammals are being significantly influenced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Key agents of this change include warming ocean temperatures, diminished sea ice cover, increased ocean acidity, changing salinity levels, and declining dissolved oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Until now, while <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/climate/climate-vulnerability-assessments" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate Vulnerability Assessments</a> (CVAs) provided insights into the climate impacts across a spectrum of species, none had specifically delved into US-managed marine mammals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Recognizing this gap, the researchers embarked on a comprehensive assessment of 108 marine mammal stocks spanning the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal was to gauge their exposure to climate change and their inherent ability to adapt to its consequences.</p>



<p>To do this, the team used 16 climate-related factors that are likely to influence marine mammals directly or indirectly via their prey or habitat.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results-for-marine-mammals">Alarming results for marine mammals</h2>



<p>The assessment revealed that a startling 44% of marine mammal stocks were found to have a “very high” climate vulnerability score. Baleen whales, medium-sized whales, toothed whales, and dolphins were found to have the greatest risk.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>The primary culprits affecting these species were identified as alterations in ocean temperature, acidity, and dissolved oxygen levels, which have direct repercussions on their prey availability and habitat conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-sound-transmission-nbsp">Changes in sound transmission&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, a less explored facet of climate change impacts on marine mammals is the changes in sound absorption and transmission in waters due to fluctuating pH and temperature levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This has significant implications for species that rely on echolocation for activities like communication, hunting, and foraging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-management-and-conservation">Ecosystem management and conservation</h2>



<p>“These results provide information for researchers, managers, and the public on marine mammal responses to climate change to enhance the development of more effective marine mammal management, restoration, and conservation activities that address current and future environmental variation and biological responses due to climate change," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"This vulnerability assessment provides a tool that can complement other marine mammal assessment techniques and support the broader implementation of protected species and ecosystem management and conservation as the climate changes.”</p>



<p>The researchers would like for the marine mammal climate vulnerability assessment to be repeated when enhanced input data is available, such as higher-resolution climate projections and better species-specific biological information.</p>



<p>“Using a systematic approach allowed us to look across all of these stocks and better understand what drives their vulnerability to climate change," said Lettrich.</p>



<p>"We can now go out and look at some of these individual responses to climate change, and explore approaches to reduce the impacts of climate change on these vulnerable populations.”</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290643"><em>PLOS ONE</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Marine mammals in U.S. waters are highly vulnerable to climate change

In a recent study, researchers have discovered that a staggering...

Pied,Tamarin

<p>A recent research study has shed light on the intriguing ways in which the critically endangered pied tamarin monkeys adapt their communication techniques, in response to human-induced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a>, by increasing their scent markings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-amidst-the-urban-din">Communication amidst the urban din</h2>



<p>Native to a tiny geographic span in central Brazil, a majority of which now finds itself encapsulated within the urban sprawl of Manaus, the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/fr/species/40644/192551696" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pied tamarins</a> (Saguinus bicolor) primarily employ a combination of vocal calls and scent markings to convey messages. </p>



<p>But as cities grow and their natural habitats are continuously fragmented, how these primates communicate is dramatically changing.</p>



<p>The latest research, jointly spearheaded by experts from Universidade Federal do Amazonas and <a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anglia Ruskin University</a> (ARU), examined nine distinct groups of wild pied tamarins. With the help of radio tracking, the research team shadowed each group for a span of 10 days. </p>



<p>Throughout these habitats, the main sources of human-made noise emanated from road traffic. However, noises from aircraft, visitors to parks, and even military operations also contributed to the cacophony.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vital-role-of-scent-markings">The vital role of scent markings</h2>



<p>Effective intergroup communication is crucial for not just the health but the very survival of a species. Pied tamarins resort to various scent markings, each serving different purposes, such as conveying territorial or reproductive information.</p>



<p>The study’s compelling findings revealed a direct correlation between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-noise-affects-the-color-of-songbirds-beaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">escalation in noise</a> decibel levels and the frequency of scent markings. This indicates that as their vocal communication gets muffled amidst the urban noise, these primates are relying more heavily on scent markings.</p>



<p>Tainara Sobroza, the lead author from <a href="https://www.ufam.edu.br/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</a>, noted, “Pied tamarins produce long calls which are pivotal for numerous reasons including intergroup communication, territory demarcation, and group cohesion. With urban landscapes steadily encroaching their habitats, our data implies that these creatures' communication techniques are evolving in the face of urban noise.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-adaptations-and-conservation">Evolutionary adaptations and conservation</h2>



<p>Adding to this, <a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk/people/jacob-c-dunn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Jacob Dunn</a>, Associate Professor in Evolutionary Biology at ARU, pointed out that human activities have massively altered the acoustic landscapes that many species were originally adapted to. He emphasized, “The rise in scent marking is probably a flexible adaptation to this drastic change. It's captivating to note that pied tamarins are adjusting their behavior in the face of city noise.”</p>



<p>While scent markings offer the advantage of transmitting information over a prolonged period, they don't match the reach of vocal calls. As these creatures find their habitats becoming more splintered, this might spell trouble for an already critically endangered species.</p>



<p>This fascinating research, which throws light on the behavioral shifts of animals in urban environments, was generously funded by esteemed institutions like the National Geographic Society, the Rufford Foundation, Primate Action Fund, and the International Primatology Society.</p>



<p>The findings have been unveiled in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03949370.2023.2248591" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ethology Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.</p>



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Monkeys use more scent markings to combat human noise pollution

A recent research study has shed light on the intriguing...

<p>Freshwater mussels, known for their sensitivity to water quality changes, may be at heightened risk due to the impacts of increasing sea levels on coastal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/">rivers</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A recent investigation has shed light on the potential dangers that these species, along with other salt-sensitive organisms, face in the wake of climate-induced sea level changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The goal of the research, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5731"><em>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</em></a>, was to understand the threshold of sea salt concentration that could jeopardize the survival of juvenile mussels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This information is crucial in understanding the implications of rising sea levels on these species and the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-salinity-levels-nbsp">Increased salinity levels&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Sea levels across the planet are rising, particularly along the eastern coast of the United States. Climate-induced sea level rise can result in the inundation and intrusion of seawater into freshwater drainages. This would alter salinity regimes and lead to the salinization of coastal freshwater ecosystems," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Increased salinity levels in freshwater can negatively affect freshwater-dependent species, including native mussels belonging to the order Unionida, which are highly sensitive to changes in water quality."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Sea salt is largely made up of sodium and chloride ions, forming sodium chloride, a known toxicant to freshwater mussels. However, sea salt is a mixture that also contains other major ions, including potassium, sulfate, calcium, strontium, and magnesium, among others."</p>



<p>"Freshwater mussels exposed to sea salt would be exposed to each of the sea salt ions at the same time, resulting in a mixture toxicity effect. The mixture toxicity of these ions on early life stages of freshwater mussels is largely unknown because most research to date has evaluated individual salt ions in relative isolation."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



<p>To investigate, the researchers conducted acute toxicity tests on early life stages (glochidia and juvenile) of three freshwater mussel species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The southeastern coast of the US became the focal point of the study, given that this region has observed a consistent sea-level rise, ranging from 2 to 6mm annually.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study revealed that salt water is toxic to both glochidia and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels, with glochidia being the most sensitive life stage.</p>



<p>This is consistent with previous research that has shown glochidia to be the most sensitive life stage and that glochidia are more sensitive to sodium chloride than juveniles, noted the researchers.</p>



<p>By identifying the toxic levels of salt water for mussels at different stages of their life cycle, the study offers a roadmap for conservation initiatives. Such insights could pave the way for developing better strategies that factor in the challenges of sea level rise and the subsequent saltwater intrusion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study co-author Joseph McIver from North Carolina State University emphasized the global significance of the issue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Climate change represents a serious threat to our aquatic ecosystems worldwide and the organisms that live there,” said McIver.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Protecting and conserving our already highly imperiled freshwater mussels is of paramount importance and our research on the effects of salinity and sea level rise will hopefully contribute valuable information toward these goals.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The potential ramifications of sea level rise stretch beyond mussels and could reshape the balance of entire ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As freshwater sources face the threat of increased salinity, a ripple effect may be felt throughout the food chain, impacting not only salt-sensitive species but also the larger web of life they support.</p>



<p>Protecting vulnerable species like freshwater mussels may be a small piece of a much larger puzzle, but it is a critical step towards preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems.</p>



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How freshwater mussels are threatened by sea-level rise

Freshwater mussels, known for their sensitivity to water quality changes,...

Gastropteron bicornutum

Taxonomic tree: