Acipenser transmontanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=d55013d210f7439f8ca981b3b73576f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j69i59.492j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is a species of sturgeon in the family Acipenseridae of the order Acipenseriformes. They are an anadromous fish species ranging in the Eastern Pacific; from the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey, California. However, some are landlocked in the Columbia River Drainage, Montana, and Lake Shasta in California, with reported sightings in northern Baja California, Mexico.Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) &gt; Acipenseriformes (Sturgeons and paddlefishes) &gt; Acipenseridae (Sturgeons) &gt; Acipenserinae Etymology: : Latin, = sturgeon, 1853 (Ref. 45335); transmontanus: The specific name is derived from the Latin acipenser (sturgeon), trans (beyond), and montanus (mountain) (Ref. 27436).More on author: Richardson.

Acipenser transmontanus

Acipenser transmontanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation...

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=6af7b47b706a421cbff7d45ac370e984&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.971j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The Cicek Minnow (Acanthorutilus handlirschi) is a species of concern belonging in the species group "fishes" and found in the following area (s): Turkey. This species is also known by the following name (s): Pseudophoxinus handlirschi, Oreoleuciscus handlirschi, Phoxinellus handlirschi. Source: Federal Register, U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service (various authors), series (version undefined) Acquired: 1996 : Notes: Various listings from the Federal Register on the legal status of species : Reference for: Acanthorutilus handlirschi, cicek [English] Source: NODC Taxonomic Code, database (

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.This species is also known by the following name(s): Pseudophoxinus handlirschi, Oreoleuciscus handlirschi, Phoxinellus handlirschi.

Acanthorutilus handlirschi

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Accipiter fasciatus natalis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mistastin-lake-in-labrador-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Accipiter fasciatus natalis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=84f1e8e9658b4caea7e69e7c7dff2555&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0j69i60l3.1774j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Accipiter fasciatus natalis

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Accipiter francesii pusillus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=b465a6a06aa04b25a2b750c94d1fc9be&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.591j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Anjouan Island Sparrowhawk, or Ndzuwani Goshawk Accipiter francesii pusillus, an extremely rare, possibly extinct, subspecies of Frances's Sparrowhawk Spot-tailed Goshawk, Accipiter trinotatus Grey Goshawk, Accipiter novaehollandiae. The Anjouan sparrowhawk (Accipiter francesiae pusillus), also known as Anjouan Island sparrowhawk, Ndzuwani goshawk or Joanna Island goshawk is a subspecies of Frances's sparrowhawk (Accipiter francesiae). It is endemic to the Comoros island of Anjouan. It was thought to be extinct until searches in the 1980s and in 2005 confirmed that it is still extant.· North America, the planet's 3rd largest continent, includes (23) countries and dozens of possessions and territories. It contains all Caribbean and Central America countries, Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, as well as Greenland - the world's largest island.

Accipiter francesii pusillus

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Accipiter gentilis laingi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=0e16320dcb6d40748a5d6a1b3d9cc5b8&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.896j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.Accipiter gentilis laingi Wildlife Species Description and Significance The Northern Goshawk laingi subspecies (Accipiter gentilis laingi) is a raven-sized, robust forest-dwelling raptor. Adults are brown-grey to slate-grey on the back, while underparts are pale-grey with fine horizontal grey bars and darker vertical streaking.The Northern Goshawk laingi subspecies (Accipiter gentilis laingi) is a raven-sized, robust forest-dwelling raptor. Adults are brown-grey to slate-grey on the back, while underparts are pale-grey with fine horizontal grey bars and darker vertical streaking. The head has a distinctive whitish line above the eye and a dark-grey to black cap.

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Accipiter gentilis laingi

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Accipiter striatus venator NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=6af7b47b706a421cbff7d45ac370e984&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.971j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk, (Accipiter striatus venator), falcón de sierra or gavilán pecho rufo in Spanish, is an endemic subspecies of the North American sharp-shinned hawk, occurring only in Puerto Rico. Discovered in 1912 and described as a distinct sub-species, it has been placed on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species because of its rapidly dwindling population in Puerto Rico. It can be found in the Toro Negro State Forest.Accipiter striatus venator is an endemic subspecies of the North American Sharp-shinned Hawk, occurring only in Puerto Rico. This animal has been placed on the Federal endangered list because of its rapidly dwindling population on the island.

Accipiter striatus venator

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Achatinella spp. NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=0e16320dcb6d40748a5d6a1b3d9cc5b8&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.896j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Scientific name: Achatinella spp Hawaiian name: Kāhuli / Pūpū kani oe All 41 species of the genus Achatinella, also known as the O‘ahu tree snails, are federally listed as endangered. O‘ahu tree snails are diverse in patterns, colors, and shapes but all average about 3/4 inch in length.Oʻahu tree snails, genus Achatinella, form a large genus of colorful, tropical, tree-living, air-breathing, land snails, arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinellidae. This genus of tree snails is endemic to Hawaii, and all extant species are endangered. They were once abundant and were mentioned extensively in Hawaiian folklore and songs, and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments.

Achatinella spp.

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Acinonyx jubatus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a large cat native to Africa and central Iran. It is the fastest land animal, capable of running at 80 to 128 km/h (50 to 80 mph), and as such has several adaptations for speed, including a light build, long thin legs and a long tail. It typically reaches 67–94 cm (26–37 in) at the shoulder, and the head-and-body length is between 1.1 and 1.5 m (3.6 and 4.9 ft). Adults weigh between 20 and 65 kg (44 and 143 lb). Its head is small, rounded, and has a short snout and black tear-like facial streaks. The coat is typically tawny to creamy white or pale buff and is mostly covered with evenly spaced, solid black spots. Four subspecies are recognised. More gregarious than many other cats, the cheetah has three main social groups—females and their cubs, male "coalitions" and solitary males. While females lead a nomadic life searching for prey in large home ranges

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Acinonyx jubatus

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Acipenser brevirostrum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=cd15138958b44bb2b853b45f848f47f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.896j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) is a small and endangered species of North American sturgeon. The earliest remains of the species are from the Late Cretaceous Period, over 70 million years ago. Shortnose sturgeons are long-lived and slow to sexually mature. Most sturgeons are anadromous bottom-feeders, which means they migrate upstream to spawn but spend most of their lives feeding in rivers, deltas and estuaries. The shortnose sturgeon is often mistaken as a juvenile Atlantic sturgeon, because of their small size. Prior to 1973, U.S. commercial fishing records did not differentiate between the two species, both were reported as "common sturgeon", although it is believed based on sizes that the bulk of the catch was Atlantic sturgeon. The shortnose is distinguishable from the Atlantic sturgeon due to its shorter and rounder head.

Acipenser brevirostrum

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Acipenser medirostris NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/faking-death-is-a-good-way-for-animals-to-stay-alive/">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports --Acipenser medirostris  ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=0e16320dcb6d40748a5d6a1b3d9cc5b8&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.896j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Sturgeons are among the largest and most ancient of <a title="Actinopterygii" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii">ray finned fishes</a>. They are placed, along with <a title="Paddlefish" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddlefish">paddlefishes</a> and numerous fossil groups, in the infraclass <a title="Chondrostei" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a>, which also contains the ancestors of all other bony fishes. The sturgeons themselves are not ancestral to modern bony fishes but are a highly specialized and successful offshoot of ancestral <a title="Chondrostei" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei">chondrosteans</a>, retaining such ancestral features as a <a title="Fish fin" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fin">heterocerca</a>l tail, fin structure, jaw structure, and spiracle. They have replaced a bony skeleton with one of <a title="Cartilage" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage">cartilage</a>, and possess a few large bony plates instead of scales. Sturgeons are highly adapted for preying on bottom animals, which they detect with a row of sensitive <a title="Barbel (anatomy)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)">barbels</a> on the underside of their snouts. They protrude their very long and flexible “lips” to suck up food. Sturgeons are confined to temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Of 25 extant species, only two live in California, the green sturgeon and the <a title="White sturgeon" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sturgeon">white sturgeon</a> (A. transmontanus). (Moyle 2002)

Acipenser medirostris

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Acipenser mikadoi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The Sakhalin sturgeon is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae. It is found in <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=japan&amp;cvid=b99abe0ea03d49319f23b97aa3ab6c4e&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j0l6.1785j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Japan</a> and Russia.The Sakhalin Sturgeon (Acipenser mikadoi) has 8-12 dorsal scutes, 25-30 lateral scutes, 7-11 ventral scutes, 29-41 dorsal fin rays and 18-28 anal fin rays. Colouration ranges from olive-green to dark green on the back to yellowish green-white on the ventral side with an olive-green stripe on the side between the lateral and ventral scutes.

The Sakhalin sturgeon is considered to be a species that migrates up the river from the sea in order to spawn. During the months of April to May, the Sakhalin sturgeon feeds in the freshwater and then returns to the ocean during the summer

Acipenser mikadoi

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Acipenser naccarii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.The Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae. It is native to the Adriatic Sea and large rivers which flow in it of Albania, Greece, Italy, and States of former-Yugoslavia. Specimens can be seen in several public aquarium, such the Milan Aquarium, Aquarium Finisterrae, Aquarium of the Po, and Oasis of Sant'Alessio in Lombardy.The Adriatic Sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) is a thick set fish, growing up to 2 metres but 1.5m is more usual. Weight is 20-25kg. A long lived species, the Adriatic sturgeon has been recorded to reach 50 years of age. Acipenser naccarii has 10-14 dorsal scutes, 32-42 lateral scutes, 8-11 ventral scutes, 36-48 dorsal fin rays and 24-31 anal fin rays. The short snout is wide and rounded at the tip. The colour is grey-brown on the dorsal side

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Acipenser naccarii

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Acipenser oxyrinchus (=oxyrhynchus) desotoi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mistastin-lake-in-labrador-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Acipenser oxyrinchus (=oxyrhynchus) desotoi ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=84f1e8e9658b4caea7e69e7c7dff2555&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0j69i60l3.1774j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe

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Acipenser oxyrinchus (=oxyrhynchus) desotoi

Acipenser oxyrinchus (=oxyrhynchus) desotoi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=2c2e13fdcefb416498254b6003035344&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0l2.1080j0j1&amp;pglt=299&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) is a member of the family Acipenseridae and along with other sturgeon it is sometimes considered a living fossil. The Atlantic sturgeon is one of two subspecies of A. oxyrinchus, the other being the Gulf sturgeon (A. o. desotoi). The main range of the Atlantic sturgeon is in eastern North America, extending from New Brunswick, Canada, to the eastern coast of Florida, United States. A disjunct population occurs in the Baltic region of Europe. Atlantic sturgeon live in rivers and coastal waters from Canada to Florida. Hatched in the freshwater of rivers, Atlantic sturgeon head out to sea as juveniles, and return to their birthplace to spawn, or lay eggs, when they reach adulthood.

Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus

Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer...

Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=6af7b47b706a421cbff7d45ac370e984&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.971j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) is a member of the family Acipenseridae and along with other sturgeon it is sometimes considered a living fossil. The Atlantic sturgeon is one of two subspecies of A. oxyrinchus, the other being the Gulf sturgeon (A. o. desotoi). The main range of the Atlantic sturgeon is in eastern North America, extending from New Brunswick, Canada, to the eastern coast of Florida, United States. A disjunct population occurs in the Baltic regionof Europe Atlantic sturgeon live in rivers and coastal waters from Canada to Florida. Hatched in the freshwater of rivers, Atlantic sturgeon head out to sea as juveniles, and return to their birthplace to spawn, or lay eggs, when they reach adulthood.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acipenser oxyrinchus is mostly native to the countries of Canada and the United States, with a smaller population in northern Europe (essentially the Baltic region ). They can be found in temperate and subtropical climates and in marine or freshwater environments

Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=0e16320dcb6d40748a5d6a1b3d9cc5b8&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.896j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The Atlantic sturgeon is a member of the family Acipenseridae and along with other sturgeon it is sometimes considered a living fossil. The Atlantic sturgeon is one of two subspecies of A. oxyrinchus, the other being the Gulf sturgeon (A. o. desotoi). The main range of the Atlantic sturgeon is in eastern North America, extending from New Brunswick, Canada, to the eastern coast of Florida, United States. A disjunct population occurs in the Baltic regionof Europe

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acipenser oxyrinchus is mostly native to the countries of Canada and the United States, with a smaller population in northern Europe (essentially the Baltic region ). They can be found in temperate and subtropical climates and in marine or freshwater environments. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), proposed to designate critical habitat for the Gulf of Maine, New York Bight, and Chesapeake Bay Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) of Atlantic sturgeon ( Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus

Acipenser sinensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis; Chinese: 中華鱘; pinyin: zhōnghuá xún) is a critically endangered member of the family Acipenseridae in the order Acipenseriformes. Historically, this anadromous fish was found in China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula, but it has been extirpated from most regions due to habitat loss and overfishing. It is strictly protected by the Chinese government, named a "national treasure" much like its mammalian counterpart, the giant panda. China has several conservation programmes, including reserves specifically aimed at this species and restocking through release of juveniles in the Yangtze River.

Acipenser sinensis

Acipenser sinensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Acipenser sturio NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=d55013d210f7439f8ca981b3b73576f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j69i59.492j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), also known as the Atlantic sturgeon or common sturgeon, is a species of sturgeon previously found on most coasts of Europe. It is anadromous and breeds in rivers. It is currently a critically endangered species. Although the name Baltic sturgeon sometimes has been used, it has now been established that sturgeon of the Baltic region are A. oxyrinchus, a species otherwise restricted to the Atlantic coast of North America.Manufactured products are derived from eel, sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), salmon and trout (Salmo spp.), and, in the case of aquaculture species, tilapia (Tilapia spp.), tench (Tinca tinca), carp (Cyprinus spp.), salmon and trout. All of these form part of a sizeable range of widely distributed and economically important species.

Acipenser sturio

Acipenser sturio NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Acrocephalus familiaris kingi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and<a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/"> Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=cd15138958b44bb2b853b45f848f47f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.896j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.Acrocephalus familiaris kingi The Nihoa Millerbird is a tiny land bird that was discovered on the island of Nihoa in 1923. Another subspecies once occurred on Laysan Island, where it went extinct in the early 20th century after the island was devegetated by introduced rabbits.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Acrocephalidae. It has two subspecies, A. f. kingi and A f. familiaris. The latter, the Laysan millerbird, became extinct sometime between 1916 and 1923. The former, the critically endangered Nihoa millerbird, remains the only race left, inhabiting the small island Nihoa in Hawaiʻi, though it has since been reintroduced to Laysan.

Acrocephalus familiaris kingi

Acrocephalus familiaris kingi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer...

Berries from the genus Aronia, often called black chokeberry, are native to North America and have gained attention for their high content of polyphenolic compounds. 



These natural chemicals have been associated with benefits that go beyond ordinary nutrition, such as antioxidant effects that may help calm the body’s inflammatory processes. 



People have started asking about aronia’s place in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meal-timing-has-a-major-influence-on-our-health/">everyday meals</a>, hoping to see if a simple fruit could support healthy lifestyles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rising-focus-on-aronia">A rising focus on aronia</h2>



Scientists recently examined whether aronia juice might protect against diet-induced challenges linked to the gut microbiome.



This project was led by <a href="https://www.montana.edu/news/22109/stephanie-wilson-one-of-first-three-students-to-complete-montana-state-s-individual-interdisciplinary-ph-d-program">Dr. Stephanie M. G. Wilson</a> from Montana State University. Research in this area has looked at how bacteria in the digestive system respond when aronia berries are introduced, particularly in situations where unhealthy eating patterns could raise inflammation.&nbsp;



Early investigations point to intriguing changes in microbes, and hinting that this berry might shift certain bacterial communities and reduce the strain triggered by high-fat diets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-findings">Science behind the findings</h2>



The research team used a mouse model with transplanted human gut microbiomes that came from donors with different inflammation levels.&nbsp;



“Aronia supplementation provided robust protection,” noted Dr. Wilson when reviewing the results at the end of the study. Scientists saw increases in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/">Eggerthellaceae</a>, a family of bacteria that can process polyphenols.&nbsp;



Some data also linked <a href="https://extension.umn.edu/trees-and-shrubs/black-chokeberry" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black chokeberry</a> intake with changes in metabolites related to improved gut barriers. 



These shifts suggest that eating or drinking aronia-based products might assist in keeping the digestive system more balanced during periods of dietary stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalizing-nutrition">Personalizing nutrition</h2>



Inflammation can arise when people eat high-fat or sugary foods for long stretches. Researchers point out that a person’s unique microbiome might determine how well they adapt to certain dietary habits. 



Aronia’s <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/22/7823">benefits</a> may vary from one person to another, depending on individual gut ecology and background health status. 



For those who carry a set of gut bacteria already geared toward lower inflammation, the advantages from adding aronia might be more visible. 



This concept underscores how science is moving toward personalized nutrition, where different bodies respond to the same foods in slightly different ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-new-directions">Exploring new directions</h2>



Other published works indicate that aronia is not just a source of antioxidants; it may also be linked with healthier glucose levels and heart function.&nbsp;



The presence of anthocyanins and other phenolic substances could explain how this fruit influences complex pathways connected to metabolism. 



Traditional uses of aronia include juices, jams, and powders, but emerging science is urging a closer look at its larger dietary potential. 



While some folks already consume aronia to freshen up their breakfast or snack routines, others remain unaware of its possible contributions to gut stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-unexpected-twists">Unraveling unexpected twists</h2>



Some findings highlight the importance of gut diversity when it comes to inflammation. Researchers observed that mice with microbiomes from donors who had lower inflammation were more resilient during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-cause-high-anxiety-through-changes-in-gut-bacteria/">high-fat diet</a> challenge.&nbsp;



Aronia seemed to shield this group even further. This suggests that, while aronia might help most individuals, those who have specific microbial imbalances might notice the biggest improvements.&nbsp;



On a broader level, it points to how small dietary changes, like adding a berry drink, can create ripple effects that protect overall wellness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-on-the-horizon">Applications on the horizon</h2>



Aronia’s tart flavor might not suit everyone right away. In grocery stores, it often appears in juice blends, concentrates, or dried forms. 



Because it’s easy to mix with other fruits, people can add it to smoothies or desserts without changing their routines too drastically. 



Research continues to evaluate how much aronia consumption is ideal for humans, since the dose can vary widely. 



In some clinical trials, individuals experienced potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-fat-with-food-tropical-plant-in-china-has-anti-obesity-properties/">anti-obesity benefits</a>, in addition to improvements in the body’s natural defenses. These early observations pave the way for deeper investigations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-thoughts">Final thoughts</h2>



Aronia may carry special ingredients that bolster the gut’s ability to cope with stress, especially during nutritional challenges. Investigators are looking to see if these insights might lead to new strategies for lowering inflammation in the long term.



This berry isn’t a magic bullet, and results will differ from person to person. Its potential, though, goes beyond just delivering antioxidants: it may connect with gut microbes in ways that support healthy balance. Fresh interest in aronia keeps growing, and the findings so far hint at a fruitful path for future study. The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1244692">Frontiers</a>.



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Black gold: The vitamin-packed fruit that regulates blood sugar and blood pressure

Berries from the genus Aronia, often called black chokeberry, are...

Washington,,Dc,,Usa,-,Nov,25,,2024:,Australopithecus,Afarensis,Diorama

The debate about when our ancestors started eating meat has taken an unexpected turn. While we've long associated early human evolution with meat consumption, a recent study reveals that some of our earliest ancestors stuck to a mostly plant-based diet.



The research was led by Dr. Tina Lüdecke from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Germany in collaboration with researchers from South Africa.



The findings challenge our previous assumptions about early hominin diets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teeth-hold-clues-of-ancient-diets">Teeth hold clues of ancient diets</h2>



A team of researchers from the <a href="https://www.mpic.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Chemistry</a> in Germany and the University of the Witwatersrand (<a href="https://www.wits.ac.za" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wits University</a>) in South Africa analyzed nitrogen isotopes in the fossilized tooth enamel of seven Australopithecus individuals.



These fossils were recovered from the Sterkfontein Caves near Johannesburg, a site rich in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-species-of-human-ancestors-literally-crossed-paths-1-5-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early hominin</a> remains. 



By comparing these isotopic signatures to those of coexisting animals - including herbivores like antelopes and monkeys, as well as carnivores such as hyenas and big cats - the scientists established the positrons of Australopithecus in the prehistoric food web.



The nitrogen isotope ratios in the&nbsp;Australopithecus&nbsp;teeth were consistently low, closely resembling those of plant-eating animals. This strongly suggests that these early human ancestors primarily consumed a plant-based diet and did not regularly eat meat. 



While the researchers acknowledge that&nbsp;Australopithecus&nbsp;may have occasionally consumed animal proteins such as eggs or insects, their findings indicate that meat was not a significant part of their diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-vs-meat-diets">Plant-based vs. meat diets</h2>



The key to this discovery lies in the analysis of nitrogen isotopes, which provide reliable indicators of an animal’s diet. When animals digest food, their bodies process nitrogen in a way that leaves distinct chemical traces. 



Specifically, the ratio of heavy nitrogen isotopes (15N) to light nitrogen isotopes (14N) increases as one moves up the food chain. 



Herbivores, which consume plants, have lower nitrogen isotope ratios, while carnivores have higher ratios because they consume herbivores.



"Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue of the mammalian body and can preserve the isotopic fingerprint of an animal's diet for millions of years," noted geochemist Tina Lüdecke.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-isotopes-reveal-ancient-diets">Nitrogen isotopes reveal ancient diets</h2>



By measuring nitrogen isotope ratios in fossilized tooth enamel, scientists can determine whether an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-discovery-anadoluvius-turkae-suggests-humans-originated-in-europe-not-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organism</a> primarily consumed plants or animals. 



While this method has been widely used to study the diets of modern animals and humans, it was previously limited to fossils only tens of thousands of years old due to the degradation of organic material over time. 



However, Lüdecke and her team applied a breakthrough technique developed in Alfredo Martínez-García’s laboratory at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. This method allowed the researchers to extract nitrogen isotope data from fossilized tooth enamel that is millions of years old.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-meat-in-diets">Evolution of meat in diets</h2>



One of the most significant aspects of this study is how it challenges existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-tools-ever-made-on-earth-hominins-3-million-years-ago-cradle-of-humankind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theories</a> about the role of meat in human evolution. 



Many researchers have theorized that the consumption of animal resources, especially meat, played a crucial role in the development of larger brains and more advanced tool-making abilities.



The protein and fat found in meat have been linked to the evolutionary increase in brain size seen in later hominins. However, direct evidence of when meat became a staple in the human diet has remained elusive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australopithecus-did-not-eat-meat">Australopithecus did not eat meat</h2>



The findings from this study suggest that&nbsp;Australopithecus&nbsp;did not regularly hunt or consume large mammals, unlike Neanderthals, who lived millions of years later and actively pursued large game. 



This implies that the shift toward a meat-based diet occurred later in human evolution, possibly with the emergence of the genus&nbsp;Homo.



"This method opens up exciting possibilities for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazing-adaptation-early-humans-thrived-in-extreme-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a>," said Martínez-García. "It has the potential to answer crucial questions, for example, when did our ancestors begin to incorporate meat in their diet? And was the onset of meat consumption linked to an increase in brain volume?"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-breakthrough-in-dietary-research">Major breakthrough in dietary research</h2>



This research represents a major breakthrough in the study of ancient diets. Previous studies relied on indirect evidence, such as tool use and wear patterns on teeth, to infer what early hominins ate. 



However, by directly measuring nitrogen isotopes in fossilized tooth enamel, Lüdecke’s team has provided the most concrete evidence yet that&nbsp;Australopithecuswas largely herbivorous.



"This work represents a huge step in extending our ability to better understand diets and trophic levels of all animals back into the scale of millions of years. The research provides clear evidence that its diet did not contain significant amounts of meat," said Professor Dominic Stratford, director of research at the Sterkfontein Caves.



"We are honored that the pioneering application of this new method was spearheaded at Sterkfontein, a site that continues to make fundamental contributions to science even 89 years after the first hominin fossils were discovered there by Robert Broom."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Lüdecke’s team now plans to expand their research by analyzing fossilized tooth enamel from other early hominin species across different time periods and geographic regions. 



By collecting data from key fossil sites in eastern and southern Africa as well as Southeast Asia, they hope to better understand when and how meat consumption became a regular part of the human diet.



The research could help answer long-standing questions about whether the introduction of meat provided an evolutionary advantage.



Did meat consumption contribute to the development of larger brains? Did it play a role in social structures and hunting behaviors? These are the types of questions that future studies will seek to address.



The study, funded by the Max Planck Society and supported by the German Research Foundation’s Emmy Noether program, marks a major advancement in the field of paleoanthropology.



By applying cutting-edge scientific techniques to ancient fossils, researchers are now able to uncover new details about the dietary habits of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-flint-discovery-challenges-theory-of-human-cultural-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distant ancestors</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meat-and-diet-of-human-ancestors">Meat and diet of human ancestors </h2>



The findings from this study challenge traditional assumptions about early human diets. Rather than being early hunters,&nbsp;Australopithecus&nbsp;appears to have relied primarily on plant-based food. 



This research provides a clearer picture of how human nutrition evolved over millions of years and highlights the importance of continued exploration in the field of evolutionary anthropology.



As scientists refine their methods and expand their dataset, we may soon uncover even more details about the dietary habits that shaped the course of human evolution. 



One thing is clear - our journey from plant eaters to omnivorous beings was not as straightforward as once thought.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Early humans had surprising diets 3.5 million years ago

The debate about when our ancestors started eating meat has...

Our world is warming, and ecosystems are shifting in response. Some changes are obvious - like flowers blooming earlier - but many are subtle and complex. One of the most important factors in this transformation is phenology, the timing of natural events, such as seed germination and plant growth.



A new study from Holden Forests &amp; Gardens sheds light on how warming influences plant communities by altering germination timing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-germination-timing-in-plants">Role of germination timing in plants</h2>



Germination timing plays a crucial role in shaping entire ecosystems, not just individual plant species. When a seed starts growing, its timing determines how well it competes for resources like sunlight, water, and nutrients. 



Some plants adjust quickly to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warmer temperatures</a>, germinating earlier in the season, while others stick to their usual schedule. This shift in timing can disrupt the ecological balance, allowing certain species to dominate and altering the overall plant community.



If a species germinates earlier, it may grow larger and take up more space, outcompeting others that germinate later. Over time, this change can influence which species thrive and which decline - ultimately affecting animals, insects, and other organisms that depend on those plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-germination-in-different-plant-species">Germination in different plant species</h2>



To better understand how climate change affects plant communities, a research team led by Emma Dawson-Glass from the <a href="https://holdenfg.org/katie-stuble-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stuble Lab</a> conducted a controlled study. They focused on 15 plant species commonly found in old-field ecosystems. 



The researchers designed an experiment that simulated two temperature conditions: one reflecting current climate conditions and another 3°C warmer to mimic future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-in-2024-what-have-we-learned/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> scenarios.



This setup allowed them to observe how temperature changes influenced the timing of seed germination.



The main objective of the study was to determine&nbsp;which plant species germinate earlier under warming&nbsp;and how that shift affects plant interactions. 



When certain species sprout earlier, they may gain a competitive advantage, growing larger and outcompeting other plants for sunlight, nutrients, and water. This process can&nbsp;alter plant community compositionand disrupt ecological balance.



The findings provide strong evidence that&nbsp;climate change is already influencing ecosystems. Studying these patterns is crucial for predicting future shifts and developing strategies to manage and restore plant communities as the climate continues to warm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-winners-and-losers-in-a-warmer-world">Winners and losers in a warmer world</h2>



The study found that plants with greater phenological flexibility had a competitive edge. 



Plant species like&nbsp;curly dock (Rumex crispus), wrinkleleaf goldenrod (Solidago rugosa),&nbsp;and&nbsp;tall ironweed (Vernonia gigantea)&nbsp;grew significantly larger when they germinated earlier in a warmed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>. 



Meanwhile, species such as&nbsp;spotted St. John’s wort (Hypericum punctatum), bristly buttercup (Ranunculus pensylvanicus),&nbsp;and&nbsp;Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)&nbsp;performed better in current conditions, struggling when warming altered the timing of their establishment.



However, not all plants showed a clear response - some maintained stable growth regardless of warming. This variability suggests that climate change will not affect all species equally, creating an unpredictable future for plant communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-ecosystem-management">Implications for ecosystem management</h2>



"This work illustrates that warming can change the order of species arrivals, ultimately reshaping community composition,” said Dawson-Glass. These findings are crucial for conservationists and ecologists working to restore and manage plant communities in a rapidly changing world.



The study also highlights&nbsp;phenological sensitivity, the ability of species to adjust their timing in response to seasonal changes. 



“Our results provide a new perspective on how climate change is already shaping ecosystems in ways we’re only beginning to understand,” said Katharine Stuble.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-plant-germination">Future of plant germination </h2>



As climate change accelerates, shifts in germination timing are altering ecosystems by affecting&nbsp;food webs, species competition, and biodiversity. Some plants germinate earlier due to warming, gaining a competitive edge over others. 



This can lead to&nbsp;changes in plant community structure, where dominant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> thrive while others struggle. Over time, these shifts impact herbivores that rely on specific plants for food, which in turn affects predators and the broader ecosystem.



The research at&nbsp;<a href="https://holdenfg.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Holden Forests &amp; Gardens</a>&nbsp;contributes to a growing understanding of how these changes unfold. 



By studying phenology - the timing of natural events - scientists can predict and manage the effects of climate change on plant communities. This knowledge is crucial for conservation efforts, helping land managers restore and maintain biodiversity.



As ecosystems continue to shift, understanding phenology will be essential in developing strategies to&nbsp;adapt to a warming world and protect ecological balance.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a>.



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Climate warming alters plant germination and disrupts ecosystem balance

Our world is warming, and ecosystems are shifting in response....

Continental European snakes, geckos, and Italian wall lizards are silently making their way to northern Europe. They travel undetected among ornamental plants such as olive trees that are imported for gardens and green spaces.



These hidden plant hitchhikers can become invasive species, threatening native ecosystems - just as they have in snake-free Mediterranean islands like Majorca.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importing-ornamental-plants">Importing ornamental plants </h2>



The presence of these reptiles signals a larger problem. Ornamental plants and cut flowers transport a wide range of pests, including insects, fungi, and disease-carrying organisms. These shipments move at high speed and in large volumes, making thorough inspections nearly impossible.



A study published in the journal Bioscience warns that despite regulations, imported plants pose an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/growing-threat-of-invasive-species-requires-immediate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increasing risk</a>. The global market for ornamental plants is expanding rapidly, and stronger regulations are urgently needed to prevent environmental and agricultural damage.



“Ornamental olive trees for sale in the UK can be over 100 years old, with many hiding places amongst their gnarly bark and the soil they’re transported in. This is incredibly risky in terms of importing pests,” said Professor William Sutherland from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a>.



“Adult snakes and lizards are just the tip of the iceberg. If they’re getting through, what’s the chance of us spotting small insects and fungi - the things that really cause the problems?”



“The sheer volume of cut flowers and ornamental plants being traded at speed around the world makes it extremely difficult to intercept all the pests and diseases they carry. Even with the best of intentions, unwanted hitchhikers are getting through customs import checks all the time,” added Dr. Silviu Petrovan, a researcher from Cambridge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-illegal-plant-trade-and-wild-pests">Illegal plant trade and wild pests </h2>



The problem goes beyond pests. Some suppliers ignore regulations, illegally stripping orchids and cacti from tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-plants-alter-the-soundscape-of-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a> and selling them as part of legal shipments. Enforcing trade protections on a large scale is challenging, making it easier for endangered species to be exploited.



“Even with a global trade in cultivated ornamental plants, there is still a market for rare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-bombs-invasive-plants-can-lie-dormant-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> taken from the wild, and this can lead to rapid species declines, as well as increased risks that wild pests and plant diseases may enter the supply chain,” warned Dr. Amy Hinsley from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-frog-s-journey-to-sheffield">A frog’s journey to Sheffield</h2>



For Dr. Petrovan, the issue became personal when he was called to identify a live frog found in a florist’s shop in Sheffield. Initially, he assumed it was a joke.&nbsp;



When Dr. Petrovan realized the tree frog had arrived from Colombia via Ecuador, he was shocked.



“Finding a South American tree frog in a Sheffield florist was extraordinary. It made me realize that if you can get this type of fragile small vertebrate arriving alive in a flower shipment without being noticed at customs, just how hard it must be to detect very small agricultural insect pests or their eggs,” said Dr. Petrovan.



To assess the scale of the problem, researchers analyzed records from Dutch customs (2017-2018) and the UK’s DEFRA (2021-2023). Over 80% of intercepted pests were insects, highlighting the difficulty of detection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-health-costs">Environmental and health costs</h2>



The study on invasive species reveals several serious concerns about the ornamental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/non-native-species-are-spreading-at-an-exponential-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> trade, particularly in the countries that supply these plants.&nbsp;



One major issue is pollution, as microplastics and agrochemicals used in plant cultivation contaminate soil and water systems. Another concern is the health risks faced by workers handling cut flowers which expose them to harmful pesticide residues. 



The industry’s high water consumption also threatens food security, especially in places like Kenya, where floriculture takes up to 98% of the water drawn from Lake Naivasha, reducing the availability of water for essential agriculture.&nbsp;



Additionally, transporting flowers across the world generates significant carbon emissions, with each flower producing up to 3kg of CO2 due to refrigeration and shipping. Beyond these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-lionfish-global-domination-mediterranean-sea-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impacts</a>, the exploitation of wild plants remains a critical problem.&nbsp;



Many endangered species, such as rare cacti, succulents, and orchids, continue to be taken from their natural habitats to meet demand, putting these species at further risk of extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-sustainable-solutions">Need for sustainable solutions</h2>



Despite its risks, the ornamental plant industry supports many rural economies. In 2022, the global export value of cut flowers and foliage reached $10 billion, while live plants and bulbs totaled $13 billion.



“We absolutely don’t want to encourage knee-jerk reactions that might be well-meaning but actually cause more problems than they solve,” said Dr. Petrovan. Instead, he advocates for better industry standards. 



“We need to push to make the industry more sustainable through things like certifications and better regulation, and to work with those involved in the trade to better understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-invasive-crustacean-species-discovered-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risks</a> and how to mitigate them,” added Dr. Petrovan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-responsible-consumers">The role of responsible consumers</h2>



“We need to be responsible consumers. While certification standards are being developed, buying plants rather than cut flowers can reduce many of the risks that stem from importing cut flowers. They last much longer and also reduce the emission costs,” said Dr. Alice Hughes from the University of Hong Kong (<a href="https://www.hku.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HKU</a>).



The ornamental plant trade is booming, but it carries hidden risks. From invasive reptiles to agricultural pests, unchecked imports threaten ecosystems and food security.&nbsp;



Smarter regulations, responsible sourcing, and consumer awareness can help create a more sustainable future - without sacrificing the beauty that plants and flowers bring to our lives.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biae124/7954447" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bioscience</a>.



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International plant trade is spreading invasive species and pests

Continental European snakes, geckos, and Italian wall lizards are silently...

Imagine a world where robotic insects take over the critical task of pollination, freeing farmers from relying on the whims of nature or resorting to manually pollinating crops with paintbrushes. 



These high-tech marvels, inspired by nature’s own pollinators, promise to revolutionize agriculture by boosting efficiency and reducing environmental impact. 



Scientists at MIT are diligently working to reinvent artificial pollination, which will bring us closer to this sensational reality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-pioneers-of-giant-transformations">Small pioneers of giant transformations</h2>



These tiny mechanical marvels that are smaller than the size of a paperclip are expected to expedite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-apocalypse-australasia-is-facing-a-hidden-pollination-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a>, thereby boosting crop yields while minimizing traditional agriculture's harmful effects on the environment.



Inspired by bees, these robotic insects could soon swarm out of mechanical hives to perform precise pollination, mimicking the efficiency and agility of their natural counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-inception-of-robotic-insects">The inception of robotic insects</h2>



<a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> researchers drew inspiration from bees to design these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-robotic-fish-developed-to-collect-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">miniature robots</a>. 



Kevin Chen, an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), head of the Soft and Micro Robotics Laboratory within the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), and the senior author of an open-access paper on the new design, leads this innovative project.



Chen and his team recognized that earlier versions of robotic insects lacked the endurance, speed, and maneuverability of natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-are-not-just-attracted-to-plants-by-scent-but-also-by-humidity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>. 



This led them to redesign the robots, mimicking the anatomy and flight mechanics of bees to achieve greater efficiency and precision.



The research team, including co-lead authors Suhan Kim and Yi-Hsuan Hsiao, EECS graduate students, collaborated with Zhijian Ren and summer visiting student Jiashu Huang to produce their findings, which were published in Science Robotics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-evolution-of-robotic-insects">The evolution of robotic insects</h2>



The latest robotic insects represent a significant leap in design. 



The revamped bots can hover for about 1,000 seconds - over 100 times longer than their predecessors.



Weighing less than a paperclip, these robots achieve remarkable speeds, perform acrobatic stunts like double flips, and track trajectories as intricate as spelling "M-I-T."



The design improvements include more sophisticated transmissions that connect the wings to soft actuators, or artificial muscles, which minimize mechanical strain while increasing precision and agility. 



Each unit now features a single wing pointing outward, which reduces interference between wings and creates space for future enhancements, such as tiny batteries or sensors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-challenges">Overcoming challenges </h2>



Initial designs, with four units and eight wings, faced issues where the wings interfered with each other’s lift forces. 



"But there is no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> that has eight wings. In our old design, the performance of each individual unit was always better than the assembled robot," Chen remarked.



The team halved the number of wings and reconfigured their alignment, significantly improving flight performance.



Fabricating the wing hinges was another challenge. 



These 2-centimeter-long, 200-micron-wide components required a multistep laser-cutting process to ensure precision. 



"If you have even a tiny alignment issue during the fabrication process, the wing hinge will be slanted instead of rectangular, which affects the wing kinematics," Chen explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-progress">The promise of progress </h2>



The latest design breakthroughs bring the team closer to practical applications like assisted pollination.



“The amount of flight we demonstrated in this paper is probably longer than the entire amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbird-wings-the-future-of-robotic-flight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flight</a> our field has been able to accumulate with these robotic insects,” Chen shared.



Future goals include achieving flight durations in excess of 10,000 seconds and enhancing the robots’ precision to land and take off from flower centers.



In the long term, the team envisions equipping the robots with sensors, batteries, and computing capabilities for autonomous navigation outside the lab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimpse-into-the-future">A glimpse into the future</h2>



As Kevin Chen and his team continue to push the boundaries of robotic insect design, the promise of swarming, battery-powered pollinators edges closer to reality. 



With each iteration, these miniature marvels become more efficient, agile, and precise, bringing them one step closer to deployment in real-world environments.



They could bring revolutionary change in modern agriculture by making it possible to produce fruits and vegetables within controlled environments such as multilevel warehouses with robotic insects to remove the shackles of seasonality, climatic variability, and the decline of natural pollinators on crop production.



It is envisioned that such a shift would bring a surge in crop yield while opening doors to a greener, more responsible means of farm operation through pesticide-free and non-water hogging systems.



A whole vision of an army of robot pollinators marching across farms symbolizes technology with the science of biomimicry redefining everything related to the food sector. 



These robots may, one day, help solve some of the world's most pressing problems in food security and environmental conservation.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adp4256" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Robotics</a>.



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Robotic insects are here and may be the future of farming and plant pollination

Imagine a world where robotic insects take over the critical...

Apples are often seen as a go-to choice for boosting overall health. They are affordable, easy to find, and praised for their nutritional content.&nbsp;



Yet many folks never realize how these crisp favorites might be doing more than just satisfying a sweet tooth. They contain special plant compounds that appear to lend a helping hand to a part of the body that usually goes unnoticed until problems arise: the liver.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-flavonoids">A closer look at flavonoids</h2>



A recent publication in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition pointed to a promising link between certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-thrived-on-plant-based-diets-not-meat-alone-780000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diets</a> and lower chances of developing liver trouble.



<a href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=58875399600" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">William Bell</a>, who co-authored the study at the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a>, found that people who regularly ate foods packed with flavonoids saw benefits that went beyond typical cholesterol or blood pressure improvements.



<a href="https://www.heart.org/en/news/2022/03/22/flavonoids-are-a-flavorful-way-to-boost-heart-and-brain-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flavonoids</a> are plant components that help protect living cells from stress. These compounds can be found in all sorts of foods, but apples are one of the standouts.&nbsp;



Apples also carry fiber, vitamins, and other antioxidants, so it is no surprise that they keep showing up in discussions about wellness. That extra dose of fiber, especially from the peel, tends to be associated with healthy digestion.&nbsp;



Experts point out that any improvement in digestion often has an indirect benefit on other organs, including the liver.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-apples-fit-into-the-picture">How apples fit into the picture</h2>



<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/8/5112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> across different institutions have studied how apples might support better liver function. The fruit seems to help maintain balance in the body by reducing oxidative stress.&nbsp;



This simply means that apples offer a natural approach to curbing some of the harmful chemical reactions that occur in cells during ordinary life. Left unchecked, these reactions can lead to inflammation or a buildup of fats in the liver.



“Mechanistic studies and short-term randomized trials suggest higher intakes of dietary flavonoids may protect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,” wrote William Bell at the end of that research summary.



This line hints at a bigger story: the beneficial ingredients in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apple-orchards-face-compounding-threats-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apples</a> appear to support a healthier liver, which could mean a simpler way to look after the body’s wellness without specialized supplements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apples-and-their-protective-qualities">Apples and their protective qualities</h2>



Apples stand out partly because they supply two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. Both forms can help with digestive rhythm. In addition, many of the vitamins and antioxidants in apples may assist the liver in cleaning out unwanted particles.&nbsp;



Researchers concur that the fiber and polyphenols present in apples <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4488768/#:~:text=Other%20studies%20indicated%20that%20apple,in%20the%20peel%20%5B150%5D.">help</a> lower cholesterol levels in the liver, as noted in their findings. Over time, that kind of health support might be very important for those facing potential liver issues.



Some <a href="https://exclusives.ca.uky.edu/2021/fcs/fruit-and-vegetable-peels-contain-many-nutrients#:~:text=Studies%20have%20found%20that%20a,an%20apple%20without%20its%20peel." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutritionists</a> highlight the fact that apples offer more nutrients with their peels on than with their peels removed, although slicing them or cooking them in different ways can still provide a decent nutrient load.&nbsp;



Whether it is a crisp snack on its own or baked with cinnamon, the apple holds plenty of vitamins that help round out any diet plan. 



Little choices, like adding this fruit to daily meals, can add up and contribute to a stronger defense against liver stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simplicity-that-fits-everyday-life">Simplicity that fits everyday life</h2>



There is also something comforting about apples. They are easy to pack in a bag, affordable, and versatile. Some people even blend them into smoothies or add small chunks to salads.&nbsp;



The fiber helps <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36193993/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">curb hunger</a>, so it can keep energy levels steady between meals. This is especially handy for individuals aiming to maintain a healthy weight which, in turn, supports a more balanced metabolic state.



Apples also tend to pair well with other flavonoid-rich foods like berries, onions, and tea. Many of these items are part of standard grocery lists for people hoping to eat more wholesome and natural foods. By including more of them in one’s diet, it may be possible to encourage a more resilient body overall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keeping-things-real">Keeping things real</h2>



Everything we do, from our breakfast options to our afternoon snacks, has a ripple effect inside the body. The liver, though rarely discussed, is a vital player in keeping us energized. But it can take a beating when we pile on the sugars, fats, or unbalanced meals.&nbsp;



Looking after it does not always require drastic changes or expensive supplements. A trip to the produce aisle, and the choice to snack on an apple or two, might give the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/startling-connection-between-soda-and-liver-disease-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">liver</a> the steady support it needs.



Many folks wonder if it makes sense to peel apples or avoid them altogether in certain health conditions. Most diet experts say that unless there is a specific medical reason, the peel should be eaten as it is filled with beneficial substances.&nbsp;



The only caveat is to wash apples well before eating them, especially if they are not organic, to remove any lingering residues. In the grand scheme, though, apples remain a humble champion for the liver.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-putting-new-findings-to-good-use">Putting new findings to good use</h2>



Some people see the <a href="https://columbiasurgery.org/liver/liver-and-its-functions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">liver</a> as a silent workhorse. It stores nutrients, cleans toxins, and supports daily vitality. But silence does not mean it needs less care. In fact, giving it the right nutrition might be the best path to feeling spry as the years roll on. 



While the research keeps evolving, many experts maintain that wholesome eating has yet to fall out of style, and apples fit beautifully into that philosophy.



Not everyone loves a raw piece of fruit, so sliced apples on top of oatmeal or applesauce with a dash of cinnamon can be just as helpful.&nbsp;



This everyday <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-kiwifruit-immediately-significantly-improves-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fruit delivers vitamins</a>, fiber, and special plant chemicals that support liver function over time. Once we take a moment to appreciate how these small steps add up, it is easier to say yes to a routine that includes more nutritious foods.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916524007913" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a>.



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Experts say this is the best fruit to eat for a healthier liver

Apples are often seen as a go-to choice for boosting...

Corn,Cobs,In,Corn,Farming,Fields,During,The,Harvest,Season

Wild plants may hold the key to building resilient crops for a world that is increasingly impacted by climate change. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, the search for hardy, adaptable crop varieties has become more urgent than ever. 



While our ancestors transformed many wild species into staple crops, could they have overlooked others with untapped potential? 



Scientists at the University of Southampton believe that certain wild or underutilized plants might be vital in future to designing crops that will withstand the challenges of a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rich-heritage-of-cultivation">A rich heritage of cultivation</h2>



The journey of cultivation is an ancient one. Nearly 12,000 years ago, our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-hunter-gatherer-ancestors-did-much-more-gathering-than-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunter-gatherer</a> ancestors became cultivators who selectively grew seeds from their best plants.



Over time, this led to hardier, more productive crops. Yet, not all wild species were deemed suitable for cultivation - some were left behind. 



Can these forsaken wild species offer us any insights today?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digging-into-the-potential-of-wild-plants">Digging into the potential of wild plants</h2>



In their recently published study in Trends in Ecology and Evolution, the Southampton team, including scientists from Oxford and Sheffield, and the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, propose that certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/billions-of-people-depend-on-wild-plant-and-animal-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild species</a> possess traits that make them prime candidates for cultivation.



They’ve drawn on a wealth of past research to probe why certain wild species were preferred over others and how cultivated plants differ genetically from their wild antecedents.



“Tens of thousands of plant species are edible, yet just a few hundred have been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/domesticating-plants-permanently-alters-their-microbiome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domesticated</a> and a mere 15 species provide 90 percent of our calories,” stated Professor Mark Chapman of the University of Southampton, making a sobering point. 



“Hundreds of wild plants were collected during the Neolithic period by humans, but were later abandoned as food sources. We have explored which genetic or physical traits facilitated or constrained the domestication of wild species,” he added.



This glaring disparity begs the question - why so few?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traits-of-the-chosen-wild-plants">Traits of the chosen wild plants</h2>



The team identified three key factors that influence a plant's suitability for cultivation. 



First is plasticity - the ability of plants to adapt quickly to their environment and develop traits favored by humans, thus making them more practical for cultivation.



Second is genetic make-up, where simplicity plays a crucial role; traits governed by fewer genes are easier to modify. Thus simpler genetic programming makes it easier to change a plant's morphology to meet human needs.



Lastly, mutation rate is significant; plants that mutate more rapidly can evolve faster, potentially producing larger seeds or more palatable fruits over shorter timeframes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planning-for-an-uncertain-future">Planning for an uncertain future</h2>



Understanding what led to the dominance of certain plant species in agriculture could be crucial in identifying new potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-predict-the-chaotic-response-of-crops-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops for a changing climate</a>. 



“When plants were first domesticated thousands of year ago, humans only knew the climate and weather conditions they would face at that present time," explained Professor Chapman.



"Now, using sophisticated climate modelling, we can predict how our world will warm and how our weather will change in the decades to come. This gives us the opportunity to think about the ways in which our crops will need to be resistant in the future."



The team’s research emphasizes that plants overlooked or underutilized in the past may hold valuable traits that offer new opportunities to develop crops better suited to future environmental challenges.



By applying selective breeding and precision breeding tactics, these underdogs might just become the crops for a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-potential-of-forgotten-crops">Unlocking the potential of forgotten crops</h2>



While the history of modern agriculture has been dominated by a very small pool of crops, many wild plants and their biodiversity have yet to be explored.



Many of these plants have extraordinary characteristics, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/old-growth-trees-more-tolerant-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> resistance, pest tolerance, and the ability to grow in poor soils, all of which make them attractive candidates for a future of climate-resilient agriculture.



According to the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> team, advanced technologies such as genomics and precision breeding can unlock these traits.



By mapping the genomes of the wild relatives along with other, lesser-known crops, scientists can find genes responsible for desirable characteristics and incorporate them into new crop varieties.



This approach not only expands our agricultural repertoire but also provides insurance against the vulnerabilities of monoculture farming in an unpredictable climate.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953472400315X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Domesticating wild plants may result in more resilient crops

Wild plants may hold the key to building resilient crops...

In our efforts to sustain the planet, one vital aspect that we have often failed to consider is the role of tree crops. 



Did you know that tree crops cover an astounding 183 million hectares worldwide? Yet, they remain largely overlooked in agricultural policies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-of-tree-crops">The potential of tree crops </h2>



Whether it's apples, cherries, olives, nuts, coffee, or cacao, tree crops offer much more than just a tasty snack or your morning caffeine boost.



A recently published study has highlighted their immense potential not only by feeding us globally but by safeguarding biodiversity, tackling climate change, and improving millions of lives worldwide. 



The international team of authors shared their findings in a Perspectives article published in the journal Nature Sustainability.



"In this Perspective, we highlight the potential of properly managed and incentivized perennial woody crops to support holistic sustainable development and urge scientists and policymakers to develop an effective agenda to better harness their benefits," wrote the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overlooked-role-of-tree-crops">Overlooked role of tree crops</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-salt-lake-agriculture-is-draining-a-natural-wonder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agricultural</a> policies have traditionally focused on annual crops like wheat, rice, and sunflowers. These crops have a much shorter life cycle, typically completing germination to harvest in a year. 



While promoting sustainable practices for these crops is essential, their ecological benefits are limited. Their simpler vegetation and short harvest cycles don't offer the same long-term ecological benefits.



Tree crops, in contrast, are far more complex. They consist of multiple layers of vegetation, such as herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees, creating stable ecosystems that support biodiversity when managed sustainably. 



"We’re missing an opportunity to leverage tree crops to address some of the biggest environmental and social challenges of our time," said Dr. Carlos Martínez-Núñez, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.ebd.csic.es/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doñana Biological Station</a>.



These systems not only provide habitats for various species but also contribute significantly to environmental protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-beyond-food-production">Benefits beyond food production</h2>



Tree crops offer a range of environmental benefits. Their permanent root systems help prevent soil erosion and improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil fertility</a>. The extensive leaf litter from these crops enriches the soil, making it more productive over time. 



Additionally, tree crops act as natural carbon sinks, sequestering greenhouse gases and aiding in climate change mitigation.



These crops also enhance habitat connectivity, allowing fragmented ecosystems to thrive and providing a buffer against the impacts of intensive agriculture. By improving ecosystem services and offering stable, year-round habitats, tree crops play an essential role in global biodiversity conservation.



Moreover, tree crops are less mechanized and demand more manual labor than other forms of agriculture. This makes them vital sources of employment in low- and middle-income countries, where they are widespread. 



"When managed properly, these agricultural systems can be a powerful tool for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and rural poverty alleviation," noted Dr. Martínez-Núñez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-action">A call for action</h2>



The study highlights the need for tailored policies and research to ensure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-in-a-race-against-time-to-save-our-food-supply-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable management</a> of tree crops.



Dr. Elena Velado-Alonso, co-author of the study and researcher at Göttingen University’s <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/596513.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Functional Agrobiodiversity and Agroecology Group</a>, emphasized the importance of context-specific measures.



"Tree cropping areas overlap with most of the world’s biodiversity-rich areas, making them key to conservation," said Dr. Velado-Alonso. "However, local practices and landscape-scale measures adapted to different contexts are needed."



To maximize the contribution of tree crops to global sustainability, the research team calls for implementing regulations, financial incentives, and policies that support improved agricultural practices. 



These steps could harness tree crops' full potential in addressing key environmental and social challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-agriculture-with-tree-crops">Rethinking agriculture with tree crops</h2>



This call to action marks a crucial step in rethinking agriculture's role in creating a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-agriculture-are-locked-in-a-destructive-feedback-loop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable and equitable world</a>. 



By embracing the benefits of tree crops and promoting sustainable practices, we can take significant strides toward achieving the United Nations' <a href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. These crops are not just a source of food and income - they are a powerful tool for environmental protection and social progress.



With more attention, research, and support, tree crops could become the cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, helping to address the climate crisis, conserve biodiversity, and uplift communities worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01483-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>.



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Tree crops: A path to feeding the world and saving the planet

In our efforts to sustain the planet, one vital aspect...

Could you imagine happening upon an orchid that looks familiar but has a unique difference that makes you wonder if it is a new species? 



That’s exactly what happened during a study at Norfolk Island National Park. This unexpected find sparked a collaborative effort to uncover the orchid’s true identity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimpse-into-the-field-the-discovery">A glimpse into the field - the discovery</h2>



While conducting botanical research at Norfolk Island National Park, Dr. Heidi Zimmer, an orchid researcher at the <a href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/herbarium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian National Herbarium</a> (ANH), and botanist Dr. Mark Clements were guided by the local expertise of Joel Christian, Mel Wilson, and Allie Andersen. 



In the late afternoon light, the team’s efforts paid off when Dr. Clements spotted a peculiar orchid growing on a tree branch. 



Something about <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/new-orchid-species_cupcake_Adelopetalum-argyropus_credit-Heidi-Zimmer_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the orchid looked different</a>, prompting Dr. Zimmer to collect a sample to take back to the ANH for further study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-the-new-orchid">Investigating the new orchid</h2>



The orchid was identified as belonging to the genus Adelopetalum, but its exact classification was unclear.



Recognizing its potential as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-technology-will-accelerate-the-pace-of-plant-species-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a>, Zimmer and Clements collaborated with a broader team of experts, including retired ANH botanist David Jones, who served as the lead researcher. 



“This was a wonderfully collaborative project with folks from Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, and Australian botanists and taxonomists all working together,” enthused Dr. Zimmer, 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-new-adelopetalum-orchid">Analyzing the new Adelopetalum orchid</h2>



To determine whether this orchid was indeed a new species, the team began an exhaustive process. 



They compared the Norfolk Island specimen to descriptions of orchid species in scientific journals, specimens housed in the Australian National Herbarium - which contains approximately 75,000 specimens - and orchids preserved in herbaria across Australia and internationally.



This analysis utilized both physical specimens and digitized collections, allowing the researchers to examine a vast array of potential matches.



The research revealed a surprising result: the orchid species previously identified as Adelopetalum argyropus was not a single species but three distinct ones.



“We recognized that the Norfolk Island species was different because the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flower</a> did not have a yellow labellum - no giant bright yellow tongue,” explained Dr. Zimmer.



Even for researchers in training, the differences were clear when dissecting the flowers and examining herbarium specimens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-findings-a-new-species">The findings - a new species</h2>



As per taxonomic rules, the species from Norfolk Island retained the name Adelopetalum argyropus because it was the first described, dating back to 1833.



The two newly identified species were named Adelopetalum howense, which was found on Lord Howe Island, and Adelopetalum continentale, which was found on mainland Australia.



The team speculated that these orchids’ seeds, so fine and dust-like, were likely carried by the wind to their distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-reveals-how-plants-use-winged-seeds-to-expand-their-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>.



This discovery highlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the role of natural dispersal mechanisms in shaping biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-publishing-the-discovery-the-description">Publishing the discovery - the description</h2>



The researchers published their findings in Phytotaxa, giving details of the botanical features of the new species.



The paper described the Norfolk Island orchid’s pseudobulbs as “broadly oblong to obconical or turbinate, similar to a cupcake, with shallow grooves and scurfy surfaces from remnants of bracts.” 



These detailed descriptions provide a foundation for further study and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-identifies-4300-types-of-endangered-orchids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-impact-the-assessment">Understanding the impact - the assessment</h2>



Orchids are among the plant families most at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-their-incredible-adaptability-orchids-are-disappearing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of extinction</a>, particularly those confined to habitats that are small in extent.



The three new species face significant threats due to their limited distribution and environmental pressures.



Dr. Zimmer emphasized the importance of naming and describing new species as part of broader conservation efforts. 



“The purpose of naming and describing new orchid species is to build a checklist of Australian orchids so people can conserve them. We think there are risks for these three new species," Dr. Zimmer explains.



"This is because the species on Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands are both confined to small islands and the one on continental Australia was badly impacted by the 2019–2020 bushfires."



This discovery highlights the power of collaboration and the enduring mysteries of nature. It’s a reminder of how much there is still to uncover and protect in our world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.678.1.9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytotaxa</a>.



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New orchid species discovered resembles a small cupcake

Could you imagine happening upon an orchid that looks familiar...

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered species Mycena crocata, they often imagine tropical rainforests where such exotic wonders may be more commonly found. 



However, bioluminescent fungi are not limited to tropical regions - they also live in unexpected places.



In Zurich, artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf have dedicated more than ten years to studying and showcasing these glowing organisms. 



Their work highlights the beauty and presence of bioluminescent fungi close to home, and proves that extraordinary natural phenomena can be found even in familiar surroundings.



"We want to show that these bioluminescent mushrooms are present in Swiss forests and that we do not have to travel far to find them," said Baggenstos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-glowing-mushrooms">Mycena crocata - glowing mushrooms</h2>



One evening, while exploring a forest in Zurich’s Albisrieden neighborhood, the duo spotted green light through their camera. 



"Nowadays we always have our mobile phones or a flashlight, but to see bioluminescence in the forest, it has to be pitch black," Rudolf explained.



Initially, they believed the glowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-can-think-and-make-smart-decisions-without-a-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> to be Mycena haematopus. Upon closer investigation in their studio, however, they identified it as Mycena crocata, the saffron drop bonnet mushroom. 



This species, known for its saffron-colored milk, had never been described as bioluminescent before.



The artists documented their findings with photographs and light measurements, uncovering this hidden brilliance. 



In darkness, the mycelium - the underground network of the mushroom - emits a green glow that even causes decaying wood to light up.



Under ideal conditions, their cultivated mycelia glowed for 164 days.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crossing-art-and-science">Crossing art and science</h2>



Collaborating with mycologist Renate Heinzelmann from the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (<a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WSL</a>), the artists published their discovery in&nbsp;Mycoscience. 



"Most of the experiments were conducted by the artists. They collected the samples, took the photographs, and made the light measurements," Heinzelmann said, praising their dedication.



Through their research, the artists discovered that the fruiting body (the mushroom itself) of Mycena crocata emits little to no light. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1s.webp" alt="Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf" class="wp-image-1956533"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf</figcaption></figure>



Instead, the underground mycelium - the root-like network of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-all-fungi-matter-not-just-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus</a> - is the primary source of its bioluminescence.



This glowing mycelium is capable of lighting up the decaying wood it grows on. When the wood is split open in the dark, it emits a green glow, which can last for up to four hours before gradually fading as the wood dries. 



This fascinating discovery highlights how the less-visible parts of fungi can hold some of their most extraordinary features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-glowing-fungi">Mystery of glowing fungi</h2>



Bioluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-and-fungi-communicate-using-a-silent-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> happens because of a chemical reaction. A substance called&nbsp;luciferin&nbsp;reacts with an enzyme called&nbsp;luciferase. 



This reaction creates an unstable product that gives off energy as light, allowing the fungi to glow. Unlike other glowing effects like fluorescence, this process doesn’t need light or energy from outside sources; it happens naturally within the fungi.



Although scientists know how this reaction works, they are still unsure why fungi glow. One idea is that the light attracts insects, which might help spread the fungal spores.



However, this doesn’t fully explain the glow of the mycelium, which is hidden underground and doesn’t interact with insects. This mystery suggests there might be another, as yet unknown reason for fungal bioluminescence.



"It seems that bioluminescence has been maintained for a long time, so we assume it has some function," Heinzelmann says. "But it's still a mystery."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-and-swiss-forests">Mycena crocata and Swiss forests</h2>



The discovery of&nbsp;Mycena crocata&nbsp;as a glowing, bioluminescent fungus highlights how much we still don’t know about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural world</a> around us. Local ecosystems hold countless secrets waiting to be explored. 



Bioluminescent fungi, for instance, have fascinated humans for thousands of years. Aristotle described their glow as a “cold fire” over 2,000 years ago, and even now, their mysteries continue to intrigue scientists.



According to mycologist <a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/staff/heinzelm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Renate Heinzelmann</a>, the field of bioluminescence is still in its early stages. She believes that as more people study fungi, more glowing species will be uncovered. "Bioluminescence is under-researched, and the more people look, the more they will find," she states.



The collaborative work of artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf with scientists demonstrates how blending art and science can reveal nature’s hidden marvels. 



Their discovery serves as a powerful reminder that extraordinary phenomena aren’t always far away - they might be right in our local forests, waiting for someone curious enough to notice them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mycosci/65/4/65_MYC633/_article" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycoscience</a>.



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New species of glowing mushrooms discovered

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered...

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adding-coffee-grounds-during-the-construction-process-could-reinforce-buildings/">coffee</a>, and other plant-based foods. They have gained increased recognition in the recent past for their potential health benefits.&nbsp;



These vibrant plant chemicals are thought to support heart health, enhance metabolism, and sharpen cognitive function, making them an intriguing area of research for those seeking ways to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-coffee-drinkers-have-a-lower-risk-of-heart-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maintain overall wellness</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broad-range-of-benefits-from-polyphenols">Broad range of benefits from polyphenols</h2>



Polyphenols have been explored for their potential to enhance health in numerous ways, yet much about them remains to be discovered. “Green tea and its bioactive components, especially polyphenols, possess many health-promoting and disease-preventing benefits … [but] have not been well studied,” as one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8234133/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> noted. 



Despite these gaps in understanding, researchers are increasingly intrigued by their possibilities. Studies suggest that polyphenols could play a role in supporting healthy blood pressure, improving skin health, and even aiding in waist size management.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/f.amati" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Federica Amati</a> from the School of Public Health at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/school-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>, these compounds go beyond traditional nutrients like fiber and vitamins, and offer a fascinating glimpse into the complex chemistry of the plants we eat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-and-tastes">Colors and tastes</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/">Plant foods</a> vary in appearance. Some have bright or deep pigments, while others boast a bitter flavor or a peppery kick. That color or pungent quality sometimes indicates a higher presence of polyphenols.&nbsp;



Black olives, deep purple eggplants, and richly colored spinach are believed to contain helpful substances. Tea, coffee, and dark chocolate are also recognized for contributing certain polyphenols, though they shouldn’t be seen as cure-alls.



Polyphenols are a subset of <a href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/food-composition/phytonutrients#:~:text=What%20are%20Phytonutrients%3F,other%20types%20of%20phytonutrients%20below." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytonutrients</a>. This wide-ranging family of molecules includes flavonoids, flavanones, lignans, and more. 



Some research highlights the potential of specific varieties, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green tea</a> polyphenols, resveratrol in red wine, catechins in tea, and ellagic acid in walnuts. Scientists are still mapping how each type interacts with the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-and-heart-support">Metabolic and heart support</h2>



Several studies have examined whether consuming more polyphenols aligns with measurements tied to heart wellness, weight control, and broader metabolic function.&nbsp;



One <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401650/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review</a> found that foods containing green tea polyphenols might help sustain immune function and manage inflammatory activity. Such findings have led many people to embrace green tea in their daily routine.



Although caution is wise, especially when interpreting any single study, experts agree on the value of a balanced approach. 



The array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant chemicals</a> in items like blackberries, apples, walnuts, and spinach appears to do more than deliver vitamins or fiber. 



There’s an ongoing conversation about how these interactions may help with general health maintenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-skin-and-healthy-aging">Polyphenols, skin and healthy aging</h2>



The possibility of smooth, glowing skin catches everyone’s attention. Polyphenols have drawn the attention of the anti-aging research community over the past decade. 



The science behind this is still emerging, but one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583891/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> suggested that these compounds may support the body’s natural defense processes in response to everyday stressors that contribute to aging.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthier-chocolate-created-by-using-the-entire-cocoa-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dark chocolate</a>, green tea, and certain berries might be especially appealing in this regard. Each offers unique polyphenols that researchers are eager to examine further. 



Daily habits matter, of course, so variety in your diet helps spread out the range of phytonutrients you take in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-gut-connection">The gut connection</h2>



<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8747136/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> often connect polyphenols with gut microbes. Plant molecules can get modified in the intestines, which may amplify or change their effects. 



Some speculate that the interplay between these molecules and our gut environment could be a big factor in everything from mental clarity to how we break down food.



Experts stress that we’re just beginning to understand how these compounds work once they’re exposed to digestive juices and gut bacteria. 



The best advice? Enjoy a diverse menu full of colorful produce, herbs, spices, nuts, and seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensible-approaches-to-daily-life">Sensible approaches to daily life</h2>



Again, many professionals suggest that variety is key. People who regularly reach for a mix of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes stand to reap wider benefits from the synergy of different nutrients. Relying on any one food is not recommended.



Lifestyle factors like moderate exercise, stress management, and avoiding excessive processed fare remain fundamental. It’s no secret that good health often hinges on consistent, balanced efforts rather than any one miracle source.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foods-that-contain-polyphenols">Foods that contain polyphenols</h2>



Deeply hued fruits like blackberries, blueberries, and plums are believed to hold an array of plant compounds. 



Dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/keeping-leafy-green-vegetables-safe-until-ready-to-eat/">green vegetables</a> and legumes bring color and variety to the plate. Spices such as cloves, cinnamon, and oregano are often praised for their robust polyphenol content. Dark chocolate and coffee remain popular picks, but they should be enjoyed in moderation.



Anyone concerned about medical conditions should consult a qualified practitioner before adjusting their diet. If you get the green light, sprinkling extra herbs on your soup or adding a handful of bright vegetables to your lunch bowl may be a simple start.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-and-human-health">Polyphenols and human health</h2>



Polyphenols offer a fresh perspective on why color, aroma, and taste in nature’s foods might matter more than we ever realized. 



From green tea to bright spices, there is a growing curiosity about how these substances could contribute to long-term well-being. 



A plate that’s bursting with color might not just be pleasing to the eye - it might be quietly working to support overall health, one forkful at a time.



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How polyphenols promote heart health, youthful skin and a healthy waistline

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea,...

Endangered animals