<p>NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.</p>
<p>ITIS Reports &#8212; ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=6af7b47b706a421cbff7d45ac370e984&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.971j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The <strong>Cicek Minnow</strong> (Acanthorutilus handlirschi) is a species of concern belonging in the species group &#8220;fishes&#8221; and found in the following area (s): Turkey. This species is also known by the following name (s): Pseudophoxinus handlirschi, Oreoleuciscus handlirschi, Phoxinellus handlirschi. Source: Federal Register, U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service (various authors), series (version undefined) Acquired: 1996 : Notes: Various listings from the Federal Register on the legal status of species : Reference for: <strong>Acanthorutilus handlirschi</strong>, cicek [English] Source: NODC Taxonomic Code, database (</p>
<p>FWS Digital Media Library &#8212; The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service&#8217;s National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.This species is also known by the following name(s): Pseudophoxinus <strong>handlirschi</strong>, Oreoleuciscus <strong>handlirschi</strong>, Phoxinellus <strong>handlirschi</strong>.</p>


Acanthorutilus handlirschi

Woman,With,Her,Dog

<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.gwu.edu/">George Washington University</a> have explored the unspoken language of loyal companionship shared between humans and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer-than-large-breeds/">dogs</a>. The study reveals intriguing insights about how dogs' facial markings can be indicative of the depth of their bonds with their human owners.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canine-communication-nbsp">Canine communication&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Over 65 million households in the United States currently enjoy the love and dedication of canine companions, as reported by Statista. These beloved pets are famous for their affectionate and loyal nature. Yet, the essence of the powerful connection formed between humans and dogs has remained a mystery.</p>



<p>The new study sheds light on this mystery by delving into the possible implications of dogs’ facial markings on human-canine relationships.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The report suggests that dogs with simpler facial markings, such as those with a single color or without any patterns and spots, tend to be more expressive when interacting with humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-dogs-facial-markings">Studying dogs' facial markings</h2>



<p>Expressiveness in dogs refers to the various ways dogs communicate with both humans and other animals through physical gestures, facial expressions, vocalizations, and body language.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This ability plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining strong bonds between dogs and their owners.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For the investigation, the researchers observed 100 dogs along with their respective owners across four different scenarios.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Each dog's behavior was scrutinized using the Dog Facial Action Coding System (DogFACS). This innovative system enables researchers to quantify and evaluate the dogs’ facial markings and expressions.</p>



<p>The results showed a remarkable degree of accuracy among owners of middle-aged dogs (aged two to seven years) in interpreting their pets' expressiveness, particularly if the dogs had simple facial markings.</p>



<p>Participants were also surveyed about various dog demographics and their aptitude at discerning their pet’s expressions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-welfare">Dog welfare</h2>



<p>“As dogs become more and more integrated into human society, it’s important that we understand how they communicate with us and how we can better communicate with them,” said study lead author Courtney Sexton.</p>



<p>“If we think about this in terms of welfare contexts, or dogs in shelters, or working dogs and service animals, or interactions with dogs in your neighborhood or people at a dog park, knowing what dogs are trying to tell us and what they might be thinking or feeling can really enhance both their experience and ours when we’re together.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers noted that senior dogs tend to be less expressive toward their human partners.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Sexton, this may be attributed to the established rapport older dogs share with their owners, reducing the need for overt expressiveness to communicate effectively.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By contrast, working dogs and those with extensive training were observed to be more expressive, likely because clear communication is imperative in their roles.</p>



<p>Understanding canine expressiveness can immensely benefit both dogs and their human companions by promoting better communication and stronger bonds.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expressiveness-in-dogs">Expressiveness in dogs</h2>



<p>Understanding a dog’s expressiveness is important for responsible pet ownership as it helps in interpreting the animal’s needs, emotions, and well-being accurately.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By paying close attention to a dog’s various forms of expression, owners can build stronger, more empathetic relationships with their furry companions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facial-markings-of-dogs">Facial markings of dogs</h3>



<p>Dogs have an array of facial expressions that they use to convey different emotions and intentions. For instance, the raising of eyebrows, exposing teeth, and movements of the ears can all signal different states of mind, ranging from excitement and contentment to anxiety and aggression.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocalizations">Vocalizations</h3>



<p>Dogs communicate vocally through barks, whines, growls, and howls. Each vocalization can carry different meanings depending on its pitch, duration, and frequency.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, a high-pitched bark might indicate excitement or attention-seeking, while a low growl could signal discomfort or warning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-language">Body language</h2>



<p>Dogs utilize their entire body to communicate. The position of the tail, the stiffness or relaxation of the body, and the way a dog approaches or avoids something all provide crucial cues about what the dog is feeling or intending.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-humans">Learning from humans</h3>



<p>Research shows that dogs are adept at reading human emotions and facial expressions. Dogs can understand human smiles, frowns, and even the direction of a person’s gaze, adjusting their behavior in response to these cues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variations-in-expressiveness">Variations in expressiveness</h3>



<p>Different breeds and individual dogs can vary significantly in their levels of expressiveness. For example, some breeds are known for being more vocal, while others are renowned for their expressive eyes or energetic body language.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-training-and-socialization">Training and socialization</h3>



<p>A dog’s expressiveness can also be shaped by training and socialization. Dogs that have been well-socialized from a young age are typically more comfortable expressing themselves and are better at interpreting the expressions and cues of others.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-related-changes">Age-related changes</h3>



<p>As dogs age, there might be changes in their expressiveness. Senior dogs may not be as energetically expressive as their younger counterparts, but they often develop a deep understanding and communication rhythm with their owners, as noted in the study.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications">Health implications</h3>



<p>Changes in a dog’s normal expressive behavior can also be indicative of health issues. For instance, a usually expressive and energetic dog becoming suddenly withdrawn and quiet might be experiencing pain or discomfort.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <em>Animals</em>.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Dogs’ facial markings influence how they bond with humans

Researchers at George Washington University have explored the unspoken language...

<p>Although waters near the Antarctic contain high levels of dissolved salt and can remain just above, or even below, freezing points, certain organisms have evolved to thrive in these challenging conditions. This cold environment would be fatal to species accustomed to the warmer climes of the north. However, nature has a way of adapting to extremities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.mbl.edu/">Marine Biological Laboratory</a> (MBL) has investigated the cold adaptations of an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopuses-social-mdma/">octopus</a> species residing in the Southern Ocean, a region surrounding Antarctica.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts examined how extreme cold had influenced a pivotal enzyme in the octopus’s nervous system, offering new insights into the vast array of adaptations that enable life in extreme settings.</p>



<p>“We looked in real detail at a very important enzyme for the nervous system, the sodium-potassium pump, and we asked, ‘Where do we see most of these sites of adaptation?,’” said Joshua Rosenthal, a senior scientist at MBL.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enzyme-activity-nbsp">Enzyme activity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For all living organisms, temperature plays a significant role since enzymes, which initiate myriad biochemical reactions, rely on thermal energy or heat. As temperatures drop, enzyme activity diminishes, coming to an eventual standstill.</p>



<p>Unlike some animals, such as humans, that can generate heat internally, octopuses lack this capability.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Yet, these marine creatures have managed to exist in Antarctic waters, where the cold reduced the rate of their enzymatic reactions up to 30-fold. This poses a challenge for their nervous systems, which depend on a series of well-synchronized reactions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“When you slow them all down to such a degree, it’s a big question: How do they adapt?” Rosenthal pondered.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-adaptation">Cold adaptation</h2>



<p>While scientists have previously explored cold adaptation in numerous proteins, they often overlooked those embedded in cellular membranes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These proteins are crucial for tasks like ion transport within cells. The focal protein of this study, the Na+/K+-ATPase, plays a role in maintaining electrical gradients essential for neuron communication.</p>



<p>In past studies, Rosenthal, alongside Miguel Holmgren from the <a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/">U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke</a> and a summer Whitman investigator at MBL, discovered that the sodium-potassium pumps of an Antarctic octopus (genus<em> Pareledone</em>) were less hindered by cold compared to those of the two-spot octopuses (<em>Octopus bimaculatus</em>) living in temperate regions, such as near California.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amino-acid-variations">Amino acid variations</h2>



<p>The researchers compared the amino acid composition of the two pumps to identify differences. They pinpointed specific amino acid variations, assessing their significance by exchanging them between pumps. This exchange revealed three pivotal variations enabling the pump to function efficiently in nearly freezing conditions.</p>



<p>One specific variation, termed L314V, emerged as particularly crucial. Modifying this amino acid could eliminate the pump’s cold-resilient nature.</p>



<p>Upon examining these variations within the pump’s structure, the scientists found them located at the protein’s edge, adjacent to the lipid-rich membrane. For instance, the L314V variation might optimize the pump’s movement against the membrane, thus enhancing its efficiency.</p>



<p>“It makes sense to us” that the interface between the protein and the membrane would be a site for such adaptations, Holmgren explained. “Once we have studied more membrane proteins, I think we will see more examples of this.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: Tom Kleindinst/Marine Biological Laboratory</em></p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Experts identify cold adaptations in nervous system of Antarctic octopus

Although waters near the Antarctic contain high levels of dissolved...

<p>In a new study from the <a href="https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/study-introduces-new-internet-addiction-spectrum-where-are-you-scale">University of Surrey</a>, researchers have introduced an internet addiction spectrum, classifying internet users into five specific categories based on their behavior and dependency levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the study was to distinguish between problematic internet use and actual addiction, providing critical insights that could guide future digital services and AR application design.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-snapshot-of-online-behavior">A snapshot of online behavior</h2>



<p>The research data shows that younger individuals, those aged 24 and below, spend an average of six hours a day online, with the primary device of choice being their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-spend-nearly-5-hours-a-day-on-smartphones/">smartphones</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By contrast, those aged 24 and above reported spending approximately 4.6 hours on the internet daily.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-down-the-spectrum">Breaking down the spectrum</h2>



<p>The study, which was focused on data from 796 participants, divided internet users into the following categories:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-casual-users-14-86">Casual users (14.86%)</h3>



<p>Represented primarily by older users with an average age of 33.4 years, this group utilizes the internet for specific purposes and doesn't hang around. Notably, these individuals are not interested in exploring new apps and exhibit no signs of addiction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initial-users-22-86-nbsp">Initial users (22.86%)&nbsp;</h3>



<p>With an average age of 26.1 years, these users tend to spend more time online than they initially plan to. While these individuals might neglect some household chores, they don't label themselves as addicted and have a moderate interest in new apps.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experimenters-21-98">Experimenters (21.98%)</h3>



<p>Falling within the age range of 22.8 to 24.3 years, this category is characterized by individuals who experience uneasiness or anxiety when not online. Their connection to the internet is a relief, and they are quite open to exploring new apps and technology.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addicts-in-denial-17-96">Addicts-in-denial (17.96%)</h3>



<p>These users exhibit clear signs of addiction, such as prioritizing online relationships over real-world commitments but deny feeling any discomfort when not connected. Their confidence in using mobile technology is apparent.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addicts-22-36">Addicts (22.36%)</h3>



<p>This segment openly acknowledges their internet addiction and the consequent negative impacts on their lives. These individuals show the most confidence in using and experimenting with new technology and apps. Their online presence is considerably greater than that of casual users.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>"Our main aim was to clarify the difference between using the internet in a problematic way and being addicted to it. We found that the younger you are, the more likely you are to be addicted to the internet, and this tendency decreases with age," said study lead author Dr. Brigitte Stangl.</p>



<p>"We also wanted to explore how the severity of internet addiction affects users' experience with new, high-tech applications like augmented reality."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-notable-findings">Notable findings</h2>



<p>The study revealed that emotional experiences, such as feelings derived from app use, predominantly predicted future behavior across all groups when it came to augmented reality interactions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the other hand, action experiences, like navigating websites or gaming, were found to be largely inconsequential for the addict group.</p>



<p>Interestingly, gender did not influence online behavior. However, the study established a direct correlation between high levels of internet addiction and confidence in using mobile technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications">Future implications</h2>



<p>"Our study underscores the need for tailored interventions and support for individuals at various stages of internet addiction," said Dr. Stangl.</p>



<p>"The findings will certainly influence the design and development of digital services and AR applications, ensuring they cater to the diverse needs of users in the current digital environment."</p>



<p>This research underscores the growing need to understand and address internet addiction in today’s digital age.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Internet addiction: Where do you fall on the spectrum?

In a new study from the University of Surrey, researchers...

Drying,The,Planet,Earth.,Concept,Of,Waste,Water,In,The

<p>In a groundbreaking endeavor, engineers from MIT and China have designed a passive solar desalination system aimed at converting seawater into drinkable water. </p>



<p>The concept, articulated in a study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.08.012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal Joule</a>, harnesses the dual powers of the sun and the inherent properties of seawater, emulating the ocean's "thermohaline" circulation on a smaller scale, to evaporate water and leave salt behind.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-design-inspired-by-nature">Design inspired by nature</h2>



<p>The scientists have developed a configuration where water circulates in swirling eddies similar to oceanic thermohaline circulation. This circulation, coupled with sunlight, enables water to evaporate. This leaves the salt circulating within the device. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-hydrogel-can-extract-unlimited-amounts-of-water-from-the-air-even-in-deserts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water vapor</a> is then condensed, providing pure, drinkable water, while the residual salt is expelled, preventing accumulation and system blockages.</p>



<p>The newly developed system surpasses all existing passive solar desalination prototypes in terms of water-production rate and salt-rejection rate. Lenan Zhang, a research scientist in MIT’s <a href="https://drl.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device Research Laboratory</a>, stated, “For the first time, it is possible for water, produced by sunlight, to be even cheaper than tap water.” </p>



<p>The device, if enlarged to the size of a small suitcase, could yield approximately 4 to 6 liters of drinking water per hour and sustain several years before necessitating replacements. The team envisions that a scaled-up device could fulfill the daily water needs of a small family and potentially benefit off-grid coastal communities with ready access to seawater.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-user-friendly-water-desalination">User-friendly water desalination</h2>



<p>The design has evolved from the team's prior concepts, avoiding the issues of salt crystallization and clogging experienced in earlier models. This design not only resolves the salt accumulation issue but also enhances desalination rates. The scientists have achieved high water production and salt rejection reliably over extended periods. </p>



<p>Xu, one of the team members, mentioned, “We introduce now an even more powerful convection, similar to what we typically see in the ocean, at kilometer-long scales.” </p>



<p>The team successfully emulated the kilometer-wide phenomena of thermohaline convection in a compact box, enabling the efficient rejection of salt.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ingenious-structural-composition">Ingenious structural composition</h2>



<p>The essence of the new design is a single stage that resembles a thin box, topped with a material to absorb the sun’s heat effectively. It is compartmentalized to allow water flow through the top half where the evaporator layer, using solar heat, evaporates the water in contact. </p>



<p>This vapor is then directed to the lower half and condensed into a salt-free, drinkable liquid by an air-cooling layer. Several prototypes have been tested, revealing that a scaled-up square meter stage could produce up to 5 liters of drinking water per hour, operating efficiently for several years without salt accumulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desalination-implications-and-prospects">Desalination implications and prospects</h2>



<p>Yang Zhong, an <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> graduate student, emphasized the potential real-world impact, saying, “For the first time, it is possible for drinking water produced by sunlight to be cheaper than tap water. This opens up the possibility for solar desalination to address real-world problems.” </p>



<p>Given its extended life span and passive nature, requiring no electricity, the overall operational cost is estimated to be cheaper than producing tap water in the United States, marking it as a feasible solution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-worlds-climate-driven-water-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global water scarcity issues</a>.</p>



<p>The dedicated collaboration included MIT’s Yang Zhong and Evelyn Wang, along with Lenan Zhang, and experts Jintong Gao, Jinfang You, Zhanyu Ye, Ruzhu Wang, and Zhenyuan Xu from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China. Their collective endeavor holds the promise of a cost-effective and sustainable solution for water production, potentially alleviating water scarcity in remote and coastal regions globally.</p>



<p>In summary, this innovative solar desalination system devised by the engineers at MIT and in China demonstrates a significant leap in addressing the pressing global issue of water scarcity. </p>



<p>By efficiently and passively converting seawater into drinkable water using sunlight, this technology offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution. It stands as a testament to the potential of combining engineering ingenuity with natural processes to solve critical real-world problems, ushering in new possibilities in water purification and conservation.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Cheap and drinkable water from desalination is finally a reality

In a groundbreaking endeavor, engineers from MIT and China have...

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/woody-vines-amplify-the-effects-of-lightning-in-tropical-forests/">Tropical forests</a> are no longer the world's major global carbon sinks, as previously believed. Instead, boreal and temperate forests have taken up this role, according to an international research team coordinated by the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and INRAE.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Using a novel analysis technique for satellite images, the researchers meticulously mapped yearly fluctuations in global forest biomass over a span of a decade, from 2010 to 2019.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results showed that tropical forests, although expansive and ancient, are now almost carbon-neutral due to the degradation brought about by deforestation, fires, and droughts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biomass-and-carbon-sequestration">Biomass and carbon sequestration</h2>



<p>A surge in plant biomass signifies a boost in carbon sequestration, a key process in counteracting the climate crisis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The balance of this biomass carbon hinges on a delicate equilibrium between gains from plant growth and forest expansion and losses stemming from deforestation, natural disturbances, and other factors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Keeping track of these stocks is crucial for deciphering and forecasting climate change impacts, as well as assessing human-induced ecosystem modifications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-imaging">Satellite imaging</h2>



<p>The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite, leveraging the L-band vegetation optical depth (L-VOD) techniques, was instrumental in estimating the above-ground carbon stocks at a global scale.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, challenges like radio interference from human activities and L-VOD's sensitivity to vegetative water content posed hindrances. The team's solution was an innovative double filter to offset these effects.</p>



<p>By employing this novel method and analyzing above-ground biomass data, the researchers were able to determine the overall biomass. </p>



<p>They meticulously calculated the spatial and temporal distribution of total biomass carbon from 2010 to 2019, creating detailed maps that charted the annual changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-stock-insights">Carbon stock insights</h2>



<p>The study revealed that terrestrial biomass carbon stocks experienced a surge of roughly 500 million tons of carbon annually from 2010 to 2019. </p>



<p>Surprisingly, it was the boreal and temperate forests that emerged as the prime contributors to this carbon sink, overshadowing tropical forests which have transformed into minor carbon sources due to deforestation and recurrent droughts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Old-growth tropical forests, where trees often surpass 140 years in age, are barely breaking even in terms of carbon. In contrast, the younger and middle-aged trees of the temperate and boreal forests, aged between less than 50 to 140 years, are proving to be the carbon champions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This revelation challenges the established prediction models that painted old-growth forests as significant carbon sinks, neglecting the nuances of forest demography and the debilitating effects of deforestation on tropical forests.</p>



<p>The study emphasizes the importance of considering forest degradation and age dynamics in predicting future carbon sinks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01274-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Boreal and temperate forests have emerged as the main carbon sinks 

Tropical forests are no longer the world's major global carbon...

<p>Recent observations of the BlueWalker 3 prototype <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/satellites-have-become-essential-to-our-survival/">satellite</a> have indicated that it’s a particularly bright presence in the night sky, rivaling the intensity of many major stars. Scientists are increasingly concerned that if unchecked, expansive satellite groups could compromise our terrestrial star observation and hinder radio astronomy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-constellations-of-satellites">Constellations of satellites</h2>



<p>While numerous corporations harbor ambitions of launching "constellations" of satellites – vast clusters of hundreds of satellites that aim to provide universal mobile or broadband connectivity – there are significant challenges to such endeavors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These satellites, due to their required positioning in low-Earth orbit and their significant size, have the potential to disrupt astronomical observations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Recently, a study led by the <a href="https://cps.iau.org/">IAU Center for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference</a> (CPS) in collaboration with Imperial College London (ICL) has investigated the potential implications of the prototype BlueWalker 3 satellite for astronomy.</p>



<p>“The night sky is a unique laboratory that allows scientists to conduct experiments that cannot be done in terrestrial laboratories,” said Dave Clements, a physicist at ICL.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Astronomical observations have provided insights into fundamental physics and other research at the boundaries of our knowledge and changed humanity’s view of our place in the cosmos. The pristine night sky is also an important part of humanity’s shared cultural heritage and should be protected for society at large and for future generations.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bluewalker-3-satellite">BlueWalker 3 satellite</h2>



<p><a href="https://ast-science.com/">AST SpaceMobile</a> deployed the BlueWalker 3 satellite into low-Earth orbit on September 10, 2022, as a precursor for a more expansive project to launch a constellation of over a hundred similar satellites, all targeted for mobile communication functions. Observations soon after the satellite’s launch already categorized it as a notably bright entity in the night sky.</p>



<p>To delve deeper into its impact on astronomy, the CPS initiated a comprehensive global observation drive. This initiative included both amateur and professional astronomers contributing observations from various regions like Chile, Aotearoa New Zealand, Morocco, the US, the Netherlands, and Mexico.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observational-data-nbsp">Observational data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Over 130 days, this observational data revealed a significant spike in the satellite’s brightness, aligning with the complete deployment of its antenna array, which, spanning 64 square meters, is acknowledged as the most expansive commercial antenna ever dispatched to a low-Earth orbit.</p>



<p>A part of these observations were then utilized to determine the satellite’s trajectory. By comparing anticipated trajectories with the gathered data, it became possible to assess the precision of these predictions, especially in the context of variables such as atmospheric drag.</p>



<p>Knowing where satellites are positioned is pivotal for astronomers since it enables them to anticipate and account for these entities during their studies. However, countering their brightness presents challenges.</p>



<p>In addition, there are concerns about potential interference with radio astronomy. BlueWalker 3, operating on certain wavelengths, could disrupt radio telescope observations. Some telescopes, located in designated radio-silent zones, are primed to evade terrestrial interference, but satellite transmissions remain a concern.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“BlueWalker 3 actively transmits at radio frequencies that are close to bands reserved for radio astronomy, and existing observatory protections from radio interference may not be sufficient,” said Mike Peel, the co-lead of IAU CPS’s Sathub and a research associate at the Department of Physics at ICL. “Further research is therefore required to develop strategies for protecting existing and upcoming telescopes from the numerous satellites planned for launch over the next decade.”</p>



<p>While both IAU and CPS acknowledge the transformative potential of these new satellite constellations, they caution against the possibility of inadvertently hindering astronomical studies. The onus, they believe, is on ensuring that these satellite deployments are undertaken with a keen awareness of their potential side effects.</p>



<p>Further observations of BlueWalker 3 will start soon, with astronomers preparing to examine its thermal emissions. Scientists will continue to discuss this topic at the upcoming IAU Symposium: Astronomy and Satellite Constellations: Pathways Forward in October.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06672-7"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Communications satellites may disrupt astronomical observations

Recent observations of the BlueWalker 3 prototype satellite have indicated...

<p>Researchers at the National University of Singapore’s Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions (CNCS) are urging governments to rethink the use of abandoned croplands for supporting climate mitigation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-infections-are-threatening-global-food-security/">food security</a> efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study emphasizes the "second chance" these neglected lands deserve for addressing dual global crises of climate change and food shortage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers noted that the rising food demand associated with escalating global populations has led to the expansive growth of agricultural lands. Unfortunately, this expansion often encroaches upon and endangers crucial natural habitats like tropical forests.&nbsp;</p>



<p>At the same time, a substantial amount of croplands are abandoned annually due to various factors including land degradation, socio-economic shifts, disasters, armed conflicts, and urbanization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abandoned-land">Abandoned land</h2>



<p>The experts found that between 1992 and 2020, there was an abandonment of approximately 101 million hectares of croplands globally, mirroring the land size of Egypt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This translates to an abandonment rate of around 3.6 million hectares annually, or lands about 50 times the size of Singapore being deserted each year.</p>



<p>However, the CNCS study sheds new light on the potential of these abandoned croplands. Through strategic management, abandoned croplands can be effectively recultivated or reforested to serve as powerful nature-based solutions.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-solutions">Potential solutions</h2>



<p>Recultivation for food production would alleviate the pressure of clearing forests for new croplands, thereby aiding in the conservation of existing forests.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, reforesting these lands would establish young forests that act as carbon sinks, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide and playing a pivotal role in climate change mitigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recultivation">Recultivation</h2>



<p>The study’s analysis of geospatial data reveals that out of the global 101 million hectares of abandoned cropland, 61 million hectares are viable for recultivation. This could potentially produce enough food to nourish between 292 to 476 million people annually.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, it is crucial to consider that this endeavor would also incur emissions from clearing the vegetation on these abandoned areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reforestation-nbsp">Reforestation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Furthermore, the researchers identified 83 million hectares available for reforestation. If fully utilized, these reforested lands could sequester up to 1,066 million tons of carbon dioxide per annum, roughly equivalent to Japan’s yearly emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, about half of the total abandoned cropland, approximately 50.5 million hectares, was deemed suitable for both recultivation and reforestation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-untapped-resource">Untapped resource&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Policymakers should weigh the benefits and trade-offs of either recultivation or reforestation based on specific national circumstances, priorities, and various other influencing factors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, local policies, market access, and the degree of openness to international trade could significantly impact these decisions.</p>



<p>“In the face of global challenges such as climate change and food scarcity, countries are often faced with the shortage of available land and the tough choice of whether land should be allocated for carbon sequestration or food production. But our study has found that abandoned cropland is a largely untapped resource that could help to achieve either or both aims," said lead researcher Dr. Qiming Zheng.</p>



<p>"Nevertheless, it requires an integrative use of scientific analysis of the land suitability and achieveable potentials, as well as context-specific local knowledge, to best unlock the potential of abandoned cropland.”</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41837-y"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Abandoned croplands could boost food security and climate mitigation

Researchers at the National University of Singapore’s Centre for Nature-based...

Red,Aurora,(northern,Lights),Over,Mono,Lake,In,A,Rare

<p>This week, the world bore witness to a spectacular celestial display of red auroras, as a powerful solar storm collided with Earth’s magnetic field, painting the night sky with vibrant hues of red. </p>



<p>Skywatchers from Europe to North America were treated to this stunning light show, particularly those in regions with clear skies. Some observers described the display as the '<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/aurora-borealis_red_green_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Holy Grail of Northern Lights</a>', given the rarity of witnessing red auroras, especially as far south as France and Kansas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collision-of-natural-forces">Collision of natural forces</h2>



<p>Solar storms result from the expulsion of charged particles from the Sun, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar winds</a>. These winds interact with Earth's magnetosphere, and our planet’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a> captures and directs these particles toward high-latitude regions near the magnetic poles. </p>



<p>The collisions between these charged particles and atoms and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere, like oxygen and nitrogen, energize them. This results in beautiful light shows in various colors, creating the mesmerizing phenomenon known as <a href="https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroras</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-palette-of-the-skies">The palette of the skies</h2>



<p>Different gases and altitudes result in the emission of different colors. Oxygen at higher altitudes emits red light, while at lower altitudes it produces green light. Nitrogen, on the other hand, can produce purples, blues, and pinks. </p>



<p>Green is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/catch-the-aurora-borealis-in-iceland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most prevalent aurora color</a> due to the optimal conditions and altitudes for producing the green wavelength. This often creates a breathtaking spectacle as the lights ripple, dance, and shimmer across the night sky. However, during strong auroral displays, red, purple, and blue may also appear, adding to the splendor of the visual feast.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-auroras-a-scarlet-spectacle">Red auroras -- A scarlet spectacle</h2>



<p>Red auroras are particularly enchanting, resulting from high-energy electrons colliding with oxygen atoms at altitudes above 200 miles. The longer wavelength of red light allows it to travel farther distances and often appear at the lower edges of an aurora. </p>



<p>The red hue isn’t as common as green, occurring less frequently due to its reliance on collisions at higher altitudes. During active displays, the red dances above the green, creating an unparalleled natural light show.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-impact">Unexpected impact</h2>



<p>Although experts had predicted a solar storm for September 24, the strength of the impact surpassed expectations. The flare from the Sun triggered a potent geomagnetic storm above Europe, illuminating the skies of Scotland, Iceland, and the Netherlands with bright green and red auroras. It later traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to North America, extending as far south as Kansas and Nebraska.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-year-of-celestial-wonders">A year of celestial wonders</h2>



<p>For aurora chasers, this year has been notably thrilling, with several astonishing displays of northern lights reaching unusually far south. The last red aurora observed was in February, and the frequency of such events is attributed to a surprisingly active <a href="https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/solar-cycles/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cycle</a>. </p>



<p>Some eruptions were so powerful that they triggered radio blackouts in the US in June. As we are heading toward the peak of an approximately 11-year cycle of solar activity, more spectacular displays might be on the horizon.</p>



<p>Experts at <a href="https://earthsky.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSky</a> noted on September 26, “Sun activity is back to low, but we saw filament eruptions all over the solar disk, particularly in the northeast and northwest. These filaments hurled ejecta into space, and we await the results of specialist analysis to determine if a component of those blasts is coming our way.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-red-auroras-expected">More red auroras expected</h2>



<p>Aurora enthusiasts are indeed in eager anticipation for more of these celestial ballets in the sky, a vivid reminder of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of our universe. This extraordinary display of red auroras, historically perceived by some as ominous harbingers of war or tragedy, today unites people in wonder, illuminating the skies with its rare and ethereal beauty.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Red auroras, the "Holy grail of northern lights," ignited the skies this week

This week, the world bore witness to a spectacular celestial...

Lunar,Base,,Spatial,Outpost.,First,Settlement,On,The,Moon.,Space

<p>China has recently expressed interest in the idea of constructing bases within lunar caves, as these environments may offer unique protections for astronauts stationed on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/man-in-the-moon-craters-are-200-million-years-older-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Lunar caves could provide valuable protection from a myriad of hazards such as cosmic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-on-earth-may-have-been-kickstarted-by-a-stormy-and-active-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar radiation</a>, meteorites, extreme temperature variations, and impact ejecta.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lava-tubes-and-lunar-caves">Lava tubes and lunar caves</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (LRO) has identified hundreds of lunar "skylights" - openings into lava tubes formed through ancient volcanic activity on the Moon’s surface.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-protection-nbsp">Natural protection&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/7-surprising-facts-you-didnt-know-about-lava-tubes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lava tubes</a>, or pyroducts, might exist in substantial sizes, potentially several hundred meters in diameter, offering significant space for establishing bases. Astronauts inside these tubes would benefit from the natural protection offered by the thick rock ceilings of these structures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation">Formation</h3>



<p>The formation of these lava tubes is attributed to the cooling of lava that once flowed across the lunar surface, leaving behind empty tubes after the molten material drained away.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pristine-environment-nbsp">Pristine environment&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Although lunar volcanism's exact timeline remains uncertain, the tubes represent ancient, untouched structures, potentially providing a pristine environment for scientific exploration and habitation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-regulation-nbsp">Temperature regulation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Temperature regulation is a crucial advantage of these lunar caves. The Moon experiences extreme temperature swings, with one side facing temperatures as high as 127°C (260°F) in sunlight and the dark side plummeting to -173°C (-280°F).&nbsp;</p>



<p>The steady-temperature environment within the lava tubes presents a more hospitable and manageable setting for both astronauts and their equipment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-caves-safe-from-radiation">Lunar caves safe from radiation</h3>



<p>Radiation on the lunar surface is about 150 times more powerful than on Earth, posing a severe risk to humans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the several meters of rock overhead in the lunar caves can act as a substantial barrier, offering effective protection from this deadly hazard. The caves also minimize the risk of impacts from meteorites and other debris.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fieldwork-in-china">Fieldwork in China</h2>



<p>At a conference, Zhang Chongfeng from the <a href="https://www.sast.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology</a> presented a study delving into the underground world of these lava tubes, according to state-run news outlet <a href="https://english.news.cn/20230925/6cde7085c8a949fb9c785af1858770f3/c.html">Xinhua</a>.</p>



<p>According to Zhang, his team has conducted fieldwork in several lava caves in China to build up their understanding of lunar lava tubes.</p>



<p>Zhang said there is a certain similarity between lava tubes on Earth and the Moon, explaining that they can be divided into the vertical entrance tube and the slope entrance tube.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-lunar-caves-with-robots">Exploring lunar caves with robots</h2>



<p>China plans to deploy robotic systems designed to explore lunar caves, starting with the one in Mare Tranquillitatis. The primary probe, equipped to navigate challenging terrains, will carry scientific instruments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Auxiliary vehicles, designed to perform various functions including reconnaissance and providing energy support, will accompany the main probe. These might include multi-legged crawlers, rollers, and bouncing probes, all equipped with scientific instruments.</p>



<p>Plans are also underway for flight-capable robots that can autonomously navigate through the lunar tubes using microwave and laser radars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underground-research-base-nbsp">Underground research base&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Following successful exploration missions, China envisions establishing a long-term underground research base within one of the lunar lava tubes. This base would incorporate residential and research facilities, supported by an energy and communication center at the entrance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-lunar-missions">Future lunar missions</h2>



<p>Though China has been somewhat reserved in sharing information about their space activities, it is evident that their space exploration endeavors are on the rise.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In Spring 2023, China announced plans to begin construction of a Moon base by 2028, though it is unclear whether this refers to a lunar lava tube base.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ding Lieyun, a top scientist at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, told the China Science Daily: "Eventually, building habitation beyond the Earth is essential not only for all humanity's quest for space exploration but also for China's strategic needs as a space power."</p>



<p>In anticipation of future lunar missions, Chinese researchers have been actively studying various lunar regions, including Mare Tranquillitatis and Mare Fecunditatis, with a focus on their volcanic features and potential suitability for hosting lunar bases.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

China plans to build an underground moon base using lunar caves

China has recently expressed interest in the idea of constructing...

<p>NASA was recently forced to pause its examination of the Bennu asteroid samples that landed on Earth this week, following the discovery of unexplained black dust within the container.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The samples, originally gathered from the surface of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mission-prevent-earth-collision-asteroid-bennu-lands-utah/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid Bennu</a> in 2020 during NASA’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/">OSIRIS-REx</a> mission, made their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/osiris-rex-safely-delivers-rock-samples-from-asteroid-bennu-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">landing</a> in the Utah desert last Sunday.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unknown-substances-on-bennu-sample">Unknown substances on Bennu sample</h2>



<p>Upon opening the canister, which held approximately eight ounces of debris, scientists discovered unknown substances on the Touch and Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM) located above the avionics deck.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A photograph taken by the scientists clearly showed that the interior of the silver lid was marked with black material. NASA announced that this dust is set for a preliminary analysis to verify whether it originates from asteroid Bennu.</p>



<p>“The TAGSAM, which holds the bulk of the sample, will be carefully opened in the coming weeks,”&nbsp;experts from NASA declared.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-securely-transferring-the-sample">Securely transferring the sample</h2>



<p>The residue observed on the avionics deck, detected on Tuesday, is presumed to have originated during the collection process. NASA reported that this issue was resolved, enabling the secure transfer of the sample, but confirmation by scientists is pending.</p>



<p>Dante Lauretta, the OSIRIS-REx principal investigator, captured the image of the sample canister following the successful lid removal, adhering to the stipulated curation process.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



<p>The information acquired from the OSIRIS-REx mission is anticipated to enhance our understanding of potentially hazardous asteroids and contribute to future asteroid deflection strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curation-facility-nbsp">Curation facility&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For thorough examination and preservation, the asteroid samples are to be managed at a newly established curation facility. This facility is overseen by NASA’s <a href="https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/">Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science</a> division (ARES), situated at the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/johnson/">Johnson Space Center</a> in Texas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-osiris-rex">OSIRIS-REx</h2>



<p>Launching in 2016, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft embarked on a $1 billion mission, reaching Bennu in 2018 and collecting samples in 2020 using a vacuum-equipped arm. By the time it returned, the spacecraft had traversed four billion miles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite entering the atmosphere at 27,650 mph, it was vital to prevent the sample from contamination, slowing it to 11 mph using a parachute.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recovery-mission-nbsp">Recovery mission&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA orchestrated a meticulous recovery mission in Utah, involving helicopters and a temporary clean room.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft deposited the sample container into Earth’s orbit on Sunday before proceeding to its next destination.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-extraterrestrial-sample-nbsp">Large extraterrestrial sample&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The retrieved pebbles and dust are the largest extraterrestrial sample since the lunar missions and offer invaluable insights into the formation of Earth and life, giving us “an extraordinary glimpse” into the past 4.5 billion years, according to NASA Administrator Bill Nelson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bennu-nbsp">Bennu&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Bennu, currently orbiting the sun 50 million miles away from Earth, is roughly the size of the Empire State Building.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The asteroid is a fragment of a larger space rock and is considered the most hazardous object in the Solar System due to its potential collision course with Earth, expected to come dangerously close to our planet in September 2182.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The observations and data from OSIRIS-REx will be instrumental in any future asteroid-deflection efforts. The spacecraft is now on course to reach asteroid Apophis in 2029.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Mysterious black dust found on Bennu asteroid samples forces NASA to pause

NASA was recently forced to pause its examination of the...

<p>Climate change has brought about various significant shifts in the global environment, and one such change has been the early onset of spring. This phenomenon is impacting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-have-new-strategy-to-cope-with-climate-change/">migratory birds</a>, which are struggling to keep pace with the changes in their natural environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In Sweden and its surrounding regions, migratory birds are arriving later than the peak availability of caterpillars, their primary food.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flight-adjustment">Flight adjustment</h2>



<p>Researchers from Lund, Sweden, and the Netherlands have found a potential solution to this pressing issue: encouraging migratory birds to fly further north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts believe that by directing these birds slightly further north, it could offer their offspring a more favorable start in life.</p>



<p>"We thought that perhaps the migratory birds could fly further north until they find a place with suitable well-developed caterpillars," said study co-author Jan-Åke Nilsson from <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lund University</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-food-supply">Declining food supply</h2>



<p>Due to warmer springs, caterpillars now hatch, grow, and enter the pupal stage sooner than they did a few decades ago. This poses a significant challenge for birds that rely on these caterpillars as a primary food source, as they cannot consume them once they've entered the pupal phase.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The declining food supply leads to an increasing number of chicks starving during their crucial breeding season. This issue is particularly pronounced for migratory birds that winter in Africa, as they remain unaware of the early spring onset in places like Sweden.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-impact-of-early-spring">Studying the impact of early spring</h2>



<p>While non-migratory birds seem to adjust to this change to some extent due to their continuous presence and innate ability to sense early spring's arrival, migratory birds don't share this advantage.</p>



<p>To investigate whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-rely-on-an-inner-compass-to-guide-long-migrations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a> could simply fly further north to find caterpillars, the research team embarked on an experiment with Pied Flycatchers. </p>



<p>These birds, which had arrived pre-breeding in the Netherlands, were captured and transported overnight to Vombs Fure, a pine forest region in Skåne. Notably, this area experiences its caterpillar food peak about two weeks later than the Netherlands.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-results">Promising results</h2>



<p>Given the Pied Flycatcher's ability to cover the 600-kilometer distance from Lund to Skåne in just two nights, the results of the experiment seem to be promising.</p>



<p>"The birds that were given a lift from the Netherlands to Skåne synchronized very well with the food peak! As they started to breed about 10 days earlier than the 'Swedish' Pied Flycatchers they had a dramatically better breeding success than the Swedish ones as well as a better success than the Pied Flycatchers that remained in the Netherlands," said Nilsson.</p>



<p>The offspring of these assisted Pied Flycatchers, when returning from their maiden spring migration, bypassed the Netherlands altogether, instead making their way to their birthplace outside Lund. These chicks consequently had a higher number of well-fed chicks the subsequent year.</p>



<p>"The number of small birds, particularly migratory birds, has decreased drastically throughout Europe," said Nilsson. "By flying a little further north, these birds, at least in principle, could synchronize with their food resources and there is hope that robust populations of small birds can be maintained, even though springs are arriving ever earlier."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-impact-of-early-spring">More about the impact of early spring</h2>



<p>Early spring wields a substantial impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/how-does-the-climate-affect-the-behavior-of-migratory-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>, influencing their migration patterns, breeding behaviors, and access to food resources. The occurrence of early spring implies a faster arrival of warmer temperatures, leading to a chain of environmental changes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alteration-in-migration-timings">Alteration in migration timings</h3>



<p>Firstly, early springs trigger migratory birds to commence their journeys sooner. Birds rely predominantly on the availability of food, and a premature spring ensures a quicker abundance of resources. </p>



<p>The change in climate cues such as temperature and food availability lead birds to alter their migration timing. For example, some species, like the Eurasian Blackcap, advance their migration schedules to exploit the early abundance of food and establish territories, and optimize breeding opportunities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-spring-and-breeding-behaviors">Early spring and breeding behaviors</h3>



<p>The breeding behaviors of migratory birds also experience modifications due to early springs. Birds like the Pied Flycatcher, mentioned previously in this article, might start their breeding season earlier to synchronize with the early availability of caterpillars, their primary food source during breeding. </p>



<p>This alteration in breeding times ensures that the young ones have ample food, leading to higher survival rates. However, if the birds do not adjust their breeding times appropriately, they might face a scarcity of food resources, which can impact the survival rate of the offspring.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-food-resources">Impact on food resources</h3>



<p>Furthermore, early spring affects the abundance and availability of food resources for migratory birds. Many birds feast on insects that are also responding to the early arrival of spring. </p>



<p>The insects might peak earlier, and if birds do not adjust their migration timings correctly, they can miss this abundance of food. For instance, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-have-new-strategy-to-cope-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic shorebirds</a> that fail to sync their arrival with the peak in food resources might face nutritional stress, affecting their reproduction and survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-consequences">Ecological consequences</h3>



<p>The impacts of early spring are not isolated to migratory birds alone. They reverberate throughout the ecological web. Predators and competitors of these birds also experience the effects of their altered behaviors. An early migration and breeding might lead to higher competition for nesting sites and food among different species, leading to shifts in species dominance and potentially altering ecosystem structures and functions.</p>



<p>In summary, early spring ushers in a cascade of changes that critically impact migratory birds. The alterations in migration timings and breeding behaviors are imperative for the birds to align with the availability of food resources. While some species successfully modify their schedules and reap the benefits of early springs, others might struggle to adapt, facing nutritional deficiencies and reduced survival rates. </p>



<p>Additionally, the repercussions of these shifts are intricate and extend to other species in the ecosystem, highlighting the interconnectedness of all living organisms. The profound impacts of early spring accentuate the importance of studying climate changes and implementing conservation strategies to protect migratory birds and maintain ecological balance.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02191-w"><em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em></a>.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Migratory birds can learn to adjust to early spring

Climate change has brought about various significant shifts in the...

<p>A young child’s body and <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain">brain</a> are literally designed to be playful, and this is crucial for neural development, says Dr. Jacqueline Harding, a renowned early childhood expert at Middlesex University and the director of <a href="https://www.tomorrowschild.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tomorrow’s Child</a>.</p>



<p>In her new book, "The Brain that Loves to Play," Dr. Harding emphasizes the indispensable role of play in fostering the holistic development of young children.</p>



<p>“Children are naturally wired to play and any sustained deviation from this masterful design comes at a price."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-play-and-learning">Play and learning</h2>



<p>Dr. Harding challenges the long-standing dichotomy between play and learning, highlighting play's pivotal function in the educational spectrum of early childhood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“At this very moment, his brain also starts to 'jump' and light up with joy as connections between neurons make impressive progress. Does this experience count as learning? Absolutely yes."</p>



<p>The book signifies joyous moments of play as monumental instances of cognitive progression. Dr. Harding advocates for the essential and inseparable integration of play into the learning processes of children ranging from birth to five years old.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuroscientific-foundations">Neuroscientific foundations</h2>



<p>Dr. Harding provides insightful observations on how a child's brain inherently yearns and optimally flourishes through play.&nbsp;</p>



<p>She notes that engaging in playful activities and sensory experiences significantly facilitates the creation of new neural pathways, establishing a robust foundation for future learning and growth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These neural pathways, carved through play before reaching six years of age, significantly influence the child's future learning capacities and opportunities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-perspectives-on-play">Traditional perspectives on play</h2>



<p>The book invites readers to reassess and discard the outdated belief that dismisses play as a trivial recreational activity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Instead, Dr. Harding supports a holistic perspective, asserting play as a fundamental element of a child's developmental architecture.</p>



<p>"There is no doubt, according to all the latest research, that the brain loves to play - and it is time that as adults we got on board with this notion too.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-induced-challenges">Pandemic-induced challenges</h2>



<p>Dr. Harding’s book explores the acute challenges precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly its detrimental effects on children's mental health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In navigating through these unprecedented challenges, she emphasizes the urgency of prioritizing play and early intervention strategies to effectively support the children who have weathered through the storm of the pandemic.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-children-through-play">Supporting children through play</h2>



<p>By simplifying complex terminologies and offering illustrative case studies, Dr. Harding empowers adults with practical knowledge and tools to seamlessly incorporate play into their daily interactions with children.</p>



<p>“As we emerge from a pandemic which has significantly impacted all our lives, there can be no better place to begin than considering how we can rewrite the narrative through support in the early years,” she says.</p>



<p>Dr. Harding also emphasizes that the book is not an exhaustive compilation of scientific findings but rather a practical guide for adults seeking to better understand the value of play in young children’s development.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is my belief that a greater awareness of how we can support children is vital for all who care for young children,” she says.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Lighting up the brain: The power of play in child development

A young child’s body and brain are literally designed to...

Date	Citation Page	Title
06/02/1970	35 FR 8491 8498	Part 17 - Conservation of Endangered Species and Other Fish or Wildlife (First List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife as Appendix A)
04/14/1970	35 FR 6069	Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (Endangered Species Conservation); 35 FR 6069