<p>NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.</p>
<p>ITIS Reports &#8212; ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.</p>
<p>FWS Digital Media Library &#8212; The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service&#8217;s National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.</p>


Callithrix aurita (=jacchus a.)

<p>Influenza is viewed by infectious disease specialists as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-from-melting-permafrost-pose-great-risk-to-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogen</a> with the highest pandemic potential, according to findings unveiled at a major global congress in Barcelona.</p>



<p>A survey conducted by the VACCELERATE Consortium revealed that 57% of the experts ranked influenza at the top of the list of pandemic threats. This highlights the persistent threat of influenza to global health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-top-pandemic-threats">Exploring the top pandemic threats</h2>



<p>The survey reached out to a broad spectrum of experts from 57 countries, garnering 187 responses that provide a snapshot of the global perspective on infectious threats. </p>



<p>Influenza emerged as the primary pandemic concern due to its ability to mutate and spread widely each season. </p>



<p>Disease X - an undefined pathogen representing emerging diseases - and SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the recent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-iron-may-be-a-key-driver-of-long-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a> pandemic, followed closely.</p>



<p>In their study, the experts evaluated a variety of pathogens, including those listed in the World Health Organization’s R&amp;D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics. </p>



<p>The blueprint serves as a proactive measure to identify and prioritize research on diseases that pose significant public health risks due to their infectivity, transmissibility, and potential for severe impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-pathogens-with-pandemic-potential">Prioritizing pathogens with pandemic potential</h2>



<p>Besides influenza, the survey highlighted other critical threats. Disease X, a placeholder for potential future pathogens, was ranked highest by 21% of respondents, underscoring the constant vigilance needed against unknown viruses.</p>



<p>Respondents also noted the significant impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-cats-play-a-role-in-spreading-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SARS-CoV-2</a> and its predecessor, SARS-CoV, which caused the 2002-03 outbreak.</p>



<p>A smaller fraction of experts recognized lesser-known but equally concerning pathogens like the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and the Ebola virus, noting their deadly outbreaks.</p>



<p>Conversely, experts ranked viruses such as Hantavirus, Lassa virus, Nipah virus, henipavirus, and Rift Valley fever virus lower in terms of immediate pandemic potential, suggesting they pose a lesser immediate threat, yet emphasizing the ongoing need for monitoring and research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influenza-s-pandemic-threat">Influenza’s pandemic threat</h2>



<p>Dr. Jon Salmanton-García commented on the findings: “Each winter we have an influenza season. One could say that this means that every winter there are little pandemics. They are more or less controlled because the different strains are not virulent enough.” </p>



<p>“Yet, every season the strains involved change, that is the reason why we can get influenza several times in life and vaccines change year to year. In case a new strain becomes more virulent, this control could be lost.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-covid-19-pandemic">Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic</h2>



<p>The recent experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly shifted the landscape of pandemic preparedness.</p>



<p>Dr. Salmanton-García explained that the global response to COVID-19 has enhanced our approach to managing respiratory viruses, improving practices in social distancing, hand hygiene, mask usage, and vaccination strategies.</p>



<p>“In the COVID-19 pandemic, we have learned many things on how to approach a respiratory virus pandemic. This includes social distancing, hand cleaning, face masks, a renewed focus on vaccination, and trust in healthcare institutions. In parallel, institutions have also learned a lot. Preparedness and surveillance are now, vitally, better-funded,” said Dr. Salmanton-García.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pandemic-threats">Understanding pandemic threats</h2>



<p>The study paints a clear picture of the infectious disease landscape, identifying influenza, Disease X, and coronaviruses among the top concerns for global health security. </p>



<p>The findings emphasize the need for continued vigilance, research, and preparation to mitigate the impact of potential future pandemics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about pandemic threats</h2>



<p>Pandemic threats are often caused by novel <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-have-eyes-and-ears-on-their-hosts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> or bacteria to which the general population has little to no immunity. The severity and spread of these diseases can be influenced by various factors, including the pathogen's transmissibility, virulence, and the availability of effective treatments or vaccines.</p>



<p>Modern global connectivity through travel and trade, along with urbanization and environmental changes, can exacerbate the spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-infectious-disease-landscape-is-changing-and-we-must-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infectious diseases</a>, making pandemics more likely.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The impact of a pandemic can be profound, not only causing widespread health crises but also affecting economies, social structures, and daily life. Governments and international organizations work to monitor and manage these risks through surveillance, preparedness plans, and public health interventions aimed at controlling the spread of diseases and minimizing their impact on society.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Effective response strategies often include measures such as vaccination campaigns, travel restrictions, quarantine, and public education about hygiene practices.</p>



<p>The research will be presented at the <a href="https://www.escmid.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases</a>' (ESCMID) Global Congress in Barcelona later this month.</p>



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Influenza is considered the biggest pandemic threat

Influenza is viewed by infectious disease specialists as the pathogen...

<p>Understanding how students learn is becoming crucial, particularly as school attendance decreases and the need for additional student support grows amidst a slew of examinations. </p>



<p>In today's challenging educational environment, the process of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/students-learn-better-when-their-brain-waves-are-in-sync/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> has become increasingly complex. </p>



<p>Education expert Alex Quigley emphasizes the critical need to shift our focus from merely what students are learning to how they are learning, to effectively overcome these challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reevaluating-educational-techniques">Reevaluating educational techniques</h2>



<p>Quigley points out that while there has been considerable emphasis on refining curricula, perhaps not enough attention has been given to the actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">process of learning</a>. He believes that understanding and adapting to the learning needs of students can significantly enhance their educational success.</p>



<p>In his recent book "<a href="https://www.routledge.com/Why-Learning-Fails-And-What-To-Do-About-It/Quigley/p/book/9781032648767#:~:text=%22Why%20Learning%20Fails%20sets%20out,unreliability%20of%20learning%20necessitates%20failure." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Why Learning Fails</a>," the expert draws from the latest research to provide practical advice for maximizing student engagement and retention. </p>



<p>“In focusing so hard on curriculum – and considering what teachers teach – have we given sufficient attention to how pupils learn? Have we considered pupils’ motivations and emotions as much as their prior knowledge and memory capacity?”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-complexity-of-learning">The complexity of learning</h2>



<p>Quigley explains that a high-quality curriculum is essential, but it needs to be paired with a deep understanding of the diverse learning profiles students bring into the classroom. </p>



<p>“When we focus on creating the conditions for how pupils learn best, we recognize that pupils attend school with different levels of prior knowledge (and misconceptions), different motivations and interests,” he says. “Different beliefs about themselves and what they can learn also play a crucial role."</p>



<p>Moreover, Quigley delves into the myriad ways learning can falter, suggesting that by understanding these pitfalls, teachers can better support their students. </p>



<p>Among the challenges are the constraints of working memory, gaps in foundational knowledge, and the distractions that lead to wandering focus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-working-memory-limitations">Addressing working memory limitations</h2>



<p>Alex Quigley also discusses the critical role of working memory in learning, noting its limitations and the impact on student performance. </p>



<p>“A problem for many teachers is that they don’t have a strong understanding of working memory – its limits, factors that inhibit its functioning, along with practical supports.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-effective-learning">Strategies for effective learning</h2>



<p>To combat these challenges, Quigley recommends strategies that cater to the inherent limits of working memory. </p>



<p>Engaging students through emotive storytelling, chunking information into manageable segments, and employing worked examples are just a few techniques that can enhance learning. </p>



<p>Reiterating information multiple times also helps in reinforcing and correcting misconceptions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-focus-and-planning">Enhancing focus and planning</h2>



<p>The expert further suggests methods to improve student concentration and planning skills, which are vital in a world full of digital distractions.</p>



<p>“Pupils can struggle for focus and concentration in a world of mass distraction. Successful teaching becomes a complex matter of making the curriculum ‘clever and vivid’ for pupils,” explains Quigley.</p>



<p>Additionally, he emphasizes the importance of explicit modeling in teaching students how to manage their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-robots-can-help-students-stay-focused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attention</a> effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-teachers-through-adaptive-expertise">Empowering teachers through adaptive expertise</h2>



<p>Ultimately, the effectiveness of these strategies depends on the support systems available to teachers.</p>



<p>Quigley argues that to convert educational challenges into successes, teachers need extensive support, including time, training, and appropriate tools.</p>



<p>“Crucially, teachers need ample support – time, training, and tools – to move from experienced teachers to adaptive experts,” he states.</p>



<p>Furthermore, adapting teaching methods to accommodate the varied and complex needs of students is essential for overcoming the current challenges in education. </p>



<p>By focusing on how students learn and providing teachers with the necessary tools and knowledge, we can foster a more effective and engaging learning environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methods-used-to-help-students-learn">Methods used to help students learn</h2>



<p>Education systems often use a variety of methods to help students learn. These methods cater to the diverse needs of students, ensuring a more effective and comprehensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/school-field-trips-linked-to-better-student-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning experience</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Visual learning</h3>



<p>Visual learning involves observing pictures, diagrams, videos, and demonstrations. Visual aids can help clarify concepts and provide memorable references.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Auditory learning</h3>



<p>Students learn by listening to explanations, discussions, lectures, and audio recordings. This method is effective for those who process information better when they hear it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reading/writing</h3>



<p>Students also learn by reading textbooks, articles, and writing notes or essays. This approach benefits those who learn best through written words and structured information.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Kinesthetic learning</h3>



<p>Many children benefit from engaging in physical activities rather than watching or listening. This could include hands-on experiments, building models, or using manipulatives. It's particularly effective for those who need to "do" to understand.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Interactive learning</h3>



<p>Interactive learning includes group activities, class discussions, and collaborative projects, which enhance understanding through social interaction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reflective learning</h3>



<p>Reflective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/students-brains-sync-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> involves thinking about and analyzing what has been learned. Reflective practices can deepen understanding and help integrate knowledge with personal experiences.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Technology-enhanced learning</h3>



<p>Digital tools and platforms like educational software, online courses, and virtual simulations help to reinforce and facilitate learning experiences.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Problem-based learning</h3>



<p>This learning method is focused on tackling real-world problems or scenarios, encouraging critical thinking and application of knowledge in practical contexts.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Understanding how students learn is key to helping them succeed

Understanding how students learn is becoming crucial, particularly as school...

<p>Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, complex and toxic compounds produced by various plant species, have historically posed significant risks to cattle due to their lethal nature. Despite their toxicity and the clear signals from plants that contain these alkaloids discouraging consumption, bella <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moths-may-struggle-to-move-in-response-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moths</a> (<em>Utetheisa ornatrix</em>) have uniquely adapted to not only consume these substances but also utilize them as a defense mechanism and a means to attract mates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-adaptations-of-bella-moths-nbsp">Genetic adaptations of bella moths&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In a new study led by the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, scientists have explored the genetic adaptations that allow bella moths to thrive on a diet rich in these dangerous compounds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, which involved sequencing the bella moth genome and analyzing genetic data from over 150 museum specimens, some over a century old, aimed to discover the evolutionary origins of bella moths and their close relatives, as well as the development of their distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/butterflies-wing-patterns-colors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wing patterns</a>.</p>



<p>“We’ve managed to show that you can use museum specimens to answer genetic questions that normally require complicated laboratory techniques,” explained study co-author Andrei Sourakov, collections coordinator at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/mcguire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity</a>. Sourakov, who has dedicated 15 years to studying bella moths, emphasized the significance of genome sequencing in advancing our understanding of these resilient insects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-survival-strategy-of-bella-moths">Unique survival strategy of bella moths</h2>



<p>The findings reveal that bella moths, which inhabit regions across eastern North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, exhibit a unique survival strategy by being conspicuously visible during the day instead of hiding from predators.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deterring-predators-nbsp">Deterring predators&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Their vibrant wing colors serve as a warning about their toxicity, effectively deterring potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predators-help-prevent-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a> such as spiders and birds.</p>



<p>“Banana spiders will cut them out of their webs,” Sourakov said, adding that wolf spiders and birds will avoid them. “When caught, they produce foaming liquid that tastes bad made almost entirely out of alkaloids.”</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-attracting-mates">Attracting mates</h3>



<p>This defense mechanism is further found during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-moths-use-an-aphrodisiac-during-mating-to-feel-macho/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mating</a>, where females emit a plume of alkaloid-rich aerosols to attract males.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The mating process involves the male moth transferring not only sperm but additional alkaloids to the female, which she uses to protect her eggs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-evolutionary-process-nbsp">Complex evolutionary process&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study not only sheds light on the unique dietary adaptations of bella moths but also underscores the broader implications of their survival tactics. The discovery that bella moths possess multiple copies of the gene responsible for their alkaloid detoxification enzyme suggests a complex evolutionary process that may have involved gene duplication, a phenomenon observed in various other species as well.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, the interaction with pyrrolizidine alkaloids could be a key factor behind the bella moth’s unusually long lifespan, as the stress imposed by these toxins may activate biological mechanisms that contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/certain-stress-boost-longevity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longevity</a>.</p>



<p>“Certain types of stress on biological systems result in a longer lifespan. It could be that the interaction bella moths have with alkaloids is not only the reason why it makes sense for them to live long lives, but also one of the mechanisms behind it,” Sourakov speculated.</p>



<p>This study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2319726121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>,</em> both deepens our understanding of the complex interplay between bella moths and their toxic environment and opens new avenues for research into how other species adapt to and exploit toxic substances within their ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bella-moths">More about bella moths </h2>



<p>Bella moths are strikingly colored moths found primarily in the Americas. Their vibrant wings are a mix of pink, white, and yellow hues with black spots, serving as a warning to predators about their toxicity. This toxicity is derived from their larval diet of plants in the Crotalaria genus, which contain poisonous alkaloids that the larvae retain into adulthood.</p>



<p>The bella moth's life cycle is closely intertwined with its host plants. The female moth lays eggs on the underside of leaves, which hatch into larvae that feed on the toxic leaves, gaining their own chemical defenses against predators. This adaptation showcases a fascinating example of coevolution between the bella moth and the plants it depends on.</p>



<p>In addition to their ecological role, bella moths contribute to their ecosystem by participating in pollination. Their bright coloring not only warns predators but also attracts the attention of researchers and nature enthusiasts, making them a subject of interest in studies of evolutionary biology and ecology.</p>



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Bella moths use toxins to deter predators and attract mates

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, complex and toxic compounds produced by various plant...

<p>While causing significant disruptions across various aspects of life, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasal-cells-protect-children-against-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 </a>pandemic led to only "modest" developmental delays among infants and children up to five years old. This is the conclusion of a new study led by the <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/johns-hopkins-childrens-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins Children’s Center</a>.</p>



<p>The experts closely examined the potential correlation between pandemic-induced changes in daily life and children’s developmental outcomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evaluating-child-development">Evaluating child development </h2>



<p>The researchers utilized data from the <a href="https://www.site.chadis.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Comprehensive Health and Decision Information System</a> (CHADIS) - a web-based platform where caregivers report on child development across over 5,000 pediatric practices in 48 U.S. states.</p>



<p>The study was based on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3). This caregiver-completed assessment forms a routine part of pediatric care, evaluating child development in areas such as communication, problem-solving, and personal-social skills, along with fine and gross motor skills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developmental-delays-in-children-nbsp">Developmental delays in children&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings suggested slight decreases in communication, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/encouragement-helps-dogs-improve-at-problem-solving-tasks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">problem-solving</a>, and personal-social skills, yet no notable changes were observed in the motor skills domains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We found, overall, that while there are some changes, the sky is not falling, and that is a really important and reassuring finding,” said corresponding author Sara Johnson, the&nbsp; director of the <a href="https://ralescenter.hopkinschildrens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rales Center for the Integration of Health and Education</a> at Johns Hopkins Children’s Center.</p>



<p>The backdrop of the research is the extensive disruption wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic and related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improved-mental-health-of-children-during-lockdown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lockdowns</a>, which upended routines for families globally - shuttering schools, moving work to homes, and reducing social and physical activities. This led to increased levels of stress, anxiety, and social isolation, impacting both physical and mental health across all age groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-linked-to-modest-developmental-delays">Pandemic linked to modest developmental delays</h2>



<p>Despite broader concerns, the research team, upon analyzing developmental data from 50,205 children aged between 0 and 5 years, noted only modest developmental delays, primarily in communication and problem-solving skills.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These effects were consistent across age groups, from infants to older children, suggesting that increased caregiver time at home may have mitigated more significant impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-related-stress-over-developmental-delays">Pandemic-related stress over developmental delays </h2>



<p>Additionally, the study explored whether pandemic-related stresses led caregivers to worry more about their children’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poverty-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">development</a>, finding only a slight increase in concerns during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic times.</p>



<p>While the findings provide some reassurance about children's resilience to profound disruptions, the long-term implications of these modest developmental delays remain uncertain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is important for us to continue to keep an eye on kids of all ages in terms of development, so we can understand whether these changes have longer-term implications for children or if new challenges emerge as children age,” explained Johnson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the insights from this study are pivotal for preparing for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-alone-in-america-an-escalating-public-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health crises</a>. They underscore the necessity of enhancing the clinical infrastructure to support developmental and behavioral pediatric services, ensuring that children's developmental needs are adequately met both now and in the future.</p>



<p>The study acknowledges certain limitations, such as excluding variables like prenatal substance abuse and the exclusion of preterm infants, which might skew the understanding of the pandemic’s full impact on developmental outcomes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the potential for selection bias among participating healthcare providers in the CHADIS database could affect the generalizability of the findings. These factors underscore the need for continued research to fully ascertain the developmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on young children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-the-pandemic-impact-children-s-lives">How did the pandemic impact children's lives?</h2>



<p>The pandemic highlighted and often exacerbated existing disparities in access to resources, support, and opportunities for children, influencing their developmental trajectories in profound ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education">Education</h3>



<p>School closures and the shift to remote learning disrupted traditional educational experiences, leading to learning losses for many children. This was especially pronounced in communities with limited access to technology or where students received less support at home.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-development">Social development</h3>



<p>With social distancing measures and lockdowns, many children missed out on crucial aspects of social development. The lack of in-person interactions with peers during critical developmental periods affected their social skills and emotional intelligence.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>The pandemic has been linked to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues in children. The isolation, uncertainty, and changes in routine contributed to stress and emotional distress.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-inactivity-remains-a-problem-after-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical activity</a> levels dropped for many children due to restrictions on outdoor play and sports. This change has implications for physical health, including increased rates of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-spiked-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a> and related health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety-and-abuse">Safety and abuse</h3>



<p>For some children, staying at home meant an increased risk of exposure to domestic violence and abuse. The protective environments provided by schools and community programs were less accessible.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-access">Nutritional access</h3>



<p>Many children rely on schools for nutritious meals. School closures impacted their access to these critical resources, increasing food insecurity among vulnerable populations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://www.jpeds.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Pediatrics</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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COVID-19 pandemic led to ‘modest’ developmental delays in children

While causing significant disruptions across various aspects of life, the...

<p>The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with conditions ripe for new records in temperature and humidity. This forecast, based on new research from the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, underscores the escalating impact of climate change coupled with an intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-humidity-makes-heat-dangerous">Why humidity makes heat dangerous</h2>



<p>Our bodies rely heavily on sweating to stay cool. When sweat evaporates from our skin, it carries heat away with it, lowering our internal temperature. However, in high humidity, the air is already heavily laden with water vapor. </p>



<p>This makes it much harder for our sweat to evaporate, reducing its cooling effect. Essentially, high humidity prevents our natural temperature regulation process from working efficiently, making it much more difficult for our bodies to stay cool in hot conditions. </p>



<p>"If you can't cool your body to below 98.6°F, or 37°C, then you'll die," said study co-author Professor William Boos. "Sweat is the main way we have to cool ourselves when it gets hot. So if sweating will not allow you to cool below your core body temperature, that's the survivability limit," explained William Boos, a UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-el-nino-and-global-warming-lead-to-tropical-humidity">El Niño and global warming lead to tropical humidity</h2>



<p>The ongoing rise in Earth's average temperature, known as global warming, is increasing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This is because warmer air can hold more moisture.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>, a natural weather pattern that causes warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean, adds even more heat to the system. This further boosts evaporation, sending large amounts of warm, moist air into the upper atmosphere. </p>



<p>Eventually, some of this moisture descends back to the surface, creating those hot, muggy conditions along with intense thunderstorms that don't always bring lasting relief from the heat.</p>



<p>"When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-detects-early-warning-signs-of-an-el-nino-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> happens," Boos explains, "the upper atmosphere gets warmer, which means that these downdrafts won't be as cold. So your surface overall will move to a higher heat and humidity content."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Predicting tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Scientists at UC Berkeley developed a powerful tool to predict this summer's heat and humidity patterns. They combined statistical analysis with extensive historical climate data, spanning 45 years, and factored in the effects of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-events-cost-the-global-economy-trillions-of-dollars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> and ongoing global warming.</p>



<p>The analysis allowed the experts to isolate specific patterns where El Niño's temporary warming amplifies the longer-term warming trend caused by climate change. The result is a chilling prediction related to tropical heat and humidity: the tropics have a 7 in 10 chance of experiencing record-breaking heat and humidity levels.</p>



<p>It's important to note that this method doesn't pinpoint the exact weather on any given day. Instead, it reveals a large-scale trend for the tropical heat and humidity. This type of prediction is incredibly valuable because it gives governments, health organizations, and communities in these regions precious time to prepare and implement strategies to protect people, livestock, and crops from the dangerous effects of extreme heat and humidity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-location-of-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Location of tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, the tropical heat and humidity won't be evenly distributed. India, large swaths of Africa, Central and South America, Australia, and even Florida and Texas are most at risk. </p>



<p>"I think it provides a pretty good bar for the supercomputer models that are predicting climate on a seasonal time scale," said Boos. Some areas, like northern India, face a 50 percent chance of suffering record levels of extreme heat this summer.</p>



<p>This isn't a forecast to ignore. Organizations, from governments to humanitarian aid groups, can use this prediction to plan for increased medical needs and resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparation-for-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Preparation for tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Preparing for tropical heat and humidity can significantly reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses and improve comfort. Here are some tips:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Stay informed</strong></h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Weather apps and alerts:</strong> Regularly check local weather forecasts and set up alerts for heat advisories on your smartphone or other devices.</li>



<li><strong>Local news:</strong> Follow local news for updates on weather conditions and safety advisories.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adjust daily routines</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Avoid peak heat:</strong> Limit outdoor activities to early morning or late evening when temperatures are cooler.</li>



<li><strong>Dress appropriately:</strong> Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-colored clothing to reflect sunlight and help maintain body temperature.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Optimize living spaces</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Cooling systems:</strong> Ensure air conditioning systems are well-maintained before the onset od predicted tropical heat and humidity. Consider installing energy-efficient window films or blackout curtains to reduce heat absorption.</li>



<li><strong>Fans and ventilation:</strong> Use fans to circulate air. Open windows during cooler periods if it is safe to do so and secure against insects.</li>



<li><strong>Insulation:</strong> Improve home insulation to keep the heat out and the cool in.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Hydration and diet</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Water intake:</strong> Increase your water intake to stay hydrated. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as they can lead to dehydration.</li>



<li><strong>Cool foods:</strong> Eat smaller meals more frequently. Include fruits and vegetables that are high in water content, such as cucumbers, oranges, and watermelons.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health management</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Recognize heat exhaustion signs:</strong> Know the signs of heat exhaustion, which include heavy sweating, weakness, cold, pale, and clammy skin, nausea or vomiting, and fainting.</li>



<li><strong>Emergency kit:</strong> Keep a well-stocked first aid kit that includes items like water, electrolytes, and basic medical supplies.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Community and vulnerable groups</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Check on others:</strong> Regularly check on elderly family members, neighbors, and others who may not have air conditioning or who spend much of their time alone.</li>



<li><strong>Community cooling centers:</strong> Utilize public spaces that are air-conditioned, like libraries or community centers, which may serve as cooling centers during heat waves.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preparation for power outages</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Emergency plans:</strong> Have a plan in place for potential power outages. This includes having battery-powered fans, extra batteries, and portable chargers for devices.</li>



<li><strong>Backup power:</strong> Consider investing in a generator or solar-powered chargers for essential devices.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pet safety</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Pet care:</strong> Ensure pets have adequate shade and water. Never leave pets in a closed vehicle, as tropical heat and humidity can rise to dangerous levels rapidly.</li>



<li><strong>Walking hours:</strong> Walk pets during cooler parts of the day to prevent overheating and burns from hot pavements.</li>
</ul>



<p>Preparation is key, especially in regions where extreme heat is not just uncomfortable but potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-drives-millions-of-children-into-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dangerous</a>.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Record-breaking tropical heat and humidity predicted this summer

The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with...

<p>Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities around the world vanished beneath the waves? It's a chilling thought, but the melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could put that nightmare scenario within reach. Scientists have just uncovered a troubling cycle that's accelerating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> ice melting even faster than we thought, threatening a future where our coastlines are redrawn forever.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vicious-cycle">The vicious cycle</h2>



<p>Ice shelves are vast, floating extensions of the glaciers and ice sheets that cover Antarctica. These immense structures act like protective barriers, helping to slow down the flow of ice from the land into the ocean. </p>



<p>The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is a particularly vulnerable region - much of its base rests below sea level. This low-lying foundation makes it incredibly susceptible to the effects of a hidden, warm-water threat.</p>



<p>Known as the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), this deep ocean current possesses temperatures significantly higher than the freezing Antarctic waters. The CDW stealthily flows beneath the West Antarctic ice shelves, steadily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-slow-antarctica-ice-melt-with-sunlight-reflecting-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> them from below. </p>



<p>This constant erosion weakens the ice shelves' structure, potentially destabilizing the entire ice sheet and leading to accelerated ice loss into the ocean.</p>



<p>"This cycle could speed up the melting of ice shelves, potentially making the West Antarctic Ice Sheet less stable in the future," said <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/people/5x2hkq/professor-alberto-naveira-garabato" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato</a> from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-ice-melt-creates-stronger-currents">Antarctica's ice melt creates stronger currents</h2>



<p>The melting caused by the warm water intrusion sets off a self-amplifying chain reaction known as a positive feedback loop. In this context, "positive" doesn't imply a beneficial outcome; rather, it means that the process reinforces itself, spiraling into an increasingly destructive cycle. Here's how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-and-mixing">Melting and mixing</h3>



<p>As the CDW erodes the ice shelf from underneath, it mixes with the resulting freshwater melt. This blend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rate-of-melting-ice-in-antarctica-is-not-consistent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melted</a> ice and seawater has a lower density than the surrounding ocean water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-buoyancy-effect">The buoyancy effect</h3>



<p>Driven by its lower density, this lighter meltwater mixture naturally seeks to rise towards the surface. This upward movement has two major consequences:</p>



<ul>
<li>It distorts the layer of warm CDW beneath the ice shelf, generating a swirling effect that further destabilizes the ice.</li>



<li>It seeks out underwater channels and troughs near the coastline. As it flows outwards, it drags along additional warm CDW, exposing even more of the ice shelf to melting.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-runaway-effect">The runaway effect</h3>



<p>This cycle becomes self-perpetuating. The more ice melts, the larger the volume of light "meltwater mix" is generated. This, in turn, strengthens the currents that transport even more warm CDW towards the ice shelf, accelerating the melting process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-antarctica-ice-melt-has-baffled-scientists">Why Antarctica ice melt has baffled scientists</h2>



<p>While scientists knew this warm water was causing trouble, they were stumped about what was driving the currents that pushed the warm water towards the vulnerable ice shelves. </p>



<p>Thanks to advanced computer simulations, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Los Angeles</a>, <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, and the University of Southampton have cracked the case.</p>



<p>"These simulations reveal that this deep current conveying warm waters toward the ice shelves is driven by the very same ice shelf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geoengineering-can-we-dim-the-sun-to-avoid-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> that such warm waters cause," explained Dr. Alessandro Silvano from the University of Southampton.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-extreme-ice-melt-in-antarctica">Consequences of extreme ice melt in Antarctica</h2>



<p>The potential consequences of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapsing into the ocean are nothing short of catastrophic. This immense ice sheet contains enough frozen water to raise global sea levels by a staggering five meters (around 16 feet). To put that into perspective, this level of sea-level rise would permanently inundate vast swaths of coastal land around the globe.</p>



<p>Major cities, densely populated regions, and vital infrastructure would be severely impacted or disappear underwater. This would trigger forced mass migrations and create humanitarian crises on an unprecedented scale. Crucial agricultural areas would be lost, disrupting global food supplies. Additionally, the altered salinity and composition of coastal waters would devastate marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>It's important to emphasize that this extreme scenario of total ice sheet collapse would compound the effects of the sea-level rise that's already underway due to global warming. The threat posed by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and its impacts.</p>



<p>The discovery of this feedback loop highlights the urgency of finding ways to slow or reverse the melting. While complex computer models used by scientists often exclude such processes, this study makes a compelling case for their inclusion. </p>



<p>Understanding the intricate workings of our climate is key to protecting our planet, and studies like this are crucial. Now, it's up to us to take this knowledge and turn it into meaningful action.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl0601" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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This natural process is making Antarctica's ice melt faster

Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities...

<p>Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a planet packed with secrets. One of the most intriguing mysteries of Mars has been swirling around the puzzling presence of methane gas. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-mission-has-surpassed-expectations-in-tracking-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas</a>, mostly produced by living organisms on Earth, has NASA's Curiosity rover sniffing around in Mars' Gale Crater.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-methane-behavior">Mars methane behavior</h2>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> methane has an erratic, unpredictable behavior that defies current scientific understanding. It appears at night within Gale Crater, only to vanish during the Martian day. Additionally, its levels fluctuate dramatically with the seasons – sometimes surging, sometimes remaining undetectable. </p>



<p>To make matters even more perplexing, spacecraft orbiting Mars, equipped with sensitive instruments specifically designed to detect methane, can't find any trace of it in the wider atmosphere. This contradictory evidence and lack of a clear pattern of origin have left scientists puzzled.</p>



<p>“It’s a story with a lot of plot twists,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/vasavada/">Ashwin&nbsp;Vasavada</a>, Curiosity’s project scientist at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) in Southern California, which leads Curiosity’s mission.</p>



<p>While the tantalizing possibility of methane as a sign of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-the-building-blocks-of-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> (current or ancient) remains, most scientists believe geological processes occurring deep beneath the Martian surface are the more likely culprits. </p>



<p>However, even those theories fail to fully explain the variability and inconsistency of methane detections. This mystery demands a deeper and more nuanced understanding, motivating scientists to investigate and explore all potential explanations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salt-a-methane-trap-on-mars">Salt: A methane trap on Mars?</h2>



<p>NASA researchers have recently proposed a fascinating explanation for the methane's disappearing act. They suggest that the methane might be temporarily stored beneath a hardened seal of salt within the Martian soil.</p>



<p>To understand this, imagine the Martian soil as a mixture of frozen water and various salts – much like a very salty ice cube. This mixture is likely a result of Mars' past when it might have had liquid water. Scientists theorize that as temperatures fluctuate, some of this salty ice may melt slightly. </p>



<p>However, in the thin Martian atmosphere, this meltwater quickly evaporates, leaving behind a concentrated, hardened layer of salt on the surface. This salty crust could potentially act as a temporary barrier, trapping any methane gas produced below.</p>



<p>The really intriguing part of the theory is how this methane might escape. The researchers suggest that these salty seals aren't permanent. Fluctuations in temperature or disturbances – even something like a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-may-have-once-been-a-cradle-for-life/">Mars</a> rover driving over the surface – could potentially cause cracks or breaks in the salt crust. </p>



<p>These openings could allow the trapped methane to release in sudden bursts, creating a "methane burp" detectable by Curiosity. This would explain the localized, sporadic nature of the methane detections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-regolith-and-salt">Martian regolith and salt</h2>



<p>This hypothesis isn't simply speculation. A research team led by NASA scientist Alexander Pavlov has conducted a series of controlled experiments to test its validity. They meticulously recreated Martian environmental conditions within a laboratory setting. </p>



<p>This involved using samples of Martian regolith (soil) with varying salt concentrations, mimicking the presence of perchlorates commonly found on Mars. The samples were then subjected to temperature and pressure fluctuations that mirrored those experienced on the Martian surface.</p>



<p>Significantly, the experiments yielded promising results. Under specific conditions, particularly with a specific range of salt concentration, the researchers observed the formation of a hardened surface crust within the simulated Martian soil. </p>



<p>This finding supports the theory that such a salty seal could indeed form on Mars. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrated that the presence of this crust effectively trapped gas beneath its surface, lending credence to the idea that methane could be temporarily stored in this way. </p>



<p>These laboratory results provide a strong foundation for the salty seal theory, suggesting it may be a viable explanation for the methane's puzzling behavior on Mars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-study-methane-on-mars">Why study methane on Mars?</h2>



<p>Methane matters on Mars for several compelling reasons. Primarily, its presence and behavior offer crucial clues in the ongoing investigation into whether the Red Planet could have ever harbored the conditions necessary for life to exist. Here's why:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-as-a-potential-biosignature">Methane as a potential biosignature</h3>



<p>On Earth, a significant portion of methane is produced by biological processes – the activity of living organisms. While non-biological processes can also produce methane, its detection on Mars raises the tantalizing possibility of either current microbial life or the remnants of ancient life that once thrived on the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-geochemistry">Martian geochemistry</h3>



<p>Even if methane on Mars proves to be entirely geological in origin, studying its source and how it disappears provides valuable insights into the planet's geological activity and history. These processes could shed light on the presence of subsurface water, past volcanic activity, or other unique Martian phenomena.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrobiology-and-beyond">Astrobiology and beyond</h3>



<p>The implications of methane's presence and its potential origins extend beyond Mars. Determining whether life could have existed on our neighboring planet helps us understand the broader question of whether life might exist elsewhere in the universe. It could inform the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-worlds-new-strategy-to-identify-planets-that-may-host-life/">habitable environments</a> on other planets and moons within and beyond our solar system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thrill-of-the-unknown">Thrill of the unknown</h3>



<p>Beyond its significance for astrobiology, the mystery of Martian methane represents a captivating scientific puzzle. Its unpredictable behavior challenges our current understanding of the planet's chemistry and geology, driving scientists to develop innovative theories, conduct rigorous experiments, and push the boundaries of exploration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>While the salty crust hypothesis offers a potential explanation for methane's behavior, it necessitates further rigorous testing and validation. Researchers need to investigate whether other salt compounds prevalent on Mars exhibit similar properties and could form temporary seals capable of trapping methane. </p>



<p>To gain a comprehensive understanding of methane dynamics on Mars, dedicated instruments capable of continuous, widespread methane monitoring are crucial. Unfortunately, the Curiosity rover's current capabilities allow for only intermittent methane measurements, limiting the ability to track real-time fluctuations and spatial variations across the Martian surface.</p>



<p>"Some of the methane work will have to be left to future surface spacecraft that are more focused on answering these specific questions," Vasavada said.</p>



<p>Until then, the Martian methane mystery keeps us guessing. Who knows what further surprises the Red Planet holds?</p>



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Methane "burps" discovered on Mars could be signs of life

Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a...

<p>Since the 1930s, the <a href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/">Old Farmers' Almanac</a> has been publishing names for the full moons, drawing from what were termed “Indian” names that have since become widely recognized and utilized. </p>



<p>The full moon of April, which occurs tonight, is often called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a>, a name attributed to the herb moss pink or creeping phlox - also known as moss phlox, mountain phlox, and creeping phlox - which is native to the eastern United States and one of spring's earliest widespread flowers. </p>



<p>Other names for this April moon include the “Sprouting Grass Moon,” the “Egg Moon,” and the “Fish Moon,” the latter being used by coastal tribes to mark the time when shad fish move upstream to spawn.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-return-of-navigable-waterways">The return of navigable waterways</h2>



<p>Moreover, the names "Breaking Ice Moon" (Algonquin) and "Moon When the Streams Are Again Navigable" (Dakota) capture the thawing of ice and the return of navigable waterways typical of early spring. </p>



<p>The "Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs" (Tlingit) and "Moon of the Red Grass Appearing" (Oglala) highlight the imminent surge in plant life as spring progresses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reemergence-of-life-in-april">The reemergence of life in April</h2>



<p>Additional names reflect the reemergence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/">wildlife</a> during this season, such as the "Moon When the Ducks Come Back" (Lakota), "Moon When the Geese Lay Eggs" (Dakota), and "Frog Moon" (Cree), each indicating the return or increased activity of these species.</p>



<p>Similarly, the "Sucker Moon" (Anishinaabe) marks the period for harvesting sucker fish, which migrate to streams or shallow lake areas to spawn. </p>



<p>According to cultural lore, during this time, the sucker fish returns from the spirit world to cleanse the waterways and the life within them. </p>



<p>This name is sometimes used for the February Moon as well, to honor the sucker fish's role in sustaining the Anishinaabe people through the winter by providing a crucial food source.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-observances-and-april-s-full-moon">Cultural observances and April's full moon </h2>



<p>This moon also corresponds with significant cultural and religious observances in various parts of the world. It aligns with the Jewish festival of Pesach, or Passover, which in 2024 will begin at sundown on April 22 and conclude at nightfall on April 30. </p>



<p>The celebration starts in the middle of the Hebrew month of Nisan, with the Seder feasts taking place on the first two nights.</p>



<p>In the Hindu lunisolar calendar, which varies by region, this full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tonights-worm-moon-marks-the-beginning-of-spring/">moon</a> typically coincides with Hanuman Jayanti, the celebration of the birth of Lord Hanuman.</p>



<p>For Buddhists in Sri Lanka, this full moon is known as Bak Poya and commemorates the Buddha's visit to Sri Lanka, where he averted a war by settling a dispute between chiefs.</p>



<p>This lunar event falls near the middle of Shawwāl, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar, and during the third month of the Chinese Year of the Dragon.</p>



<p>In light of these diverse celebrations, people all over the world&nbsp; are encouraged to wear festive celestial attire in honor of the full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/">moon</a>. </p>



<p>It’s a time to enjoy the burgeoning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-has-arrived-in-the-northern-hemisphere/">spring</a>, acknowledge these various cultural celebrations, set an extra seat at the table in a spirit of inclusivity, and importantly, strive for peace and not war.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-april-s-full-moon">More about April's full moon</h2>



<p>April’s full moon will reach its brightest point at 7:49 P.M. on Tuesday, April 23. Astronomically, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a> signifies the time when the moon is fully illuminated by the sun as seen from Earth, appearing fully round.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Like Earth, the Moon has a day side and a night side, which change as the Moon rotates,” explained <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a>. “The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark, but how much we are able to see of that illuminated half changes as the Moon travels through its orbit.”</p>



<p>The timing of the full moon varies slightly due to the lunar cycle averaging about 29.5 days. This leads to some variation in the date and time of the full moon each month.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrological-significance-of-the-pink-moon">Astrological significance of the Pink Moon</h2>



<p>In 2024, the Pink Moon falls on April 25th, during the sun’s transit through Taurus. This placement is quite significant astrologically for several reasons:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Taurus Sun Scorpio Moon opposition</h3>



<p>The Pink Moon will be in the opposite sign of Scorpio, creating a full moon in Scorpio. This opposition highlights the balance between Taurus and Scorpio themes - material security and stability versus emotional depth and transformation. </p>



<p>It’s a potent time for delving into psychological matters, addressing issues of trust, and managing resources in relationships.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intensity and transformation</h3>



<p>Scorpio is a sign associated with intensity, depth, transformation, and the unseen. A full moon in Scorpio can bring to the surface deep-seated emotions and hidden truths. </p>



<p>This is a powerful time for healing, as it provides an opportunity to confront and release old wounds, secrets, or things that have been repressed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Financial and emotional investments</h3>



<p>Given Taurus’s influence on possessions and Scorpio’s on investments and shared resources, this full moon could highlight issues around finances, particularly what is owned individually versus jointly. It can prompt decisions about investments, loans, inheritances, or other financial matters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhanced intuition</h3>



<p>Scorpio’s watery, intuitive energy combined with the illuminating power of the full moon can enhance psychic abilities and deepen intuitive insights. This period may be particularly potent for those who practice divination or other metaphysical activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Transformation and rebirth</h3>



<p>Scorpio is the sign of death and rebirth, so this full moon might signal a time of significant personal transformation. It can be an excellent period for ending unhealthy patterns or relationships and for beginning anew with a fresh perspective or renewed purpose.</p>



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April's full "Pink Moon" tonight signifies the reemergence of life 

Since the 1930s, the Old Farmers' Almanac has been publishing...

<p>The tundra, a critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sink</a>, is undergoing significant changes due to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-warming-climate-transforms-soil-into-a-carbon-emitter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming climate</a>. Traditionally known to store carbon, these vast, cold landscapes are now releasing it, potentially exacerbating climate change. </p>



<p>This shift is the focus of a recent comprehensive study that delves into how the warming climate affects carbon dynamics in tundra regions across the globe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-effect-on-tundra-sites">Warming effect on tundra sites</h2>



<p>To explore this phenomenon, a diverse team of 70 scientists from various countries embarked on an ambitious project. They implemented open-top chambers (OTCs) at 28 tundra sites worldwide to simulate increased temperatures. </p>



<p>The OTCs, functioning like mini-greenhouses, effectively trap heat and block wind, creating a localized warming effect. As a result, this method led to an average increase of 1.4 degrees Celsius in air temperature and 0.4 degrees in soil temperature. </p>



<p>Furthermore, soil moisture decreased by 1.6 percent, influencing the tundra's ability to function as a carbon sink.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-warming-and-carbon-release">Tundra warming and carbon release</h2>



<p>The experimental warming significantly impacted the tundra's ecosystem respiration, especially during the growing season, increasing it by 30 percent. </p>



<p>This increase is due to increased metabolic activities in soil organisms and plants, as noted by Sybryn Maes from <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå University</a>.</p>



<p>"We knew from earlier studies that we were likely to find an increase in respiration with warming, but we found a remarkable increase – nearly four times greater than previously estimated, though it varied with time and location," said Maes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variability-across-tundra-regions">Variability across tundra regions</h2>



<p>The study also revealed that the increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-plants-continue-offsetting-our-carbon-emissions-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem respiration</a> varies with local soil conditions. Factors like nitrogen levels and soil pH play a role. This variability indicates that not all tundra regions respond uniformly to warming. </p>



<p>Professor Ellen Dorrepaal, also from Umeå University, emphasized the uniqueness of their findings. "Our work represents the first assessment of ecosystem respiration response to experimental warming across such a broad environmental gradient in the tundra, incorporating a comprehensive set of environmental drivers," said Professor Dorrepaal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-arctic-and-alpine-regions">Broader implications for arctic and alpine regions</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings extend beyond the individual study sites. Matti Kummu from <a href="https://www.aalto.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aalto University</a> highlighted the broader perspective.</p>



<p>"We see that some areas, particularly parts of Siberia and Canada, exhibit greater sensitivity to warming," said Kummu. "We anticipate an increase in respiration across the whole Arctic and alpine tundra, but more in situ data, particularly on the local soil conditions, is key to addressing the outstanding uncertainties and refining our predictions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-climate-models">Refining climate models  </h2>



<p>The researchers plan to further study how these experimental sites develop over time. They will also broaden their experiments to include new locations. </p>



<p>This ongoing work is essential for a more accurate understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-pool-of-global-soil-carbon-alters-climate-change-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>'s impact on our planet's ecosystems and the broader climate system.</p>



<p>Additionally, the research highlights an urgent need for continuous exploration and monitoring of tundra regions. This is crucial to improve predictions and counteract global warming.</p>



<p>As the tundra shifts from being a carbon sink to a potential carbon source, grasping these dynamics grows increasingly crucial in our global efforts to effectively manage climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-impacts-of-warming-on-tundra">Additional impacts of warming on tundra</h2>



<p>Warming affects tundra in several critical ways beyond just increasing carbon emissions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-thawing"><strong>Permafrost thawing</strong></h3>



<p>As temperatures rise, permafrost - permanently frozen ground in the tundra - begins to thaw. This releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, which further accelerates global warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altered-plant-life"><strong>Altered plant life</strong></h3>



<p>Warming leads to changes in vegetation patterns. Shrubs and trees can start to encroach on traditional tundra landscapes, which alters the habitat and can disrupt the local biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-soil-erosion"><strong>Increased soil erosion</strong></h3>



<p>With less ice to stabilize the soil, warmer temperatures can increase erosion rates. This not only affects the physical landscape but can also release more carbon stored in the soil.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-los-s"><strong>Biodiversity los</strong>s</h3>



<p>The unique species adapted to cold tundra environments may struggle to survive in warmer conditions, leading to reduced biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-water-systems"><strong>Changes in water systems</strong></h3>



<p>Thawing permafrost affects water flows in the tundra. It can lead to the formation of new lakes and wetlands or the drying up of existing ones, significantly impacting local ecosystems and water availability.</p>



<p>Understanding these effects is crucial for predicting and mitigating the broader impacts of climate change on the tundra and its role in global ecological and climate systems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07274-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em></em>.</p>



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Warming climate turns tundra from carbon sink to source

The tundra, a critical carbon sink, is undergoing significant changes...

<p>Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune systems, countless deaths, and untold suffering. Yet, there's hope on the horizon. Scientists are tirelessly unraveling cancer's mysteries. </p>



<p>One such breakthrough is immunotherapy, a cutting-edge approach that uses the body's own defenses to wage war against cancer cells. Researchers at <a href="https://www.vt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> are at the forefront of this research, developing a new type of immunotherapy with the potential to save lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system-and-cancer">Immune system and cancer</h2>



<p>Our immune system is a complex defense network made up of different cell types and organs. It works constantly to detect and eliminate threats, including harmful bacteria and viruses.</p>



<p>Cancer cells, unfortunately, develop ways to disguise themselves or suppress the immune system's response. This allows them to grow and spread unchecked.</p>



<p>Immunotherapy aims to outsmart cancer by enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. It introduces substances that either directly boost immune cells or remove the disguises cancer cells use to hide.</p>



<p>Unlike chemotherapy, which targets all rapidly dividing cells (both healthy and cancerous), immunotherapy is more precise. This often results in fewer harsh side effects for patients.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-with-immunotherapy">The challenge with immunotherapy</h2>



<p>Cytokines are small proteins that act as communication signals within the immune system. They play a critical role in coordinating the immune response, attracting and activating various immune cells to fight against threats.</p>



<p>“Cytokines are potent and highly effective at stimulating the immune cells to eliminate cancer cells,” said Professor <a href="https://che.vt.edu/People/faculty/Tong.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rong Tong</a>. “The problem is they’re so potent that if they roam freely throughout the body, they’ll activate every immune cell they encounter, which can cause an overactive immune response and potentially fatal side effects.”</p>



<p>The goal of scientists was to harness the power of cytokines to fight cancer while minimizing their potential side effects. This involved developing a method to deliver cytokines specifically to the tumor site, preventing their uncontrolled spread throughout the body.</p>



<p>Researchers at Virginia Tech addressed this challenge with their innovative localized cytokine therapy approach, providing a more targeted and controlled way to boost the immune system against cancer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-systems-anchored-cytokines-against-cancer">Immune systems anchored cytokines against cancer</h2>



<p>Dr. Tong teamed up with Dr. Wenjun "Rebecca" Cai to engineer a revolutionary approach to localized cytokine therapy. They developed tiny particles designed to carry the cytokine proteins directly to the tumor. These particles act as specialized delivery vehicles.</p>



<p>The particles are engineered with "anchors" – molecules on their surface that can bind specifically to components within the tumor. After injection, these anchors help the particles attach themselves firmly within the tumor environment.</p>



<p>The anchoring mechanism ensures that the cytokines remain primarily within the tumor. This prevents them from spreading throughout the body, minimizing potential harm to healthy cells, while allowing them to send powerful signals to attract immune cells to the tumor site.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combination-therapy">Combination therapy</h2>



<p>Now, this alone is a remarkable advancement, but the researchers went one step further. They paired their anchored cytokine system with FDA-approved therapies called checkpoint blockade antibodies. </p>



<p>Cancer cells can develop mechanisms to suppress or deactivate immune cells, essentially disabling their ability to fight back. Checkpoint blockade antibodies target these mechanisms, re-activating the immune cells so they can attack the cancer.</p>



<p>The anchored cytokines act as a powerful amplifier, attracting large numbers of immune cells to the tumor site and enhancing their cancer-fighting capabilities. </p>



<p>This combined approach creates a synergistic effect – checkpoint blockade antibodies take away cancer's defenses, while the cytokines rally a powerful immune attack. Studies have demonstrated the significant success of this strategy in eliminating tumors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-cancer-treatment">The future of cancer treatment</h2>



<p>This research is a tremendous leap forward in the field of immunotherapy, potentially leading to safer and more successful cancer treatments. It also opens doors for the development of similar delivery systems for other potent immune-boosting drugs.</p>



<p>“Researchers are still looking for safer and more effective cancer treatments,” said Tong. “This motivation is what drives us to develop new technologies in the field. The whole class of drugs that are employed to jump-start the immune system to fight cancer cells has largely not yet succeeded. Our goal is to create novel solutions that allow researchers to test these drugs with existing FDA-approved therapeutics, ensuring both safety and enhanced efficacy.”</p>



<p>The Virginia Tech researchers' dedication epitomizes the ongoing battle against cancer. While there's much work still ahead, projects like this provide immense hope that someday cancer will be a word that loses its terrifying power.</p>



<p>“I view this project as a perfect marriage between chemical engineering and materials science,” Cai said. “The former focuses on the synthesis and drug delivery part, the latter on applying advanced materials characterization. This collaboration not only accelerates immunotherapy research, but also has the ability to transform cancer treatment.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em>Science Advances</em>.</p>



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Reprogramming the immune system to attack cancer cells

Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune...

<p>In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults perceive the onset of old age compared to previous generations. The experts found that, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancy</a> increases and retirement ages are pushed back, the public perception of when old age begins is shifting to later in life. </p>



<p>The study was led by an international team of researchers including psychologist Markus Wettstein from <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a> in Berlin, and his colleagues from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, the <a href="https://www.uni.lu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Luxembourg</a>, and the <a href="https://www.uni-greifswald.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Greifswald</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-notable-shift-in-the-perceived-start-of-old-age-nbsp">Notable shift in the perceived start of old age&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts analyzed responses from 14,056 participants in the <a href="https://www.dza.de/en/research/deas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Aging Survey</a>. This longitudinal study spans over 25 years and includes German residents born between 1911 and 1974, assessing their views on aging.</p>



<p>The survey consistently asked participants the age at which they considered someone to be old. Findings indicate a notable shift: participants born earlier in the 20th century identified the start of old age at younger ages than those born later. For instance, participants born in 1911 believed old age started at 71 when they were 65 years old, whereas those born in 1956 placed the threshold at 74.</p>



<p>However, the scientists identified a slowdown in this trend of pushing back the perceived start of old age in recent decades, suggesting that this shift might not continue indefinitely. “The trend toward postponing old age is not linear and might not necessarily continue in the future,” Wettstein explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-changes-the-perspective-nbsp">Aging changes the perspective&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Further analysis showed that as individuals age, they tend to view old age as beginning later in life. For example, at age 64, participants on average believed old age started at 74.7, but by age 74, they adjusted this belief to 76.8. This shift roughly translates to a one-year increase in the perceived start of old age for every four to five years of actual aging.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-gender-equal-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gender</a> and health also play significant roles in how early individuals perceive the onset of old age. The study found that women, on average, believe it starts about two years later than men do, a gap that has widened over time. Moreover, individuals who reported feeling lonelier, being in poorer health, or feeling older themselves tended to say old age starts earlier.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-the-trend-of-postponing-old-age">What drives the trend of postponing old age?</h2>



<p>These findings are critical for understanding how individuals plan for their aging and how society views older adults. “It is unclear to what extent the trend towards postponing old age reflects a trend towards more positive views on older people and aging, or rather the opposite - perhaps the onset of old age is postponed because people consider being old to be an undesirable state,” Wettstein said.</p>



<p>The experts call for further research to determine if this trend will persist and to expand the scope of inquiry to more diverse and non-Western populations, to better understand global perceptions of aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-about-old-age">Interesting facts about old age</h2>



<p>Old age can be a period of growth, adaptation, and continued contribution to society, not merely a time of decline. Here are some interesting facts:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-life-expectancy">Increased life expectancy</h3>



<p>Globally, life expectancy has significantly increased over the past century. Advances in healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions have played a major role in extending the average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-senior-years">Healthier senior years</h3>



<p>Many older adults today are healthier than in the past. Improved medical treatments for chronic diseases like heart disease and arthritis mean many seniors can maintain a better quality of life for longer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-plasticity">Brain plasticity</h3>



<p>Contrary to the belief that the brain's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-adults-brain-cells/">capabilities</a> decline unavoidably with age, research shows that the brain maintains plasticity into older adulthood, meaning it can continue to form new neural connections and adapt.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-population-shifts">Population shifts</h3>



<p>The demographic of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improves-life-quality-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older adults</a> is increasing faster than other age groups. By 2050, the number of people aged 60 years and older will more than double. This shift is challenging societies to adapt infrastructures and policies to meet the needs of an aging population.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



<p>Older adults contribute significantly to the economy, often referred to as the "silver economy." This includes not just their spending power but also their contributions to the workforce and volunteer sectors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wisdom-and-emotions">Wisdom and emotions</h3>



<p>Older adults often experience what is known as the "positivity effect,” a tendency to remember positive experiences over negative ones. Studies suggest that this might be an adaptive mechanism to enhance overall well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-differences">Cultural differences</h3>



<p>Attitudes towards aging vary significantly by culture. In some cultures, older adults are revered and considered wise, whereas, in others, youth is valued more.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000812" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Psychology and Aging</em></a>.</p>



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Public perception of ‘old age’ has shifted to later in life

In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults...

Cbn,Cannabinoloil,And,Marijuana.,Formula,Cannabis,.,Weed,Decriminalization,.

<p>Did you know that a compound found in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> plant might protect your brain from damage and decline? It's called cannabinol (CBN), and it's not the THC you're probably familiar with. </p>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.salk.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salk Institute</a> are delving into cannabinol's secrets, uncovering its potential to revolutionize how we treat brain injuries and diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-cannabinol">What is cannabinol?</h2>



<p>You've probably heard of THC, the compound in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> responsible for its well-known "high", and CBD, known for its potential therapeutic benefits. Cannabinol is a lesser-known cannabinoid, also derived from the cannabis plant. </p>



<p>While it does have some mild psychoactive effects, they are significantly less pronounced than those of THC. What makes CBN particularly interesting to scientists is its potential to protect our brains.</p>



<p>Think of your brain as being filled with tiny energy-producing factories called mitochondria. These powerhouses are essential for keeping brain cells healthy and functioning. Unfortunately, in diseases like Alzheimer's or after a traumatic brain injury, these mitochondria can malfunction and break down. </p>



<p>This leads to the death of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> cells, which contributes to the devastating symptoms of these conditions. CBN appears to have the ability to intervene in this process, acting to support and protect these failing mitochondria. </p>



<p>This safeguarding effect of cannabinol could be key to slowing or preventing the damage caused by brain-related diseases and injuries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabinol-components-to-protect-brain">Cannabinol components to protect brain</h2>



<p>To identify the specific components of CBN responsible for its protective effects, the researchers carefully deconstructed the molecule into smaller fragments. This allowed them to isolate and analyze the active parts.</p>



<p>Armed with the knowledge of CBN's most potent fragments, the scientists created four new compounds inspired by CBN's structure but with those supercharged active parts amplified. These enhanced versions of CBN aimed to provide even greater brain protection than the original molecule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabinol-s-impact-on-the-brain">Cannabinol's impact on the brain</h2>



<p>The Salk team's research pinpointed a specific way brain cells can die, called oxytosis/ferroptosis. This type of cell death plays a role in various neurological diseases, causing significant damage. The new CBN-inspired compounds demonstrated the ability to protect brain cells from this harmful process.</p>



<p>In laboratory tests using both mouse and human brain cells, the enhanced compounds showed protective abilities that matched the effectiveness of natural CBN. This means they offer the potential benefits of CBN but may do so even more powerfully.</p>



<p>To gauge the real-world impact of these compounds, scientists used fruit flies with traumatic brain injury, a common model for studying these types of injuries in humans. One compound, named CP1, shone brightly in this study. </p>



<p>Flies treated with CP1 had significantly higher survival rates than untreated flies, suggesting CP1 could play a critical role in minimizing the devastating consequences of brain trauma.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cannabinol-beyond-its-brain-benefits">More about cannabinol beyond its brain benefits</h2>



<p>As discussed above, cannabinol is a cannabinoid derived from the cannabis plant, known mostly for being mildly psychoactive and primarily found in aged cannabis where THC has degraded over time. Here's a bit more about CBN:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and chemical nature</h3>



<p>CBN forms when THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, is exposed to oxygen and light. Over time, THC breaks down and converts into CBN. Compared to THC, CBN has a lower psychoactive effect, which makes it less potent but potentially more suitable for medical use without strong euphoric effects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Potential Medical Benefits</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Sleep aid:</strong> CBN is often marketed as a sleep aid or sedative, with some reports suggesting it can help users fall asleep faster and sleep more soundly.</li>



<li><strong>Pain relief:</strong> It may work as an analgesic or pain reliever, particularly when combined with other cannabinoids like CBD.</li>



<li><strong>Anti-inflammatory:</strong> Like other cannabinoids, CBN has shown anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial in treating conditions like arthritis.</li>



<li><strong>Neuroprotectant:</strong> As demonstrated in the Salk Institute's research, CBN may offer neuroprotective effects, making it a candidate for treating neurodegenerative diseases.</li>



<li><strong>Antibacterial:</strong> Studies have shown that CBN can act as an antibacterial agent, effective against various bacterial strains including MRSA.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Use and Accessibility</h3>



<p>The legal status of CBN can vary depending on local laws, especially as it is derived from cannabis. In regions where cannabis is legal, products containing CBN are becoming more available.</p>



<p>While there is promising research supporting CBN’s efficacy, more clinical studies are necessary to fully understand its therapeutic potential.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-brain-health">The future of brain health</h2>



<p>"Our findings help demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CBN, as well as the scientific opportunity we have to replicate and refine its drug-like properties," says Research Professor Pamela Maher, senior author of the study.</p>



<p>Imagine giving this CP1 compound to athletes at risk for head injuries or to someone immediately after a car accident. Could it lessen the long-term consequences of brain trauma? </p>



<p>The Salk team is determined to find out. Their future research will explore these enhanced CBN compounds in the context of age-related brain decline, potentially changing how we approach brain health as we age.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231724001149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Redox Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Cannabinol (CBN) seems to prevent cognitive decline and brain disorders

Did you know that a compound found in the cannabis...

Date	Citation Page	Title
05/16/1986	51 FR 17977 17980	Determination of End. Status for 8 Foreign Mammals, Leadbeaters Possum, etc.; 51 FR 17977-17980
10/25/1985	50 FR 43420 43423	Proposed End. Status for 8 Foreign Mammals; 50 FR 43420-43423