<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Sombrero Galaxy, with its magnificent structure captured in stunning detail by the Hubble Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sombrero-galaxy-nbsp">Sombrero Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104, is one of the most intriguing and easily recognizable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> in the night sky, notable for its bright nucleus, large central bulge, and prominent dust lane that gives it a sombrero-like appearance when viewed from Earth. It is located in the constellation Virgo, about 29 million light-years away.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Its most distinguishing feature is the dark dust lane that encircles the galaxy along its equator, resembling the rim of a sombrero hat. This dust lane is composed of interstellar dust and gas, where new stars are being born.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-type-and-structure">Galaxy type and structure</h3>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)a galaxy, indicating it is an unbarred spiral galaxy with a prominent nucleus. However, its large bulge and dust lane also give it characteristics of an elliptical galaxy and a lenticular galaxy, making it a hybrid of sorts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-nucleus">Bright nucleus</h3>



<p>The galaxy has a very bright nucleus, which is thought to house a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/">supermassive black hole</a>. Observations suggest the black hole at its center is one of the most massive known, with an estimated mass of hundreds of millions of solar masses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-scale">Size and scale</h3>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy spans about 50,000 light-years in diameter, making it about half the size of our Milky Way. Its halo is also populated with globular clusters, similar to the Milky Way, though the exact number is still a subject of research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-discovery">Research and discovery</h3>



<p>Due to its unique features and relatively close proximity, the Sombrero Galaxy has been a focus of research and has been extensively studied across various wavelengths, from radio to X-ray. These studies have helped astronomers gain insights into the processes of galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/">formation</a> and evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-expanding-universe-model-nbsp">The expanding universe model&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The expanding universe model is a fundamental concept in cosmology that describes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/">universe</a> as continuously growing in scale over time. This model is based on observations that galaxies are moving away from each other, with their separation increasing as time progresses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy was one of the first galaxies to be identified as having a redshift, indicating it is moving away from us, which was an important piece of evidence supporting the expanding universe model. The key aspects of this model include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-law">Hubble's Law</h3>



<p>In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are receding from each other at velocities proportional to their distances. This relationship, known as Hubble's Law, provided the first observational evidence for the expanding universe. It suggests that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it appears to be moving away from us.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This expansion is often described by the analogy of dots on an inflating balloon; as the balloon expands, the dots (representing galaxies) move away from each other.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-bang-theory">Big Bang Theory</h3>



<p>The expanding universe model is a cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began as a singular, extremely hot and dense point approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. This theory explains the creation of all space, time, matter, and energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-microwave-background-radiation">Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation</h3>



<p>The discovery of the CMB in 1965 provided strong evidence for the Big Bang theory and the expanding universe model. The CMB is the afterglow radiation from the Big Bang, observed as a faint microwave signal pervasive throughout the universe. It is considered a snapshot of the infant universe, showing a time about 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the universe had cooled enough for atoms to form and light to travel freely.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-expansion">Accelerated Expansion</h3>



<p>Observations of distant supernovae in the late 20th century revealed that the universe's expansion is accelerating, not slowing down as previously assumed. This acceleration is attributed to a mysterious force termed "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/">dark energy</a>," which constitutes about 68% of the total energy content of the universe.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmological-principle">Cosmological Principle</h3>



<p>The model is based on the cosmological principle, which states that on large scales, the universe is homogeneous (uniform in composition) and isotropic (appearing the same in all directions). This principle supports the observation that the expansion of the universe is uniform and not directed outward from a central point.</p>



<p>The expanding universe model has profoundly impacted our understanding of cosmology, leading to further inquiries into the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the ultimate fate of the universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



<p>"NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat."</p>



<p>"At a relatively bright magnitude of +8, M104 is just beyond the limit of naked-eye visibility and is easily seen through small telescopes. The Sombrero lies at the southern edge of the rich Virgo cluster of galaxies and is one of the most massive objects in that group, equivalent to 800 billion suns. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 30 million light-years from Earth."</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)</p>



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The brilliant Sombrero Galaxy hints at an expanding universe 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Montgomery Reef in Western Australia, where one of the world's most significant tidal ranges is displayed. </p>



<p>Montgomery Reef is a remarkable natural formation located in the Kimberley region. This unique reef system covers an area of more than 300 square kilometers, making it one of the largest inshore reefs in Australia.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-montgomery-reef-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Montgomery Reef&nbsp;</h2>



<p>What makes Montgomery Reef especially fascinating is its dynamic nature; during low tide, the reef dramatically emerges from the ocean, revealing a vast expanse of sandstone islets, seaweed-covered coral, and tidal lagoons.</p>



<p>As the tide falls, water cascades down the sides of the emerging reef, creating temporary waterfalls and exposing a rich ecosystem that includes marine life like turtles, reef sharks, and various species of fish and birds, which can be seen feeding in the shallow pools left by the receding water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This dynamic interaction between the sea and the reef makes Montgomery Reef a popular destination for tourists, particularly those interested in nature and photography.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-montgomery-reef-nbsp">Structure of Montgomery Reef&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Montgomery Reef's current structure is layered over a flat-topped mesa of dolomite and sandstone formed around 1.8 billion years ago, now covered with marine life, including the coralline algae rhodolith. The reef is adorned with both hard and soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a>, resilient to the extreme tidal temperature fluctuations and prolonged exposure during low tide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-montgomery-reef-wildlife">Montgomery Reef wildlife</h2>



<p>The wildlife on and around Montgomery Reef is incredibly diverse and includes a wide variety of marine and bird species. The reef is home to an array of marine life such as sea turtles, including the hawksbill and green turtles, which use the reef as a feeding ground. Dugongs can often be seen grazing on sea grasses, while various species of sharks and rays patrol the waters.</p>



<p>Additionally, the reef supports a vibrant population of fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, making it a vital habitat in the marine ecosystem. The intertidal zones provide breeding grounds for numerous bird species, including the white-bellied sea eagle and various species of herons and waders.</p>



<p>Montgomery Reef is also significant for its cultural heritage, being part of the traditional sea country of the Dambimangari people, who have a deep spiritual connection to the area. This adds an important cultural dimension to the natural biodiversity of the reef.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-coral-bleaching-event-nbsp">Global coral bleaching event&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite their resilience, these corals faced significant stress in 2016 during a global bleaching event that followed a marine heat wave. More recently, in April 2024, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed the fourth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global coral bleaching event</a> on record. </p>



<p>While Montgomery Reef has yet to show signs of bleaching, NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch suggests that corals in southwestern Western Australia and near the equator are currently more susceptible to bleaching risks.</p>



<p>The mass bleaching event has been confirmed in numerous regions, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a>, the Caribbean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.</p>



<p>Coral bleaching occurs when corals, stressed by elevated sea temperatures, expel the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) that give them color and provide most of their energy. This can lead to coral death if the stress continues for a prolonged period, though recovery is possible if conditions improve relatively quickly.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-to-address-climate-change-nbsp">Urgent need to address climate change&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The widespread nature of this bleaching event has been attributed to unusually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-hit-a-record-high-this-week-with-the-worst-heat-still-to-come/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high sea temperatures</a> and is exacerbated by ongoing climate change.</p>



<p>The impact of such extensive bleaching is profound, affecting not only the biodiversity of coral ecosystems but also the economic and social structures of human communities dependent on these ecosystems for food, tourism, and coastline protection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>NOAA and other scientific bodies are emphasizing the urgent need for global efforts to address climate change and improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-corals-more-resilient-to-climate-change-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral resilience</a> through conservation and restoration initiatives​.</p>



<p>The image was captured on April 29, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Montgomery Reef: A uniquely dynamic ecosystem

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."</p>



<p>"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. </p>



<p>One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Shasta Lake, which has reached near-full capacity for the second consecutive year in 2024. Following similarly high levels in spring 2023, this marks a significant recovery from the severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadrought-in-the-western-u-s-is-the-worst-in-at-least-1200-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and reduced water levels experienced from 2019 to 2022.</p>



<p>The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite captured this image of Shasta Lake on May 7, 2024, showing the reservoir at 96 percent of its total capacity, which is 114 percent of the average for that date. By contrast, an image from Landsat 9 in April of 2022 showed the lake at only 39 percent capacity, with the year's maximum reaching just 40 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-shasta-lake-nbsp">Transformation of Shasta Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The turnaround began in early 2023, driven by heavy rains and substantial runoff from an above-average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> in the mountains. By May 29, 2023, the reservoir had filled to 98 percent of its capacity, erasing the visible "bathtub ring" that had marked its perimeter in previous years.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water levels</a> at Shasta Lake began to rise significantly again by mid-January 2024 due to persistent storms, leading to higher levels at the start of 2024 than in the previous year. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abundance-of-rainfall">Abundance of rainfall</h2>



<p>By mid-February 2024, the reservoir was considered excessively full for the season. In an effort to accommodate more inflow and reduce flood risks, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation increased water discharges to up to seven times the winter baseline rate.</p>



<p>The abundance of rainfall in early 2024 also benefited other state reservoirs like Lake Oroville, which reached full capacity for a second year. Despite ongoing water releases, it held 128 percent of its average capacity in early May 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-gains-nbsp">Groundwater gains&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater</a>, which typically makes up 40 percent of California's water supply and up to 60 percent in dry years, also saw improvements. The California Department of Water Resources reported a net gain of 4.1 million acre-feet in managed groundwater recharge during the last water year (October 2022 through September 2023), marking the first annual increase since 2019.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the department estimates it would require five consecutive above-average water years to recover from the deficits of the past two decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-shasta-lake">More about Shasta Lake</h2>



<p>Shasta Lake, located in Northern California, is the largest reservoir in the state. It was created by the damming of the Sacramento River with the construction of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-strategy-fish-species-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shasta Dam</a> in the 1940s. This massive lake is a popular destination for a variety of recreational activities including fishing, boating, and water skiing.</p>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by scenic landscapes, including the Shasta-Trinity National Forest which is a popular destination for hiking, camping, and exploring diverse wildlife and natural beauty. The area is also known for its geological significance, featuring a variety of volcanic features and the nearby Mount Shasta, a prominent volcanic peak.</p>



<p>Additionally, Shasta Lake plays a crucial role in water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control in California. Its capacity and strategic location make it integral to the Central Valley Project, which manages the water resources of the region for agricultural, urban, and environmental uses.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Shasta Lake is full for the second consecutive year

<p>By documenting and sampling 75 locations across Alaska’s Brooks Range, researchers have found that dozens of Alaska’s remote streams and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-disrupting-the-seasonal-flow-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a> have turned from crystal clear blue to cloudy orange, likely due to minerals exposed by thawing permafrost.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This significant transformation of Alaska’s rivers could impact drinking water and fisheries in Arctic watersheds as the climate changes, according to a team of experts led by the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Park Service</a> (NPS), the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, and the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-changes-in-alaska-s-rivers">Color changes in Alaska’s rivers</h2>



<p>“The more we flew around, we started noticing more and more orange rivers and streams,” said lead author Jon O’Donnell, an ecologist at the NPS’ Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network. </p>



<p>“There are certain sites that look almost like a milky orange juice. Those orange streams can be problematic both in terms of being toxic but might also prevent migration of fish to spawning areas.”</p>



<p>O’Donnell first noticed the issue in 2018 when he saw a river that appeared rusty, despite being clear the previous year. He began compiling locations and collecting water samples from the remote region, where helicopters are often the only way to access these rivers and streams. </p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="sMz4krAm5b-3633602-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-river-changes-are-visible-from-space">River changes are visible from space</h2>



<p>“The stained rivers are so big we can see them from space,” said senior author Brett Poulin, an assistant professor of environmental toxicology at UC Davis. “These have to be stained a lot to pick them up from space.” While&nbsp; the staining resembled acid mine drainage, no mines are near the impaired rivers.</p>



<p>One hypothesis is that thawing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-from-melting-permafrost-pose-great-risk-to-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost</a>, which stores minerals, releases metal ores when exposed to water and oxygen, causing acid and metal release. “Chemistry tells us minerals are weathering,” Poulin explained. “Understanding what’s in the water is a fingerprint as to what occurred.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metals-are-changing-the-colors-of-alaska-s-rivers">Metals are changing the colors of Alaska’s rivers</h2>



<p>The affected rivers are on federal lands managed by the <a href="https://www.blm.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bureau of Land Management</a>, <a href="https://www.fws.gov/">Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, and NPS, including Gates of the Arctic and Kobuk Valley national parks. Poulin and Ph.D. candidate Taylor Evinger analyzed initial samples and collected more in August, with additional samples taken in June and July. This year, they will conduct three more sampling trips during the summer.</p>



<p>Some water samples had a pH of 2.3, compared to an average pH of 8, indicating highly acidic conditions that release metals such as iron, zinc, nickel, copper, and cadmium. “We see a lot of different types of metals in these waters,” Evinger said. “One of the most dominant metals is iron. That’s what is causing the color change.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-water-changes-nbsp">Implications of the water changes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While O’Donnell first noticed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-colors-are-shifting-from-blue-to-yellow-and-green/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changes</a> in 2018, satellite images have shown stained waters dating back to 2008. “The issue is slowly propagating from small headwaters into bigger rivers over time,” he said. “When emergent issues or threats come about, we need to be able to understand them.”</p>



<p>The researchers are in the second year of a three-year grant aimed at understanding the water changes across Alaska's rivers, modeling other at-risk areas, and assessing implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drinking water</a> and fisheries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The problem affects habitat, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-at-risk-climate-change-is-diminishing-global-water-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water quality</a>, and ecological systems, turning healthy areas into degraded habitats with fewer fish and invertebrates. If rural communities rely on these rivers for drinking water, they may eventually need treatment, and local fishing stocks could be impacted.</p>



<p>“There’s a lot of implications,” said O’Donnell. “As the climate continues to warm, we would expect permafrost to continue to thaw and so wherever there are these types of minerals, there’s potential for streams to be turning orange and becoming degraded in terms of water quality.”</p>



<p>More research is needed to understand whether rivers and streams can recover, possibly after cold weather promotes permafrost recovery. “I think there will be a lot more detailed work to follow up to address some of the uncertainties that we currently have,” O’Donnell concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01446-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications: Earth &amp; Environment</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Image Credit: <em>Ken Hill / National Park Service</em></p>



<p>Video Credit: UC Davis CAES</p>



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Alaska’s rivers are rusting and the changes are visible from space

By documenting and sampling 75 locations across Alaska’s Brooks Range,...

<p>We all know that feeling of being mentally drained, cooped up indoors, staring at screens with the walls closing in. Maybe it's a long workday, a rainy weekend, or just the modern malaise of too much time inside. But what if the solution to better mental health was as simple as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-biodiversity-areas-have-greater-mental-health-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stepping</a> outdoors?</p>



<p>A new survey suggests that spending just 67 minutes outdoors each day can work wonders for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-have-lost-years-of-time-to-poor-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> health. That's roughly the length of a good movie, a solid workout, or even just puttering around in the garden. And the benefits? Think of it as a refresh button for your brain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indoors-vs-outdoors-impact-on-mental-health">Indoors vs. outdoors impact on mental health</h2>



<p>Nearly 60% of Americans admit to feeling restless and agitated after spending too much time inside. The average breaking point is about 10.5 hours.</p>



<p>What happens when we’re stuck inside too long? Research reveals the following:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Depression:</strong> Prolonged indoor time leads 38% of people to report feelings of depression. The lack of sunlight and fresh air can significantly impact our mental state.</li>



<li><strong>Anxiety:</strong> About 33% experience increased anxiety. The confinement and lack of physical activity can heighten stress and worry.</li>



<li><strong>Loneliness:</strong> Another 32% feel lonely. Being isolated from others can create a sense of disconnection and isolation.</li>
</ul>



<p>The good news is that stepping outside can quickly reverse these negative feelings. The positive effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improves-life-quality-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">being outdoors</a> include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Relaxation:</strong> 68% of people say that spending time in nature helps them relax. The sights and sounds of the outdoors can significantly reduce stress levels.</li>



<li><strong>Mood boost:</strong> 66% of people report feeling happier and more positive after being outside. Exposure to natural light and fresh air can lift our spirits and improve our mood.</li>



<li><strong>Mental clarity:</strong> 64% experience improved mental clarity. Nature provides a calming environment that helps clear our minds and improve cognitive function.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-as-self-care">Nature as self-care</h2>



<p>“From enhanced mood to feelings of relaxation and well-being, there are so many physical and mental benefits that come from breaking through the four walls and <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/camping-and-rv-travel-the-great-american-adventure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exploring open-air adventures</a> and activities,” says <a href="https://rvshare.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RVshare</a>’s CEO Jon Gray.</p>



<p>“During Mental Health Awareness Month in May, we are encouraged to be mindful of how we’re spending our time and factor outdoor experiences into our everyday lives, including our travel plans.”</p>



<p>Fortunately, it seems Americans are catching on to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-residents-better-mental-health-access-green-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits</a> of spending time outdoors. The survey found that:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Increased priority:</strong> 57% of Americans are now prioritizing outdoor time more than ever before. This shift indicates a growing awareness of the importance of connecting with nature for overall well-being.</li>



<li><strong>Mental health benefits:</strong> 59% of respondents say that engaging in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-play-is-a-vital-part-of-a-childs-upbringing-and-parents-play-a-critical-role/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outdoor activities</a> benefits their mental health. The positive impact on mood and mental clarity is becoming widely recognized.</li>



<li><strong>Physical health benefits:</strong> 58% of people also report that outdoor activities benefit their physical health. Regular exposure to nature encourages physical activity, which is essential for maintaining good health.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Popular outdoor activities</h2>



<p>The appreciation for the outdoors is not limited to simple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birdwatching-can-significantly-improve-students-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activities</a>. People are embracing a variety of outdoor pursuits. Some of the most popular include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Grilling or cooking outside:</strong> 23% of respondents enjoy grilling or cooking outside. This activity combines the pleasures of food with the benefits of being outdoors.</li>



<li><strong>Hiking:</strong> 14% of people prefer hiking. This activity allows individuals to explore natural landscapes while getting exercise.</li>



<li><strong>Camping:</strong> 11% of respondents find camping to be their preferred outdoor activity. Camping provides an immersive experience in nature, offering both relaxation and adventure.</li>
</ul>



<p>These activities highlight the diverse ways people are incorporating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-walking-quantifiably-improves-brain-health-and-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outdoor time</a> into their lives, recognizing both the mental and physical health benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-shifts">Pandemic shifts</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/financial-losses-during-the-pandemic-took-a-toll-on-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a> has undoubtedly changed how we view travel. Now, it's less about crowded cities and more about wide-open spaces:</p>



<ul>
<li>16%&nbsp;are traveling to more nature-focused destinations.</li>



<li>15%&nbsp;are specifically seeking trips that boost their mental well-being.</li>



<li>67%&nbsp;consider travel itself a form of self-care.</li>
</ul>



<p>Interestingly, road trips are making a comeback, with 57% preferring to drive over flying. This might be because 83% believe the journey is just as important as the destination.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-benefits-being-outdoors">Mental health benefits being outdoors</h2>



<p>For those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-forest-bathing-fresh-breath-for-teen-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">venturing outdoors</a>, the benefits are clear and significant. A substantial 36% of people experience a notable reduction in stress when they spend time outside. </p>



<p>Additionally, 33% report feeling mentally recharged and rejuvenated, highlighting the restorative power of nature on the mind. </p>



<p>Furthermore, 23% of individuals develop a deeper sense of gratitude for their lives, finding that outdoor experiences help them appreciate their surroundings and personal well-being more profoundly. </p>



<p>These statistics emphasize the profound positive impact that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-experiences-alter-time-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spending time in nature</a> can have on mental health and overall outlook on life.</p>



<p>“A key takeaway here is that spending time in nature and on the open road while traveling has both physical and mental benefits,” says Gray. </p>



<p>“Whether soaking up the Sun, hiking a new trail, or gazing up at the starry sky, we’ve all experienced the invaluable renewal, mental clarity, and freeness that comes from being outdoors," he concluded.</p>



<p>It seems the prescription for a healthier mind might be simpler than we thought. So, lace up your hiking boots, fire up the grill, or just find a quiet spot to sit under a tree. Your brain will thank you.</p>



<p>This study was done by <a href="https://talkerresearch.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Talker Research</a>, whose team members are members of the Market Research Society (<a href="https://www.mrs.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MRS</a>) and the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research (<a href="https://esomar.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESOMAR</a>).</p>



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Spending 67 minutes daily outdoors boosts mental health

We all know that feeling of being mentally drained, cooped...

<p>They're the unwanted houseguests that seem to survive everything: the six-legged, skittering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pest-control-product-nemaslug-could-harm-beneficial-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a> known as cockroaches. You've likely encountered them in your kitchen, bathroom, or scurrying across your floor in the middle of the night. </p>



<p>Have you ever wondered how these resilient creatures became such a global nuisance? A fascinating new study reveals the surprising history of cockroaches, their epic journey across continents, and how they became the ultimate survivalists.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockroach-family-tree">Cockroach family tree</h2>



<p>Scientists have long suspected that the German cockroach, the most common species found worldwide, actually originated in Southeast Asia. </p>



<p>A recent study confirms this theory, tracing the German cockroach's lineage back to its ancestor, the Asian cockroach. By analyzing the genes of over 280 cockroaches from 17 countries and six continents, researchers pieced together a 2,000-year history of cockroach evolution and migration.</p>



<p>"It's not just an insect story," said Stephen Richards, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baylor College of Medicine</a> who studies insect genes and was not involved with the study. "It's an insect and humanity story."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hitchhiking-with-humans">Hitchhiking with humans</h2>



<p>The study reveals that cockroaches embarked on a journey from their origins in Southeast Asia. They first traveled west to the Middle East around 1,200 years ago, likely hiding in soldiers' breadbaskets.</p>



<p>Then, about 270 years ago, they spread to Europe by traveling on Dutch and British East India Company trade routes. Once they arrived, inventions such as the steam engine and indoor plumbing helped them spread further and establish themselves in indoor environments, where they are commonly found today.</p>



<p>The cockroach's ability to adapt to new environments and thrive alongside humans demonstrates their remarkable resilience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-cockroach-s-spread-as-pests">Mapping the cockroach's spread as pests</h2>



<p>Researchers identified two primary routes that cockroaches took to spread globally. The western route led them through the Middle East around 1,200 years ago, likely facilitated by their ability to stow away in soldiers' supplies. </p>



<p>The eastern route, taken about 270 years ago, involved traveling on Dutch and British East India Company trade ships across vast oceans to Europe.</p>



<p>Once in Europe, technological advancements such as the steam engine and indoor plumbing helped cockroaches disperse further and thrive indoors. </p>



<p>These routes allowed cockroaches to establish populations in diverse regions, adapting to various environments and becoming one of the most widespread and resilient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/save-a-spider-day-protecting-our-connection-with-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>.</p>



<p>Their ability to travel with humans and quickly adapt to new surroundings has played a crucial role in their global dominance. Understanding these migration patterns not only highlights the cockroach's resilience but also provides insights for better pest control strategies in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-of-the-cockroach-as-indoor-pests">Rise of the cockroach as indoor pests</h2>



<p>Initially, cockroaches thrived outdoors, inhabiting forests and fields. As humans developed cities and indoor environments, cockroaches seized the opportunity to move indoors. Warm homes with abundant food sources proved ideal for these resourceful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-insects-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>.</p>



<p>The transition from outdoor to indoor life required cockroaches to adapt to new conditions. Over time, they evolved traits that helped them survive in human habitats. </p>



<p>They became experts at hiding in small spaces, navigating dark areas, and reproducing quickly. This adaptability allowed them to thrive indoors, turning them into the persistent pests we know today.</p>



<p>Their ability to exploit human environments has made them successful in urban areas worldwide. This transition illustrates the cockroach's incredible resilience and adaptability, enabling them to persist despite human efforts to control them. </p>



<p>Understanding this evolutionary journey helps us appreciate their tenacity and informs more effective pest management strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockroach-resilience">Cockroach resilience</h2>



<p>What makes cockroaches so difficult to eradicate? According to Qian Tang, a postdoctoral researcher studying insects at <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>, their rapid evolution is a key factor. </p>



<p>Cockroaches can quickly develop resistance to pesticides, which makes them highly challenging to control. This rapid adaptation means that conventional pest control methods often become ineffective over time.</p>



<p>Understanding their evolutionary history and adaptive capabilities is crucial for developing more effective strategies to manage these persistent pests. By studying how cockroaches have evolved and adapted to different environments, researchers can identify potential weaknesses and target them more effectively. </p>



<p>This knowledge can lead to the development of new pesticides or alternative control methods that are less likely to be resisted by cockroaches.</p>



<p>Overall, the ability of cockroaches to evolve quickly and adapt to various environments makes them a formidable challenge in pest control efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-cockroach-research">Future of cockroach research</h2>



<p>The study of cockroach genetics and migration patterns not only sheds light on their past but also offers insights into their future. </p>



<p>By unraveling the secrets of their resilience and adaptability, scientists hope to develop innovative pest control methods that can better manage these hardy insects. Perhaps one day, we'll finally be able to say goodbye to these unwanted houseguests for good.</p>



<p>The story of the cockroach is one of remarkable adaptability and resilience. From their origins in Southeast Asia to their global conquest, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> have demonstrated an uncanny ability to thrive in diverse environments. </p>



<p>While they may be unwelcome guests in our homes, their fascinating history and evolutionary journey are a testament to the power of nature's ingenuity.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em class=""><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2401185121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Cockroaches became global pests by cleverly hitching rides with humans

They're the unwanted houseguests that seem to survive everything: the...

<p>[ooyala code=&#8221;14N2thYjE6mWHP8wFIUKmCKANMjJeoGN&#8221; player_id=&#8221;ce75157bc770441eaf5e849ae4d1d21f&#8221; auto=&#8221;true&#8221; width=&#8221;896&#8243; height=&#8221;504&#8243; autoplay=&#8221;true&#8221;]</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> comes from </span><a href="http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/Videos/2017/05/Aurora_to_Sunrise"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ESA’s</span></a> <i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Space in Videos</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> series and features a look at aurora into sunrise.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The timelapse video is comprised of images captured by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet on board the International Space Station and is roughly 25 times faster than a real time video.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rory Arnold</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Source: </span></i><a href="http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/Videos/2017/05/Aurora_to_Sunrise"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">ESA</span></i></a></p>


Aurora into sunrise from the International Space Station