<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. </p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. </p>



<p>This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.</p>



<p>Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

Dinosaurs,In,The,Forest.,This,Is,A,3d,Render,Illustration

<p>A team of international experts has shed new light on the intelligence of <em>T. rex</em> and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-had-brains-and-brawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>, challenging previous assumptions and offering a fresh perspective on their cognitive abilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-intelligence-not-quite-monkey-like">Dinosaur intelligence: Not quite monkey-like</h2>



<p>The research team re-examined brain size and structure in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis-discovered-in-new-mexico/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> and concluded that they behaved more like crocodiles and lizards, contradicting a previous study that claimed dinosaurs like <em>T. rex</em> had an exceptionally high number of neurons and were substantially more intelligent than assumed.</p>



<p>The previous study had suggested that these high neuron counts could directly inform on intelligence, metabolism, and life history, and that <em><em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em></em> might have possessed cognitive traits such as cultural transmission of knowledge and tool use. </p>



<p>However, the new study takes a closer look at the techniques used to predict both brain size and neuron numbers in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-t-rex-fossils-belong-a-distinct-tyrannosaur-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> brains and found that previous assumptions were unreliable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overestimated-brain-size-and-neuron-counts">Overestimated brain size and neuron counts</h2>



<p>The team discovered that the brain size of dinosaurs, especially that of the forebrain, had been overestimated, leading to inflated neuron counts. They also showed that neuron count estimates are not a reliable guide to intelligence.</p>



<p>Dr Kai Caspar of <a href="https://www.hhu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heinrich Heine University</a> explained, "We argue that it's not good practice to predict intelligence in extinct species when neuron counts reconstructed from endocasts are all we have to go on."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-lines-of-evidence-required">Multiple lines of evidence required</h2>



<p>To reliably reconstruct the biology of long-extinct species, the team argues that researchers should look at multiple lines of evidence, including skeletal anatomy, bone histology, the behaviour of living relatives, and trace fossils.</p>



<p>Hady from <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/earthsciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol's School of Earth Sciences</a> stated, "Determining the intelligence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-cousins-had-even-shorter-arms-and-bulldog-snouts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> and other extinct animals is best done using many lines of evidence ranging from gross anatomy to fossil footprints instead of relying on neuron number estimates alone."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tyrannosaurus-rex-as-not-as-intelligent-as-baboons"><em><em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em></em> as not as intelligent as baboons</h2>



<p>The possibility that <em>T. rex</em> might have been as intelligent as a baboon had the potential to reinvent our view of the past. However, the study shows that all the available data is against this idea.</p>



<p>Dr Darren Naish concluded, "They were more like smart giant crocodiles, and that's just as fascinating."</p>



<p>Dr Ornella Bertrand from the <a href="https://www.icp.cat/index.php/en/">Institut Català d</a><a href="https://www.icp.cat/index.php/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">e</a><a href="https://www.icp.cat/index.php/en/"> Paleontologia</a> Miquel Crusafont added, "Neuron counts are not good predictors of cognitive performance, and using them to predict intelligence in long-extinct species can lead to highly misleading interpretations."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-intelligence-of-t-rex-and-other-dinosaurs">Rethinking the intelligence of <em>T. rex </em>and other dinosaurs</h2>



<p>In summary, this recent study challenges the notion that dinosaurs possessed primate-like intelligence, as suggested by previous research. </p>



<p>The international team of experts found that earlier assumptions about brain size and neuron counts in dinosaurs were unreliable, leading to overestimations of their cognitive abilities. </p>



<p>The scientists emphasize the importance of considering multiple lines of evidence, such as skeletal anatomy, bone histology, the behavior of living relatives, and trace fossils, to accurately assess the intelligence of extinct species. </p>



<p>The study concludes that dinosaurs, like <em>T. rex</em>, were more akin to intelligent giant crocodiles rather than highly cognitive primates, offering a fascinating new perspective on these ancient creatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-tyrannosaurus-rex-t-rex">More about <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> (<em>T. rex</em>)</h2>



<p>As discussed above, <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em>, commonly known as <em>T. rex</em>, was one of the largest and most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-did-t-rex-really-look-like/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fearsome predators</a> to ever walk the Earth. This massive theropod dinosaur lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 68 to 66 million years ago. </p>



<p>Adult <em>T. rex</em> individuals reached lengths of up to 40 feet (12.3 meters) and heights of around 12 feet (3.7 meters) at the hips. They weighed between 5.5 and 9 tons (5,000 to 8,000 kilograms), making them one of the heaviest known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-t-rex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land predators</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-jaws-and-teeth-of-t-rex">Powerful jaws and teeth of <em>T. rex</em></h3>



<p><em>Tyrannosaurus rex </em>possessed an incredibly powerful set of jaws, lined with up to 60 massive, serrated teeth. These teeth, some measuring over 12 inches (30 centimeters) in length, allowed <em>T. rex</em> to crush and tear through the flesh and bones of its prey. </p>



<p>The immense bite force of <em>T. rex</em>, estimated to be around 12,800 pounds (5,800 kilograms), was one of the strongest of any terrestrial animal known.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keen-senses-of-t-rex">Keen senses of <em>T. rex</em></h3>



<p>Despite its large size, <em>Tyrannosaurus rex </em>had keen senses that helped it hunt effectively. Its eyes were forward-facing, providing excellent depth perception and binocular vision. </p>



<p><em>T. rex</em> also had a large olfactory bulb in its brain, suggesting a highly developed sense of smell. These sensory adaptations, combined with its powerful jaws and teeth, made <em>T. rex</em> a formidable predator.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tyrannosaurus-rex-locomotion-and-speed"><em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> locomotion and speed</h3>



<p>While <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> was undoubtedly a powerful predator, its actual running speed has been a topic of debate among paleontologists. </p>



<p>Recent studies suggest that <em>T. rex</em> likely had a maximum walking speed of around 12 miles per hour (19 kilometers per hour) and a running speed of approximately 17 miles per hour (27 kilometers per hour). This is slower than previously thought but still faster than most of its potential prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tyrannosaurus-rex-fossils-and-discovery"><em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> fossils and discovery</h3>



<p>The first <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> fossil was discovered in 1902 by Barnum Brown in Montana, USA. Since then, over 50 <em>T. rex</em> specimens have been identified, making it one of the best-known dinosaurs. </p>



<p>The most complete <em>T. rex</em> skeleton, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sue-the-t-rex-gender-neutral/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicknamed "Sue,"</a> was discovered in 1990 in South Dakota and is now housed at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.</p>



<p><em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> continues to captivate the public imagination and inspire scientific research. As more fossils are discovered and new technologies are developed, our understanding of this magnificent creature continues to grow, shedding light on its biology, behavior, and role in the ancient ecosystems of the Cretaceous period.</p>



<p>This research was led by Dr Kai Caspar from Heinrich Heine University, along with Dr Cristian Gutierrez-Ibanez from the University of Alberta, Dr Grant Hurlburt from the Royal Ontario Museum, Hady George from the University of Bristol, and Dr Darren Naish from the University of Southampton.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19328494" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Anatomical Record</a></em>.</p>



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Scientists change their minds about Tyrannosaurus rex yet again

A team of international experts has shed new light on...

<p>A new study led by <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> suggests that monitoring the soundscape of an ecosystem - a composite of all its acoustic elements - could offer a new method to detect changes brought about by invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-many-invasive-plant-species-are-in-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-native plants</a>. Thus, rather than focusing solely on individual species, scientists should explore the holistic sounds of ecosystems.</p>



<p>The pioneering study was led by Grace O’Malley, a Ph.D. candidate in biological sciences, and Gabrielle Ripa, a Ph.D. student in plant and environmental sciences.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underappreciated-element-of-the-natural-world">Underappreciated element of the natural world</h2>



<p>“Soundscapes, or the acoustic patterns of a landscape through space and time, encompass both biological and physical processes. Yet, they are often an underappreciated element of the natural world and the ways in which it is perceived,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“Scientists are only beginning to quantify changes to soundscapes, largely in response to anthropogenic sounds, but soundscape alteration is likely linked to many dimensions of global change.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“For example, invasive non-native species are near-ubiquitous members of ecosystems globally and threaten both natural and managed ecosystems at great expense. Their impacts to soundscapes may be an important, yet largely unknown, threat to ecosystems and the human and economic systems they support.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-acoustic-environments-nbsp">Comparing acoustic environments&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To investigate the impact of invasive species on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-altered-the-soundscape-of-glacier-national-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soundscapes</a>, the team utilized small recording devices strategically placed across 66 locations near Virginia Tech’s campus to capture the environmental sounds at various times. </p>



<p>The goal was to compare the acoustic environments of areas overrun by invasive plants with those restored to their native conditions.</p>



<p>“We use these teeny recorders with an SD card that are specifically designed for recording wildlife acoustics,” Ripa explained. “The volume of data we collected was overwhelming.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-plants-change-the-soundscape-nbsp">Invasive plants change the soundscape&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The initial findings from a brief two-week pilot study were promising. “I was surprised that we were able to observe differences between the two habitats in such a short amount of time,” O’Malley said. “The invasive plants may actually be changing the soundscape.”</p>



<p>The study areas included Jefferson National Forest and several local parks where restoration efforts to remove invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-bombs-invasive-plants-can-lie-dormant-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> like autumn olive are underway. This research not only contributes to ecological acoustic studies but also supports broader environmental research efforts.</p>



<p>“This is a call to other scientists that this is something that we think could be going on,” Ripa added. “We offer suggestions as to what we think could be reasons why invasive plants might be impacting soundscapes and some potential mechanisms that maybe we should be looking into.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-acoustic-impact-of-invasive-species">Studying the acoustic impact of invasive species </h2>



<p>The concept of studying invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-invasive-species-are-for-sale-as-garden-plants-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> through their acoustic impact was initially proposed by Jacob Barney, a professor of invasive plant ecology. He, along with Meryl Mims, an associate professor who specializes in acoustic studies of bullfrogs, initiated this approach. Their collaboration has since expanded, incorporating art and multimedia through connections with David Franushich at the Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology.</p>



<p>“This project has been exciting, inspiring, and above all else, fun. Sound is an integral part of how we and other organisms experience and understand our surroundings. The study of the soundscape - and how we are changing it through the introduction of invasive species - is something people connect with,” Mims expressed. </p>



<p>“The formal research is important, but the opportunity to extend the research and ideas to a broader audience through our science-art collaboration has been very rewarding.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-understanding-of-ecosystem-dynamics-nbsp">A new understanding of ecosystem dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Supported by a second grant from the Global Change Center in 2023, the research continues to evolve. The preliminary results have significant implications, pointing to a largely unexplored area of study that could reshape our understanding of ecosystem dynamics.</p>



<p>“No one’s asked this type of question in this type of system. It’s a completely novel area, and it’s not really being studied,” said Ripa.</p>



<p>Through this unique lens, the Virginia Tech team is pioneering a method that could potentially transform how we detect and understand the subtle yet profound changes invasive species impart on ecosystems - simply by listening.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2729" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</em></a>.</p>



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Nature's chorus: Invasive plants change the soundscape 

A new study led by Virginia Tech suggests that monitoring...

<p>A recent study led by <a href="https://duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a> has identified significant levels of toxic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hands-help-spread-flame-retardants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flame retardants</a> in the air inside personal vehicles, raising serious public health concerns. The findings highlight the pervasive presence of these chemicals in cars, which are added to materials like seat foam to adhere to federal flammability standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmful-chemicals-in-our-cars">Harmful chemicals in our cars</h2>



<p>“Our research found that interior materials release harmful chemicals into the cabin air of our cars,” said lead author Rebecca Hoehn, an expert in integrated toxicology and environmental health at Duke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Considering the average driver spends about an hour in the car every day, this is a significant public health issue. It’s particularly concerning for drivers with longer commutes as well as child passengers, who breathe more air pound for pound than adults.”</p>



<p>The experts analyzed the interior air of 101 cars from the U.S., model year 2015 or newer, and found that 99% contained tris (1-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), a flame retardant currently under scrutiny by the <a href="https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Toxicology Program</a> for its potential carcinogenic properties. </p>



<p>Additionally, the presence of other harmful chemicals, such as tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) - both recognized as carcinogens under California Proposition 65 - was noted. These chemicals have also been associated with neurological and reproductive damage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-source-of-the-flame-retardants-nbsp">Source of the flame retardants&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Seasonal variations affect the concentration of these flame retardants, with higher levels detected during warmer months. This is attributed to increased off-gassing from car interiors, which can reach temperatures up to 150 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts established a correlation between the presence of TCIPP in seat foam and higher airborne, suggesting that seat foam is a significant source of this chemical in the cabin air.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flame-retardant-safety-standards-nbsp">Flame retardant safety standards&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Flame retardants are mandated by the <a href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) under the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 302. This standard, which dates back to the 1970s, necessitates that interior materials in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/direct-evidence-electric-vehicles-measurably-reduce-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicles</a> withstand exposure to open flames.</p>



<p>“Firefighters are concerned that flame retardants contribute to their very high cancer rates,” noted Patrick Morrison, a health and safety official responsible for 350,000 U.S. and Canadian firefighters at the <a href="https://www.iaff.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Association of Fire Fighters</a>. </p>



<p>“Filling products with these harmful chemicals does little to prevent fires for most uses and instead makes the blazes smokier and more toxic for victims, and especially for first responders. I urge NHTSA to update their flammability standard to be met without flame retardant chemicals inside vehicles.”</p>



<p>The call for updated regulations mirrors changes made to California’s flammability standards for furniture and baby products a decade ago, which now allow for safety compliance without the use of flame retardants. This shift has resulted in enhanced or maintained fire safety, as well as reduced levels of flame retardants in U.S. homes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-exposure-to-chemicals-in-cars">Reducing exposure to chemicals in cars</h2>



<p>Additionally, the researchers documented the detrimental impact of flame retardants on intellectual development and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/you-can-reduce-your-risk-of-cancer-with-just-4-5-minutes-of-daily-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer risks</a>. “You may be able to reduce your exposure to flame retardants in your car by opening your windows and parking in the shade,” suggested Lydia Jahl, a senior scientist at the <a href="https://greensciencepolicy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green Science Policy Institute</a>. </p>



<p>“But what’s really needed is reducing the amount of flame retardants being added to cars in the first place. Commuting to work shouldn’t come with a cancer risk, and children shouldn’t breathe in chemicals that can harm their brains on their way to school.”</p>



<p>These findings call for a reevaluation of safety standards and advocate for significant reductions in the use of hazardous chemicals in automotive manufacturing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Health concerns associated with flame retardants&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Flame retardants can accumulate in the human body over time, and they are linked to a range of health problems. Some of the most concerning risks include hormonal disruption, which can affect reproductive health and development. Flame retardants can also impair thyroid function, which is crucial for metabolism and brain development.</p>



<p>Additionally, these chemicals have been associated with negative impacts on the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections and may also increase the risk of autoimmune disorders. There is evidence suggesting that exposure to flame retardants can lead to neurodevelopmental issues in children, such as learning disabilities and behavioral problems.</p>



<p>Cancer is another significant concern, as some flame retardants are considered potential carcinogens. The risk of cancer, particularly for those frequently exposed to these chemicals, underscores the importance of managing and limiting exposure to flame retardants in environments like homes and workplaces.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10440" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Are we breathing cancer-causing chemicals in our cars?

A recent study led by Duke University has identified significant...

<p></p>
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<p>                <br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the </span><a href="https://www.esa.int/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (ESA) describes a revolutionary project that will map the depth of the ocean floor using satellites. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For the first time, water depth data will be made instantly accessible through a portal for anyone that needs it, which will be useful in a wide range of applications.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to the ESA, the data is gathered by low-orbiting satellites equipped with sensors that can record and measure light as it is reflected off the seabed. The mapping information in the portal will be continuously updated as the satellites fly over the water.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The technology has been developed by </span><a href="https://www.tcarta.com/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">TCarta</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> with funding from the ESA.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: European Space Agency</span></i></p>

Ocean depth can now be measured by satellites