<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. </p>



<p>“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



<p>Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.</p>



<p>Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.</p>



<p>The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.</p>



<p>Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.</p>



<p>Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.</p>



<p>"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."</p>



<p>According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.</p>



<p>Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.</p>



<p>The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.</p>



<p>"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The convergence of these tectonic plates causes uplift, folding, and deformation of the colorful rock layers, and subsequent erosion exposes them."</p>



<p>One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "Colorful Mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance. </p>



<p>The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger ecosystem that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/">mountains</a>.</p>



<p>In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

<p>The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with conditions ripe for new records in temperature and humidity. This forecast, based on new research from the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, underscores the escalating impact of climate change coupled with an intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-humidity-makes-heat-dangerous">Why humidity makes heat dangerous</h2>



<p>Our bodies rely heavily on sweating to stay cool. When sweat evaporates from our skin, it carries heat away with it, lowering our internal temperature. However, in high humidity, the air is already heavily laden with water vapor. </p>



<p>This makes it much harder for our sweat to evaporate, reducing its cooling effect. Essentially, high humidity prevents our natural temperature regulation process from working efficiently, making it much more difficult for our bodies to stay cool in hot conditions. </p>



<p>"If you can't cool your body to below 98.6°F, or 37°C, then you'll die," said study co-author Professor William Boos. "Sweat is the main way we have to cool ourselves when it gets hot. So if sweating will not allow you to cool below your core body temperature, that's the survivability limit," explained William Boos, a UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-el-nino-and-global-warming-lead-to-tropical-humidity">El Niño and global warming lead to tropical humidity</h2>



<p>The ongoing rise in Earth's average temperature, known as global warming, is increasing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This is because warmer air can hold more moisture.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>, a natural weather pattern that causes warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean, adds even more heat to the system. This further boosts evaporation, sending large amounts of warm, moist air into the upper atmosphere. </p>



<p>Eventually, some of this moisture descends back to the surface, creating those hot, muggy conditions along with intense thunderstorms that don't always bring lasting relief from the heat.</p>



<p>"When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-detects-early-warning-signs-of-an-el-nino-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> happens," Boos explains, "the upper atmosphere gets warmer, which means that these downdrafts won't be as cold. So your surface overall will move to a higher heat and humidity content."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Predicting tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Scientists at UC Berkeley developed a powerful tool to predict this summer's heat and humidity patterns. They combined statistical analysis with extensive historical climate data, spanning 45 years, and factored in the effects of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-events-cost-the-global-economy-trillions-of-dollars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> and ongoing global warming.</p>



<p>The analysis allowed the experts to isolate specific patterns where El Niño's temporary warming amplifies the longer-term warming trend caused by climate change. The result is a chilling prediction related to tropical heat and humidity: the tropics have a 7 in 10 chance of experiencing record-breaking heat and humidity levels.</p>



<p>It's important to note that this method doesn't pinpoint the exact weather on any given day. Instead, it reveals a large-scale trend for the tropical heat and humidity. This type of prediction is incredibly valuable because it gives governments, health organizations, and communities in these regions precious time to prepare and implement strategies to protect people, livestock, and crops from the dangerous effects of extreme heat and humidity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-location-of-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Location of tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, the tropical heat and humidity won't be evenly distributed. India, large swaths of Africa, Central and South America, Australia, and even Florida and Texas are most at risk. </p>



<p>"I think it provides a pretty good bar for the supercomputer models that are predicting climate on a seasonal time scale," said Boos. Some areas, like northern India, face a 50 percent chance of suffering record levels of extreme heat this summer.</p>



<p>This isn't a forecast to ignore. Organizations, from governments to humanitarian aid groups, can use this prediction to plan for increased medical needs and resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparation-for-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Preparation for tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Preparing for tropical heat and humidity can significantly reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses and improve comfort. Here are some tips:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Stay informed</strong></h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Weather apps and alerts:</strong> Regularly check local weather forecasts and set up alerts for heat advisories on your smartphone or other devices.</li>



<li><strong>Local news:</strong> Follow local news for updates on weather conditions and safety advisories.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adjust daily routines</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Avoid peak heat:</strong> Limit outdoor activities to early morning or late evening when temperatures are cooler.</li>



<li><strong>Dress appropriately:</strong> Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-colored clothing to reflect sunlight and help maintain body temperature.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Optimize living spaces</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Cooling systems:</strong> Ensure air conditioning systems are well-maintained before the onset od predicted tropical heat and humidity. Consider installing energy-efficient window films or blackout curtains to reduce heat absorption.</li>



<li><strong>Fans and ventilation:</strong> Use fans to circulate air. Open windows during cooler periods if it is safe to do so and secure against insects.</li>



<li><strong>Insulation:</strong> Improve home insulation to keep the heat out and the cool in.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Hydration and diet</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Water intake:</strong> Increase your water intake to stay hydrated. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as they can lead to dehydration.</li>



<li><strong>Cool foods:</strong> Eat smaller meals more frequently. Include fruits and vegetables that are high in water content, such as cucumbers, oranges, and watermelons.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health management</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Recognize heat exhaustion signs:</strong> Know the signs of heat exhaustion, which include heavy sweating, weakness, cold, pale, and clammy skin, nausea or vomiting, and fainting.</li>



<li><strong>Emergency kit:</strong> Keep a well-stocked first aid kit that includes items like water, electrolytes, and basic medical supplies.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Community and vulnerable groups</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Check on others:</strong> Regularly check on elderly family members, neighbors, and others who may not have air conditioning or who spend much of their time alone.</li>



<li><strong>Community cooling centers:</strong> Utilize public spaces that are air-conditioned, like libraries or community centers, which may serve as cooling centers during heat waves.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preparation for power outages</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Emergency plans:</strong> Have a plan in place for potential power outages. This includes having battery-powered fans, extra batteries, and portable chargers for devices.</li>



<li><strong>Backup power:</strong> Consider investing in a generator or solar-powered chargers for essential devices.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pet safety</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Pet care:</strong> Ensure pets have adequate shade and water. Never leave pets in a closed vehicle, as tropical heat and humidity can rise to dangerous levels rapidly.</li>



<li><strong>Walking hours:</strong> Walk pets during cooler parts of the day to prevent overheating and burns from hot pavements.</li>
</ul>



<p>Preparation is key, especially in regions where extreme heat is not just uncomfortable but potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-drives-millions-of-children-into-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dangerous</a>.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Record-breaking tropical heat and humidity predicted this summer

The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with...

<p>Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities around the world vanished beneath the waves? It's a chilling thought, but the melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could put that nightmare scenario within reach. Scientists have just uncovered a troubling cycle that's accelerating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> ice melting even faster than we thought, threatening a future where our coastlines are redrawn forever.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vicious-cycle">The vicious cycle</h2>



<p>Ice shelves are vast, floating extensions of the glaciers and ice sheets that cover Antarctica. These immense structures act like protective barriers, helping to slow down the flow of ice from the land into the ocean. </p>



<p>The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is a particularly vulnerable region - much of its base rests below sea level. This low-lying foundation makes it incredibly susceptible to the effects of a hidden, warm-water threat.</p>



<p>Known as the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), this deep ocean current possesses temperatures significantly higher than the freezing Antarctic waters. The CDW stealthily flows beneath the West Antarctic ice shelves, steadily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-slow-antarctica-ice-melt-with-sunlight-reflecting-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> them from below. </p>



<p>This constant erosion weakens the ice shelves' structure, potentially destabilizing the entire ice sheet and leading to accelerated ice loss into the ocean.</p>



<p>"This cycle could speed up the melting of ice shelves, potentially making the West Antarctic Ice Sheet less stable in the future," said <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/people/5x2hkq/professor-alberto-naveira-garabato" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato</a> from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-ice-melt-creates-stronger-currents">Antarctica's ice melt creates stronger currents</h2>



<p>The melting caused by the warm water intrusion sets off a self-amplifying chain reaction known as a positive feedback loop. In this context, "positive" doesn't imply a beneficial outcome; rather, it means that the process reinforces itself, spiraling into an increasingly destructive cycle. Here's how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-and-mixing">Melting and mixing</h3>



<p>As the CDW erodes the ice shelf from underneath, it mixes with the resulting freshwater melt. This blend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rate-of-melting-ice-in-antarctica-is-not-consistent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melted</a> ice and seawater has a lower density than the surrounding ocean water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-buoyancy-effect">The buoyancy effect</h3>



<p>Driven by its lower density, this lighter meltwater mixture naturally seeks to rise towards the surface. This upward movement has two major consequences:</p>



<ul>
<li>It distorts the layer of warm CDW beneath the ice shelf, generating a swirling effect that further destabilizes the ice.</li>



<li>It seeks out underwater channels and troughs near the coastline. As it flows outwards, it drags along additional warm CDW, exposing even more of the ice shelf to melting.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-runaway-effect">The runaway effect</h3>



<p>This cycle becomes self-perpetuating. The more ice melts, the larger the volume of light "meltwater mix" is generated. This, in turn, strengthens the currents that transport even more warm CDW towards the ice shelf, accelerating the melting process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-antarctica-ice-melt-has-baffled-scientists">Why Antarctica ice melt has baffled scientists</h2>



<p>While scientists knew this warm water was causing trouble, they were stumped about what was driving the currents that pushed the warm water towards the vulnerable ice shelves. </p>



<p>Thanks to advanced computer simulations, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Los Angeles</a>, <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, and the University of Southampton have cracked the case.</p>



<p>"These simulations reveal that this deep current conveying warm waters toward the ice shelves is driven by the very same ice shelf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geoengineering-can-we-dim-the-sun-to-avoid-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> that such warm waters cause," explained Dr. Alessandro Silvano from the University of Southampton.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-extreme-ice-melt-in-antarctica">Consequences of extreme ice melt in Antarctica</h2>



<p>The potential consequences of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapsing into the ocean are nothing short of catastrophic. This immense ice sheet contains enough frozen water to raise global sea levels by a staggering five meters (around 16 feet). To put that into perspective, this level of sea-level rise would permanently inundate vast swaths of coastal land around the globe.</p>



<p>Major cities, densely populated regions, and vital infrastructure would be severely impacted or disappear underwater. This would trigger forced mass migrations and create humanitarian crises on an unprecedented scale. Crucial agricultural areas would be lost, disrupting global food supplies. Additionally, the altered salinity and composition of coastal waters would devastate marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>It's important to emphasize that this extreme scenario of total ice sheet collapse would compound the effects of the sea-level rise that's already underway due to global warming. The threat posed by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and its impacts.</p>



<p>The discovery of this feedback loop highlights the urgency of finding ways to slow or reverse the melting. While complex computer models used by scientists often exclude such processes, this study makes a compelling case for their inclusion. </p>



<p>Understanding the intricate workings of our climate is key to protecting our planet, and studies like this are crucial. Now, it's up to us to take this knowledge and turn it into meaningful action.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl0601" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

This natural process is making Antarctica's ice melt faster

Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities...

<p>Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a planet packed with secrets. One of the most intriguing mysteries of Mars has been swirling around the puzzling presence of methane gas. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-mission-has-surpassed-expectations-in-tracking-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas</a>, mostly produced by living organisms on Earth, has NASA's Curiosity rover sniffing around in Mars' Gale Crater.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-methane-behavior">Mars methane behavior</h2>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> methane has an erratic, unpredictable behavior that defies current scientific understanding. It appears at night within Gale Crater, only to vanish during the Martian day. Additionally, its levels fluctuate dramatically with the seasons – sometimes surging, sometimes remaining undetectable. </p>



<p>To make matters even more perplexing, spacecraft orbiting Mars, equipped with sensitive instruments specifically designed to detect methane, can't find any trace of it in the wider atmosphere. This contradictory evidence and lack of a clear pattern of origin have left scientists puzzled.</p>



<p>“It’s a story with a lot of plot twists,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/vasavada/">Ashwin&nbsp;Vasavada</a>, Curiosity’s project scientist at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) in Southern California, which leads Curiosity’s mission.</p>



<p>While the tantalizing possibility of methane as a sign of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-the-building-blocks-of-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> (current or ancient) remains, most scientists believe geological processes occurring deep beneath the Martian surface are the more likely culprits. </p>



<p>However, even those theories fail to fully explain the variability and inconsistency of methane detections. This mystery demands a deeper and more nuanced understanding, motivating scientists to investigate and explore all potential explanations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salt-a-methane-trap-on-mars">Salt: A methane trap on Mars?</h2>



<p>NASA researchers have recently proposed a fascinating explanation for the methane's disappearing act. They suggest that the methane might be temporarily stored beneath a hardened seal of salt within the Martian soil.</p>



<p>To understand this, imagine the Martian soil as a mixture of frozen water and various salts – much like a very salty ice cube. This mixture is likely a result of Mars' past when it might have had liquid water. Scientists theorize that as temperatures fluctuate, some of this salty ice may melt slightly. </p>



<p>However, in the thin Martian atmosphere, this meltwater quickly evaporates, leaving behind a concentrated, hardened layer of salt on the surface. This salty crust could potentially act as a temporary barrier, trapping any methane gas produced below.</p>



<p>The really intriguing part of the theory is how this methane might escape. The researchers suggest that these salty seals aren't permanent. Fluctuations in temperature or disturbances – even something like a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-may-have-once-been-a-cradle-for-life/">Mars</a> rover driving over the surface – could potentially cause cracks or breaks in the salt crust. </p>



<p>These openings could allow the trapped methane to release in sudden bursts, creating a "methane burp" detectable by Curiosity. This would explain the localized, sporadic nature of the methane detections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-regolith-and-salt">Martian regolith and salt</h2>



<p>This hypothesis isn't simply speculation. A research team led by NASA scientist Alexander Pavlov has conducted a series of controlled experiments to test its validity. They meticulously recreated Martian environmental conditions within a laboratory setting. </p>



<p>This involved using samples of Martian regolith (soil) with varying salt concentrations, mimicking the presence of perchlorates commonly found on Mars. The samples were then subjected to temperature and pressure fluctuations that mirrored those experienced on the Martian surface.</p>



<p>Significantly, the experiments yielded promising results. Under specific conditions, particularly with a specific range of salt concentration, the researchers observed the formation of a hardened surface crust within the simulated Martian soil. </p>



<p>This finding supports the theory that such a salty seal could indeed form on Mars. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrated that the presence of this crust effectively trapped gas beneath its surface, lending credence to the idea that methane could be temporarily stored in this way. </p>



<p>These laboratory results provide a strong foundation for the salty seal theory, suggesting it may be a viable explanation for the methane's puzzling behavior on Mars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-study-methane-on-mars">Why study methane on Mars?</h2>



<p>Methane matters on Mars for several compelling reasons. Primarily, its presence and behavior offer crucial clues in the ongoing investigation into whether the Red Planet could have ever harbored the conditions necessary for life to exist. Here's why:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-as-a-potential-biosignature">Methane as a potential biosignature</h3>



<p>On Earth, a significant portion of methane is produced by biological processes – the activity of living organisms. While non-biological processes can also produce methane, its detection on Mars raises the tantalizing possibility of either current microbial life or the remnants of ancient life that once thrived on the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-geochemistry">Martian geochemistry</h3>



<p>Even if methane on Mars proves to be entirely geological in origin, studying its source and how it disappears provides valuable insights into the planet's geological activity and history. These processes could shed light on the presence of subsurface water, past volcanic activity, or other unique Martian phenomena.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrobiology-and-beyond">Astrobiology and beyond</h3>



<p>The implications of methane's presence and its potential origins extend beyond Mars. Determining whether life could have existed on our neighboring planet helps us understand the broader question of whether life might exist elsewhere in the universe. It could inform the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-worlds-new-strategy-to-identify-planets-that-may-host-life/">habitable environments</a> on other planets and moons within and beyond our solar system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thrill-of-the-unknown">Thrill of the unknown</h3>



<p>Beyond its significance for astrobiology, the mystery of Martian methane represents a captivating scientific puzzle. Its unpredictable behavior challenges our current understanding of the planet's chemistry and geology, driving scientists to develop innovative theories, conduct rigorous experiments, and push the boundaries of exploration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>While the salty crust hypothesis offers a potential explanation for methane's behavior, it necessitates further rigorous testing and validation. Researchers need to investigate whether other salt compounds prevalent on Mars exhibit similar properties and could form temporary seals capable of trapping methane. </p>



<p>To gain a comprehensive understanding of methane dynamics on Mars, dedicated instruments capable of continuous, widespread methane monitoring are crucial. Unfortunately, the Curiosity rover's current capabilities allow for only intermittent methane measurements, limiting the ability to track real-time fluctuations and spatial variations across the Martian surface.</p>



<p>"Some of the methane work will have to be left to future surface spacecraft that are more focused on answering these specific questions," Vasavada said.</p>



<p>Until then, the Martian methane mystery keeps us guessing. Who knows what further surprises the Red Planet holds?</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Mars is releasing mysterious methane burps – but why?

Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a...


<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector"><div class="s2nPlayer-abVx2HaCsN-2299464-12187" data-type="single"></div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//embed.sendtonews.com/player2/embedcode.php?SC=abVx2HaCsN-2299464-12187&cid=12187&autoplay=on" data-type="s2nScript"></script>
</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Mississippi River, one of the longest rivers in North America.</p>



<p>The Mississippi River is one of the world’s major river systems in size, habitat diversity and biological productivity. The river flows 3,766 km from its source at Lake Itasca through the center of the continental United States to the Gulf of Mexico,&#8221; says ESA.</p>



<p>&#8220;The Mississippi River Basin is home to a variety of agricultural activity. Nutrient-rich soil from sediment deposits through the floodplain supports cropland close to the river and its tributaries. Rectangular fields in the image are cultivated land. The farming of cotton and soybean make up a significant portion of the areas economic production.&#8221;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>&#8211;</em><em>&#8212;</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>


The Mississippi River in the United States