<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. </p>



<p>A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.</p>



<p>The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



<p>The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.</p>



<p>A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



<p>The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.</p>



<p>The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.</p>



<p>The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.</p>



<p>Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>A team of researchers led by the Institute for <a href="https://cmcm.ibs.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Basic Science Center for Multidimensional Carbon Material</a> (CMCM) in Korea has recently developed a method to produce lab-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diamonds-may-hold-the-key-to-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diamonds</a> in just 150 minutes, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to natural diamonds. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diamonds-at-a-fraction-of-the-cost">Diamonds at a fraction of the cost</h2>



<p>The lab-created diamonds are indistinguishable to the naked eye from their natural counterparts, but they exhibit significant differences under a microscope, which contributes to their substantially lower price.</p>



<p>While natural diamonds take billions of years to form, lab-grown diamonds can be produced quickly and at a fraction of the cost. For example, in the US, a one-carat princess-cut diamond costs an average of $2,500, whereas a comparable lab-grown diamond is priced at just $500.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-lab-grown-diamonds-nbsp">Structure of lab-grown diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The process involves mixing silicon with liquid metals such as gallium, iron, and nickel in a crucible and heating it to 1,877 degrees Fahrenheit. The mixture is then exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-emissions-are-higher-than-previously-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> and hydrogen gasses, which dissolve into carbon gas that combines with the silicon, prompting the carbon atoms to bond together and form small diamond crystals.</p>



<p>Senior author Rodney Ruoff emphasized the crucial role of silicon in this synthetic process. “If we don't add some silicon, we don't get diamonds,” he explained. Moreover, the researchers found that diamond formation continues to progress over time, with the full structure forming at 150 minutes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-lab-grown-diamond-industry">Expanding lab-grown diamond industry</h2>



<p>Despite this breakthrough, the diamonds produced are still only about 100 nanometers across, roughly the size of a typical virus. However, Ruoff is optimistic about the future of this technology. “A lot of labs around the world are going to start cooking things up,” he said, predicting that this could revolutionize the already expanding lab-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-process-turns-carbon-emissions-into-diamonds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diamond industry</a>.</p>



<p>The lab-grown diamond market has experienced rapid growth, increasing from less than one percent of global diamond sales in 2015 to approximately 20 percent by the end of last year.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lower-cost-of-lab-grown-diamonds-nbsp">Lower cost of lab-grown diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This surge is primarily due to their lower cost. For example, a two-carat lab-grown diamond costs about $1,000, much less than the $13,000 to $14,000 price range for a similar natural diamond.</p>



<p>“Prices of lab-grown diamonds are falling. The reason is because of simple supply and demand. So many manufacturers are coming out and flooding the market with them, which is causing prices to dive,” said Mehul Sompura, CEO of <a href="https://www.diamondhedge.com/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diamond Hedge</a>. “For the most part, it's difficult to distinguish between the two, but it has to do with impurities, and with a microscope you can see growth patterns. You won't get your money back, that's the main problem.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-alternative-to-blood-diamonds">Sustainable alternative to blood diamonds</h2>



<p>Lab-grown diamonds also offer a sustainable alternative to blood diamonds - diamonds mined in war zones and sold to finance an invading army's war efforts, an insurgency, terrorism, or a warlord's activity -  and can reduce the environmental impact associated with traditional diamond mining. For every carat of diamond mined, nearly 100 square feet of land is affected and 5,798 pounds of mineral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-can-be-used-to-store-carbon-and-reuse-mining-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste</a> is created.</p>



<p>“Diamonds are very ingrained in our culture. I think, as humans, we just desire these rare, precious gemstones and metals. It's not practical, but it makes us feel good,” concluded Paul Zimnisky, a leading diamond industry analyst.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-diamonds-nbsp">More about diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Diamonds, often celebrated for their brilliance and durability, are one of the hardest natural substances found on Earth, making them highly sought after for jewelry and industrial applications. They form under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions existing deep within the Earth's mantle, from where they are brought closer to the surface through volcanic eruptions. The process can take between 1 to 3.3 billion years.</p>



<p>The allure of diamonds is not just in their sparkle but also in their rarity, which makes them symbols of wealth and status. Each diamond is unique, with characteristics such as cut, color, clarity, and carat weight determining its value.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The cut of a diamond affects its ability to reflect light, enhancing its visual properties, while the clarity refers to the presence of internal inclusions or external blemishes. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pink-diamonds-were-formed-when-supercontinent-nuna-broke-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color</a> can range from colorless to light yellow and brown, with truly colorless diamonds being the rarest and most valuable.</p>



<p>The mining and distribution of diamonds have been associated with conflict and ethical concerns, leading to initiatives like the Kimberley Process, which aims to prevent "conflict diamonds" from entering the market.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07339-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Diamonds can be grown in a lab in less than 3 hours

A team of researchers led by the Institute for Basic...

The,Wood,Frog,,Lithobates,Sylvaticus,Or,Rana,Sylvatica.,Adult,Wood

<p>We all know evolution is a slow and steady process, unfolding over ages. But, some species could evolve in a few decades…thanks to something as simple as road salt. That's precisely what the fascinating research of Rick Relyea, Ph.D., and his team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (<a href="https://www.rpi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RPI</a>) has uncovered, specifically in the case of wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-makes-wood-frogs-more-vulnerable-to-salt-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amphibians-salt-pollution-and-the-need-for-speed">Amphibians, salt pollution, and the need for speed</h2>



<p>Amphibians, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/help-frogs-cutting-toes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>, are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment because they have porous skin. Road salt (the stuff dumped on roads to melt ice) might seem harmless, but it dramatically alters the chemistry of water – especially in wetlands where amphibians hang out. </p>



<p>"When salt drains into fresh water, it can kill animals, stunt the growth of fish, cause sex changes in frogs, and make animals more prone to diseases," Relyea said.</p>



<p>Amphibians are like environmental alarm bells. They are indicators of an ecosystem's health, and when they're struggling, it usually means bad news for everyone else, including us humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-evolution-of-wood-frogs">Rapid evolution of wood frogs</h2>



<p>The research team sought to determine if wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-frog-day-addressing-environmental-threats-to-frogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> (<em>Rana sylvatica</em>) were exhibiting evolutionary adaptations in response to rising salt pollution. To investigate this, they collected wood frog eggs from wetlands with varying environmental conditions. </p>



<p>These included wetlands adjacent to roadways with differing levels of salt contamination, as well as wetlands in pristine, undisturbed areas.</p>



<p>The findings were striking. Tadpoles originating from wetlands near roadways with high salt levels demonstrated a significantly elevated tolerance for salt exposure when compared to tadpoles from pristine wetlands. </p>



<p>This suggests that, in a remarkably short timeframe of approximately 25 years (about 10 frog generations), these wood frogs have undergone evolutionary adaptations in response to the human-induced increase in environmental salinity.</p>



<p>"We've been applying de-icing salts to reduce car accidents in snowy and icy conditions in the United States for 80 years, and we currently apply four times more road salt than in the 1970s." explained Relyea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Wood frogs are masters of survival</h2>



<p>This resilient frog species inhabits a wide range of forests across North America, from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forests</a> of Alaska and Canada to the deciduous woodlands of the eastern United States. These adaptable amphibians thrive in moist environments near vernal pools, bogs, and streams.</p>



<p>Wood frogs possess an extraordinary ability to survive harsh winter conditions. As temperatures drop, they produce high levels of glucose and urea in their tissues, which act as natural antifreeze. </p>



<p>This adaptation allows them to endure freezing up to 65% of their body water, enabling them to hibernate under leaf litter and emerge unscathed in the spring.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Life cycle and ecological importance</h3>



<p>Male wood frogs gather in vernal pools and wetlands during early spring, forming large choruses to attract females. After mating, females lay clusters of eggs, which hatch into tadpoles within a few weeks. The tadpoles metamorphose into froglets by summer, leaving the water to explore their terrestrial habitat.</p>



<p>Wood frogs play a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">forest e</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">osystems</a>, serving as both predators and prey. They consume a variety of insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates, helping to control pest populations. </p>



<p>In turn, they provide a food source for various predators, such as snakes, birds, and mammals, contributing to the overall balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-threats">Conservation and threats</h3>



<p>Although wood frogs are currently not considered endangered, they face several threats, including habitat loss, climate change, and pollution. </p>



<p>The preservation of vernal pools and surrounding forests is essential for the long-term survival of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amphibians</a>, ensuring that future generations can witness their incredible adaptations and ecological importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-problem-behind-wood-frog-evolution">Problem behind wood frog evolution</h2>



<p>While this particular observed adaptation in wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-frogs-live-in-trees-but-lay-eggs-on-the-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> offers a degree of optimism in the face of human-caused environmental change, it's crucial to acknowledge the inherent limitations of evolutionary processes. </p>



<p>Evolutionary adaptation takes time and relies on existing genetic variation within a population. Rapid environmental changes can outpace the speed of natural selection.</p>



<p>The frogs' ability to adapt does not mean that we should expect them to survive if salt levels increase even more. If the pace and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salt pollution</a> continues to escalate, it could overwhelm the wood frogs' adaptive capacity, ultimately leading to population decline or even extinction. </p>



<p>This underscores the importance of recognizing the boundaries of adaptation and the crucial need to take proactive steps in mitigating the sources of environmental stress.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-just-about-wood-frogs">It's not just about wood frogs</h2>



<p>This unexpected, rapid evolution of wood frogs serves as a potent reminder that our actions often trigger a cascade of unintended consequences within the natural world. </p>



<p>Seemingly minor interventions can disrupt the intricate balance of ecosystems, leading to far-reaching and potentially unforeseen repercussions.</p>



<p>"The effects of human activity on our environment must be understood and mitigated," Relyea emphasizes. We have a responsibility to recognize the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems, and to minimize the negative impact of our activities on the delicate equilibrium that sustains life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-solutions">Potential solutions</h2>



<p>The good news is that solutions exist. "Fortunately, cities and towns around the country are learning how they can apply less salt with the same level of safety, by applying it in smarter ways," Relyea asserts. </p>



<p>"Everyone across the political spectrum can agree to this win-win proposition: we can apply less salt and protect the environment, while maintaining safe roads and saving money for governments and taxpayers," she concluded.</p>



<p>The observation highlights that finding a balance between human needs and environmental protection is achievable. Proactive adoption of more sustainable practices offers a path toward positive change.</p>



<p>Wood frogs have surprisingly adapted to high salt levels. This adaptation is a powerful example of evolution in action. It also reminds us of the significant impact humans have on the environment. </p>



<p>This rapid change is promising but emphasizes the need for smarter, eco-friendly solutions. We must consider how we interact with our planet more carefully.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11069" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a></em>.</p>



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Wood frogs achieved significant biological evolution in just 25 years

We all know evolution is a slow and steady process,...

<p>Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-humans-react-to-coexisting-with-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> that can walk or run with the ease of animals. </p>



<p>Despite these efforts, today's robots still cannot match the natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-determines-the-maximum-running-speed-of-animals/">abilities</a> of many animals in terms of endurance, agility, and robustness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazing-movement-of-animals">Amazing movement of animals</h2>



<p>“A wildebeest can migrate for thousands of kilometers over rough terrain, a mountain goat can climb up a literal cliff, finding footholds that don't even seem to be there, and cockroaches can lose a leg and not slow down,” said study senior author Max Donelan from <a href="https://www.sfu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Fraser University</a>'s Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology. “We have no robots capable of anything like this endurance, agility, and robustness.”</p>



<p>Seeking to understand and quantify this disparity, an interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers from top research institutions conducted a comprehensive study to compare various aspects of robotic systems designed for running with their biological counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-versus-machine">Animal versus machine</h2>



<p>Surprisingly, the researchers found that biological components generally underperformed compared to engineered parts on specific metrics. However, where animals significantly outshine robots is in the seamless integration and control of these components.</p>



<p>The study was a collaborative effort involving Sam Burden from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>, Tom Libby from <a href="https://www.sri.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SRI International</a>, Kaushik Jayaram from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, and Simon Sponberg from the <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. </p>



<p>Each researcher focused on different "subsystems" critical to running robots - Power, Frame, Actuation, Sensing, and Control - and assessed them against their natural equivalents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-are-still-no-match-for-animals">Robots are still no match for animals</h2>



<p>Contrary to prior assumptions that biological superiority explained animals' edge over robots, the findings revealed that, with few exceptions, the engineered subsystems frequently outperformed their biological counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The way things turned out is that, with only minor exceptions, the engineering subsystems outperform the biological equivalents – and sometimes radically outperformed them,” Libby said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But also what's very, very clear is that, if you compare animals to robots at the whole system level, in terms of movement, animals are amazing. And robots have yet to catch up.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-evolve-faster-than-animals">Robots evolve faster than animals</h2>



<p>The research team remains optimistic about the future of robotics, noting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid progress</a> made in a relatively short time compared to the millions of years over which animals have evolved. </p>



<p>Dr. Burden highlights the advantage of directed design in robotics over natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>: “It will move faster, because evolution is undirected,” he says. “Whereas we can very much correct how we design robots and learn something in one robot and download it into every other robot, biology doesn't have that option.”</p>



<p>“So there are ways that we can move much more quickly when we engineer robots than we can through evolution – but evolution has a massive head start.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-applications-for-running-robots-nbsp">Potential applications for running robots&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The potential applications for efficient running <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> are vast, ranging from solving “last mile” delivery challenges to performing tasks in hazardous environments.</p>



<p>Looking forward, the researchers aim to focus not merely on developing better hardware but on improving how existing hardware is integrated and controlled.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As engineering learns integration principles from biology, running robots will become as efficient, agile, and robust as their biological counterparts,” Donelan concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-that-have-inspired-robots">Animals that have inspired robots</h2>



<p>Many animals have inspired the design and function of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crab-robot-is-smaller-than-a-flea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a>, thanks to their unique abilities and adaptations. Here are a few notable examples:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects">Insects</h3>



<p>Swarm robots are small robots that collaborate in large numbers to accomplish tasks, much like how insects work together in colonies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiders">Spiders</h3>



<p>The movements and mechanics of spiders have inspired the creation of multi-legged robots, which are useful in navigating rough terrain or in performing complex, coordinated tasks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snakes-nbsp">Snakes&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Snake robots can maneuver through tightly confined spaces and are used in rescue operations, medical procedures, and inspection tasks in complex environments like collapsed buildings or inside machinery.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geckos-nbsp">Geckos&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Robots that mimic the ability of geckos to climb smooth surfaces have been developed using synthetic adhesives that replicate gecko footpads.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-nbsp">Birds&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The flight of birds has influenced the design of aerial robots or drones, which mimic the flapping and soaring of wings to improve maneuverability and energy efficiency.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-nbsp">Fish&nbsp;</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robotic fish</a> are designed to swim efficiently through water, used for underwater exploration, surveillance, and studying aquatic life without disturbing natural habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-nbsp">Dogs&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Quadruped robots, such as Boston Dynamics' Spot, mimic the movement of animals like dogs and are used for tasks ranging from industrial inspection to search and rescue operations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cheetahs-nbsp">Cheetahs&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The high-speed running of cheetahs has inspired the development of robots that can move quickly over land, potentially for military use or emergency response.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi9754" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science Robotics</em></a>.</p>



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Robots cannot outrun animals, but they're evolving faster

Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to...

<p></p>
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<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Today&#8217;s </span><b>Video of the Day </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">from the </span><a href="https://www.esa.int/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> features cometary scientist Charlotte Götz who studies comets, their formation, and how they interact with the space around them. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Made up of loosely packed dust and ice, these space objects have very low density. Götz says that if you had a really large bathtub, a comet could actually float in it.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Comets move through space at about 1,000 times faster than you can drive a car, traveling at one to 100 kilometers per second.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Götz explains that comets are essentially the leftovers of the formation of our solar system, which means they can tell the story of what this formation period looked like. </span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: ESA</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></i></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8211;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

What comets tell us about the formation of our planet