
<p>In a stark update on the deteriorating condition of our planet, an international assembly of climate experts has reported that the Earth’s vital signs have declined to levels never before witnessed in human history. This critical state threatens the very fabric of life on our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-scientific-consensus">Unprecedented scientific consensus</h2>



<p>Led by William Ripple, a prominent figure from the Oregon State University <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Forestry</a>, and Christopher Wolf, formerly associated with OSU, a team comprising 12 scientists has delivered a grim prognosis on Earth&#8217;s vital signs in their paper published in <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biosci/biad080" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioScience</a></em>. </p>



<p>Titled &#8220;The 2023 State of the climate report: Entering uncharted territory,&#8221; the study underscores that a staggering 20 out of 35 planetary vital signs used as barometers for climate health have hit record extremes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-on-the-brink">World on the brink</h2>



<p>&#8220;Without decisive steps to address the fundamental issue of humanity&#8217;s overconsumption of the Earth&#8217;s resources, we are navigating towards the potential disintegration of natural and socioeconomic systems,&#8221; Wolf stated, painting a picture of a future marred by intolerable heat, food scarcity, and water shortages.</p>



<p>The authors highlight alarming data from 2023, pointing out that numerous records related to climate and Earth&#8217;s vital signs have been shattered &#8220;by enormous margins.&#8221; This includes unprecedented ocean temperatures, drastic reductions in sea ice, and an extraordinary Canadian wildfire season contributing to record levels of carbon dioxide emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-of-past-warnings">Echoes of past warnings</h2>



<p>This report is not the first of its kind. It follows a significant &#8220;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-pushed-earth-to-code-red/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency</a>&#8221; published four years ago, where Ripple, alongside other collaborators, received support from over 15,000 scientists from 161 countries. </p>



<p>Despite these earlier calls to action, little progress has been made, with Ripple emphasizing, &#8220;Life on our planet is unmistakably under assault.&#8221;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-climate-health-statistics">Alarming climate health statistics</h2>



<p>The report lays bare several shocking statistics that outline why Earth&#8217;s vital signs are at an all-time low.</p>



<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fossil fuel</a> subsidies saw a staggering increase from $531 billion to over $1 trillion between 2021 and 2022, incentivizing harmful emissions.<br></li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-amplify-risks-for-socially-vulnerable-populations-in-western-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Canada alone have already contributed more than 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in 2023, surpassing the nation&#8217;s total greenhouse gas emissions the previous year.<br></li>



<li>A concerning trend in global temperature rise, with 38 days already recorded where temperatures were more than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.5 degrees Celsius</a> above pre-industrial levels.<br></li>



<li>July experienced the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">highest average</a> Earth surface temperature on record, likely the most extreme in the last 100,000 years.</li>
</ul>



<p>Wolf expressed deep concern, stating, &#8220;As scientists, the sudden escalation in the frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters is deeply unsettling.&#8221;</p>



<p>The study cautions that these disasters&#8217; frequency and intensity might even be accelerating faster than temperature rises. The paper forecasts a dire future, where 3 to 6 billion people will find themselves in uninhabitable conditions by the end of this century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-vital-signs-need-transformative-policies">Earth&#8217;s vital signs need transformative policies</h2>



<p>The scientific community is advocating for policies that address &#8220;ecological overshoot,&#8221; a scenario where humanity&#8217;s demands exceed the Earth&#8217;s capacity, resulting in numerous environmental crises, including a decline in biodiversity.</p>



<p>They argue that solutions focusing solely on carbon or climate will fall short of repairing Earth&#8217;s vital signs unless the overarching pressures on global systems are alleviated. As Ripple puts it, the scientific community has a &#8220;moral duty&#8221; to guide humanity away from potential existential threats and lead action-driven dialogues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steering-towards-a-just-sustainable-future">Steering towards a just, sustainable future</h2>



<p>The paper calls for a comprehensive overhaul of global economic practices. The authors of the study urge a transition that foregrounds human well-being, curtails excessive consumption, and drastically reduces affluent populations&#8217; emissions.</p>



<p>Key policy recommendations to reverse the decline of Earth&#8217;s vital signs include:</p>



<ul>
<li>Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies.<br></li>



<li>Encouraging shifts towards plant-based diets.<br></li>



<li>Amplifying efforts to protect global forest areas.<br></li>



<li>Establishing international treaties focused on eliminating coal and preventing new fossil fuel exploration.</li>
</ul>



<p>The authors underscore the necessity for equity and social justice in all climate-related decisions. They clearly recognize the disproportionate impact of climate calamities on the world&#8217;s most impoverished populations, who have the smallest carbon footprints.</p>



<p>In a world where climate-related disasters are becoming the norm rather than the exception, this clarion call from the scientific community is more urgent than ever. It implores global leaders, decision-makers, and individuals alike to embark on a more sustainable path, with the understanding that the very future of life on Earth hinges on the actions humanity takes now.</p>



<p>&#8212;</p>



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Life under siege: Earth’s vital signs reach an all-time low

<p>The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is a unique ecosystem renowned for its rich biodiversity. Home to over 11,000 animal species, some of which are endemic, this basin is now facing a significant challenge: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-lionfish-have-arrived-in-the-south-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion of lionfish</a>.</p>



<p>A comprehensive study conducted by researchers from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands, has shed light on the rapid spread of lionfish in the Mediterranean and the potential ecological impacts of this invasive species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venomous-spines-and-unconventional-beauty">Venomous spines and unconventional beauty</h2>



<p>Lionfish possess a striking appearance that sets them apart from other marine fish species. Their body bears a series of distinctive vertical stripes, alternating between dark brown or maroon and white. These stripes act as a warning coloration, signaling to potential predators that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/targeted-removal-of-lionfish-may-prove-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lionfish are venomous</a>. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a complex system of venomous spines along their dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. Their spines contain venom glands that can deliver a painful and potentially dangerous sting to humans and other predators. </p>



<p>The fins of lionfish are large and elongated, giving them a majestic and flowing appearance as they swim through the water. Their head features a series of elaborate, antennae-like projections called cirri, which add to their unique and striking appearance. </p>



<p>Lionfish can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm) in length and weigh up to 2.6 pounds (1.2 kg), making them a substantial presence in the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ravenous-lionfish-appetite-quickly-destroys-ecosystems">Ravenous lionfish appetite quickly destroys ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish are opportunistic and voracious predators that consume a wide variety of prey. Their diet primarily consists of small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. </p>



<p>They use their large, fan-like pectoral fins to corral and trap their prey before swiftly engulfing them with their expandable stomachs. They're also known to consume prey up to half their own body size, allowing them to take advantage of a broad range of food sources. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a high metabolism and can consume substantial amounts of prey in a single feeding session. Studies have shown that lionfish can reduce the abundance of native fish populations by up to 80% in heavily invaded areas. </p>



<p>Their indiscriminate appetite and ability to adapt to various prey species make them a significant threat to the biodiversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functional-eradication-may-be-the-best-approach-to-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems they invade</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seas-under-siege-as-lionfish-spread-around-the-world">Seas under siege as lionfish spread around the world</h2>



<p>The new study from <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University and Research</a>, published in the open-access journal <em>NeoBiota</em>, reveals that the lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> has significantly expanded its territory in the Mediterranean since the invasion began around a decade ago.</p>



<p>Lead author Davide Bottacini is very impressed by the adaptability of these predators. Expressing his astonishment, he explained, "After years studying these predators, I find it amazing how they can easily adjust to so many different environments and be successful in areas that are so different from the ones where they evolve."</p>



<p>Originally from the Indo-Pacific region, lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> and <em>Pterois volitans</em> are considered the most successful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive fishes</a> in marine ecosystems. They have established a presence in the eastern Mediterranean, with observations now extending to colder waters previously thought to be unsuitable for the species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-show-remarkable-resilience-in-new-ecosystems">Lionfish show remarkable resilience in new ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish exert a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lionfish-invasion-is-the-fastest-ever-reported-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant ecological impact</a> on the ecosystems they invade through their predatory behavior. As generalist predators, they voraciously consume a wide variety of native fish species, including those of high conservation value and endemic to the region.</p>



<p>Bottacini notes, "It is always impressive to see how such a flamboyant and–to us–conspicuous predator can approach its prey without being noticed." Native prey species, unaccustomed to lionfish, usually do not flee from this new predator.</p>



<p>Lionfish's indiscriminate appetite can drastically alter local fish communities and threaten biodiversity in invaded areas. Their efficient hunting tactics, combined with the naivety of native prey species unfamiliar with this new predator, allow lionfish to catch their prey with ease.</p>



<p>The presence of lionfish can lead to a decline in the abundance and diversity of native fish populations, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<p>The impact of lionfish extends beyond their immediate prey, as they may compete with other predators for food resources and alter the structure of the food web.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-red-sea-to-the-mediterranean">From the Red Sea to the Mediterranean</h2>



<p>Genetic studies have revealed that the lionfish found in the Mediterranean originate from the Red Sea and likely entered through the Suez Canal. </p>



<p>This finding underscores the importance of monitoring and regulating the movement of species through artificial waterways to prevent the introduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> into vulnerable ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study identifies gaps in our understanding of the lionfish's interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean ecosystems</a> and proposes future research directions to address these challenges. </p>



<p>Such information is vital for biodiversity conservation and will have practical implications for policymakers aiming to devise effective mitigation plans.</p>



<p>The researchers also highlight the crucial role of citizen science initiatives in tracking and reporting lionfish sightings. </p>



<p>Community involvement provides valuable data that supports ongoing research efforts and is essential for enhancing our understanding of the invasion dynamics and devising effective control measures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-and-the-future-of-earth-s-marine-ecosystems">Lionfish and the future of Earth’s marine ecosystems</h2>



<p>In summary, the lionfish invasion in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-in-the-mediterranean-are-moving-to-deeper-water-to-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a> demands immediate attention and action. As these adaptable predators continue to expand their territory and threaten the region's unique biodiversity, we must prioritize research efforts to better understand their ecological impact and develop effective mitigation strategies. </p>



<p>By fostering collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and local communities, we can work towards controlling the spread of lionfish and protecting the Mediterranean's delicate ecosystems. </p>



<p>The future of this remarkable sea and its countless species depends on our collective commitment to conservation and our willingness to confront the challenges posed by invasive species head-on.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110442/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a></em>.</p>



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Invasive lionfish continue conquering global marine ecosystems

The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is...

White-tailed,Deer,(odocoileus,Virginianus),Sniffs,Behind,Fawn's,Ears,-,Captive

<p>The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild expanse of trees and waterways – is undergoing a stealthy transformation. White-tailed deer, icons of more southerly landscapes, are migrating northward. </p>



<p>This slow-motion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>, meticulously tracked by scientists at the University of British Columbia (<a href="https://ok.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UBC</a>) Okanagan and their partners, is rewriting the rules of the forest, putting a beloved species, the woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/largest-on-earth-caribou-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, at further risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-landscape-from-migrating-white-tailed-deer">Changing landscape from migrating white-tailed deer</h2>



<p>The boreal forest is no stranger to cold, but climate change is making those winters milder. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-development-disrupts-mule-deer-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deer</a>, those less extreme conditions mean a better chance of finding food and avoiding harsh weather.</p>



<p>Our activities, from logging to energy exploration, inadvertently create open patches and young forests – a buffet for browsing deer.</p>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Rob Serrouya, a key member of the research team.</p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serrouya continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migrating-white-tailed-deer-are-disturbing-caribou">Migrating white-tailed deer are disturbing caribou</h2>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-deer-are-protected-from-deadly-disease-by-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deer</a> are ecosystem disruptors in the northern boreal forests," explained Melanie Dickie, a doctoral student at UBC Okanagan's <a href="http://atford.weebly.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Restoration Ecology Lab</a>. The following steps threaten caribou survival:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deer-population-increases">Deer population increases</h3>



<p>Climate change and human activities are transforming habitats. This creates favorable conditions for white-tailed deer in the boreal forest. Their population grows as a result. </p>



<p>Milder winters make survival easier for deer, boosting their numbers. Forestry and energy exploration activities also modify the landscape and clear old forests and introduce new food sources. These changes further support the deer population boom.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolf-surge">Wolf surge</h3>



<p>The increase in deer provides a plentiful food source for predators, including wolves. Wolves, being opportunistic feeders, thrive with the abundance of deer, which become their primary prey. </p>



<p>This surge in wolf population is directly linked to the availability of deer, as they rely on them for sustenance throughout the year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-decline">Caribou decline</h3>



<p>With more wolves in the forests, the pressure on other native species, particularly the woodland caribou, intensifies. Caribou are less equipped to handle predation pressure due to their slower reproductive rates and specific habitat requirements. </p>



<p>As wolves expand their hunting to include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-migratory-behavior-is-reflected-in-their-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, especially when deer are sparse or in areas where caribou are more accessible, the survival of this already threatened species becomes even more precarious.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change">Impact of climate change</h2>



<p>The research team spent years meticulously monitoring the situation. They strategically deployed 300 wildlife cameras across a huge swathe of the boreal, gathering motion-triggered snapshots of the forest's inhabitants. </p>



<p>This massive data, once analyzed, revealed those key findings: harsh winters put a natural limit on deer expansion, and while human habitat changes matter, they pale in comparison to the transformative power of a changing climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-migrating-white-tailed-deer-and-climate-change">Caribou, migrating white-tailed deer, and climate change</h2>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Serrouya, UBCO and Biodiversity Pathways researcher. </p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serroyua concludes.</p>



<p>The white-tailed deer invasion spotlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems – tug on one thread, and distant parts of the web might quiver. Woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-help-rare-plants-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a> are already facing an uphill battle, and this added challenge throws their future into greater doubt.</p>



<p>The northward march of the deer is a reminder that even subtle climate-driven changes can have ripple effects we must work to understand and mitigate. As researchers continue their work, wildlife management faces a new layer of complexity in their quest to preserve Canada's iconic caribou.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



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White-tailed deer are migrating north into caribou country due to warming climate

The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild...

<p>Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our winterscapes; it's a dynamic and multifaceted element of nature. </p>



<p>At first glance, describing snow seems straightforward - it's cold, white, and ubiquitous in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter</a> landscapes. </p>



<p>However, beneath its simple appearance lies a complex nature that has recently attracted significant scientific attention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deep-dive-into-the-complexity-of-snow">A deep dive into the complexity of snow</h2>



<p>A recent doctoral thesis defended at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>) in Gjøvik delves deep into the optical properties of snow. </p>



<p>The researcher, Mathieu Nguyen, has conducted an extensive study analyzing over a thousand images of snow to understand how it interacts with light.</p>



<p>Nguyen explained: "Snow reflects all wavelengths of light and can appear very different depending on the conditions and the angle at which light hits it. The age and density of the snow and air pollution also affect what it looks like. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-humidity-snowmelt-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Snow’s appearance</a> is a very complicated matter."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-sparkling-snow">The science of sparkling snow</h2>



<p>One of Nguyen's primary interests has been how snow absorbs and reflects sunlight, causing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-of-snowflakes-and-their-astonishingly-predictable-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow crystals</a> to sparkle spectacularly on sunny days. </p>



<p>These crystals act like tiny mirrors, reflecting sunlight directly at viewers and creating a "spark" effect in the landscape. This phenomenon is not only beautiful but also potentially very useful.</p>



<p>"Understanding how snow sparkles can help us in many practical ways, from improving road clearance decisions to enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/traces-of-a-glacier-avalanche/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avalanche</a> monitoring in mountainous regions," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-for-future-technologies">The potential for future technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of Nguyen's research are broad. He believes that this understanding could be crucial for the development of sensor technologies, especially in countries like Norway, where snow is a significant part of the landscape. </p>



<p>Such technologies could make winter travel safer, particularly with the advent of autonomous vehicles.</p>



<p>Furthermore, Nguyen's work could lead to more accurate methods for classifying different <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/six-different-types-snowflakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of snow</a> from images - a capability that is currently lacking. </p>



<p>"If we are to have fully autonomous cars here in Norway, this type of technology will also contribute to safer travel on winter roads," he noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-perspective-is-necessary">A global perspective is necessary</h2>



<p>To refine these classifications, Nguyen emphasizes the need for a more extensive dataset, ideally with images from various global locations. </p>



<p>"It will be important to get images from other places where the environment is different. Understanding how different levels of pollution play a role in the appearance and properties of snow will be crucial," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-in-digital-and-future-realities">Snow in digital and future realities</h2>



<p>The digital representation of snow, as seen in video games and simulators, often falls short of capturing its true complexity. </p>



<p>Nguyen's findings promise to bridge this gap, offering a more realistic depiction of snow that could enhance virtual experiences, especially as global climates change and snow becomes less prevalent in many regions.</p>



<p>Nguyen's dedication to his research could not only revolutionize our understanding of snow but also help us prepare for a future where snow might be a rarer sight. </p>



<p>"If we are to teach someone who may never have seen snow before what it is, we must be able to reproduce it in all its complexity," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-snow-research">The future of snow research</h2>



<p>With climate predictions suggesting significant reductions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/accurately-measure-snowfall-new/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a> across the Northern Hemisphere, Nguyen's work is timely. </p>



<p>By improving our understanding of snow's properties and enhancing its digital representation, this research not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also prepares us for a changing world where the familiar sight of winter snow may become a precious memory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about snow</h2>



<p>Snow is a form of precipitation that occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals. These crystals form unique, six-sided structures and can clump together to create snowflakes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Snow is distinct from other forms of winter precipitation such as sleet or freezing rain, primarily due to its soft, fluffy texture. It typically falls during colder months when the air temperature is at or below freezing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The presence of snow can influence an area's climate and ecosystem, providing moisture essential for many regions, and it is a key component of winter sports and recreational activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The insulating properties of snow also affect soil temperatures and plant life, impacting agriculture and wildlife patterns. Snow's reflective surface helps regulate the Earth's temperature by reflecting sunlight, thus playing a role in the global climate system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/2/35" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geosciences</em></a>.</p>



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Secrets of snow complexity can improve winter safety

Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our...

<p>Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness and lack of motivation. However, a recent study challenges these preconceived notions, shedding new light on the everyday lives of chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis users</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-busting-the-lazy-stoner-myth">Busting the lazy stoner myth</h2>



<p>The intriguing research, led by Michael Inzlicht, a professor in the Department of Psychology at <a href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U of T Scarborough</a>, was published in the journal <em>Social Psychological and Personality Science</em>. </p>



<p>The study surveyed 260 chronic cannabis users, defined as those who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americans-have-tried-cannabis-and-nearly-a-fifth-use-it-regularly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consume cannabis</a> at least three times a week or more, to investigate the effects of getting high on their daily lives.</p>



<p>"There is a stereotype that chronic cannabis users are somehow lazy or unproductive," says Inzlicht. "We found that's not the case -- their behaviors might change a bit in the moment while they're high, but our evidence shows they are not lazy or lacking motivation at all."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-high-and-getting-things-done">Getting high and getting things done</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting findings of the study relates to motivation. The researchers examined participants' willingness to exert effort in completing a task while high and found that they were just as motivated and willing to invest effort as when they were not under the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence of cannabis</a>.</p>



<p>The study did reveal that getting high led to lower levels of self-regulation, an important trait for accomplishing tasks. </p>



<p>When chronic users were high, they exhibited behaviors such as increased impulsivity, less thoughtfulness, and less orderliness. However, these factors did not make them less hard-working, responsible, or able to focus.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers discovered that chronic cannabis users experienced a boost in positive emotions like awe and gratitude. In addition, they reported a reduction in negative emotions such as fear and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety while high</a>. </p>



<p>However, those who consumed cannabis more frequently experienced more negative emotions both while high and while sober.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-weed-hangover-helps-debunk-the-cannabis-stereotype">No "weed hangover" helps debunk the cannabis stereotype</h2>



<p>The study found no evidence of a "weed hangover," meaning that chronic users did not experience a decline in emotional or motivational function the day after being high.</p>



<p>Professor Inzlicht runs the <a href="http://michaelinzlicht.com/#lab-view" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Work and Play Lab</a>, which focuses on self-control, motivation, empathy, and the use of social media, digital devices, and recreational cannabis. </p>



<p>He emphasizes the importance of taking a neutral, clear-eyed approach to studying the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects of cannabis</a> on chronic users in their everyday lives.</p>



<p>"Part of the motivation for this study is to take a neutral, clear-eyed approach to see how cannabis affects chronic users in their everyday lives," Inzlicht explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comparing alcohol and cannabis hangovers</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enduring-the-aftermath-of-a-night-of-drinking">Enduring the aftermath of a night of drinking</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-more-alcohol-hangovers-thanks-to-new-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alcohol hangovers</a> are a well-known phenomenon, characterized by a range of unpleasant symptoms that occur after a night of heavy drinking. These symptoms often include headaches, nausea, fatigue, dehydration, and sensitivity to light and sound. </p>



<p>The severity of an alcohol hangover depends on various factors, such as the amount and type of alcohol consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>The primary cause of alcohol hangovers is dehydration, as alcohol is a diuretic that promotes the production of urine. Additionally, alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach, leading to inflammation and the production of stomach acids, which can contribute to nausea and vomiting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Aftermath of cannabis use</h3>



<p>In contrast to alcohol hangovers, the concept of a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-cannabis-users-no-longer-need-conventional-sleep-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weed hangover</a>" is less clearly defined. While some cannabis users report experiencing residual effects the day after heavy use, these effects are generally milder and less debilitating than those associated with alcohol hangovers.</p>



<p>Research on the topic is limited, but some studies suggest that heavy cannabis use may lead to symptoms such as fatigue, dry mouth, and mild cognitive impairment the following day. </p>



<p>However, these effects are not universally experienced by all users and may depend on factors such as the amount and potency of cannabis consumed, as well as individual tolerance levels.</p>



<p>Unlike alcohol, cannabis does not cause dehydration or significant inflammation in the body, which may explain why cannabis hangovers are typically less severe than alcohol hangovers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hard-working-motivated-and-high-can-you-be-all-three">Hard-working, motivated, and high: Can you be all three?</h2>



<p>While this study is not an endorsement of heavy cannabis use, and there is ample research highlighting the risks associated with heavy use, especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">among adolescents</a>, it provides valuable insights into the experiences of regular users.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/start" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Statistics Canada</a> data shows that nearly one in 10 adult Canadians are regular cannabis users, coming from all walks of life. </p>



<p>Despite its increased legal and social acceptance, relatively little is known about the everyday experiences of these individuals.</p>



<p>"Our data suggests that you can be hard-working, motivated and a chronic cannabis user at the same time," concludes Inzlicht.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-cannabis-into-the-future-by-ditching-stereotypes">Taking cannabis into the future by ditching stereotypes</h2>



<p>In summary, this eye-opening study challenges deeply entrenched stereotypes about chronic cannabis users, revealing that they can be just as motivated, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runners-high-cannabis-makes-exercise-more-enjoyable-and-boosts-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hard-working</a>, and capable of exerting effort as non-users. </p>



<p>By taking a neutral, unbiased approach to examining the everyday experiences of regular cannabis users, Professor Michael Inzlicht and his team at the Work and Play Lab have opened the door to a more nuanced understanding of the effects of cannabis on individuals' lives. </p>



<p>As cannabis gains increasing legal and social acceptance, this research underscores the importance of moving beyond outdated stereotypes and focusing on evidence-based insights to inform our perceptions and policies surrounding cannabis use.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19485506241245744" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Social Psychological and Personality Science</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Cannabis smokers are not lazy or unmotivated, despite stereotypes

Cannabis use has long been associated with stereotypes of laziness...

<p>Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved pet is not lost to natural causes but taken forcefully. </p>



<p>Recent research highlights the profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/placebo-effect-broken-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional pain</a> endured by dog owners when their pets are stolen, a sorrow comparable to the loss parents feel when their children are tragically taken from them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-deep-emotional-bonds">Exploring the deep emotional bonds</h2>



<p>The study explores the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-have-deep-emotional-connections-with-their-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional connections</a> between humans and their canine companions, akin to familial bonds. </p>



<p>Owners express feelings of intense grief after dog theft - often surpassing the sadness they feel after the death of a friend or relative. This heightened intensity largely stems from the unique closeness they share with their pets, a bond not always present in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-had-a-stronger-influence-on-the-dog-human-connection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human relationships</a>.</p>



<p>Akaanksha Venkatramanan from <a href="https://www.berkshirehealthcare.nhs.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust</a> and Dr. Lindsey Roberts from the <a href="https://www.uwe.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the West of England</a> explored the specific emotional reactions to dog theft. </p>



<p>The researchers note that dog owners commonly experience sadness, despair, emotional numbness, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lsd-can-treat-crippling-anxiety-with-a-single-dose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a> - responses similar to those observed following the death of a human loved one. Yet, these emotions stand out due to societal attitudes towards the death of animals versus humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Validating the grief of dog-theft victims</h2>



<p>“Pet ‘ownership’ is empirically evidenced to improve mental and physical health, with research suggesting an anthropomorphic bond between ‘owners’ and dogs that equal familial relationships, including children,” wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“However, bereavement of dogs, and especially dog-theft, garner scarce interest, leaving a huge population to suffer disenfranchised grief unsupported.”</p>



<p>“This study aims to validate the overlap of emotional value in familial and ‘owner’-dog relationships, and grief between dog-theft victims and those with missing loved ones.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The study explores the needs of guardians suffering ambiguous loss, how they cope with it, and the role of social media in this process, to grow existing literature on the topic and guide psychological support resources.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-societal-views-and-lack-of-support">Societal views and lack of support</h2>



<p>Societal misunderstandings about the value of animal companions often exacerbate the distress owners feel when they lose a pet. Additionally, current dog theft laws, which treat pets merely as property, intensify owners' feelings of helplessness and injustice.</p>



<p>The absence of adequate legal and police support further amplifies the grief, as does the traumatic nature of the thefts, which often involve forceful or deceitful removal from the owners' property.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coping-with-dog-theft">Coping with dog theft </h2>



<p>Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-dog-owners-cope-well-when-their-pups-misbehave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a> try to cope as if dealing with the disappearance or death of a human loved one. Some turn to social media to continue searching for their pets, seek support from others in similar situations, and try to retain hope amidst their anguish, noted the study authors.</p>



<p>These coping mechanisms, while helpful, do not fully mitigate the risks of developing long-term psychological issues such as post traumatic stress disorder and post grief disorder, especially when closure is unattainable.</p>



<p>The researchers advocate for more focused psychological research to develop resources that can better support grieving pet owners. Such efforts could inform best practices for managing grief and the broader psychological impacts of pet theft.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rising-threat-of-dog-theft">The rising threat of dog theft</h2>



<p>The value of pet ownership goes beyond companionship, with studies linking it to improved physical and mental health outcomes. </p>



<p>During the COVID-19 lockdowns, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-felt-less-lonely-and-stressed-during-covid-19-lockdown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> played a crucial role in mitigating the effects of isolation by providing reasons for their owners to engage in outdoor activities. </p>



<p>However, the increased demand for dogs during this period also led to a significant rise in dog theft, highlighting a dark side to their popularity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-and-social-reforms-in-response-to-dog-theft">Legal and social reforms in response to dog theft</h2>



<p>The researchers and their colleagues, including Dr. Dan Allen of Keele University, are pushing for substantial changes in how dog theft is treated legally and socially. </p>



<p>Their ongoing research and advocacy efforts aim to transform how these crimes are viewed and handled, pushing for recognition of the deep emotional bonds between humans and animals and stronger penalties for those who disrupt them.</p>



<p>As this body of research grows, the goal is to not only provide solace and support to those affected, but also to spur legal reforms that will better protect our beloved pets from theft and their owners from the profound grief it causes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/hai.2024.0004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human-Animal Interactions</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Heartache from dog theft is as intense as losing a loved one

Imagine the despair of experiencing dog theft, where a beloved...

Abstract,Tech,Background.,Floating,Numbers,Hud,Background.,Matrix,Particles,Grid

<p>Scientists have discovered a novel method to manipulate light waves by deforming the two-dimensional photonic crystal that contains them. This discovery opens up new possibilities for the development of nanophotonic chips and has the potential to revolutionize the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-data-transmission-speed-record-set-by-scientists-using-optical-cables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photonics</a>, spawning new lasers and quantum devices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-light-waves-with-photonic-crystals">Controlling light waves with photonic crystals</h2>



<p>A team of researchers from <a href="https://amolf.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOLF</a>, in collaboration with <a href="https://www.tudelft.nl/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Delft University of Technology</a>, has successfully brought light waves to a halt by deforming the two-dimensional photonic crystal that contains them. </p>



<p>The researchers demonstrate that even a subtle deformation can have a substantial effect on photons in the crystal, resembling the effect that a magnetic field has on electrons.</p>



<p>"This principle offers a new approach to slow down light fields and thereby enhance their strength. Realizing this on a chip is particularly important for many applications," says AMOLF-group leader Ewold Verhagen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-and-lessons-learned-from-electrons">Inspiration and lessons learned from electrons</h2>



<p>The researchers drew inspiration from the way <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/attosecond-electron-freeze-frame-of-liquid-water-seen-for-the-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> behave in materials. In a conductor, electrons can move freely, but an external magnetic field can stop this motion. </p>



<p>The circular movement caused by the magnetic field stops conduction, and electrons can only exist in the material if they have very specific energies, known as Landau levels.</p>



<p>In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nanotech-material-graphene-passes-human-safety-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graphene</a>, a two-dimensional material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal, Landau levels can also be caused by a different mechanism than a magnetic field. </p>



<p>When the crystal array is deformed, such as by stretching it like elastics, conduction is stopped, and the material turns into an insulator, binding the electrons to Landau levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applying-the-concept-to-photons">Applying the concept to photons</h2>



<p>The group of Verhagen, in collaboration with Kobus Kuipers of Delft University of Technology, demonstrated a similar effect for light in a photonic crystal.</p>



<p>"A photonic crystal normally consists of a regular -- two dimensional -- pattern of holes in a silicon layer. Light can move freely in this material, just like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/">electrons i</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">n</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/"> graphene</a>," says first author René Barczyk, who successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis on this topic in 2023. </p>



<p>"Breaking this regularity in exactly the right manner will deform the array and consequently lock the photons. This is how we create Landau levels for photons," Barczyk concluded.</p>



<p>In Landau levels, light waves no longer move; they stand still instead of flowing through the crystal. The researchers succeeded in demonstrating this, showing that the deformation of the crystal array has a similar effect on photons as a magnetic field on electrons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steering-light-waves-on-a-chip-with-deformation-patterns">Steering light waves on a chip with deformation patterns</h2>



<p>Verhagen says, "By playing with the deformation pattern, we even managed to establish various types of effective magnetic fields in one material. As a result, photons can move through certain parts of the material but not in others. Hence, these insights also provide new ways to steer light on a chip."</p>



<p>Simultaneously, a research team from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a> has published an article in the same journal about how they demonstrated -- independently from the Dutch team -- an identical effect. </p>



<p>While some details in the approach differed, both teams were able to stop light waves from moving and observe Landau levels by deforming a two-dimensional photonic crystal.</p>



<p>"This brings on-chip applications closer. If we can confine light at the nanoscale and bring it to a halt like this, its strength will be enhanced tremendously," Verhagen explained. </p>



<p>"And not only at one location, but over the entire crystal surface. Such light concentration is very important in nanophotonic devices, for example for the development of efficient lasers or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-ping-pong-game-played-by-two-atoms-controlling-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum light</a> sources," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-light-waves-spawns-a-new-era-in-nanophotonics">Controlling light waves spawns a new era in nanophotonics</h2>



<p>The discovery of harnessing the power of deformation to control light waves marks a significant milestone in the field of nanophotonics. </p>



<p>By manipulating photonic crystals through subtle deformations, researchers have unlocked a new era of possibilities for on-chip applications, light concentration, and the development of efficient lasers and quantum light sources. </p>



<p>This breakthrough, independently confirmed by two research teams, paves the way for unprecedented control over light at the nanoscale, promising to revolutionize the future of photonics and open up exciting avenues for technological advancement.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01412-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Photonics</a></em>.</p>



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Quantum leap: Scientists make light waves 'stand still'

Scientists have discovered a novel method to manipulate light waves...

<p>The evolution of Earth's continental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-molten-rock-layer-discovered-under-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crust</a> during its early history holds clues to the dynamic processes that shaped our planet. For decades, scientists have debated over a significant change in crustal composition approximately 3 billion years ago. </p>



<p>While plate tectonics undoubtedly played a role, new research from <a href="http://english.gig.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry</a> challenges the notion of tectonic forces as the primary cause. It suggests a surprising role for increased heat within Earth's mantle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zircon-in-earth-s-geological-history">Zircon in Earth's geological history</h2>



<p>Zircon, an exceptionally resilient mineral, acts as a vital repository of Earth's geological history. These crystals originate within the depths of molten rock, capturing the conditions of their formation in their unique chemical makeup. </p>



<p>As zircon solidifies, it encapsulates isotopes of various elements such as oxygen, hafnium, and uranium. By examining these isotopes, scientists gain invaluable insights into the age and development of the Earth's crust. </p>



<p>This analysis enables researchers to construct a detailed chronology of geological events. It helps them understand the dynamic processes that have influenced the composition and structure of the continental crust over billions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-crust-rejuvenation">Earth's crust rejuvenation</h2>



<p>Geochemical analysis of zircon crystals revealed a significant shift in crustal composition approximately 3 billion years ago. This shift, marked by a change in specific isotopic ratios, indicates a process of crustal "rejuvenation" – the addition of newly formed material to older continental crust. </p>



<p>Traditionally, the rejuvenation of Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-drilling-a-hole-more-than-30000-feet-deep-in-the-earths-crust-and-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crust</a> has been attributed to an increase in global tectonic activity. This theory suggests that the movement of massive tectonic plates at the Earth's surface resulted in the recycling of older crustal materials. </p>



<p>However, the new research presents a different perspective. The study indicates that changes beneath the Earth's surface may have played a more significant role in rejuvenation than previously thought.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-mantle-heat">Role of mantle heat</h2>



<p>The research highlights a significant increase in heat emanating from Earth's mantle about three billion years ago. The boost in thermal energy could have been triggered by shifts in the radioactive decay processes within the mantle. </p>



<p>This led to a heightened release of heat. The consequences of increased mantle heat would have been dramatic for the crust lying above it. The intensified heat would cause the lower regions of the crust to undergo partial melting, ultimately resulting in the formation of magma pools at the crust-mantle boundary. </p>



<p>As this newly formed magma rose and interacted with the existing crustal materials, it would induce changes in the crust's composition. These alterations often result in the formation of new rock types and leave distinct geochemical signatures.</p>



<p>Such changes are particularly evident in zircon crystals found within these rocks. Zircon, with its ability to encapsulate and preserve the chemical fingerprints of its formation environment, serves as an excellent recorder of these processes. </p>



<p>By analyzing the isotopic and elemental composition of zircons, scientists can trace back these transformative events in the Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-terrain-below-earths-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crust</a>, gaining insights into the dynamic interactions between the mantle's heat and the overlying crustal structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reworking-of-earth-s-crust-and-continental-growth">Reworking of Earth's crust and continental growth</h2>



<p>The reworking of Earth's crust driven by increased mantle heat appears to have been a crucial factor in the expansion of the planet's continental landmasses. As the mantle heated up, it caused the lower crust to melt and generate buoyant magmatic materials. </p>



<p>The new materials, once solidified, added volume and buoyancy to the crust, effectively thickening it. This process likely contributed significantly to the creation and stabilization of large continental blocks.</p>



<p>The thickening of the crust through the addition of newly formed magmatic materials from deep within the Earth provides an alternative perspective to the traditional views that emphasize surface tectonic activities, such as plate movements, as the primary drivers of continental growth. </p>



<p>The heat-driven model emphasizes the importance of internal geodynamic processes, showing how deep Earth dynamics intricately connect to observable changes at the surface.</p>



<p>By acknowledging the role of mantle heat in shaping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ancient-breath-study-links-atmospheric-oxygen-and-mantle-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s</a> continents, scientists highlight the interconnectedness of the planet’s interior processes with its exterior geological features. </p>



<p>This approach not only challenges the conventional focus solely on surface tectonics but also enriches our understanding of Earth’s geological history by demonstrating how subsurface conditions influence the development and evolution of continental structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-earth-s-evolution">Rethinking Earth's evolution</h2>



<p>The research prompts a re-examination of our understanding of Earth's formative years. While subduction zones (where one tectonic plate dives beneath another) were active in the early Earth, their influence on crustal growth may have been complemented by deep mantle processes. </p>



<p>Elucidating the interplay between internal heat dynamics and surface tectonics is crucial for building a comprehensive model of our planet's evolution.</p>



<p>The study of ancient zircon crystals sheds light on the complex history of Earth's continental crust. While tectonic forces remain essential, this research underscores the importance of internal heat for shaping the continents we inhabit. </p>



<p>Continued investigation into Earth's deep history will undoubtedly refine our understanding of its remarkable transformation over billions of years and provide insights into the unique features that make our planet habitable.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL108715" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Mantle heat shaped Earth's crust 3 billion years ago

The evolution of Earth's continental crust during its early history...

<p>In the vast expanse of the universe, galaxies paint a breathtaking picture across the cosmic canvas. Among these celestial wonders, one galaxy stands out with its magnificent central bar and tightly wound spiral arms: NGC 2217.</p>



<p>Recently, the NASA/ESA <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a> captured a stunning image of NGC 2217, also known as AM 0619-271, in the constellation of Canis Major (The Greater Dog). </p>



<p>The barred spiral galaxy, roughly 65 million light-years from Earth, spans an impressive 100,000 light-years across, making it similar in size to our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-luminous-heart-of-ngc-2217">The luminous heart of NGC 2217</h2>



<p>At the heart of NGC 2217 lies a luminous bar, where countless stars congregate, forming a brilliant central region. This bar plays a crucial role in the galaxy's evolution, acting as a cosmic funnel that channels gas from the disk into the core.</p>



<p>Dr. Emily Thompson, an astrophysicist at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a>, explains, "The central bar in galaxies like NGC 2217 is essential for their growth and development. It helps transport gas and dust to the center, where new stars can form or feed the supermassive black hole residing there."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Nature of supermassive black holes</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Supermassive black holes</a>, with masses ranging from millions to billions of times that of our Sun, reside at the center of most, if not all, large galaxies. </p>



<p>These cosmic behemoths, like the one growing at the heart of galaxy NGC 2217, exert an immense gravitational influence on their surroundings, shaping the structure and evolution of their host galaxies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation and growth</h3>



<p>The exact formation mechanism of supermassive black holes remains a topic of ongoing research. Scientists propose several theories, including the collapse of massive gas clouds in the early universe, the merging of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-black-hole-disrupts-a-bigger-one-causing-cosmic-hiccups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smaller black holes</a>, and the rapid accumulation of matter through accretion.</p>



<p>Supermassive black holes grow by consuming gas, dust, and stars that venture too close. As matter spirals towards the black hole, it forms an accretion disk, where friction and gravitational forces heat the material to extreme temperatures, causing it to emit intense radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influence on galactic evolution</h3>



<p>Supermassive black holes play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies. The energy released by the accretion process can trigger powerful outflows and jets, which can regulate star formation and shape the distribution of gas and dust within the galaxy.</p>



<p>In some cases, the feedback from supermassive black holes can quench star formation by heating and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-black-holes-are-very-messy-eaters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expelling gas from the galaxy</a>. Conversely, the outflows can also compress gas clouds, triggering the birth of new stars in other regions.</p>



<p>"The interplay between the central bar, the inflowing gas, and the supermassive black hole is a complex and fascinating process," adds Dr. Thompson. "By studying galaxies like NGC 2217, we can gain a better understanding of how these cosmic giants evolve over time."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorful-collaboration">Colorful collaboration</h2>



<p>The stunning image of NGC 2217 was colorized using data from the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (<a href="https://www2.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Pan-STARRS.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pan-STARRS</a>). </p>



<p>This collaborative effort showcases the power of combining data from various astronomical instruments to create a more comprehensive picture of the universe.</p>



<p>Dr. Michael Johnson, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (<a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CfA</a>), emphasizes the importance of such collaborations. </p>



<p>"By combining data from the Hubble Space Telescope and Pan-STARRS, we can unlock new insights into the structure and composition of galaxies like NGC 2217. This synergy between telescopes allows us to push the boundaries of our understanding of the cosmos," Johnson enthused.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-2217-an-inspirational-window-to-the-cosmos">NGC 2217: An inspirational window to the cosmos</h2>



<p>As we gaze upon the magnificent central bar and tightly wound spiral arms of NGC 2217, we are reminded of the awe-inspiring beauty and complexity of the universe. </p>



<p>Through the lens of the Hubble Space Telescope and the collaborative efforts of astronomers worldwide, we continue to unravel the secrets of these cosmic masterpieces, one galaxy at a time.</p>



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Hubble captures another cosmic masterpiece in galaxy NGC 2217

In the vast expanse of the universe, galaxies paint a...

<p>A team of researchers led by the Institute for <a href="https://cmcm.ibs.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Basic Science Center for Multidimensional Carbon Material</a> (CMCM) in Korea has recently developed a method to produce lab-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diamonds-may-hold-the-key-to-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diamonds</a> in just 150 minutes, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to natural diamonds. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diamonds-at-a-fraction-of-the-cost">Diamonds at a fraction of the cost</h2>



<p>The lab-created diamonds are indistinguishable to the naked eye from their natural counterparts, but they exhibit significant differences under a microscope, which contributes to their substantially lower price.</p>



<p>While natural diamonds take billions of years to form, lab-grown diamonds can be produced quickly and at a fraction of the cost. For example, in the US, a one-carat princess-cut diamond costs an average of $2,500, whereas a comparable lab-grown diamond is priced at just $500.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-lab-grown-diamonds-nbsp">Structure of lab-grown diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The process involves mixing silicon with liquid metals such as gallium, iron, and nickel in a crucible and heating it to 1,877 degrees Fahrenheit. The mixture is then exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-emissions-are-higher-than-previously-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> and hydrogen gasses, which dissolve into carbon gas that combines with the silicon, prompting the carbon atoms to bond together and form small diamond crystals.</p>



<p>Senior author Rodney Ruoff emphasized the crucial role of silicon in this synthetic process. “If we don't add some silicon, we don't get diamonds,” he explained. Moreover, the researchers found that diamond formation continues to progress over time, with the full structure forming at 150 minutes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-lab-grown-diamond-industry">Expanding lab-grown diamond industry</h2>



<p>Despite this breakthrough, the diamonds produced are still only about 100 nanometers across, roughly the size of a typical virus. However, Ruoff is optimistic about the future of this technology. “A lot of labs around the world are going to start cooking things up,” he said, predicting that this could revolutionize the already expanding lab-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-process-turns-carbon-emissions-into-diamonds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diamond industry</a>.</p>



<p>The lab-grown diamond market has experienced rapid growth, increasing from less than one percent of global diamond sales in 2015 to approximately 20 percent by the end of last year.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lower-cost-of-lab-grown-diamonds-nbsp">Lower cost of lab-grown diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This surge is primarily due to their lower cost. For example, a two-carat lab-grown diamond costs about $1,000, much less than the $13,000 to $14,000 price range for a similar natural diamond.</p>



<p>“Prices of lab-grown diamonds are falling. The reason is because of simple supply and demand. So many manufacturers are coming out and flooding the market with them, which is causing prices to dive,” said Mehul Sompura, CEO of <a href="https://www.diamondhedge.com/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diamond Hedge</a>. “For the most part, it's difficult to distinguish between the two, but it has to do with impurities, and with a microscope you can see growth patterns. You won't get your money back, that's the main problem.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-alternative-to-blood-diamonds">Sustainable alternative to blood diamonds</h2>



<p>Lab-grown diamonds also offer a sustainable alternative to blood diamonds - diamonds mined in war zones and sold to finance an invading army's war efforts, an insurgency, terrorism, or a warlord's activity -  and can reduce the environmental impact associated with traditional diamond mining. For every carat of diamond mined, nearly 100 square feet of land is affected and 5,798 pounds of mineral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-can-be-used-to-store-carbon-and-reuse-mining-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste</a> is created.</p>



<p>“Diamonds are very ingrained in our culture. I think, as humans, we just desire these rare, precious gemstones and metals. It's not practical, but it makes us feel good,” concluded Paul Zimnisky, a leading diamond industry analyst.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-diamonds-nbsp">More about diamonds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Diamonds, often celebrated for their brilliance and durability, are one of the hardest natural substances found on Earth, making them highly sought after for jewelry and industrial applications. They form under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions existing deep within the Earth's mantle, from where they are brought closer to the surface through volcanic eruptions. The process can take between 1 to 3.3 billion years.</p>



<p>The allure of diamonds is not just in their sparkle but also in their rarity, which makes them symbols of wealth and status. Each diamond is unique, with characteristics such as cut, color, clarity, and carat weight determining its value.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The cut of a diamond affects its ability to reflect light, enhancing its visual properties, while the clarity refers to the presence of internal inclusions or external blemishes. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pink-diamonds-were-formed-when-supercontinent-nuna-broke-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color</a> can range from colorless to light yellow and brown, with truly colorless diamonds being the rarest and most valuable.</p>



<p>The mining and distribution of diamonds have been associated with conflict and ethical concerns, leading to initiatives like the Kimberley Process, which aims to prevent "conflict diamonds" from entering the market.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07339-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Diamonds can be grown in a lab in less than 3 hours

A team of researchers led by the Institute for Basic...

The,Wood,Frog,,Lithobates,Sylvaticus,Or,Rana,Sylvatica.,Adult,Wood

<p>We all know evolution is a slow and steady process, unfolding over ages. But, some species could evolve in a few decades…thanks to something as simple as road salt. That's precisely what the fascinating research of Rick Relyea, Ph.D., and his team at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (<a href="https://www.rpi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RPI</a>) has uncovered, specifically in the case of wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-makes-wood-frogs-more-vulnerable-to-salt-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amphibians-salt-pollution-and-the-need-for-speed">Amphibians, salt pollution, and the need for speed</h2>



<p>Amphibians, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/help-frogs-cutting-toes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>, are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment because they have porous skin. Road salt (the stuff dumped on roads to melt ice) might seem harmless, but it dramatically alters the chemistry of water – especially in wetlands where amphibians hang out. </p>



<p>"When salt drains into fresh water, it can kill animals, stunt the growth of fish, cause sex changes in frogs, and make animals more prone to diseases," Relyea said.</p>



<p>Amphibians are like environmental alarm bells. They are indicators of an ecosystem's health, and when they're struggling, it usually means bad news for everyone else, including us humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-evolution-of-wood-frogs">Rapid evolution of wood frogs</h2>



<p>The research team sought to determine if wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-frog-day-addressing-environmental-threats-to-frogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> (<em>Rana sylvatica</em>) were exhibiting evolutionary adaptations in response to rising salt pollution. To investigate this, they collected wood frog eggs from wetlands with varying environmental conditions. </p>



<p>These included wetlands adjacent to roadways with differing levels of salt contamination, as well as wetlands in pristine, undisturbed areas.</p>



<p>The findings were striking. Tadpoles originating from wetlands near roadways with high salt levels demonstrated a significantly elevated tolerance for salt exposure when compared to tadpoles from pristine wetlands. </p>



<p>This suggests that, in a remarkably short timeframe of approximately 25 years (about 10 frog generations), these wood frogs have undergone evolutionary adaptations in response to the human-induced increase in environmental salinity.</p>



<p>"We've been applying de-icing salts to reduce car accidents in snowy and icy conditions in the United States for 80 years, and we currently apply four times more road salt than in the 1970s." explained Relyea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Wood frogs are masters of survival</h2>



<p>This resilient frog species inhabits a wide range of forests across North America, from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forests</a> of Alaska and Canada to the deciduous woodlands of the eastern United States. These adaptable amphibians thrive in moist environments near vernal pools, bogs, and streams.</p>



<p>Wood frogs possess an extraordinary ability to survive harsh winter conditions. As temperatures drop, they produce high levels of glucose and urea in their tissues, which act as natural antifreeze. </p>



<p>This adaptation allows them to endure freezing up to 65% of their body water, enabling them to hibernate under leaf litter and emerge unscathed in the spring.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Life cycle and ecological importance</h3>



<p>Male wood frogs gather in vernal pools and wetlands during early spring, forming large choruses to attract females. After mating, females lay clusters of eggs, which hatch into tadpoles within a few weeks. The tadpoles metamorphose into froglets by summer, leaving the water to explore their terrestrial habitat.</p>



<p>Wood frogs play a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">forest e</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/">osystems</a>, serving as both predators and prey. They consume a variety of insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates, helping to control pest populations. </p>



<p>In turn, they provide a food source for various predators, such as snakes, birds, and mammals, contributing to the overall balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-threats">Conservation and threats</h3>



<p>Although wood frogs are currently not considered endangered, they face several threats, including habitat loss, climate change, and pollution. </p>



<p>The preservation of vernal pools and surrounding forests is essential for the long-term survival of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amphibians</a>, ensuring that future generations can witness their incredible adaptations and ecological importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-problem-behind-wood-frog-evolution">Problem behind wood frog evolution</h2>



<p>While this particular observed adaptation in wood <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-frogs-live-in-trees-but-lay-eggs-on-the-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a> offers a degree of optimism in the face of human-caused environmental change, it's crucial to acknowledge the inherent limitations of evolutionary processes. </p>



<p>Evolutionary adaptation takes time and relies on existing genetic variation within a population. Rapid environmental changes can outpace the speed of natural selection.</p>



<p>The frogs' ability to adapt does not mean that we should expect them to survive if salt levels increase even more. If the pace and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salt-pollution-threatens-freshwater-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salt pollution</a> continues to escalate, it could overwhelm the wood frogs' adaptive capacity, ultimately leading to population decline or even extinction. </p>



<p>This underscores the importance of recognizing the boundaries of adaptation and the crucial need to take proactive steps in mitigating the sources of environmental stress.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-just-about-wood-frogs">It's not just about wood frogs</h2>



<p>This unexpected, rapid evolution of wood frogs serves as a potent reminder that our actions often trigger a cascade of unintended consequences within the natural world. </p>



<p>Seemingly minor interventions can disrupt the intricate balance of ecosystems, leading to far-reaching and potentially unforeseen repercussions.</p>



<p>"The effects of human activity on our environment must be understood and mitigated," Relyea emphasizes. We have a responsibility to recognize the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems, and to minimize the negative impact of our activities on the delicate equilibrium that sustains life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-solutions">Potential solutions</h2>



<p>The good news is that solutions exist. "Fortunately, cities and towns around the country are learning how they can apply less salt with the same level of safety, by applying it in smarter ways," Relyea asserts. </p>



<p>"Everyone across the political spectrum can agree to this win-win proposition: we can apply less salt and protect the environment, while maintaining safe roads and saving money for governments and taxpayers," she concluded.</p>



<p>The observation highlights that finding a balance between human needs and environmental protection is achievable. Proactive adoption of more sustainable practices offers a path toward positive change.</p>



<p>Wood frogs have surprisingly adapted to high salt levels. This adaptation is a powerful example of evolution in action. It also reminds us of the significant impact humans have on the environment. </p>



<p>This rapid change is promising but emphasizes the need for smarter, eco-friendly solutions. We must consider how we interact with our planet more carefully.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11069" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a></em>.</p>



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Wood frogs achieved significant biological evolution in just 25 years

We all know evolution is a slow and steady process,...

<p>Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-humans-react-to-coexisting-with-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> that can walk or run with the ease of animals. </p>



<p>Despite these efforts, today's robots still cannot match the natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-determines-the-maximum-running-speed-of-animals/">abilities</a> of many animals in terms of endurance, agility, and robustness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazing-movement-of-animals">Amazing movement of animals</h2>



<p>“A wildebeest can migrate for thousands of kilometers over rough terrain, a mountain goat can climb up a literal cliff, finding footholds that don't even seem to be there, and cockroaches can lose a leg and not slow down,” said study senior author Max Donelan from <a href="https://www.sfu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Fraser University</a>'s Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology. “We have no robots capable of anything like this endurance, agility, and robustness.”</p>



<p>Seeking to understand and quantify this disparity, an interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers from top research institutions conducted a comprehensive study to compare various aspects of robotic systems designed for running with their biological counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-versus-machine">Animal versus machine</h2>



<p>Surprisingly, the researchers found that biological components generally underperformed compared to engineered parts on specific metrics. However, where animals significantly outshine robots is in the seamless integration and control of these components.</p>



<p>The study was a collaborative effort involving Sam Burden from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>, Tom Libby from <a href="https://www.sri.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SRI International</a>, Kaushik Jayaram from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, and Simon Sponberg from the <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>. </p>



<p>Each researcher focused on different "subsystems" critical to running robots - Power, Frame, Actuation, Sensing, and Control - and assessed them against their natural equivalents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-are-still-no-match-for-animals">Robots are still no match for animals</h2>



<p>Contrary to prior assumptions that biological superiority explained animals' edge over robots, the findings revealed that, with few exceptions, the engineered subsystems frequently outperformed their biological counterparts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The way things turned out is that, with only minor exceptions, the engineering subsystems outperform the biological equivalents – and sometimes radically outperformed them,” Libby said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But also what's very, very clear is that, if you compare animals to robots at the whole system level, in terms of movement, animals are amazing. And robots have yet to catch up.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-evolve-faster-than-animals">Robots evolve faster than animals</h2>



<p>The research team remains optimistic about the future of robotics, noting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid progress</a> made in a relatively short time compared to the millions of years over which animals have evolved. </p>



<p>Dr. Burden highlights the advantage of directed design in robotics over natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>: “It will move faster, because evolution is undirected,” he says. “Whereas we can very much correct how we design robots and learn something in one robot and download it into every other robot, biology doesn't have that option.”</p>



<p>“So there are ways that we can move much more quickly when we engineer robots than we can through evolution – but evolution has a massive head start.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-applications-for-running-robots-nbsp">Potential applications for running robots&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The potential applications for efficient running <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-can-now-learn-to-accomplish-any-task-by-watching-videos-or-observing-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> are vast, ranging from solving “last mile” delivery challenges to performing tasks in hazardous environments.</p>



<p>Looking forward, the researchers aim to focus not merely on developing better hardware but on improving how existing hardware is integrated and controlled.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As engineering learns integration principles from biology, running robots will become as efficient, agile, and robust as their biological counterparts,” Donelan concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-that-have-inspired-robots">Animals that have inspired robots</h2>



<p>Many animals have inspired the design and function of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crab-robot-is-smaller-than-a-flea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a>, thanks to their unique abilities and adaptations. Here are a few notable examples:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects">Insects</h3>



<p>Swarm robots are small robots that collaborate in large numbers to accomplish tasks, much like how insects work together in colonies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiders">Spiders</h3>



<p>The movements and mechanics of spiders have inspired the creation of multi-legged robots, which are useful in navigating rough terrain or in performing complex, coordinated tasks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snakes-nbsp">Snakes&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Snake robots can maneuver through tightly confined spaces and are used in rescue operations, medical procedures, and inspection tasks in complex environments like collapsed buildings or inside machinery.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geckos-nbsp">Geckos&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Robots that mimic the ability of geckos to climb smooth surfaces have been developed using synthetic adhesives that replicate gecko footpads.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-nbsp">Birds&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The flight of birds has influenced the design of aerial robots or drones, which mimic the flapping and soaring of wings to improve maneuverability and energy efficiency.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-nbsp">Fish&nbsp;</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robotic fish</a> are designed to swim efficiently through water, used for underwater exploration, surveillance, and studying aquatic life without disturbing natural habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-nbsp">Dogs&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Quadruped robots, such as Boston Dynamics' Spot, mimic the movement of animals like dogs and are used for tasks ranging from industrial inspection to search and rescue operations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cheetahs-nbsp">Cheetahs&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The high-speed running of cheetahs has inspired the development of robots that can move quickly over land, potentially for military use or emergency response.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi9754" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science Robotics</em></a>.</p>



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Robots cannot outrun animals, but they're evolving faster

Robotics engineers have worked for decades, using substantial funding, to...

Plastic,Boxes,With,Pre-packaged,Vegetable,Salads,,Put,Up,For,Sale

<p>We use plastic wrap, containers, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-responsible-for-the-burden-of-plastic-packaging-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">packaging</a> all the time. It's convenient, affordable, and seemingly everywhere. Recent research by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>) reveals a shocking truth: our plastic food packaging harbors thousands of different chemicals that may pose significant health risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemicals-in-plastic-food-packaging">Chemicals in plastic food packaging</h2>



<p>Scientists uncovered a staggering 9,936 different chemicals within a single plastic product used to package food. This finding underscores the vast gaps in our understanding of the precise chemical makeup of everyday plastic items and their potential impacts on our well-being.</p>



<p>"Plastic is a very complex material that can contain many different chemicals, some of which can be harmful. This is also true for plastic food packaging,"&nbsp;says Martin Wagner, an NTNU professor who specializes in plastic chemicals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-plastic-food-packaging">Consequences of plastic food packaging</h2>



<p>Many of the chemicals identified in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-containers-may-release-forever-chemicals-into-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> food packaging are not just passive elements; they actively disrupt crucial bodily functions. These disruptions can have profound and potentially long-term health effects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Messing with the metabolism</h3>



<p>Metabolism is essentially your body's engine. It converts the food you eat into energy, fuels cellular processes, and regulates how nutrients are stored and used. </p>



<p>This complex system is finely tuned, ensuring that your body functions efficiently. However, chemicals leached from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-packaging-food-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> food packaging can interfere with this system. </p>



<p>For example, certain chemicals can mimic or block natural hormonal signals that control metabolism. This interference can lead to a decrease in metabolic efficiency, impacting energy levels, weight management, and overall health. </p>



<p>The disruption can also affect how your body processes vitamins and minerals, potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Hormonal havoc</h3>



<p>Hormones play a pivotal role in regulating virtually every bodily function, including growth, development, metabolism, and mood. They act as messengers, sending signals throughout the body to sustain balance and respond to environmental changes. </p>



<p>The chemicals found in plastic packaging, however, can disrupt this delicate balance. Some chemicals act as endocrine disruptors, which means they can mimic or inhibit natural hormones. </p>



<p>When these chemicals enter the body, they can bind to hormone receptors, block natural hormonal messages, or alter the normal production of hormones. </p>



<p>This disruption can lead to a multitude of health issues, ranging from developmental problems and reproductive issues to immune system dysfunctions and behavioral changes.</p>



<p>"In most of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/edible-biodegradable-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> products, we found chemicals that can affect the secretion of hormones and metabolism," says Wagner.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-but-isn-t-plastic-inert">But isn't plastic inert?</h2>



<p>You might think that plastic is harmless – it's just a chemically neutral substance. However, as shown in another recent NTNU study, scientists found that several combinations of plastic chemicals can affect how your body sends and receives signals.</p>



<p>This finding suggests that plastic's impact goes beyond simple containment of goods. Instead, it actively engages with biological processes, potentially leading to a cascade of unwanted effects. </p>



<p>The implication here is stark: plastic, far from being chemically neutral, carries a variety of active compounds that can interfere with our body's most fundamental operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do">What can we do?</h2>



<p>While the discovery of harmful chemicals in plastic food packaging is indeed concerning, it's important to remember that you have the power to make choices that reduce your exposure and improve your overall health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Choosing safer alternatives</h3>



<p>Glass or steel containers are considered to be the safest bet. These materials are inert, meaning they do not react with the foods stored inside them. </p>



<p>Glass and steel are durable, reusable, and free from the chemicals typically found in plastics. Using glass or stainless steel containers for everyday food storage and meal prep can significantly decrease your exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Avoid heating food in plastic</h3>



<p>When plastic is heated, whether in a microwave or by other means, it increases the likelihood of chemical leaching. To avoid this risk, never use plastic containers for heating food in the microwave. Instead, transfer food to glass or ceramic containers that are designed to withstand high temperatures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Be informed and vigilant</h3>



<p>Start by familiarizing yourself with the materials used in the products you buy. Look specifically for products labeled "BPA-free". </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-plastic-items-pose-a-hidden-risk-to-childrens-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bisphenol A (BPA)</a> is one of the better-known chemicals that can leach from plastics and has been linked to various health issues, including hormonal disruptions and increased risk of cancer. </p>



<p>While BPA-free products are a safer choice, they may still contain other harmful chemicals, so continued caution and a push for broader safety testing and transparency in labeling are essential.</p>



<p>Taking these steps can significantly reduce your personal and family's exposure to harmful chemicals found in plastic products. </p>



<p>While broader change in how plastics are manufactured must come from industry and legislation, individual actions can collectively lead to greater demand for safer products and ultimately drive change in production practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-safer-plastics">A call for safer plastics</h2>



<p>Martin Wagner and his team believe the problem isn't plastic itself, but the chemicals added to it. With more research on exactly which chemicals pose the biggest threats, we may one day have plastic packaging that's completely safe – a win for both our health and the environment.</p>



<p>While we still don't know the long-term effects of constant exposure to these chemicals, scientists at NTNU believe that now is the time to overhaul our plastic manufacturing.</p>



<p>"These and previous findings show that plastic exposes us to toxic chemicals. They support the theory that we need to redesign plastic to make it safer," states Wagner.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c08250" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a></em>.</p>



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9936 chemicals found in plastic products used for food packaging

We use plastic wrap, containers, and packaging all the time....

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