Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska. With a size of approximately 1,680 square miles, Malaspina is the world’s largest piedmont glacier. It covers an area larger than the state of Rhode Island.&nbsp;



"To human eyes, glacial ice typically looks white tinged with blue. But in this false-color satellite image, the rippled ice of Alaska’s Malaspina Glacier appears more fiery than frosty," said NASA.



"In this configuration, watery features are displayed in reds, oranges, and yellows; vegetation appears green; and rock is shown in shades of blue."



A piedmont glacier forms when steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, where they spread out into bulbous, lobate shapes. Malaspina is fed by the Seward Ice Field and other smaller glaciers.&nbsp;



Despite its size, it's relatively thin for a glacier of its magnitude, averaging only about 600 meters (2,000 feet) in thickness.



The Malaspina Glacier is a classic example of a glacier experiencing significant retreat and thinning due to climate change. This has raised concerns about its long-term stability and the broader implications for sea-level rise.&nbsp;



The glacier's meltwater contributes to the Gulf of Alaska, and its changes are closely monitored by scientists.



Most of the Malaspina Glacier is located within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Its visually striking nature, including crevasses and moraines, makes it a subject of interest not only for scientists but also for photographers and nature enthusiasts.&nbsp;



The image was captured on October 27, 2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151929/indonesian-fires-return-in-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Moon peeking over Earth's horizon. The image was captured as the International Space Station was orbiting over Iraq. 



"Taken at an oblique angle from an altitude of 406 kilometers (252 miles), the photo has a perspective that highlights Earth’s atmospheric limb, or the edge of the atmosphere," says NASA.



"The blue-toned haze that fades into the darkness of space is the mesosphere, which reaches an altitude of about 80 kilometers (50 miles). Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. Although this layer is part of Earth’s atmosphere, it is commonly considered part of outer space."



According to NASA, the Moon is about 405,500 kilometers (251,000 miles) away from Earth at its furthest point, or apogee.



"Below the wispy clouds in the middle of the view is Lake Assad, a Euphrates River reservoir in northern Syria," notes NASA.



"Lake Assad is Syria’s largest lake and a primary source of the region’s drinking and irrigation water. The Tabqa Dam, which created the lake, is the largest hydroelectric dam in the country."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Moon peeks over Earth's horizon

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a rare view of Elephant Island off the coast of Antarctica. The photo was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission in February 2023.



Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island in the Southern Ocean. It is located in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands.



"The highest peaks are Mount Pendragon, which reaches around 970 meters, visible on the southern end, and, moving northeast, Mount Elder, which reaches around 945 meters," said ESA.



"North of Mount Elder, the wide Endurance Glacier can be seen in the centre of the image. It is the main discharge glacier on the island and drains to the south and into the Weddel Sea. Thin sea ice, visible in light blue in front of the calving front, separates the glacier terminus from the open ocean waters."



Elephant Island holds a special place in polar exploration history because of its role in the Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1914-1917). After their ship, the Endurance, was trapped and then crushed by ice in the Weddell Sea, Shackleton and his crew sailed lifeboats over treacherous seas to reach Elephant Island. It was an inhospitable place with no sources of food or shelter, but it was land.



Realizing that there was no chance of rescue from Elephant Island, Shackleton and a few crew members set out in a small lifeboat, the James Caird, to sail 800 miles to South Georgia Island where they hoped to find help. This journey is considered one of the greatest boat journeys ever accomplished. They did eventually reach South Georgia, and Shackleton was able to return to Elephant Island and rescue the remaining crew members.



Though it's largely ice-covered, Elephant Island is home to various wildlife, particularly seals, penguins, and seabirds. The island is uninhabited by humans, but it is a popular destination for expedition cruises and is often visited by those interested in polar exploration history.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Elephant Island off the coast of Antarctica

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Tunulliarfik Fjord, which is located along the southern perimeter of Greenland.



"On March 13, 2023, the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI-2) on Landsat 9 acquired these natural-color images of Tunulliarfik Fjord. The images have been pan-sharpened to bring out more detail," says NASA.



"At the time, the fjord’s waters were capped with a layer of sea ice. Atop the ice there are several long, straight lines connecting the towns of Narsarsuaq and Qassiarsuk, and running the length of the fjord. Though cracks and ridges can form naturally in the ice, there are indications that people were likely involved with producing some of the tracks pictured here."



The images were reviewed by Nathan Kurtz and several other scientists in the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The experts determined that many of the tracks were produced by vehicles like snowmobiles. 



“It seems likely that residents from the town or nearby were out on the ice, possibly hunting or traveling,“ said Kurtz.



Tunulliarfik Fjord, also known as Erik's Fjord, is historically significant because it's close to the site where Erik the Red, the Norse explorer, established the first Norse settlements in Greenland around the year 985 AD. These Norse settlements, particularly Brattahlíð, were key starting points for the Norse exploration of the region and are the reason Greenland has its name.



The fjord offers picturesque landscapes typical of Greenland, with steep cliffs, icebergs, and vast open waters. The region is rich in history, and there have been numerous archaeological digs uncovering remnants of the old Norse settlements.



Today, the nearby town of Qaqortoq is one of the primary settlements in the area, providing modern amenities while retaining a deep connection to the region's historical and cultural significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tunulliarfik Fjord in southern Greenland 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the west coast of South America. The photo was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station while orbiting over the Atacama Desert and Central Andes Mountains near the border of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.



"Over the Pacific Ocean, marine stratocumulus clouds develop over cold water that rises from the ocean depths as the Peru current (Humboldt current) flows north along the west coast of South America," says NASA. "The coastline is marked by low mountains that are dissected by canyons carved by rivers that flow down the western side of the Andes."



The Atacama Desert receives less than 0.2 inches of rain per year on average. According to NASA, this dry environment provides an ideal setting to conduct Mars analog studies.



"Active and inactive volcanoes comprise the Central Andean Volcanic Arc within the Atacama Desert and Andes Mountains. One of the inactive volcanoes visible in this photo is Bolivia’s Nevado Sajama, which has a maximum elevation of 6,542 meters (21,463 feet). Nevado Sajama and other volcanoes in the region often have <a href="http://glaciers">glaciers</a> and snow cover due to their high elevation."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Atacama Desert on the west coast of South America

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Anchorage, Alaska, during its snowiest November in at least seven decades. Last week, the city declared an emergency after back to back winter storms dumped record snowfall. 



By November 19, the National Weather Service Anchorage office had recorded 39.1 inches of snowfall for the mouth, topping the previous record of 38.8 inches from 1994.



"Much of the snow - about 20 inches (500 millimeters) - fell during a storm lasting from November 8–10. New daily snowfall records for November 8 and 9 were set during that storm. It caused power outages, treacherous road conditions, and office closures, according to news reports," said NASA.



"Another storm, which dropped nearly 9 more inches on November 13, added to the challenging conditions and prompted schools to switch to remote learning for several days."



"Outlying mountainous areas saw far more accumulation. Thompson Pass in the Chugach Mountains, about 140 miles (220 kilometers) east of Anchorage, reportedly received 72 inches (1.8 meters) of new snow on November 8."



Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska, is located between the Chugach Mountains and the Cook Inlet.&nbsp;



Known for its stunning scenery, Anchorage is a gateway to nearby wilderness areas and mountains, making it a popular destination for outdoor activities like hiking, skiing, and wildlife viewing. The city experiences long, cold winters and short, mild summers that shape much of its culture and lifestyle.



The city's history is deeply rooted in the indigenous cultures of the region, as well as its later development during the railroad construction in the early 20th century and the oil boom.&nbsp;



Despite its northern latitude, Anchorage boasts a surprising amount of biodiversity, including a variety of wildlife like moose, bears, and eagles, often seen within the city limits. The city is also known for its unique phenomena like the northern lights and the midnight sun.



The image was captured on November 19 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Anchorage had its snowiest November in decades 

The officers confirm that the Sunfish was fine and that it was not struggling or suffering, that’s just the way they swim – which can look quite clumsy from afar!

However, any new tourists around the area kept calling in and the station later had to release another statement to the public, telling them to stop calling in about the Sunfish. The creature became a beloved source of amusement for the town and raised awareness about the fish itself. Photo Credit: Murdoch University_Smithsonian Magazine

SunFish

A,Male,Asian,Elephant,Is,Enjoying,Bathing.

Researchers have recently shed light on how ancestral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> developed their dexterous trunks, a significant evolutionary adaptation. The study offers valuable insights into the feeding behaviors of extinct longirostrine elephantiforms -- elephant-like mammals known for their elongated lower jaws and tusks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-longirostrine-gomphotheres">Evolution of longirostrine gomphotheres</h2>



Longirostrine gomphotheres, part of the proboscidean family, are known for their prolonged evolutionary phase featuring an exceptionally elongated lower jaw. 



This fascinating study was crucial for understanding the dynamics behind the evolution of the extended lower jaw and lengthy trunks in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-may-be-the-first-non-human-animals-to-call-each-other-by-names/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a>-like animals. Longirostrine gomphotheres lived during the Miocene epoch, approximately 11-20 million years ago.



“During the Early to Middle Miocene, gomphotheres flourished across Northern China,” says lead author Dr. Chunxiao Li, a postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://english.ucas.ac.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, Beijing, China.



The research offers persuasive proof of the variety in these "trunk" features among longirostrine gomphotheres, as well as their probable adaptive responses to worldwide climate shifts.



Li continued, “Across species there was huge diversity in the structure of the long mandible. We sought to explain why proboscideans evolved the long mandible and why it subsequently regressed. We also wanted to explore the role of the trunk in these animals’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feeding behaviors</a>, and the environmental background for the co-evolution of their mandibles and trunks.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-elephant-trunk-evolution">Studying elephant trunk evolution</h2>



Li and colleagues employed comparative functional and eco-morphological investigations, along with a feeding preference analysis. From this, they reconstructed the feeding behavior of three major families of longirostrine gomphotheres: Amebelodontidae, Choerolophodontidae, and Gomphotheriidae. 



Examining crania and lower jaws from different museums revealed variations in mandible and tusk structures, indicating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-have-taught-themselves-to-peel-bananas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse appetites</a>.



The team’s analysis of enamel isotopes helped identify the ecological niches of the three families. Choerolophodontidae lived in relatively closed environments. Amebelodontidae family members, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/elephant_Playtybelodon_trunk_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Platybelodon</a>, inhabited open habitats like grasslands. Finally, Gomphotheriidae occupied a niche between these environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-elephant-trunk-evolution">Implications of elephant trunk evolution</h2>



A Finite Element analysis provided insights into the advantages and disadvantages of mandible and tusk structures among the three family groups. This effort revealed specializations for cutting different types of vegetation.



The study also found variations in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-behavior-provides-new-insights-into-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary stages</a> of the trunk among these families. Additionally, they uncovered implications for their feeding abilities and ecological adaptations. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-use-trunks-count/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trunk's development</a> paralleled the mandible's evolution, indicating a co-evolutionary relationship.



Furthermore, the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition, which led to regional drying and expansion of open ecosystems, had a significant impact on these species. The study suggests that Platybelodon's coiling and grasping trunk allowed it to thrive in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-asian-elephants-exhibit-strong-capacity-for-innovation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">open environments</a>. This trait is not developed in other trunk-bearing animals like tapirs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-elephant-trunk-research">Further elephant trunk research</h2>



Co-author Ji Zhang is associate professor of structural engineering at <a href="https://english.hust.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a>, Wuhan, China. Zhang highlights the importance of using modern computational mechanics and statistics in paleontological research, bringing a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding these ancient creatures.



“Our cross-disciplinary team is dedicated to introducing multiple quantitative research methods to explore paleontology,” says Zhang. “Modern computational mechanics and statistics have injected new vitality into traditional fossil research.”



The main limitation in their research is the lack of comparison with the development of gigantism and long limbs in proboscideans from the same period. Further analysis could enhance understanding of how changing feeding behaviors related to differences in body shapes and sizes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-journey-of-proboscideans">Evolutionary journey of proboscideans</h2>



<a href="http://sourcedb.ivpp.cas.cn/yw/rckyw/index_2.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Shi-Qi Wang</a> is the senior author and professor at the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He concludes that multiple eco-adaptations contributed to the diverse mandibular structure in proboscideans. The elongated mandible initially served as the primary feeding organ, paving the way for the development of the long trunk. 



“Our findings demonstrate that multiple eco-adaptations have contributed to the diverse mandibular structure found in proboscideans,” concludes Wang. “Initially, the elongated mandible served as the primary feeding organ in proboscideans, and was a prerequisite for the development of the extremely long trunk. Open-land grazing drove the development of trunk coiling and grasping functions, and the trunk then became the primary tool for feeding, leading to the gradual loss of the long mandible. In particular, Platybelodons may have been the first proboscidean to evolve this grazing behavior.”



The evolution of open-land grazing led to the modern day elephant trunk becoming the primary tool used for feeding. Over time, this adaptation resulted in the gradual loss of the long mandible. Platybelodons may represent the first proboscideans to evolve this grazing behavior. 



In summary, today's elephants use these versatile organs for a myriad of tasks, including breathing, communicating, grasping objects, and drinking. They have millions of years of evolution to thank for their amazing and iconic trunks. 



The full study was published in <a href="https://elifesciences.org/for-the-press/62f7502a/how-shifting-climates-may-have-shaped-early-elephants-trunks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife Sciences</a>.



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How elephants got their incredible iconic trunks

Researchers have recently shed light on how ancestral elephants developed...

An important discovery in the study of the Sun's behavior was released today by researchers at the Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India (<a href="http://www.cessi.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CESSI</a>). Their work has unveiled a new relationship between the Sun’s magnetic field and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-archipelago-15-times-wider-than-earth-spotted-by-nasa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspot</a> cycle. This discovery holds significant promise for predicting solar activities with greater accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-s-magnetic-field-and-sunspot-cycle">Sun’s magnetic field and sunspot cycle</h2>



The Sun, our nearest star, is a massive sphere of hot ionized gas, or plasma. Within it, immense plasma flows and convection currents interact to form magnetic fields. These fields surface as sunspots, dark patches comparable in size to Earth. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a> are centers of intense magnetism, possessing a magnetic strength about 10,000 times greater than Earth's.



Occasionally, these sunspot magnetic fields undergo violent disruptions, giving rise to solar magnetic storms such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-massive-solar-flare-struck-earth-on-monday-but-what-does-this-mean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flares</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejections</a>. These phenomena emit high-energy radiation and expel vast amounts of magnetized plasma into space. The most intense of these storms can wreak havoc on satellites, power grids, and communication networks on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-predicting-solar-storms">Challenge of predicting solar storms</h2>



Sunspot observation, dating back to the early 1600s, reveals a cyclic pattern. Approximately every 11 years, the number of sunspots and the intensity of solar activity peak, leading to heightened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather disturbances</a>. However, accurately predicting these peaks has been a longstanding challenge.



A dynamo mechanism, powered by plasma flows inside the Sun, drives the solar cycle. This mechanism involves two primary magnetic field components. 



One component manifests in <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/sunspots_SDO-NASA_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a>. The other component is active in recycling the Sun's large-scale dipole field, similar to Earth's magnetic field. Every 11 years, this dipole field also reverses its poles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-on-waldmeier-s-discovery">Expanding on Waldmeier’s discovery</h2>



In 1935, Swiss astronomer Max Waldmeier discovered a relationship known as the Waldmeier effect. Waldmeier found that the faster a sunspot cycle rises, the stronger the strength of the solar storms. This relationship has been pivotal in forecasting the strength of sunspot cycles based on early observations.



Priyansh Jaswal, Chitradeep Saha, and Dibyendu Nandy of <a href="https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/web/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IISER Kolkata</a> have discovered a complementary relationship. They found that the rate of decrease in the Sun’s dipole magnetic field correlates with the rate of rise of the ongoing sunspot cycle. 



This discovery, leveraging data from decades-old solar observatories, connects the two primary components of the Sun's magnetic field. In addition, it supports the notion that sunspots are integral to the solar dynamo process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictions-for-the-current-solar-cycle">Predictions for the current solar cycle</h2>



The IISER Kolkata team demonstrates how monitoring the Sun's dipole magnetic field's rate of decrease, combined with sunspot observations, can predict the peak of an ongoing cycle. Their analysis suggests that the peak of solar cycle 25 is likely to occur in early 2024, with a range of uncertainty extending to September 2024.



In summary, this new discovery opens a window for more accurate forecasting of solar cycle peaks. These are times when the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intense solar activity</a> and space weather disturbances are expected. Such advancements in understanding the Sun's magnetic dynamics are not only pivotal for space weather prediction but also essential for protecting Earth's technological infrastructure.



The full study was published in&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/528/1/L27/7441123">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters</a>



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Solar storms will intensify, then slow as the solar cycle peaks in early 2024

An important discovery in the study of the Sun's behavior...

In a recent study led by Dr. Shawn Olsen at the <a href="https://alleninstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Allen Institute</a>, researchers have made significant strides in understanding how our brains perceive - or fail to perceive - visual stimuli.&nbsp;



The research, focusing on a phenomenon known as visual masking, reveals intriguing insights into the mechanisms of conscious perception in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/">brain</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-masking">Visual masking</h2>



Visual masking occurs when an individual fails to consciously perceive an image due to the rapid succession of another image.&nbsp;



For the effect to occur, the first image must appear and disappear swiftly, followed rapidly (within about 50 milliseconds) by the second image. The current study explores visual masking in mice for the first time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puzzling-phenomenon-nbsp">Puzzling phenomenon&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists discovered this puzzling phenomenon in the 19th century, but the underlying mechanisms remain a mystery.&nbsp;



From previous studies, the scientists knew that neurons in the retina and parts of the brain in that pathway are activated even when a person is not aware that they are seeing an image. This means that your brain can see things without your knowledge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-awareness">Visual awareness</h2>



Dr. Olsen and his team, including Dr. Christof Koch and Dr. Sam Gale, trained mice to respond to visual stimuli. The mice were taught to turn a tiny LEGO wheel in the direction of a briefly flashed image to receive a treat.&nbsp;



When a masking image was introduced immediately after the target image, the mice failed to perform the task correctly, indicating a loss of conscious perception of the original image.



“This is an interesting observation, where what is present in the world is not accurately reflected in your perception,” said Dr. Olsen. “Like other visual illusions, we think that it tells us something about the way the visual system works and ultimately about the neural circuits that underlie visual awareness.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conscious-perception">Conscious perception </h2>



Conscious perception refers to the awareness that one has of their surroundings and internal states through sensory experiences. It involves the recognition and interpretation of sensory inputs, such as sights, sounds, and tactile sensations, as well as internal stimuli like thoughts and emotions.



The researchers pinpointed a specific brain region that is necessary for visual masking illusion to work. They propose that the visual cortex or higher areas of the cortex are responsible for conscious perception.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-and-mouse-perception-nbsp">Human and mouse perception&nbsp;</h2>



The experts wanted to confirm that the optical illusion they showed the rodents is relevant to humans. They tested 16 people using a keystroke instead of the wheel. The results showed that human and mouse perception - or lack thereof - is very similar.&nbsp;



The fact that human and mouse perceptions of this visual masking illusion were similar reinforces the theory that conscious perception resides in the cortex of mammals.



That fits with the general sentiment in the field that the cortex is the seat of conscious perception in mammals, including us, said Dr. Koch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The research offers profound insights into how our brains process visual information and what factors contribute to our conscious perception of the world.&nbsp;



It opens new avenues for understanding more about the visual system and the neural circuits that govern visual awareness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-visual-masking">More about visual masking</h2>



During visual masking, the perception of one visual stimulus (the target) is significantly impaired or entirely inhibited by the presence of another visual stimulus (the mask). This occurs when the mask is presented before, simultaneously with, or after the target.&nbsp;



The effect is a demonstration of how our visual system processes information over time and how certain stimuli can interfere with or alter the perception of others.



There are different types of visual masking, including backward masking (where the mask follows the target), forward masking (where the mask precedes the target), and simultaneous masking (where both target and mask are presented together).&nbsp;



The effectiveness of masking depends on various factors like the timing between target and mask, their spatial relationship, and their visual characteristics.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01488-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Neuroscience</a>.&nbsp;



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Visual masking: Your brain can see things without your knowledge

In a recent study led by Dr. Shawn Olsen at...

Scientists are raising alarms about the rapid and unpredictable behavior of Antarctic glaciers, with a focus on the Cadman Glacier, which has exhibited alarming changes in recent years. 



A group of scientists headed by Benjamin Wallis, a glaciologist from the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>, released a report that underscores the significance of their findings for comprehending the behavior of glaciers and the potential impact on worldwide sea levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-cadman-glacier-melt">Studying the Cadman Glacier melt</h2>



The team utilized satellite data to monitor the Cadman Glacier, which flows into Beascochea Bay on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">west Antarctic peninsula</a>. Between November 2018 and May 2021, they observed an alarming eight-kilometer retreat of the glacier. 



This was precipitated by the collapse of the ice shelf at the glacier's end, which had previously acted as a buttress, slowing the glacier's seaward movement. The loss of this ice shelf, attributed to warmer ocean waters, led to a dramatic acceleration in the glacier's flow, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cadman-glacier_ice-loss-diagram_European-commission_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doubling its speed</a> and increasing ice discharge through iceberg calving.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-state-of-the-cadman-glacier">State of the Cadman Glacier</h2>



Benjamin Wallis expressed his team's surprise at the rapid transition of the Cadman Glacier from a state of apparent stability to one of significant deterioration and ice loss. He noted the unique response of this glacier compared to its neighbors, underscoring the complexity of predicting climate change impacts in polar regions. 



Wallis said: “We were surprised to see the speed at which Cadman went from being an apparently stable&nbsp;glacier to one where we see sudden deterioration and significant ice loss.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;



“What was also curious was that the neighboring glaciers on this part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">west Antarctic Peninsula</a> did not react in the same way, which may hold important lessons for the way we can better project how climate change will continue to affect this important and sensitive polar region.   



“Our study brought together data from three decades, nine different satellite missions, and in-situ oceanographic measurements to understand the changes happening in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-will-drive-more-sea-level-rise-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a>. This demonstrates how important it is to have long term monitoring of the Earth’s polar regions with a range of sensors which all tell us a different piece of the story.”  



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



Their research, integrating data from multiple satellite missions and oceanographic measurements, stresses the importance of long-term, diverse monitoring of Earth's polar regions.



Currently, the Cadman Glacier is in a state of "substantial dynamic imbalance." The glacier is thinning at a rate of about 20 meters per year, equivalent to the height of a five-story building, and is shedding approximately 2.16 billion tons of ice annually into the ocean. 



This rapid change was triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cadman-glacier_ice-loss-diagram_temperature-anomaly_European-commission_3medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unusually high ocean temperatures</a> around the west Antarctic peninsula in early 2018/19, believed to have been impacting the glacier since the early 2000s or possibly even the 1970s.



The warmer ocean waters, present deep in the water column, may have reached and melted the ice shelf from the bottom up. In 2018/19, this melting was so extensive that the ice shelf broke free from its grounding zone, allowing the glacier to drain more ice into the sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unanswered-questions-remain">Unanswered questions remain</h2>



The research team is still investigating why the Cadman Glacier collapsed while neighboring glaciers like Funk and Lever remained relatively stable. They speculate that subsea rock structures, acting as barriers, might be deflecting warmer water away from these glaciers. However, increasing ocean temperatures could eventually overcome these natural defenses.



Professor Michael Meredith from the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>, a co-author of the study, emphasized the rapid warming of the ocean around Antarctica and its threat to glaciers and ice sheets. He highlighted the need for comprehensive ocean monitoring, especially near hard-to-reach glaciers.



Meredith said, “We have known for some time that the ocean around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-sheet-was-more-dynamic-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> is heating up rapidly, and that this poses a significant threat to glaciers and the ice sheet, with consequences for sea level rise globally.  



“What this new research shows is that apparently stable glaciers can switch very rapidly, becoming unstable almost without warning, and then thinning and retreating very strongly. This emphasizes the need for a comprehensive ocean observing network around Antarctica, especially in regions close to glaciers that are especially hard to make measurements.”   



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-cadman-glacier-melt">Implications of Cadman Glacier melt</h2>



The researchers describe the Cadman Glacier's transformation as a "glaciological tipping point," a concept where a stable system can become unstable due to a change in environmental conditions. In this case, the arrival of warm ocean water caused the glacier's ice shelf to unground, leading to a 28% increase in ice discharge in just 13 months.



This study suggests that other glaciers on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-has-lost-3000-billion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic Peninsula</a> might also be vulnerable to rapid changes due to subsea geology and environmental factors. These findings underscore the urgency of understanding and monitoring glacial dynamics to better predict and mitigate the impacts of climate change on global sea levels.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42970-4">Nature</a>.



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Cadman Glacier is losing 2.1 billion tons of ice melting into the ocean each year

Scientists are raising alarms about the rapid and unpredictable behavior...

Scientists from the <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a> have made a significant discovery regarding newborn babies, music, and "beat" perception. The research confirms that newborns have rhythm and can recognize the beat in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-can-prevent-brain-aging-and-cognitive-decline/">music</a>. 



The findings suggest that the ability to perceive a music beat is an innate cognitive mechanism - distinct from other learning processes - that is active from the very beginning of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-babies-perceive-music">How babies perceive music</h2>



"There is still a lot we don't know about how newborn babies perceive, remember and process <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-as-a-pain-reliever-the-power-of-your-playlist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a>," study's lead author Professor Henkjan Honing. 



"But, in 2009, we found clear indications that babies of just a few days old have the ability to hear a regular pulse in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-activity-reveals-connection-between-music-and-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a> -- the beat -- a characteristic that is considered essential for making and appreciating music."



To further explore this phenomenon, the researchers conducted an experiment with 27 newborn babies. The goal was to distinguish between the babies' ability to learn the order of sounds in a drum rhythm (statistical learning) and their capacity to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-prefer-listening-to-live-music-than-to-a-recording-of-the-same-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recognize a beat</a> (beat-induction). 



This distinction is crucial in understanding how beat perception operates as a separate cognitive mechanism from birth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



The method involved presenting two versions of a drum rhythm to the babies via headphones. The first version had an isochronous timing, maintaining equal intervals between sounds, enabling the perception of a pulse or beat.&nbsp;



The second version had the same drum pattern but with random timing (jittered), making beat perception impossible, though the sequence of sounds could still be learned.



Due to the challenges in observing behavioral responses in newborns, the study relied on brain wave measurements (EEG) taken while the babies slept. This approach allowed the researchers to observe the brain responses to the different rhythm versions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-into-babies-and-music">Key insights into babies and music</h2>



The experts found that when the rhythm had regular intervals, the babies' brain responses indicated they heard the beat. However, when the timing was irregular, the beat was not perceived.



"This crucial difference confirms that being able to hear the beat is innate and not simply the result of learned sound sequences," said study author István Winkler, a professor at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology at the HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences (TTK).&nbsp;



"Our findings suggest that it is a specific skill of newborns and make clear how important baby and nursery rhymes are for the auditory development of young children. More insight into early perception is of great importance for learning more about infant cognition and the role that musical skills may play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-promotes-social-development-in-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early development</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fundamental-human-trait-nbsp">Fundamental human trait&nbsp;</h2>



The research not only adds a new dimension to our understanding of cognitive development in newborns but also highlights the intrinsic connection between humans and music from birth.



"Most people can easily pick up the beat in music and judge whether the music is getting faster or slower – it seems like an inconsequential skill," said Professor Honing.



"However, since perceiving regularity in music is what allows us to dance and make music together, it is not a trivial phenomenon. In fact, beat perception can be considered a fundamental human trait that must have played a crucial role in the evolution of our capacity for music."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-human-connection-to-music">The human connection to music</h2>



Music is an extraordinary force, deeply rooted in human nature. Across all cultures and ages, it serves as a universal language, transcending barriers and fostering connections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-impact-of-music">Emotional impact of music</h3>



Music possesses a unique ability to evoke <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotions-inspired-by-music-shape-our-most-enduring-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">profound emotions</a> in adults and babies alike. Melodies and rhythms can trigger joy, sadness, nostalgia, or excitement, often instantly and intensely. This emotional resonance is due to music’s direct link to the brain’s limbic system, which governs our emotions and memories.



Groups often use music to strengthen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/classical-music-can-synchronize-the-heartbeats-of-strangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a>. Whether it's through a shared experience at a concert, a communal dance, or singing together, music fosters a sense of belonging and unity. This communal aspect of music is rooted in our evolutionary history, where early humans used music for social cohesion and communication.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-and-memory">Music and memory</h3>



Music's power extends to unlocking memories. A familiar song can transport us back in time, reviving forgotten moments and emotions. This phenomenon, known as the "Proustian effect," highlights music’s capacity to activate specific memory traces.



In therapy, music aids in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-can-prevent-brain-aging-and-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory recall</a> and emotional processing, especially in patients with Alzheimer’s or dementia. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-therapy-can-reduce-pain-stress-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Music therapy</a> has shown remarkable results in reawakening memories and improving the mood and cognitive function of such patients.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-in-cultural-identity">Music in cultural identity</h3>



Music is a vital expression of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-biases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cultural identity</a>. It carries the stories, beliefs, and traditions of a community, passing them down through generations. Traditional music forms help preserve cultural heritage and foster a sense of identity and continuity.



Furthermore, music acts as a bridge between different cultures. Exposure to diverse musical styles fosters understanding and appreciation of other cultures, promoting empathy and tolerance.



In summary, music’s role in human connection is profound and multifaceted. It evokes emotions, strengthens social bonds, unlocks memories, and expresses cultural identity. Its universal appeal lies in its ability to speak directly to the human spirit, making it a powerful tool for connection and understanding in an increasingly diverse world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105670" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cognition</a>.



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Babies are born with the ability to recognize 'the beat' in music

Scientists from the University of Amsterdam have made a significant...

Laptop,Mobile,Leisure,Browsing,Concept

A comprehensive international study conducted by the <a href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford Internet Institute</a> has challenged the widespread assumption that the internet significantly harms mental health and psychological well-being. 



The research, encompassing data from over two million individuals across 168 countries, suggests only minor and inconsistent links between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-screen-time-changes-the-brain-based-on-23-years-of-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internet use</a> and psychological distress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-and-the-internet">Mental health and the internet</h2>



Professor <a href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/andrew-przybylski/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andrew Przybylski</a> from the Oxford Internet Institute and Assistant Professor <a href="https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/matti-vuorre/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matti Vuorre</a> of <a href="https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tilburg University</a>, along with their team, analyzed extensive data spanning two decades. They found only slight and inconsistent changes in global well-being and mental health. 



"We looked very hard for a ‘smoking gun’ linking technology and well-being and we didn’t find it," states Professor Przybylski.



The study is notable for its breadth, examining the largest dataset on well-being and<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/swedish-pediatricians-no-screen-time-for-children-under-two/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> internet adoption</a> to date. Professor Vuorre notes, "Although we couldn’t address causal effects of internet use, our descriptive results indicated small and inconsistent associations."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demographic-insights">Demographic insights</h2>



Contrary to common beliefs, the study found no specific demographic patterns among internet users, regardless of age or gender. Interestingly, for the average country, life satisfaction increased more for females over the period. Professor Przybylski asserts, "There is no evidence to support popular ideas that certain groups are more at risk."



The research team also explored the relationship between mobile broadband adoption and life satisfaction. They discovered a positive correlation, but the association was too insignificant to hold practical relevance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-call-for-transparency">Scientists call for transparency</h2>



The researchers emphasize the necessity for technology companies to share their data for more conclusive research. "Research on the effects of internet technologies is stalled because the data most urgently needed are collected and held behind closed doors by technology companies and online platforms," the study highlights.



The study involved contrasting data on well-being and mental health against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negative-effects-of-screen-time-offset-by-outdoor-play/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internet and mobile</a> broadband usage. The assessment of well-being was conducted through face-to-face and phone surveys in native languages, while mental health data were derived from statistical estimates of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and self-harm from 2000 to 2019.



In summary, the Oxford Internet Institute's study presents a nuanced understanding of the relationship between internet use and psychological well-being. It challenges the narrative of the internet as a major negative influence on mental health, calling for more data transparency for comprehensive research in the future.



The full paper ‘<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/21677026231207791" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Well-Being and Mental Health in the Internet Age</a>’ was published in the journal Clinical Psychological Science.



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Study: The internet is not bad for your mental health

A comprehensive international study conducted by the Oxford Internet Institute...

A recent scientific discovery could be straight out of a science fiction novel. Researchers involved in the Telescope Array experiment have identified an extraordinarily energetic cosmic ray. <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Amaterasu_cosmic-ray_Credit-Osaka-Metropolitan-University_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This particle</a>, named “Amaterasu,” originated from outside our galaxy and boasts an energy level of approximately 240 exa-electron volts (EeV). 



Despite its remarkable detection, the analysis reveals that the direction from which this cosmic ray arrived does not align with any discernible source.



Cosmic rays are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">not just particles</a> from space; they are energetic charged particles that come from both galactic and extragalactic sources. Among these, the extremely high-energy cosmic rays are particularly rare and fascinating. 



These rays can possess <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-gamma-ray-burst-was-70-times-brighter-than-any-cosmic-explosion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy levels</a> greater than 10^18 electron volts (EeV), a figure that is about a million times higher than the energy achievable by the most powerful human-made accelerators. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-telescope-array-experiment">The Telescope Array experiment</h2>



Associate Professor Toshihiro Fujii is from the Graduate School of Science and <a href="https://www.nitep.osaka-cu.ac.jp/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nambu Yoichiro Institute</a> of Theoretical and Experimental Physics at <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Osaka Metropolitan University</a>. Since 2008, Professor Fujii, alongside an international team, has been at the forefront of the <a href="https://www.telescopearray.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Telescope Array</a> experiment. 



This experiment involves a cosmic ray detector comprising 507 scintillator surface stations spread over an area of 700 square kilometers in Utah, United States. On May 27, 2021, this team made a groundbreaking discovery: they detected a particle with an energy level of 244 EeV.



“When I first discovered this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-detect-highest-energy-gamma-rays-ever-from-a-pulsar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultra-high-energy</a> cosmic ray, I thought there must have been a mistake, as it showed an energy level unprecedented in the last 3 decades,” Professor Fujii remarked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-amaterasu-particle">The Amaterasu particle</h2>



This newly detected particle has been named "Amaterasu," after the sun goddess in Shinto religion, who is believed to have played a crucial role in the creation of Japan. 



The Amaterasu particle's energy level is comparable to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">"Oh-My-God" particle</a>, which held the record for the most energetic cosmic ray with an estimated energy of 320 EeV when detected in 1991.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-amaterasu-particle">Significance of the Amaterasu particle</h2>



The discovery of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Amaterasu_cosmic-ray_Credit-Osaka-Metropolitan-University_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amaterasu particle</a> raises numerous questions: What is its origin? What type of particle is it? Unfortunately, these questions remain unanswered. 



As mentioned previously, no astronomical object corresponding to the direction from which the cosmic ray originated has been identified. This suggests the possibility of unknown astronomical phenomena or novel physical origins that extend beyond the current Standard Model of particle physics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research">Ongoing research</h2>



Professor Fujii and his team are committed to continuing their research with the Telescope Array experiment. They are also involved in an upgraded experiment, known as TAx4, which promises four times the sensitivity of the current setup. Along with next-generation observatories, these advancements will aid in a more detailed investigation into the source of this extremely energetic particle.



In summary, the Amaterasu particle not only challenges our understanding of cosmic rays but also opens the door to potentially revolutionary discoveries in astrophysics and particle physics. As researchers continue to unravel the mysteries of these high-energy particles, we may be on the verge of uncovering new aspects of our universe, far beyond what we currently comprehend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cosmic-rays">More about cosmic rays</h2>



As discussed above, cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outer space and travel at nearly the speed of light. They consist primarily of protons, atomic nuclei, and a small fraction of heavier elements, including electrons and positrons. These particles carry immense energy, often exceeding energies found in even the most powerful particle accelerators on Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-and-composition">Origins and composition</h3>



Cosmic rays originate from various sources in the universe, including the sun, distant stars, supernova explosions, and possibly even distant galaxies. The majority are atomic nuclei stripped of their electron shells, with protons (hydrogen nuclei) being the most common. Helium nuclei (alpha particles) and heavier nuclei like carbon, oxygen, and iron also constitute a significant portion.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-with-earth-s-atmosphere">Interaction with Earth's atmosphere</h3>



Upon entering Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays collide with atomic nuclei in the air, creating showers of secondary particles, including mesons, electrons, and photons. These secondary particles can sometimes be detected on the Earth's surface, providing valuable information about the primary cosmic rays.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance-of-cosmic-rays">Scientific significance of cosmic rays</h3>



Cosmic rays are of great scientific interest for several reasons. They provide insights into high-energy physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Studying cosmic rays helps scientists understand the fundamental forces and particles in the universe, the behavior of stars, and the interstellar medium. Additionally, cosmic rays are a key factor in the atmospheric chemistry of Earth and other planets.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-hazards">Potential hazards</h3>



Cosmic rays pose potential hazards to astronauts in space and high-altitude flights, as they can penetrate spacecraft and aircraft. Prolonged exposure to cosmic rays can lead to increased risks of cancer and other health issues. Understanding and mitigating these risks is crucial for future space exploration and aviation safety.



Cosmic rays are not only a fascinating subject of scientific study but also have practical implications for space travel and understanding the universe's fundamental properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-oh-my-god-particle">More about the "Oh-my-God" particle</h2>



In the world of astrophysics, few discoveries stir as much excitement as the detection of extremely high-energy cosmic rays. Among these, the "Oh-My-God" particle, as mentioned above, stands out for its almost unimaginable energy levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-background-on-cosmic-rays">Background on cosmic rays</h3>



Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that travel through space, striking the Earth from all directions. Most originate from the sun or from outside our solar system, possibly even from distant galaxies. They consist primarily of protons or atomic nuclei, and their energy levels can vary widely.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery">Discovery</h3>



The "Oh-My-God" particle, named for its shockingly high energy, was first detected on the night of October 15, 1991. Researchers using the University of Utah's Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector spotted this particle. Its energy was estimated to be around 320 exa-electron volts (EeV) - more than 50 million times greater than the highest energy achieved in any human-made particle accelerator at the time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance">Significance</h3>



This particle's energy posed a significant challenge to scientists. It seemed to violate the so-called Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) limit, a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic rays from distant sources. 



This limit is based on interactions between cosmic rays and the cosmic microwave background radiation, which should theoretically sap these particles of their energy over long distances. The detection of the "Oh-My-God" particle suggested either a violation of this limit or indicated that it originated from a relatively close source in cosmic terms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications">Implications</h3>



The discovery spurred intense research and debate within the astrophysics community. It raised questions about the sources of such high-energy particles and the mechanisms that could accelerate them to such extreme velocities. Understanding these processes is crucial for our broader comprehension of the universe, including the nature of galaxies, quasars, and black holes.



In summary, the "Oh-My-God" particle remains one of the most extreme examples of cosmic rays ever observed. Its detection has played a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the universe, challenging existing theories, and pushing the boundaries of astrophysics.



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Cosmic ray named "Sun goddess" strikes Earth, leaving scientists baffled

A recent scientific discovery could be straight out of a...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Eager to solve the mystery, Buckminster sent two DNR officers out to search the cove and find the unidentified creature urgently. It wasn’t long before they spotted the scary-looking fin in the water.
But as they got close, it became obvious that the animal wasn’t an injured seal or a terrifying shark, instead, it was the bizarre-looking sea creature called a Sunfish. Photo Credit: Wareham Department of Natural Resources

Sending Out Detectives

Although the intention behind the calls differed, a few things remained the same. There was something different about the way this creature moved.

It was big and its fin pierced above the water like a great white. Its jerky movements made some afraid and others worried it was injured. Speculations of what the creature was spanned from an injured seal to a vicious shark, but no one could have suspected the real answer. Photo Credit: Patriot Ledger