<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.</p>



<p>Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



<p>"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said NASA.</p>



<p>"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020. </p>



<p>Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."</p>



<p>When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. "This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.</p>



<p>“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



<p>The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. This glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.</p>



<p>A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. </p>



<p>This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe. </p>



<p>Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.</p>



<p>The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. </p>



<p>The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Corbassière glacier: Earth's climate archives are melting away

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

<p>An intriguing new study reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-an-incredible-sense-of-smell-to-find-their-way-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a>, known for their vital role as pollinators, possess an unexpected capacity for teamwork and cooperative problem-solving. </p>



<p>This research suggests that complex social behaviors may not be solely reliant on large brain size, as commonly assumed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-bumblebees-teamwork">Unexpected bumblebees teamwork</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.oulu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oulu</a> in Finland got creative to understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-may-be-capable-of-cultural-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> cooperate. They designed two clever experiments:</p>



<ul>
<li>Teams of two bumblebees were trained to push a small Lego block towards a center target to earn a sweet nectar treat. This required them to figure out that they both needed to push at the same time.</li>



<li>In a different setup, bumblebee pairs faced a transparent tunnel with a door at the end. To reach the nectar reward, they had to figure out how to simultaneously touch the door to make it open.</li>
</ul>



<p>The bumblebees didn't just learn these strange new tasks; they shocked the researchers. When one bumblebee in a pair was delayed, its partner often waited before starting the task. Even more, they were more likely to start pushing&nbsp;<em>only</em>&nbsp;when their partner joined in.</p>



<p>In the tunnel challenge, some bees turned around when their partners were delayed, even before reaching the door. Interestingly, when they saw their teammate heading the right way, they turned around again.</p>



<p>These actions suggest that bumblebees aren't just blindly going through the motions. They might be actively adjusting what they do based on what their teammate is (or isn't) doing!</p>



<p>"Our findings show for the first time that bumblebees can learn to solve novel cooperative tasks outside the hive. But the coolest part of this work is that it clearly demonstrates that bumblebee cooperation is socially influenced, and not just driven by individual efforts," states Dr. Olli Loukola, the study's lead researcher.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-evidence-of-intentional-teamwork">Bumblebees evidence of intentional teamwork</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-bumblebees-hold-their-breath-and-survive-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bumblebees</a> who were trained collaboratively demonstrated behaviors hinting at intentional cooperation. When a partner was delayed, they were more likely to wait before initiating the task and adjusted their actions based on their partner's movements. This raises the intriguing question of whether they actively coordinate their efforts to achieve a shared goal.</p>



<p>For a long time, scientists believed that complex social behaviors, like teamwork and understanding how to work together, required a big ol' brain. </p>



<p>Humans, dolphins, elephants – these were the poster children for collaboration. But bumblebees? Their brains are incredibly tiny compared to ours!</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-brains-can-accomplish-amazing-things">Small brains can accomplish amazing things</h2>



<p>This research flips that idea on its head. It shows that even a creature with a miniature brain can work with others towards a common goal. This makes us question what's&nbsp;<em>really</em>&nbsp;needed for cooperation to develop.</p>



<p>If insects as seemingly simple as bumblebees possess teamwork skills, it changes how we think about the origins of cooperation. </p>



<p>Maybe the ability to work together isn't something that suddenly appeared in big-brained mammals. Instead, it could have deeper evolutionary roots, starting with much earlier, simpler life forms.</p>



<p>"This research can contribute to a broader understanding of animal behavior and evolution. It may also inspire new research on the evolution of social intelligence and cooperation in different animal species," notes Dr. Loukola.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-and-broader-impacts">Future research and broader impacts</h2>



<p>While it remains to be fully determined whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-unique-defense-tactics-against-asian-hornets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> grasp the full implications of their cooperative actions, this study offers strong evidence for their collaborative capabilities. </p>



<p>"Whether bumblebees truly understand the role of their partner will require further research with more detailed monitoring of their behavior during cooperation," Dr. Loukola indicates.</p>



<p>Beyond its purely scientific value, this work on bumblebee cooperation carries significant potential applications in technology and robotics. </p>



<p>Understanding the collaborative strategies of these insects could provide inspiration for designing robots that work together effectively, adapting to changing circumstances. </p>



<p>These principles could help shape the next generation of robots used in fields like search-and-rescue or complex manufacturing tasks. </p>



<p>Additionally, this research spotlights the unexpected complexity of insects, fostering a greater appreciation for their intelligence and social behaviors. </p>



<p>This newfound understanding could bolster conservation efforts, emphasizing the importance of protecting bumblebees and the delicate ecosystems they support.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal in <em><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0055" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a></em>.</p>



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Bumblebees show surprising and highly adept teamwork skills

An intriguing new study reveals that bumblebees, known for their...

Flashes,,Storms,On,The,Sun.,Elements,Of,This,Image,Furnished

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-2-2024-1639-utc">Update -- May 2, 2024, 1639 UTC</h2>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impacts-on-power-systems-satellites-and-more">Potential impacts on power systems, satellites, and more</h2>



<p>A recent space weather message has been issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>), warning of a significant geomagnetic storm that is expected to impact Earth. </p>



<p>The warning, which is valid from 1640 UTC to 2100 UTC on May 2, 2024, indicates that a geomagnetic K-index of 7 or greater is anticipated.</p>



<p>This geomagnetic storm is classified as a G3 or greater event on the <a href="http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Scale</a>. It has the potential to cause widespread effects, particularly in areas poleward of 50 degrees geomagnetic latitude.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-systems-and-induced-currents">Power systems and induced currents</h2>



<p>One of the primary concerns during a geomagnetic storm of this magnitude is the impact on power systems. Voltage irregularities may occur in power systems, and false alarms could be triggered on some protection devices. Utility companies should be prepared for potential disruptions and take necessary precautions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spacecraft-and-satellite-issues">Spacecraft and satellite issues</h2>



<p>Spacecraft in orbit around Earth may also experience challenges during this geomagnetic event. Satellites in low Earth orbit may encounter increased drag, which can affect their orientation and trajectory. </p>



<p>Additionally, spacecraft surfaces may experience charging, which can interfere with their proper functioning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigation-and-gps-disruptions">Navigation and GPS disruptions</h2>



<p>Navigation systems, particularly those relying on GPS, may face intermittent problems during the geomagnetic storm. Users of GPS technology may experience loss-of-lock and increased range errors. It is important to be aware of these potential issues and have alternative navigation methods available if needed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radio-communication-interruptions">Radio communication interruptions</h2>



<p>High-frequency (HF) radio communication may also be affected by the geomagnetic storm. HF radio signals can become intermittent during such events. This can impact long-distance communication, including aviation, maritime, and amateur radio operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aurora-visibility">Aurora visibility</h2>



<p>One of the more visually stunning effects of a strong geomagnetic storm is the increased visibility of auroras. During this event, auroras may be visible at much lower latitudes than usual. </p>



<p>People in areas as far south as Pennsylvania, Iowa, and Oregon may have a chance to witness these mesmerizing displays in the night sky.</p>



<p>To stay informed here at EArth.com about the latest space weather conditions and alerts, and visit the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center website at <a href="http://www.swpc.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.swpc.noaa.gov</a>. </p>



<p>As the geomagnetic storm unfolds, it is crucial for individuals and organizations to take appropriate precautions and stay updated on any further developments. By being prepared and informed, we can minimize the potential disruptions caused by this powerful space weather event.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-2-2024-1412-utc">Update -- May 2, 2024, 1412 UTC</h2>



<p>On May 2, 2024, at 1412 UTC, a geomagnetic sudden impulse was observed by the HAD station, with a deviation of 29 nT. A Geomagnetic Sudden Impulse (SI) Expected Warning is issued when a shock has been observed in the upstream, in situ solar wind data. </p>



<p>Based on the post-shock velocity, space weather forecasters generate a warning period indicative of when this disturbance is expected at Earth. </p>



<p>The Geomagnetic Sudden Impulse Summary product is issued when the shock is actually observed at Earth, as indicated by the response of ground-based magnetic observatories. These products are useful in that they can confirm the actual arrival of anticipated coronal mass ejection (CME).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-g2-event-with-k-index-of-6-thus-far">G2 event with K-Index of 6 thus far</h2>



<p>This event has triggered a warning from the Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>), indicating that a geomagnetic K-Index of 6 is expected to occur between 1450 UTC and 2100 UTC on the same day.</p>



<p>According to the SWPC, this geomagnetic storm is classified as a G2 event on the NOAA Space Weather Scale, which is considered a moderate level of severity. The potential impacts of this storm are expected to be primarily felt in areas poleward of 55 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude.</p>



<p>For more information on the NOAA Space Weather Scales and their potential impacts, please visit <a href="http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-grid-fluctuations-and-voltage-alarms">Power grid fluctuations and voltage alarms</h2>



<p>One of the main concerns during a geomagnetic storm of this magnitude is the potential for power grid fluctuations. High-latitude power systems may experience voltage alarms, which could lead to disruptions in electrical service. </p>



<p>Utility companies in affected areas are advised to monitor their systems closely and take necessary precautions to minimize any potential damage or outages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-irregularities-and-increased-drag">Satellite irregularities and increased drag</h2>



<p>Spacecraft in orbit around Earth may also be affected by the geomagnetic storm. Satellite orientation irregularities may occur, which could temporarily disrupt communication and navigation services. </p>



<p>Additionally, low Earth-orbit satellites may experience increased drag due to the heightened activity in the Earth's magnetic field, which could cause them to slow down and require adjustments to their orbits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-frequency-radio-propagation-fading">High-frequency radio propagation fading</h2>



<p>Another potential impact of the geomagnetic storm is the fading of high-frequency (HF) radio propagation at higher latitudes. </p>



<p>This could affect long-distance communication, particularly in areas near the poles. Users of HF radio services should be prepared for possible disruptions and have alternative communication methods available if necessary.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aurora-visibility-expands">Aurora visibility expands</h2>



<p>On a more positive note, the geomagnetic storm may also bring the beautiful aurora borealis, or northern lights, to a wider range of locations than usual. The SWPC predicts that the aurora may be visible as far south as New York, Wisconsin, and Washington state during this event. </p>



<p>Skywatchers in these areas are encouraged to look to the northern horizon for a chance to catch a glimpse of this stunning natural phenomenon.</p>



<p>As the geomagnetic storm unfolds, the SWPC will continue to monitor the situation and provide updates as necessary. Stay tuned for more updates.</p>



<p>------</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-m9-5-flare-from-strong-solar-activity-causes-radio-blackouts-may-2-2024">Powerful M9.5 flare from strong solar activity causes radio blackouts (May 2, 2024)</h2>



<p>Solar activity has reached high levels, with five sunspot groups present on the visible solar disk. In addition, background X-ray flux levels have increased mostly in the low C-class levels, according to a forecast discussion prepared by the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>, and the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Weather Prediction Center</a> on May 1, 2024.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/r2-moderate-hf-radio-blackout-observed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3654</a>, located at solar coordinates S07W70 with a Fkc/beta-delta classification, has weakened slightly in its magnetic complexity, with the gamma configuration appearing to diminish. </p>



<p>However, the mixed polarity delta spot in the intermediate section has retained its magnetic shear, and the instability was evident as it produced an <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/m9-5_solar-flare_region-3654_GOES_043024_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">M9.5/2b flare at 30/2346 UTC</a> and a long duration <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GVRo2WxRHc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">C5.8 at 01/0758 UTC</a>. </p>



<p>An associated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CME</a> was observed with the long duration C5.8 flare, but analysis suggests an Earth-directed component is unlikely due to the region's far west location.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-region-3663-emerges-and-undergoes-slow-growth">New region 3663 emerges and undergoes slow growth</h2>



<p>New Region 3663, located at N25E27 with a Bxo/beta classification, emerged and underwent slow growth but remained stable. The remaining regions were inactive and had little change.</p>



<p>The forecast predicts that solar activity is likely to be moderate, with a slight chance of low-level <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-alert-severe-geomagnetic-solar-storm-warning-issued/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-class flares</a> (R3; Strong) on May 1, primarily due to the magnetic complexity of Region 3654 and its history of flare production. </p>



<p>However, as the region rotates closer to the limb, M-class flare probabilities decrease to a chance on May 2 and further decrease as the region rotates beyond the limb on May 3.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energetic-particle-flux-remains-normal-to-moderate">Energetic particle flux remains normal to moderate</h2>



<p>The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was normal to moderate, and the greater than 10 MeV proton flux remained at background levels. </p>



<p>The forecast expects the greater than 2 MeV electron flux to continue at normal to moderate levels from May 1-3, while the greater than 10 MeV proton flux is expected to maintain at background levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-wind-environment-experiences-disturbance">Solar wind environment experiences disturbance</h2>



<p>The solar wind environment was indicative of a slow regime until a disturbance in the field occurred near 30/1130 UTC. Total IMF increased from ambient levels and peaked at 14 nT, while the Bz component underwent a prolonged southward deflection with a maximum negative deviation of -8 nT. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar wind</a> speed underwent a slight escalation but peaked around 425 km/s. The cause of the disturbance is uncertain, but a possible candidate is an isolated negative polarity CH HSS or a transient passage.</p>



<p>The forecast anticipates a disturbed and variably enhanced solar wind field over the next three days due to possible weak transient passages followed by additional CH HSS effects from an isolated positive polarity CH HSS that should become geoeffective on May 3. </p>



<p>Additionally, a CME that departed the Sun on April 29 with mainly a westward component may cause near proximity influences or weak flanking effects later on May 3.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-field-reaches-active-levels">Geomagnetic field reaches active levels</h2>



<p>The geomagnetic field reached active levels for a few periods in response to the disturbed solar wind field. The forecast expects G1 (Minor) geomagnetic storming during the early hours of May 1 due to transient-like effects. </p>



<p>Active levels, with a chance of G1 (Minor) storms, are anticipated from May 2-3 in varying response to CH HSS effects and possible transient passages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minor-geomagnetic-storming-anticipated-as-solar-wind-fluctuates">Minor geomagnetic storming anticipated as solar wind fluctuates</h2>



<p>In summary, the Space Weather Prediction Center's forecast discussion reveals a dynamic and ever-changing solar environment. As Region 3654 continues to generate flares and new regions emerge, solar activity remains high. </p>



<p>The forecast predicts moderate activity with a chance of strong X-class flares, while particle flux levels remain stable. The solar wind environment experiences disturbances, potentially causing geomagnetic storming in the coming days. </p>



<p>As these events unfold, scientists continue to monitor and analyze the data, providing crucial information to help us understand and prepare for the impacts of solar activity on our planet.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

NOAA Update: Solar storm warning, impacts on power, satellites, aurorae

Update -- May 2, 2024, 1639 UTC Potential impacts on...

<p>Methane emissions from landfills, urban areas, and across several U.S. states are substantially underestimated by the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). This is the conclusion of a study by researchers at the <a href="https://seas.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences </a>(SEAS).</p>



<p>The experts used advanced satellite data from 2019 combined with an atmospheric transport model to create a detailed map of methane <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> across the United States. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underestimated-methane-emissions">Underestimated methane emissions</h2>



<p>The analysis showed that emissions from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landfills-emit-exorbitant-amount-methane-into-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">landfills</a> were 51% higher than EPA estimates for the same year. In addition, methane emissions from urban areas were 39% higher, while those from the ten highest methane-emitting states were 27% higher compared to EPA estimates.</p>



<p>“Methane is the second largest contributor to climate change behind carbon dioxide so it’s really important that we quantify methane emissions at the highest possible resolution to pinpoint what sources it is coming from,” said lead author Hannah Nesser, a former PhD student at SEAS and currently a NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP) Fellow in the Carbon Cycle &amp; Ecosystems Group at the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underreporting-in-methane-emissions-nbsp">Underreporting in methane emissions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study reveals a significant underreporting in methane emissions, particularly from landfills, which the EPA ranks as the third-largest source of human-caused methane emissions in the United States.</p>



<p>The EPA's method relies on self-reported data from facilities that emit high levels of greenhouse gasses and uses a formula based on the volume of trash received to estimate emissions. This bottom-up approach is often inconsistent with top-down observational data gathered from atmospheric measurements.</p>



<p>“Our research shows that these facilities are losing more methane than they think,” Nesser said. “The EPA uses 75% efficacy as the default for methane collection, but we find that it’s actually much closer to 50%.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discrepancies-in-epa-models">Discrepancies in EPA models</h2>



<p>Moreover, the scientists found that occasional events like construction or temporary leaks at landfill sites, which can significantly increase methane emissions, are not adequately accounted for in the EPA’s models.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study also highlighted discrepancies at the state level, particularly in Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and Oklahoma, which are among the top methane emitters. Notably, Texas alone is responsible for 21% of U.S. anthropogenic methane emissions, largely due to its extensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-leaks-in-us-oil-and-gas-hit-10-billion-in-economic-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oil and gas industry</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-emissions-from-cities">Methane emissions from cities</h2>



<p>The scientists also discovered that methane emissions in the 10 cities with the highest levels of urban methane output are, on average, 58% greater than what was previously estimated. These cities include New York, Detroit, Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Cincinnati, Miami, and Philadelphia.</p>



<p>“All of these places have a different profile of emission sources, so there’s no one thing driving the methane underestimate across the board,” Nesser said.</p>



<p>“This research highlights the importance of understanding these emissions,” added senior author Daniel Jacob, a professor of atmospheric chemistry and environmental engineering at SEAS. “We plan to continue to monitor U.S. emissions of methane using new high-resolution satellite observations, and to work with the EPA to improve emission inventories.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-study-implications-nbsp">Broader study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are significant, urging a reevaluation of how methane emissions are estimated and reported. Accurate data is crucial for effective environmental policy-making and for strategies aimed at mitigating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humanity-should-brace-for-catastrophic-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. </p>



<p>By refining how methane emissions are measured, researchers hope to foster better regulatory practices and more effective mitigation strategies to combat this potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangers-of-methane-nbsp">Dangers of methane&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, considerably more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, especially in the short term. Its significant impact on global warming makes it a critical concern for climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources">Sources</h3>



<p>Methane emissions come from a variety of sources, including the decay of organic waste in landfills, agriculture (especially from the digestive processes of grazing animals), and the production and transport of coal, oil, and natural gas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>One of the dangers of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> is its ability to rapidly accelerate climate change. It has a much higher heat-trapping capability per molecule compared to carbon dioxide, so even small amounts can have a significant effect on atmospheric temperatures. </p>



<p>This contributes to the increasing global temperatures, which can lead to more severe weather events, melting polar ice, rising sea levels, and disrupting ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ground-level-ozone">Ground-level ozone</h3>



<p>Furthermore, methane contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, a harmful air pollutant. Exposure to ozone can lead to serious respiratory health issues and other health problems in humans and animals. It also affects crops and other vegetation, potentially reducing agricultural yields.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-methane-emissions-nbsp">Reducing methane emissions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The short atmospheric lifetime of methane - about 12 years - compared to carbon dioxide, however, means that taking action to reduce methane emissions can quickly benefit the atmosphere. Thus, addressing methane leaks and emissions is seen as a crucial and effective strategy for slowing the rate of global warming in the near term.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Efforts to capture methane from sources like landfills and livestock operations can not only mitigate the effects on climate change but also harness methane as a source of energy, providing a cleaner alternative to other fossil fuels.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5069-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Methane emissions are greatly underestimated by the EPA

Methane emissions from landfills, urban areas, and across several U.S....

<p>The insidious reach of plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-increases-create-identical-plastic-pollution-increase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a> extends far beyond our oceans and landfills. Disturbing new research reveals that with every breath we take, we might be inhaling tiny fragments of plastic in air known as microplastics and nanoplastics. </p>



<p>A recent study led by Dr. Suvash Saha at the <a href="https://www.uts.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Technology Sydney</a> uncovers the path these minuscule pollutants take within our bodies and the potential health risks they pose.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-micro-and-nanoplastics">Micro and nanoplastics</h2>



<p>Microplastics are tiny pieces of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> that measure less than 5 millimeters in size (think of a sesame seed for comparison). They originate from two primary sources. </p>



<p>First, larger plastic products like bottles, bags, and other packaging can break down over time due to sunlight, heat, and general wear and tear. This process creates smaller and smaller plastic fragments. </p>



<p>In addition, microplastics are sometimes intentionally manufactured and added to products such as cosmetics (think of those tiny microbeads in face washes) and certain industrial materials.</p>



<p>Nanoplastics are substantially smaller than microplastics. They're so incredibly tiny that they are measured in nanometers, which are equivalent to one-billionth of a meter. Their minuscule size makes nanoplastics particularly challenging to detect and study. Scientists are still actively investigating the specific origins of nanoplastics. </p>



<p>Some potential sources include the continued breakdown of microplastics into even smaller pieces or release during specific manufacturing or waste disposal processes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-is-present-in-every-breath">Plastic is present in every breath</h2>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-treaty-talks-slow-progress-yet-restored-hope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plastic</a> particle air pollution is now pervasive and inhalation ranks as the second most likely pathway for human exposure," said Dr. Saha. </p>



<p>It is an indiscriminate problem, meaning it affects environments everywhere, not just specific locations. Research has shown that contamination with microplastics and nanoplastics is widespread in both indoor and outdoor settings. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indoor-environments">Indoor environments </h3>



<p>Synthetic fibers from clothing, carpets, and furniture can easily shed tiny plastic particles into the air. Additionally, personal care products containing microplastics, or the breakdown of other plastic items within the home, also contribute to indoor plastic pollution.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outdoor-environments">Outdoor environments</h3>



<p>The outdoors is exposed to a wide range of plastic pollution sources. Microplastics can be carried by wind and water from landfills and other waste disposal sites. Tire wear from vehicles releases plastic particles into the air. Plus, larger plastic debris exposed to the elements can fragment into microplastics and nanoplastics over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modeling-plastic-presence-and-breathing">Modeling plastic presence and breathing</h2>



<p>Since directly observing the movement of micro and nanoplastics inside the human body is incredibly difficult, the UTS research team created advanced computer models. These models meticulously replicate the complex structure and function of the respiratory system (nose, throat, lungs, etc.). By simulating how air and particles flow through these virtual lungs, the models provide valuable insights into:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Deposition patterns:</strong>&nbsp;Where the inhaled plastic particles are likely to become lodged within the respiratory system.</li>



<li><strong>Factors influencing deposition:</strong>&nbsp;How characteristics like particle size, shape, and breathing patterns affect where the particles end up.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breathing-in-plastics-in-air">Breathing in plastics in air</h2>



<p>The study revealed several important insights:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breathing-patterns-play-a-role-in-plastic-deposition">Breathing patterns play a role in plastic deposition</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Fast breathing:</strong>&nbsp;When you breathe rapidly, air moves quickly through your nose and throat. This can cause larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> particles to get 'caught' in the upper respiratory tract, preventing them from going deeper into the lungs.</li>



<li><strong>Slow breathing:</strong>&nbsp;Slower breathing allows smaller plastic particles, especially nanoplastics, more time to travel further into the respiratory system and potentially reach the delicate structures deep within the lungs.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shape-influences-deposition">Shape influences deposition</h3>



<p>Plastic particles come in various shapes, not just spheres. Research suggests that irregularly shaped plastic fragments may be better at slipping past the body's natural filtering mechanisms within the respiratory system. This could allow them to reach more sensitive areas deep in the lungs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accumulation-hotspots">Accumulation hotspots</h3>



<p>The computer models used in the study helped identify specific locations within the respiratory system where inhaled plastic particles are prone to accumulate. This is important because the buildup of plastic in these areas could eventually lead to health problems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-health-hazards-of-breathing-plastic">Potential health hazards of breathing plastic</h2>



<p>Dr. Saha stresses that research is increasingly pointing towards a connection between breathing in plastic particles and a higher risk of various lung problems. Here's a breakdown of the conditions mentioned:</p>



<p><strong>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):</strong> A group of long-term lung diseases that make breathing difficult. COPD often includes emphysema (damaged air sacs in the lungs) and chronic bronchitis (long-term inflammation of the airways).</p>



<p><strong>Asthma:</strong> A condition where the airways narrow and swell, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.</p>



<p><strong>Lung fibrosis:</strong> A condition where lung tissue becomes scarred and thickened, making breathing increasingly difficult.</p>



<p><strong>Unexplained "frosted glass nodules":</strong> These are abnormal spots seen on lung scans that resemble hazy ground glass. Their exact cause is often unclear, but they may indicate inflammation or early stages of lung disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>This study highlights the urgency of understanding the full extent of the health risks posed by breathing in microplastics and nanoplastics. While further research is critical, here's what you can do now:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Increase Awareness:</strong>&nbsp;Educate yourself about the sources of these plastic particles in your daily life.</li>



<li><strong>Advocate for Change:</strong>&nbsp;Support initiatives that promote reduction of plastic production and responsible waste management.</li>



<li><strong>Demand Further Research:</strong>&nbsp;Urge investment in studies that will help us understand the long-term consequences of plastic inhalation and develop mitigation strategies.</li>
</ul>



<p>These findings provide essential insights for the development of targeted strategies to mitigate potential risks and ensure effective health interventions. This knowledge is crucial to safeguarding our health and the well-being of our planet.</p>



<p>Small steps, like opting for reusable products and supporting sustainable practices, can collectively make a significant difference in protecting our lungs and the air we breathe.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765724000437?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Plastic can silently enter our body with every breath we take

The insidious reach of plastic pollution extends far beyond our...

<p>Recent research has shed light on a pressing environmental issue: the impact of abrupt permafrost thaw, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-identifies-thermokarst-areas-at-risk-of-releasing-greenhouse-gases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermokarst</a>, on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil. </p>



<p>A significant finding from the study is that soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-reached-unprecedented-highs-in-2021/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 emissions</a> are more sensitive to climate warming in areas where permafrost has collapsed than in regions where it remains intact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-depths-of-permafrost-carbon">Exploring the depths of permafrost carbon</h2>



<p>Permafrost regions, particularly those at high latitudes and altitudes, store about half of all below-ground organic carbon. </p>



<p>These areas are crucial in maintaining the balance of our climate system. However, with rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a>, permafrost is thawing rapidly. </p>



<p>Thermokarst, the sudden collapse of permafrost due to melting ice within the soil, affects roughly 20% of the northern permafrost region. </p>



<p>This type of thaw can drastically alter the land's morphology and the properties of the soil, potentially leading to significant changes in ecosystem carbon cycling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-warming-and-soil-co2-flux">Climate warming and soil CO2  flux</h2>



<p>Both thermokarst and non-thermokarst areas are experiencing ongoing warming, yet the effects on soil CO2 flux in these regions are markedly different. </p>



<p>This discrepancy has prompted a group of researchers led by Professor YANG Yuanhe from the <a href="http://english.ib.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> to delve deeper into the phenomenon. </p>



<p>Through field and laboratory studies, the team discovered that the warming-induced increase in soil CO2 release was approximately 5.5 times higher in thermokarst areas compared to adjacent non-thermokarst regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mechanisms-of-soil-co2-release">The mechanisms of soil CO2 release </h2>



<p>The team employed multiple scientific techniques, including soil physicochemical analyses, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and metagenomic sequencing. The researchers identified over 30 potential factors influencing the warming effects on soil carbon release. </p>



<p>They found that the greater response in thermokarst areas is primarily due to the lower quality of soil substrates and a higher abundance of microbial genes related to the decomposition of organic carbon.</p>



<p>Further analysis involved incubating soils from six additional thermokarst-affected sites along a 550-km permafrost transect. </p>



<p>Results from these experiments showed that thermokarst formation significantly increases the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon release, suggesting a stronger response of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-warming-climate-transforms-soil-into-a-carbon-emitter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil CO2</a> to warming in these landscapes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-study-implications">Broader study implications</h2>



<p>Professor YANG highlighted the broader significance of these findings: "As a preliminary exploration of its global importance, extrapolating the warming response of soil CO2 flux to all upland thermokarst regions in the Northern Hemisphere, there could be an additional 0.4 Pg C year-1 of soil carbon release." </p>



<p>This amount represents about a quarter of the projected permafrost soil carbon losses by the end of the 21st century.</p>



<p>Consequently, these insights are vital for accurately projecting future trajectories of permafrost carbon-climate feedback. </p>



<p>Understanding how thermokarst influences CO2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-emissions-cost-us-economy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> can help scientists and policymakers develop more effective strategies to address the challenges posed by climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-dynamics-and-global-warming">Permafrost dynamics and global warming </h2>



<p>The study provides compelling evidence that soil CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;loss becomes stronger upon abrupt permafrost thaw. This means that thermokarst areas are significantly more vulnerable to climate-induced increases in soil CO2 emissions than their non-collapsed counterparts. </p>



<p>The research is critical for enhancing our understanding of permafrost dynamics and their impact on global warming, paving the way for more informed environmental decision-making in the face of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-permafrost-thaw-and-co2-release">Impacts of permafrost thaw and CO2 release </h2>



<p>Permafrost thaw can lead to significant changes in an ecosystem, affecting the plants and animals adapted to permafrost environments. In addition, the infrastructure built on permafrost, like roads and buildings, faces increased risk of damage as the once-stable ground becomes unstable.</p>



<p>Moreover, permafrost contains vast amounts of organic carbon that have been frozen for millennia. When permafrost thaws, this carbon is exposed to bacteria and fungi that convert it into carbon dioxide and methane, potent greenhouse gases that further contribute to global warming. </p>



<p>This creates a feedback loop where warming leads to more thawing, which leads to more emissions, which leads to further warming.</p>



<p>The process and impacts of permafrost thaw are being intensely studied as they present critical challenges not only to local communities but also to global efforts in managing climate change impacts and maintaining sustainability.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01440-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



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Abrupt permafrost thaw releases more CO2 than expected

Recent research has shed light on a pressing environmental issue:...

<p>For the first time in over a century, a new species of Japanese <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossilized-lily-115-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lily</a>, known locally as sukashiyuri, has been identified by Dr. Seita Watanabe and his team from the Botanical Gardens and the Graduate School of Science at <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/">Osaka Metropolitan University</a>. </p>



<p>This discovery marks the first addition to the sukashiyuri species list since 1914, challenging these visually striking flowers’ traditional classifications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-japanese-lily-species-diversity-nbsp">Japanese lily species diversity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Previously, sukashiyuri, typically recognized for their vibrant orange blossoms, were grouped into four taxonomic categories. These lilies are highly prized for ornamental use and have been a popular export from Japan for over two centuries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, Watanabe believed that the existing classification did not accurately reflect the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-will-decline-along-with-rainfall-in-dry-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> within the species. To investigate this hypothesis, he and his research team embarked on a detailed exploration across Japan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-japanese-lily-species-nbsp">New Japanese lily species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team's journey involved observing the lilies in their natural habitats, capturing images, collecting specimens, and extracting DNA from the plants for analysis. Through meticulous examination of both the physical form and genetic makeup of these lilies, the researchers have expanded the classification to include eight distinct taxons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among these, they identified a new species named <em>Lilium pacificum</em>, which thrives along the Pacific coastlines from Ibaraki Prefecture in the north to Shizuoka Prefecture and the Izu Islands in the south.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-traits-and-adaptations-nbsp">Unique traits and adaptations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“It has an interesting characteristic: the tips of its leaves are curved into a claw-like shape,” Watanabe explained. “Based on the new understanding of these eight taxonomic groups, we found that seven are endemic to Japan, each adapted to its environment, whether coastal or mountainous, and evolving unique traits.”</p>



<p>“Our research shows that these plants have differentiated through complex processes, and we hope that our work will provide clues for speciation studies. In the past, individual differences may have been overlooked because of the apparent simplicity of the plants. Through this research, I was reminded of the importance of morphological observation.”</p>



<p>This breakthrough not only enriches our understanding of the biodiversity within the sukashiyuri lilies but also underscores the significance of detailed taxonomic research in uncovering the hidden complexities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-evolution-drastically-changed-earths-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant evolution</a> and adaptation.</p>



<p>&nbsp;Japanese lilies</p>



<p>Japanese lilies are renowned for their beauty and variety, featuring prominently in both cultivation and cultural symbolism in Japan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One of the most iconic species is the Lilium auratum, often called the "golden-rayed lily of Japan," which is celebrated for its large, fragrant white flowers that have golden rays and speckled burgundy markings. Another important species is Lilium speciosum, or the "Japanese lily," which is admired for its striking pink to red petals and heavy scent.</p>



<p>Lilium japonicum, also known as "Yamayuri," is native to the cool mountain regions of Japan and bears elegant, trumpet-shaped flowers. This species tends to thrive in forest environments. The red spider lily, Lycoris radiata, is another visually striking species, famous for its red flowers that bloom in late summer and early autumn, often associated with the end of the Buddhist Bon Festival.</p>



<p>These lilies not only contribute to the biodiversity of Japan's flora but also hold significant places in Japanese gardening and festival celebrations, embodying themes of purity, renewal, and transition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-in-japanese-culture-nbsp">Flowers in Japanese culture&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-orchid-found-hiding-in-plain-sight-in-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flowers</a> hold a profound significance in Japanese culture, permeating various aspects of life, art, and rituals with a deep-rooted symbolism and aesthetic importance. The appreciation of flowers is so integral that it has its own traditional practice known as "hanami," which is the seasonal viewing of flowers, primarily cherry blossoms. </p>



<p>This practice is not just about enjoying the transient beauty of blooms but also reflects deeper themes of impermanence and the graceful acceptance of life and death cycles, as symbolized by the brief yet spectacular blooming period of the sakura.</p>



<p>Floral motifs are prevalent in Japanese art and design, including kimono fabrics, ceramics, and classical paintings. These motifs often carry symbolic meanings; for example, the cherry blossom represents beauty and the ephemeral nature of life, while the plum blossom stands for perseverance and renewal, often blooming vibrantly even in cold winter.</p>



<p>In the realm of traditional Japanese tea ceremonies, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-90-of-flowering-plant-species-rely-on-animal-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowers</a> play a subtle yet essential role, where they are carefully chosen to complement the season and setting, enhancing the spiritual and aesthetic experience. This practice underscores the Japanese philosophy of harmony between nature and human-made beauty.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.13141" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Taxon</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Image Credit: Osaka Metropolitan University</p>



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Japanese lily species discovered after more than a century

For the first time in over a century, a new...

<p>A comprehensive analysis involving data from over one million individuals has identified more than 2,000 genetic signals associated with blood pressure, including 113 newly discovered genomic loci.</p>



<p>As one of the largest studies of its kind, the research expands our understanding of how blood pressure is regulated and sets the stage for future breakthroughs in medical research and treatment strategies. </p>



<p>Supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), the research was a collaborative effort across multiple prestigious institutions and utilized data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).</p>



<p>These studies collectively examined the genetic makeup of large groups to identify variants linked to blood pressure and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypertension</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-genetic-foundations-of-blood-pressure">Exploring the genetic foundations of blood pressure</h2>



<p>By merging four extensive datasets, the researchers were able to paint a clearer picture of the genetic underpinnings of blood pressure. </p>



<p>The findings revealed a complex network of genetic factors that contribute to blood pressure levels, highlighting the intricate nature of genetic influence on this common yet critical health indicator.</p>



<p>Dr. Helen Warren is a Senior Lecturer in Statistical Genetics at <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>. “We have now revealed a much larger proportion of the genetic contribution to blood pressure than was previously known," said Dr. Warren. </p>



<p>This revelation is crucial as it opens the door to potential new drug targets and advances in precision medicine, particularly in the early detection and prevention of hypertension.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polygenic-risk-scores">Polygenic risk scores</h2>



<p>One of the significant outputs of this study is the development of polygenic risk scores, which combine the effects of numerous genetic variants to predict an individual's blood pressure and their risk for hypertension. </p>



<p>Consequently, individuals with the highest genetic risk show mean systolic blood pressure levels approximately 17 mmHg higher than those with the lowest genetic risk, and they face a sevenfold increased risk of developing hypertension.</p>



<p>Study senior author Professor Patricia Munroe highlighted the utility of these new scores. “Our results provide new resources for understanding biological mechanisms and importantly, new polygenic risk scores for early identification and stratification of people at risk for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-and-cardiovascular-diseases-are-genetically-linked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular diseases</a>.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emphasizing-diversity-in-genetic-research">Emphasizing diversity in genetic research </h2>



<p>This study represents a significant advancement in genetic research while also highlighting the critical need for more diverse genomic data. Most of the analyzed data came from individuals of European ancestry - a frequent limitation in genetic studies. </p>



<p>Nevertheless, the researchers confirmed the relevance of their findings for individuals of African ancestry by utilizing data from the National Institute of Health’s All of Us Research Program.</p>



<p>The inclusion of this diverse data is essential for the broader applicability of polygenic risk scores in routine healthcare, ensuring that advancements in medical science benefit a globally diverse population.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-continuing-challenge-of-hypertension">The continuing challenge of hypertension</h2>



<p>High blood pressure, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adults-high-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypertension</a>, affects nearly one billion people worldwide and poses a significant risk factor for numerous health conditions, including heart and kidney diseases. </p>



<p>Environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle exacerbate the genetic component of this condition, underscoring the importance of ongoing research in this area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-high-blood-pressure">Understanding high blood pressure</h2>



<p>The collaboration of over 140 investigators from more than 100 universities, institutes, and government agencies worldwide underscores the global commitment to understanding and combating high blood pressure. </p>



<p>The study not only advances our genetic knowledge but also paves the way for innovative treatment and prevention strategies that could significantly impact public health. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-high-blood-pressure">More about high blood pressure </h2>



<p>High blood pressure is a common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-blood-pressure-is-commonly-shared-by-couples-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">condition</a> where the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. The condition is often called the "silent killer" because it doesn't usually cause symptoms until it has done significant damage to the heart and arteries. </p>



<p>Generally, blood pressure readings are given in two numbers. The top number, systolic pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. The bottom number, diastolic pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries between beats.</p>



<p>Risk factors for developing high blood pressure include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overweight-children-high-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>, drinking too much alcohol, smoking, family history, and a diet high in salt but low in potassium. High blood pressure is manageable and treatable through lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, limiting alcohol intake, and eating a balanced diet. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-024-01714-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Genetics</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Study reveals over 2,000 genetic markers that affect blood pressure

A comprehensive analysis involving data from over one million individuals...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>Barrie became such a big member of the team that Sean decided to make it official and sewed together a custom bomb squad vest for Barrie. Aside from being a big fashion statement, the vest kept her protected from danger. However, it turned out that her biggest threat was right around the corner.  Photo credit:   Mercury Press and Media</p>


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