Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Nova Scotia, where unusually large fires have led to the evacuation of thousands of people. The photograph, which was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station, shows smoke rising from a fire near the town of Shelburne on May 29, 2023.



"By the morning of May 31, after four days of burning, the fire had scorched 17,000 hectares (66 square miles) near the southern tip of Nova Scotia," says NASA. "It became the largest forest fire in the province’s history, according to CBC Nova Scotia, exceeding the area burned by a fire in Guysborough County over six days in June 1976."



"Fires have burned in Canada for weeks, as the western part of the country experienced a record-breaking streak of hot weather in mid-May."&nbsp;



"Several regions in Canada also had an abnormally dry spring; Nova Scotia received about half of the usual amount of rainfall in April. Authorities classified both the Halifax and Shelburne County fires as uncontrolled on May 31 and expected the fires to grow as dry and windy conditions continued."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Smoke rises from fires in Nova Scotia

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Lake Hamun, a seasonal lake in the Sistan region on the Afghanistan-Iran border. The lake and surrounding wetlands have been shrinking as a result of persistent drought, leading to reduced vegetation and exposed dust. These changes have transformed the basin into a major source of dust storms.



"While dust storms are most common in the summer, they happen year-round as long as the lake is dry and the winds are strong. That was the case on January 12, 2023, when the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite captured this image of dust streaming from the dry lake bed," says NASA.



In January 2023, a team of experts led by UCLA reported that airborne dust has likely increased by 55 percent on a global scale since pre-industrial times. The researchers said this is largely due to more frequent dust storms in Asia and North Africa.&nbsp;



The team estimates that the cooling effect of airborne dust has likely masked about eight percent of the warming caused by greenhouse gases since the preindustrial era.



“Our findings imply that greenhouses gases alone could cause even more climate warming than models currently predict,” said UCLA atmospheric physicist Jasper Kok. “This is of tremendous importance because better predictions can inform better decisions of how to mitigate or adapt to climate change.”



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Lake Hamun is a major source of dust storms

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Typhoon Mawar, also known as "Betty," which is the first typhoon of the season in the northwest Pacific. The intense storm struck Guam and the Philippines before heading toward Taiwan and southern Japan.



"With sustained winds that reached 295 kilometers (185 miles) per hour on May 25, the super typhoon grew to be one of the strongest May storms on record," says NASA.&nbsp;



"The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite acquired this natural-color image of Mawar at 05:20 Universal Time on May 30, 2023. Though the storm appeared to be bearing down on Taiwan, it was in the process of turning north and away from the island."



"After rapidly intensifying between May 24 and 25, Mawar then weakened significantly as it encountered cooler water temperatures and less favorable wind shear conditions as it neared Taiwan."



NASA reports that although Mawar did not strike the Philippines or Taiwan directly, the outer bands of the storm brought heavy rains to northern Luzon and rough seas to the eastern coast of Taiwan.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Typhoon Mawar is one of the strongest May storms on record

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Messina Strait, a channel in the Mediterranean Sea that separates Sicily and Calabria. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station



The Messina Strait is 20 miles long with a depth of 820 feet, and joins the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north and the Ionian Sea to the south.&nbsp;



"Waves that follow the tide from west to east are visible in the right half of the photo. These are caused by internal waves, a process where stratified water layers of changing density and increasing depth horizontally propagate beneath the water surface. The waves are illuminated by sunglint—an optical phenomenon that occurs when sunlight is directly reflected off the water and into a satellite’s sensor, or in this case, the astronaut’s camera," explains NASA.



"Alternating currents, relatively low water temperature, and high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen contribute to the region’s aquatic biodiversity. The strait hosts several deep-sea fish species such as Sloane’s viperfish (a predatory dragonfish) as well as commercially valuable fish like yellowtail and snapper. On the left side of the image, thin, white lines are likely ship wakes, some of which may belong to fishing boats."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Messina Strait in the Mediterranean Sea

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Amazon River in Brazil. This particular stretch of river is located near the port city of Parintins.



"The river is the largest on Earth and allows seagoing ships to reach Parintins even though it is 800 kilometers (500 miles) inland from the Atlantic Ocean," says NASA.



"Seagoing ships can progress 3,600 kilometers (2,200 miles) up the Amazon River - more than halfway across the South American continent - to the port of Iquitos in Peru."&nbsp;



The muddy color of the river is tied to the Andes Mountains, a major source of sediments and mineral nutrients. According to NASA, the sediment erodes from the Andes Mountains located to the west and is carried generally eastward toward the ocean.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The lower Amazon River in Brazil

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Espíritu Santo Archipelago, a group of islands located in the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez, off the eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico.&nbsp;



"Sunglint reflects off the water surface, accentuating wave movement, ship wakes, and cloud shadows," said NASA. "The islands appear rust-colored due to previous tectonic and volcanic activity that deposited layers of black lava and pink volcanic ash."



"The Baja Peninsula acts as a natural wind and wave break that protects islands in the Gulf of California from erosion. Slowed erosion has resulted in the preservation of rock shelters and caves."



"Exploration and excavation of these shelters contribute to understanding the geomorphology, geology, and ancient human patterns on the islands. Archeologists have found human artifacts artifacts dating back approximately ten thousand years, providing evidence of human activity on the islands."



The Espíritu Santo Archipelago is part of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur and consists of several islands, the largest and most well-known of which is Isla Espíritu Santo. The other main islands in the archipelago are Isla Partida, Los Islotes, and a few smaller islets.



Espíritu Santo and its surrounding islands are known for their stunning natural beauty, featuring dramatic cliffs, white sand beaches, and turquoise waters. The region is home to a rich diversity of marine life, including sea lions, manta rays, whale sharks, and various species of whales and dolphins. It also supports a variety of bird species, such as blue-footed boobies, frigatebirds, and pelicans, making it a popular destination for birdwatching.



The Espíritu Santo Archipelago has been designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a Mexican Protected Natural Area, which helps to preserve its unique ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecotourism is popular in the area, with visitors participating in activities like snorkeling, scuba diving, kayaking, and wildlife watching.



The islands are accessible by boat from the nearby city of La Paz, which is the capital of Baja California Sur. There are numerous tour operators that offer day trips and multi-day excursions to the Espíritu Santo Archipelago, allowing visitors to explore the islands and their remarkable natural features.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Espíritu Santo Archipelago in the Gulf of California

As you might assume, a new gorilla appearing in the mountains is going to attract some attention. Unsurprisingly, the troop's dominant male noticed the visitor and came over to check it out. Photo credit: Mark Kolbe/Getty Images

Alpha Male

Berberine, a dietary supplement derived from the barberry plant and referred to as "nature's Ozempic," is causing quite a stir on the internet. Many users are singing its praises, attributing their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quality-sleep-makes-it-easier-to-achieve-weight-loss-goals/">weight loss</a> success to this natural supplement.&nbsp;



However, while numerous individuals report weight loss, loose pants, and lower scale numbers, the scientific evidence to back up these claims is still scarce. Moreover, some users also shared unpleasant side effects such as constipation and diarrhea.



<h2 id="h-used-for-thousands-of-years">Used for thousands of years</h2>



Berberine, a bitter chemical compound, is not a new discovery. It's been an integral part of Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years, and has been used to treat a broad array of conditions from pink eye and itchy skin to high blood sugar and urinary tract infections. However, we should note that the purported benefits of berberine have yet to be proven through large-scale clinical trials.



The supplement is easily accessible and affordable. For approximately $30, you can purchase a bottle of 60 supplements from major retail websites such as Amazon. The recommended dosage is one capsule before every meal.



This inexpensive plant-based supplement has garnered attention on social media platforms for being a natural alternative to expensive prescription medications such as Wegovy and Ozempic, which are not always covered by health insurance.



<h2 id="h-functions-differently-than-prescription-weight-loss-drugs">Functions differently than prescription weight loss drugs</h2>



However, it's crucial to understand that berberine functions very differently from these prescription drugs, also known as semaglutide. Wegovy, a higher-dose variant, has been approved for weight loss for those with a body mass index of 30 or more, or overweight individuals with a BMI of 27 or more, who also have a weight-related health condition.&nbsp;



On the other hand, Ozempic is used primarily for treating Type 2 diabetes, but it is often prescribed "off-label" for obesity. Semaglutide triggers weight loss by mimicking GLP-1, a hormone in our brain that manages appetite and feelings of fullness.



There's anecdotal evidence suggesting that berberine can facilitate weight loss. However, large-scale peer-reviewed studies confirming these weight loss benefits are still lacking. Furthermore, the mechanism through which berberine functions as a weight loss supplement remains a mystery.



However, existing research is expanding our understanding of this compound. A 2017 review published in the <a href="https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/">Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences</a> reported that patients who took two 750 milligram capsules daily for three months experienced a significant weight decrease.&nbsp;



Another study published in the American Journal of Translational Research suggested that berberine might activate brown adipose tissue, fat cells that prompt the body to convert food into energy, thus burning calories.



<h2 id="h-other-health-benefits-of-berberine">Other health benefits of berberine</h2>



Besides weight loss, berberine appears to have other potential benefits. A 2019 analysis in the <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/endocrj">Endocrine Journal</a> found berberine more effective in reducing blood glucose levels than a placebo.&nbsp;



Studies also suggest it could help manage polycystic ovary syndrome, a condition that occurs when ovaries overproduce a certain hormone called androgens, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and unpredictable ovulation. It has also been shown to decrease hemoglobin A1C, an indicator of blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes.



However, despite these encouraging findings, the scientific community remains cautious. Since berberine is derived from plants, there's a risk that people may erroneously assume it is entirely harmless. Pregnant women, in particular, are warned against taking it due to the potential risk of brain damage to the fetus or young children.



Furthermore, berberine might interfere with the metabolism of prescription medications for diabetes and other conditions if taken as instructed on the bottle. Its long-term safety is still undetermined, and it's unknown whether the weight loss will be sustained after stopping the supplement. It's also suggested that abrupt cessation of either Wegovy or Ozempic could result in a rapid regain of weight.



Common side effects associated with berberine include diarrhea, constipation, and stomach upset. These experiences shared by users underline the necessity for a comprehensive understanding and scientific scrutiny of berberine's safety and efficacy.



The internet's latest dietary trend is indeed compelling, but until there is solid scientific evidence to support the claims of its weight loss benefits and safety, caution is advised. Until large-scale, peer-reviewed studies are conducted to confirm its benefits and assess its long-term safety, berberine remains a supplement of interest with potential, but unverified, benefits.&nbsp;



For those considering berberine as a weight-loss supplement, it's essential to discuss it with healthcare professionals who can provide personalized advice based on your individual health situation and potential risks.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-barberry-plant">More about the barberry plant</h2>



The barberry plant, scientifically known as Berberis, is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall. They are native to various regions of the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America.



This plant is quite versatile and is known for its attractive and dense growth habit, often adorned with small, oval leaves that may turn vibrant shades of orange, yellow, and red in the fall. It typically blooms in mid-spring, showcasing small, yellow flowers. By late summer or early fall, these flowers give way to small, red berries, which are sometimes used in culinary dishes for their tart flavor.



The berries of the barberry plant have been used for centuries in traditional medicine due to their high berberine content. Berberine is a bioactive compound that is believed to have numerous medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. However, as of my knowledge cutoff in 2021, more research is needed to fully confirm and understand these potential benefits.



Interestingly, the plant also plays a role in the life cycle of a type of wheat rust (a fungus), which is a significant wheat disease. Because of this, cultivation of the plant is often controlled or restricted in many regions to prevent the spread of the fungus.



Despite its potential health benefits, it's important to note that barberry can be toxic if consumed in large amounts, particularly for children and pets. It can cause upset stomach, kidney problems, and worsen certain health conditions. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting a new supplement regimen.



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Berberine: Plant-derived supplement is the hot new weight loss trend

Berberine, a dietary supplement derived from the barberry plant and...

Nature parks, otherwise known as protected areas, have emerged as invaluable protectors of nature in the battle to save <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ant-mounds-play-a-critical-role-in-sustaining-biodiversity/">biodiversity</a>. Yet, many of these havens and their inhabitants face constant threats from humanity's encroachment, often due to mounting pressure from resource extraction, agricultural expansion, and population growth.



Recent research from <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/">Princeton University</a> brings forth an important revelation – strengthening the existing nature parks, be it under legal or local community jurisdiction, is equally important for the preservation of biodiversity as the creation of new protected areas.



<h2 id="h-5-000-species-involved-in-the-study">5,000 species involved in the study</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg0288">Science Advances</a>, delves into the status of approximately 5,000 species. Alarmingly, around 70% of these species either have zero representation in protected areas, reside in parks that have experienced a downgrade, downsizing, or removal from protection, or face an increased risk of extinction due to prospective land-use changes.



However, not all is lost. The researchers highlight a compelling solution – enhancing the protection of existing parks and extending the existing network of parks across a mere 1% of the earth's land area. This step alone could safeguard the vital habitats of 1,191 animal species teetering on the brink of extinction.



"Parks save species. But they can do so only if the parks themselves are protected against harmful activities," emphasized Professor David Wilcove. "Our study demonstrates just how important it is to protect the places that protect species."



<h2 id="h-more-evidence-proving-the-importance-of-protecting-biodiversity">More evidence proving the importance of protecting biodiversity</h2>



The team's findings align with a growing global recognition of the urgency to safeguard the Earth's species diversity through the creation of new protected zones. This sentiment was echoed at the United Nations biodiversity conference COP15 in December 2022, where countries pledged to earmark 30% of the world's land and seas as protected areas.



Beyond this commitment, the Princeton study highlights an often-overlooked aspect of wildlife conservation, namely, ensuring that existing protected areas continue to serve as safe sanctuaries for biodiversity.



Yiwen Zeng, lead author of the study, commented, "Our study pinpoints where new parks can be created, but also where to restore and reinforce existing parks in order to boost wildlife conservation."



"Many global discussions on conservation rightfully focus on the need to create new protected areas, but our study also shows the importance of ensuring that protected areas remain effective at keeping out harmful human activity," said Zeng, who is currently a research assistant professor at the National University of Singapore's Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions.



This aspect is crucial because protected areas are not impervious to human activities that could undermine their conservation value, especially in the absence of adequate enforcement or political support for wildlife conservation.



<h2 id="h-what-happens-when-parks-lose-their-protection">What happens when parks lose their protection</h2>



The loss of protection or downgrading of parks, usually resulting from government decisions, reduces the degree or extent of protection, leaving them vulnerable to infrastructure expansion, mining, and other activities that could lead to habitat loss or degradation.



To illustrate, the research pointed out that as of 2021, more than 278 million hectares of parks have undergone such types of degradations. The Megophrys damrei, a critically endangered frog exclusive to Cambodia, continues to suffer habitat degradation within and around the national park boundaries, despite the area's protected status.



Moreover, expanding the network of protected areas could be a lifeline for species whose habitats currently lack sufficient protection. As the study suggests, shielding an additional 330 square kilometers of natural landscapes within Indonesia could secure the suitable habitats of 53 species currently deprived of protected area coverage and limited habitat areas.



Rebecca Senior, a former postdoctoral researcher at Princeton and currently an assistant professor of ecology at Durham University in the UK, warns of the dangers of complacency. "There are many wonderful examples in conservation of people fighting to protect species, but there is always a risk that when you take your eye off the ball, pressure builds and hard-won protection is lost," she cautioned.



Senior further emphasized the need for practical, sustained conservation efforts. "Designating parks on paper is not enough; they need to be in the right places, with the right management, and they need to last."



<h2 id="h-research-team-calls-for-two-pronged-approach">Research team calls for two-pronged approach</h2>



This study brings into sharp focus the need to view conservation as a two-pronged effort: creating new protected areas and ensuring the continued integrity of existing ones. As the research has demonstrated, these two strategies are not mutually exclusive but complementary, and both are essential to curbing the loss of biodiversity.



In a world increasingly threatened by human activity and climate change, the research provides a compelling case for not just the creation, but also the strengthening, of protected areas. The study underscores the essential role these areas play in biodiversity conservation and offers a roadmap to achieving better outcomes for species protection.



If heeded, their findings might just be the key to ensuring that parks continue to serve as refuges for thousands of species at risk, ultimately safeguarding our planet's rich tapestry of life for generations to come.



<h2 id="h-more-about-protected-areas">More about protected areas</h2>



Protected areas are regions of land or water specifically managed for the conservation of biodiversity and natural or cultural resources. These areas can take many forms, including national parks, wildlife reserves, marine protected areas, and community-managed conservation areas, among others.



The importance of nature parks to Earth's biodiversity is immense, as they provide a refuge for a wide variety of species, including many that are threatened or endangered.



<h3 id="h-habitat-protection">Habitat Protection</h3>



Protected areas are crucial for preserving habitats that species need to survive. They can shield ecosystems from destructive human activities, like deforestation, mining, and overfishing, which degrade habitats and make them uninhabitable for many species.



<h3 id="h-species-preservation">Species Preservation</h3>



Protected areas are often established to preserve species that are endangered or have special significance. They provide a safe haven where these species can live without threats from hunting or habitat destruction.



<h3 id="h-genetic-diversity">Genetic Diversity</h3>



By preserving a wide array of species, protected areas also safeguard genetic diversity. This diversity is crucial for the health and resilience of ecosystems and can provide genetic materials for future scientific discovery and potential use in medicine, agriculture, and other fields.



<h3 id="h-climate-change-mitigation">Climate Change Mitigation</h3>



Protected areas, especially those that contain forests, mangroves, or peatlands, can also help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Additionally, by preserving ecosystem integrity, these areas can help species adapt to changing climate conditions.



<h3 id="h-cultural-importance">Cultural Importance</h3>



Many protected areas also hold significant cultural value. They can protect lands that are sacred or important to Indigenous peoples and local communities, maintaining cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.



<h3 id="h-ecotourism-and-economy">Ecotourism and Economy</h3>



Nature parks often support local economies by attracting tourism. They provide opportunities for recreation, education, and nature appreciation, contributing to the overall quality of human life.



Despite their importance, protected areas face numerous challenges. Encroachment from human activities, insufficient funding for proper management, and climate change can all degrade these spaces and diminish their ability to preserve biodiversity. It's vital that these areas are not just designated, but also effectively managed and enforced, to ensure they can continue to fulfill their crucial role in biodiversity conservation.



—-



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Protecting existing nature parks is just as important as creating new ones

Nature parks, otherwise known as protected areas, have emerged as...

Tree,At,Spring,Against,The,Sun,And,Photovoltaic,Panel

As the world grapples with soaring energy prices, a landmark shift towards renewable energy is taking place. Solar power, in particular, is enjoying a remarkable boom, a phenomenon detailed in a new report released Thursday by the <a href="https://www.iea.org/">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA).&nbsp;



The global drive to embrace clean energy, spurred by Russia's attack on Ukraine and resultant fossil fuel price hikes, is set to result in a record-breaking addition to the world's renewable energy capacity this year.



IEA's report predicts that solar and wind power installations are on track to reach 440 gigawatts in 2023. To put this into perspective, it's an increase of about one-third compared to the capacity added in the previous year. This will push the world's total installed capacity to an impressive 4,500 GW, a figure comparable to the combined power output of the United States and China.



Fatih Birol, the IEA's executive director, explained the significance of this shift. "The global energy crisis has shown renewables are critical for making energy supplies not just cleaner but also more secure and affordable,” he stated.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-more-nations-are-embracing-renewable-energy">More nations are embracing renewable energy</h2>



Governments around the world are acknowledging this, expediting their deployment of renewable energy resources. Recent incentives from the Biden administration, for instance, are already accelerating renewable adoption in the United States.



The surge in renewable power capacity this year will predominantly be driven by photovoltaic (PV) technology, accounting for about two-thirds of the increase. Both large-scale solar farms and small-scale consumer rooftop installations are experiencing significant growth, thanks to the booming manufacturing capacity for PV components, especially in China.



The construction of new wind farms is also anticipated to rebound following a period of subdued growth. However, the IEA report pointed out an important bottleneck: unlike the solar sector, supply chains for wind turbines are not expanding quickly enough to meet the increasing demand.



<h2 id="h-power-grids-must-adapt-and-be-upgraded">Power grids must adapt and be upgraded</h2>



Alongside this surge in renewable energy, Birol highlighted the need for power grids to adapt. Solar and wind power, with their intermittent nature, require a fundamental shift in the way network operators handle energy compared to conventional coal, gas or nuclear plants. Grids must be upgraded and expanded to accommodate this new energy landscape.



By 2024, several European countries, including Spain, Germany, and Ireland, are expected to witness a combined contribution of wind and solar power amounting to over 40% of their overall annual electricity generation.



Transitioning the global economy away from fossil fuels is a crucial step in the fight against climate change. Experts suggest that to achieve the Paris climate accord’s target of restricting global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels, emissions must be reduced by half by 2030 and reach 'net zero' by mid-century.



The <a href="https://www.irena.org/">International Renewable Energy Agency</a>, a separate entity from the IEA, is urging for a substantial increase in wind and solar investments. The global community is expected to discuss an international target for renewable energy deployment during this year's U.N. climate summit in Dubai. This signals a shared commitment to a sustainable, renewable-powered future.



<h2 id="h-more-about-solar-energy">More about solar energy&nbsp;</h2>



Solar energy, one of the most popular forms of renewable energy, harnesses the power of the sun's radiant light and heat. It's a clean, abundant, and renewable source of energy that can be used for a multitude of applications, including generating electricity, providing light or comfortable interior environments, and heating water for domestic, commercial, or industrial use.



To capture and convert the sun's energy into usable forms, several technologies are available:



<h3 id="h-solar-photovoltaics-pv">Solar Photovoltaics (PV)</h3>



Photovoltaics is the most well-known method for harnessing solar energy. Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials (often silicon-based) through the photovoltaic effect. The cells generate electric current when photons from the sun hit the cell and energize the electrons.



<h3 id="h-concentrated-solar-power-csp">Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)</h3>



CSP plants generate electricity by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area. The concentrated light is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. There are several types of CSP technologies, including parabolic trough, compact linear Fresnel reflector, Stirling dish, and solar power tower systems.



<h3 id="h-solar-heating-and-cooling-shc">Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC)</h3>



SHC technologies collect thermal energy from the sun and use it for heating and cooling purposes. They can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling, and process heat applications.



<h3 id="h-passive-solar">Passive Solar</h3>



Passive solar design takes advantage of the sun's energy to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building without the need for mechanical systems. It involves designing buildings with efficient insulation, strategic window placement, and reflective coatings on walls, windows, and roofs.



Solar energy has numerous advantages. It's sustainable, renewable, and abundant, and it emits no greenhouse gases when producing electricity. It's also versatile, capable of powering everything from small devices to entire buildings and even cities.



<h2 id="h-challenges-of-using-solar-energy">Challenges of using solar energy</h2>



However, it does come with some challenges. Solar energy production is intermittent since it's dependent on daylight hours and weather conditions. Hence, it requires storage solutions or supplementary power sources for periods of low production.&nbsp;



Additionally, while the cost of solar technologies has dropped significantly in recent years, initial setup and installation can be high.



Given these factors, continued advancements in solar technology, energy storage solutions, and grid management will play a crucial role in expanding the role of solar power in our global energy mix. The future of solar energy remains promising, and it's expected to be a major contributor to the world's transition to sustainable energy.



<h2 id="h-more-about-wind-energy">More about wind energy</h2>



Wind energy is another form of renewable energy that harnesses the natural power of the wind to generate electricity. As the wind moves across the surface of the earth, it carries kinetic energy with it. Wind turbines capture this kinetic energy and convert it into mechanical power, which can then be converted into electricity.



<h3 id="h-there-are-two-main-types-of-wind-turbines">There are two main types of wind turbines:</h3>



<ol>
<li>Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs): These are the most commonly recognized type of wind turbine. They consist of a tower with three blades rotating around a horizontal axis, similar to traditional windmills.</li>



<li>Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs): These turbines have a vertical rotor and can capture wind from all directions without needing to be repositioned, unlike HAWTs. VAWTs are less commonly used than HAWTs, but they can be advantageous in areas where wind direction is highly variable or in urban environments.</li>
</ol>



Wind turbines can be installed both onshore and offshore. Onshore wind farms are typically cheaper to install and maintain, but offshore wind farms can capture more energy due to higher wind speeds over the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-is-making-the-ocean-more-acidic/">ocean</a>.



One of the main benefits of wind energy is that it's a clean, renewable form of energy that doesn't release harmful emissions. It's also abundant, particularly in certain regions with high wind potential. Wind farms, especially those onshore, can be built relatively quickly compared to other types of large-scale energy infrastructure.



<h3 id="h-challenges-of-using-wind-for-energy-supply">Challenges of using wind for energy supply</h3>



However, there are also challenges associated with wind energy. Wind is intermittent, and its availability does not always coincide with electricity demand, necessitating effective energy storage solutions or backup power sources.&nbsp;



Wind turbines also require a significant amount of space, which can lead to land use conflicts. Furthermore, they have been associated with noise and aesthetic concerns, as well as impacts on wildlife, particularly birds and bats.



In terms of economic considerations, while the cost of wind energy has been decreasing, the initial investment can still be high. However, once a wind farm is set up, the cost of operation and maintenance is relatively low.



Despite these challenges, wind energy plays a crucial role in the transition towards sustainable and clean energy sources. Advancements in technology, like more efficient turbine designs and better energy storage solutions, are continually improving the feasibility and efficiency of wind energy.



—-



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The world's renewable energy capacity will take a record leap this year

As the world grapples with soaring energy prices, a landmark...

Our world is becoming hotter. This isn't simply a matter of sweltering summer afternoons. It's a complex, global shift that's altering seasonal patterns, intensifying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/">weather</a> extremes like severe droughts and punishing heat waves, and consequently affecting our food supply.



A freshly published study led by a dedicated team at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at <a href="https://www.tufts.edu/">Tufts University</a> brings these issues into sharp focus.&nbsp;



The study centers on the increased likelihood of extreme temperatures that could devastate crop yields, specifically focusing on the wheat-producing regions of the U.S. and China.



"Imagine heat waves that used to happen once every hundred years in 1981," explained study lead author Erin Coughlan de Perez. "Our data shows that these are now likely to happen once every six years in the Midwestern U.S., and once every 16 years in Northeastern China."&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-preparing-instead-of-reacting-is-the-key">Preparing instead of reacting is the key</h2>



This forecasts a range of conditions for which we must prepare, even though we have yet to experience them. "The historical record is no longer a good representation of what we can expect for the future," said Coughlan de Perez.



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00361-y">Climate and Atmospheric Science</a>, the paper warns that we live in a changed climate, and people are underestimating current day possibilities for extreme events.



The research pivots on a telling fact from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: the average global surface temperature in the last decade was 1.1 degrees Celsius higher than it was between 1850 and 1900.



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



To examine the food simply impacts of this increase on our risk of extreme weather, Coughlan de Perez and her team have meticulously collected a massive ensemble of seasonal forecasts from the past 40 years. These were used to generate thousands of potential temperature and rainfall variations, essentially painting a picture of all the weather outcomes that could have occurred in any given year.



Their unique method, dubbed the Unprecedented Simulated Extreme Ensemble or UNSEEN approach, allowed the researchers to estimate the likely frequency of extreme temperatures that exceed critical growth thresholds for wheat.



Let's look at winter wheat crops. They kick off their growth in the fall and get harvested the following summer. High spring temperatures, when the plant is flowering, can impact the wheat’s development.&nbsp;



At temperatures over 27.8 degrees Celsius (about 82 degrees Fahrenheit), the plants start to experience heat stress. Beyond 32.8 degrees Celsius (about 91 degrees Fahrenheit), vital enzymes in the wheat start to deteriorate.



"In the Midwest, we used to witness seasons with an average of maybe four or five days exceeding this enzyme breakdown threshold - it was quite uncommon," said Coughlan de Perez. "However, our research revealed potential alternate realities of today's climate, showing up to 15 days above this threshold, which would likely cause substantial damage."



<h2 id="h-extreme-heat-normally-coincides-with-extreme-drought">Extreme heat normally coincides with extreme drought</h2>



To make matters worse, record-breaking heat often coincides with record-breaking drought. These two threats combined could drastically reduce the growing season.&nbsp;



Given that the U.S. and China are substantial grain producers for the world, simultaneous crop failures or concurrent failure with other staple crops could profoundly impact global food prices and availability.



The study's results hint that we've been fortunate in these regions in recent years. While weather has an element of randomness, akin to rolling a six-sided die, these areas have been consistently "rolling" low numbers, experiencing cooler weather than they could have.&nbsp;



However, climate change has effectively "changed the die," raising the highest number. Consequently, these regions have yet to experience the worst of what could occur, and may not be adequately prepared.



"My hope is to make people aware that their die has changed," said Coughlan de Perez. "You can roll something extremely harsh. Perhaps you won’t roll an eight for some time, but it’s essential to establish plans for when that happens.”



<h2 id="h-predicting-the-future-by-studying-the-atmosphere">Predicting the future by studying the atmosphere</h2>



Furthermore, the researchers pinpointed regional and global atmospheric circulation patterns that could trigger severely hot and dry events. They even highlight a worst-case scenario where both the U.S. and China's wheat production suffer in the same season. This information could prove crucial in crafting climate adaptation plans and ensuring stakeholders are prepared for these unprecedented future events.



"I think, with climate change, we’re suffering from a failure of imagination," said Coughlan de Perez. "If we’re not envisioning the kind of extremes that could occur, then we won’t be ready for them." She strongly believes we don't need to be caught off guard. "We can use tools at our disposal to try to understand what’s possible and be ready when it happens."



<h2 id="h-more-about-wheat">More about wheat&nbsp;</h2>



Wheat is one of the major food crops of the world, serving as a staple diet for more than a third of the global human population, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Its diverse varieties allow it to be grown in a range of geographic regions, from the plains of the U.S. Midwest to the steppes of Russia and the fields of China.&nbsp;



Wheat supplies about 20% of the food calories for the world's population. Consequently, disruptions to wheat harvests can have profound impacts on food security, availability, and prices, affecting human nutrition and potentially leading to social and economic instability.



Climate change, however, poses significant risks to the sustainability of wheat production. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like heatwaves and droughts are all aspects of climate change that can adversely impact wheat crops.



High temperatures, particularly during the critical flowering stage, can significantly reduce wheat yields. Heat stress during this period can lead to lower grain numbers and smaller grain sizes.&nbsp;



As noted in the study led by Erin Coughlan de Perez, the temperatures at which wheat plants start to suffer from heat stress and critical enzymes begin to break down are 27.8 degrees Celsius (about 82 degrees Fahrenheit) and 32.8 degrees Celsius (about 91 degrees Fahrenheit), respectively.



<h3 id="h-impact-of-climate-change-on-wheat-production">Impact of climate change on wheat production</h3>



Moreover, research indicates that climate change may exacerbate the incidence of pests and diseases that affect wheat, adding to the challenges facing wheat production. Changing weather patterns can also disrupt the usual planting and harvesting cycles, causing further uncertainties for farmers.



A study published in Nature Climate Change in 2017 suggests that if global temperatures increase by 2 degrees Celsius, wheat yields could fall by 6% on average globally. This decline may not seem significant, but considering the billions of people who rely on wheat as a staple food, the impact could be substantial.



To mitigate these impacts, farmers and researchers are exploring various adaptation strategies. These include developing new, heat-resistant wheat varieties, altering planting and harvesting schedules to avoid periods of likely heat stress, and improving irrigation practices to cope with changing rainfall patterns.



<h3 id="h-global-societal-action-is-needed">Global societal action is needed</h3>



However, while these adaptations can help, they may not entirely offset the potential impacts of climate change on wheat production. As such, broader societal action to limit global warming is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of wheat and other critical food crops.&nbsp;



Moreover, policy measures are needed to support farmers in adopting sustainable practices and to provide safety nets for those affected by crop failures due to extreme weather events.



In conclusion, the challenges posed by climate change to wheat production are substantial but not insurmountable. With careful planning, scientific innovation, and global cooperation, it is possible to safeguard this vital crop for future generations.



—-



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Record-breaking heat is threatening wheat and the global food supply

Our world is becoming hotter. This isn't simply a matter...

In an echo of strategies employed by the tobacco industry, the chemical sector has been implicated in concealing vital information about the detrimental health effects linked to PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) exposure.&nbsp;



This finding emerges from an examination of previously confidential industry papers by a team of researchers at <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">UC San Francisco</a> (UCSF).



Published in the journal <a href="https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/">Annals of Global Health</a>, a shocking paper casts light on how companies like DuPont and 3M, the largest PFAS manufacturers, employed various tactics to delay the public awareness of PFAS toxicity. This deliberate stalling strategy further slowed the formulation of regulations governing the use of these chemicals.



PFAS, notoriously known as "forever chemicals," are extensively used in various household goods, clothing, and food products. Their resistance to degradation has not only resulted in their prevalence in our environment but also in their omnipresence in human bodies.



Tracey J. Woodruff, PhD, professor and director of the UCSF Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment (PRHE), and senior author of the paper, said: “These documents reveal clear evidence that the chemical industry knew about the dangers of PFAS and failed to let the public, regulators, and even their own employees know the risks.”



Woodruff, a former senior scientist and policy advisor at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), used this opportunity to analyze the PFAS industry documents for the first time through the lens of exposing tobacco industry tactics.



<h2 id="h-harmful-and-toxic-effects-had-been-known-for-decades">Harmful and toxic effects had been known for decades</h2>



The concealed industry documents were unearthed during a lawsuit launched by attorney Robert Bilott, known for successfully suing DuPont over PFAS contamination, and whose story inspired the film “Dark Waters.”&nbsp;



Bilott forwarded these documents, spanning from 1961 to 2006, to the creators of the documentary, “The Devil We Know.” They, in turn, contributed them to the UCSF Chemical Industry Documents Library.



“Having access to these documents allows us to see what the manufacturers knew and when, but also how polluting industries keep critical public health information private," said lead researcher Dr. Nadia Gaber.



She also stressed the importance of this research in informing policy decisions and pushing towards a precautionary principle in chemical regulation.



The researchers emphasized that public knowledge regarding PFAS toxicity remained minimal during the first five decades of their usage. This lack of transparency persisted despite industry having numerous studies showing adverse health effects at least 21 years before these were made public.



The paper reports that DuPont suppressed evidence from internal animal and occupational studies demonstrating PFAS toxicity. Instead of sharing these results with the EPA as required by TSCA, they were marked "confidential." The paper further indicates instances where industry executives explicitly expressed their desire to have such incriminating memos destroyed.



<h2 id="h-borrowing-the-suppression-strategy-from-the-tobacco-industry">Borrowing the suppression strategy from the tobacco industry</h2>



The paper lays out a timeline of the chemical industry's knowledge of PFAS risks versus public awareness. It uncovers strategies used by the chemical industry to suppress vital information and protect their harmful products.&nbsp;



In 1961, a company report revealed that Teflon's Chief of Toxicology discovered that Teflon materials had “the ability to increase the size of the liver of rats at low doses,” and warned that the chemicals “be handled ‘with extreme care’ and that ‘contact with the skin should be strictly avoided.’”



A 1970 internal memo from DuPont-funded Haskell Laboratory declared C8 (one of thousands of PFAS) as “highly toxic when inhaled and moderately toxic when ingested.” By 1979, Haskell labs found that dogs exposed to a single dose of PFOA “died two days after ingestion.”



In 1980, DuPont and 3M discovered two birth defects among eight pregnant employees working in C8 manufacturing. However, they failed to disclose this finding or inform their employees about it. In a contradictory move, an internal memo in the following year claimed, “We know of no evidence of birth defects caused by C-8 at DuPont.”



Yet, DuPont reassured its employees in 1980, comparing the toxicity of C8 to that of table salt. They further downplayed reports of PFAS groundwater contamination near one of their plants in a 1991 press release, stating, “C-8 has no known toxic or ill health effects in humans at concentration levels detected.”



As lawsuits in 1998 and 2002 raised media attention to PFAS contamination, DuPont contacted the EPA, pushing for a swift public statement. They urged, “We need EPA to quickly (like first thing tomorrow) say the following: That consumer products sold under the Teflon brand are safe and to date there are no human health effects known to be caused by PFOA.”



In 2004, the EPA penalized DuPont for withholding their findings on PFOA. Despite the $16.45 million settlement being the largest civil penalty under U.S. environmental statutes at the time, it constituted a mere fraction of DuPont’s $1 billion annual revenues from PFOA and C8 in 2005.



Reflecting on the implications of the paper, Woodruff said, “As many countries pursue legal and legislative action to curb PFAS production, we hope they are aided by the timeline of evidence presented in this paper.” She noted that this timeline reveals significant flaws in the existing U.S. regulations on harmful chemicals.



<h2 id="h-more-about-forever-chemicals">More about forever chemicals&nbsp;</h2>



PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a group of human-made chemicals that have been manufactured and used in a variety of industries around the world since the 1940s. They are used in a wide range of products because of their unique properties, such as their resistance to heat, water, and oil.



PFAS can be found in:



<ul>
<li>Food packaging materials, such as microwave popcorn bags and pizza boxes</li>



<li>Stain- and water-repellent fabrics</li>



<li>Nonstick products, such as Teflon</li>



<li>Polishes, waxes, paints, and cleaning products</li>



<li>Fire-fighting foams (a major source of groundwater contamination at airports and military bases where firefighting training occurs)</li>
</ul>



PFAS are known as "forever chemicals" because they are extremely resistant to breaking down in the environment. They are stable, persistent, and bioaccumulate, meaning their concentration can increase over time in the environment and in organisms.



Studies have indicated that exposure to certain PFAS may lead to adverse human health effects. Some of the health effects linked with PFAS exposure include:



<ul>
<li>Effects on growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children</li>



<li>Lower fertility and interference with the body’s natural hormones</li>



<li>Increased cholesterol levels</li>



<li>Elevated risk of cancer, particularly kidney and testicular cancers</li>



<li>Impact on the immune system</li>



<li>Increased risk of thyroid disease</li>
</ul>



The most studied PFAS chemicals are PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid). Both of these are no longer manufactured in the United States, but they are still produced internationally and can be imported into the US in consumer goods.



Due to their widespread use and persistence in the environment, most people in the US have been exposed to PFAS. They can be detected in blood, and in certain cases, in drinking water supplies.



There’s increasing concern about the health effects of PFAS exposure, and a growing push for stricter regulation of these chemicals. Various states in the US have enacted legislation or issued guidance regarding PFAS, and there is ongoing research to better understand the impacts of these substances on human health and the environment.



—-



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Creators of forever chemicals covered up the toxic dangers for decades

In an echo of strategies employed by the tobacco industry,...

<a href="https://peatlands.org/event/world-peatlands-day/">World Peatlands Day</a> is celebrated on the 2nd of June each year. But what are peatlands and why are they important to the Earth?



Peatlands, a distinctive type of wetland, cover approximately three percent of the world's land surface. This unique ecosystem, although not widely recognized, plays a vital role in climate regulation, biodiversity conservation, and natural water management.&nbsp;



The term "peatland" refers to landscapes where peat – partially decomposed plant material – has accumulated, creating wet, soggy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-insect-is-transforming-antarctic-soils-paving-the-way-for-new-species/">soils</a> that form a unique ecological niche for a variety of plant and animal species.



<h2 id="h-formation-of-peatlands">Formation of Peatlands</h2>



The formation of peatlands is a fascinating process that involves specific environmental conditions and a significant amount of time. Below, we'll explore this process in more detail, beginning with the creation of a waterlogged environment and concluding with the accumulation of peat.



<h3 id="h-initiation-of-peatland-formation">Initiation of Peatland Formation</h3>



The formation of peatlands typically begins in waterlogged environments where the rate of plant material decomposition is significantly reduced. These environments may include marshes, swamps, or other wetlands where oxygen levels are low due to high water levels.



The waterlogged condition creates an anaerobic (oxygen-deficient) environment, which slows down the activity of decomposer organisms, such as bacteria and fungi. As a result, plant matter that falls into these areas is not fully decomposed and starts to accumulate over time.



<h3 id="h-plant-matter-accumulation">Plant Matter Accumulation</h3>



The primary contributors to the accumulation of plant material in peatlands can vary depending on the region. In boreal and temperate regions, mosses, particularly sphagnum species, contribute significantly to the peat layer. The special properties of sphagnum mosses make them a crucial element in the formation of peatlands. These mosses are highly absorbent, soaking up many times their weight in water, thereby helping to maintain the waterlogged conditions necessary for peatland formation.



In contrast, in tropical regions, trees are often the main contributors to the peat layer. These trees, adapted to thrive in waterlogged conditions, produce large amounts of organic matter that, under the right conditions, can lead to the formation of peatlands.



<h3 id="h-peat-formation">Peat Formation</h3>



As more plant material accumulates and the partially decomposed plant material becomes more compacted, a layer of peat begins to form. Peat is a brown, soil-like material consisting of partially decomposed organic matter.



The accumulation of peat happens very slowly, at a rate of about one mm per year. Given that peat layers can be many meters thick, peatland formation is a process that can take thousands of years.



The process of peat formation creates acidic, low-nutrient conditions, largely because sphagnum mosses release hydrogen ions as they absorb cations (positively charged ions) from the water. This acidity further slows the decomposition of plant material, creating a positive feedback loop that encourages the continued accumulation of peat.



<h3 id="h-maturation-into-peatlands">Maturation into Peatlands</h3>



Over time, as the layer of peat thickens, it can eventually rise above the water table, leading to the formation of raised bogs. These raised bogs receive water solely from rainfall, making them typically nutrient-poor and highly acidic.



In contrast, some peatlands remain level with or below the water table, continuing to receive nutrients from groundwater or surface water runoff. These peatlands, known as fens, are typically less acidic and more nutrient-rich than raised bogs.



The formation of peatlands is a slow and complex process that requires specific environmental conditions. While they form slowly, their ecological significance is immense, and their preservation is of critical importance. The formation process underscores how intricate and delicately balanced these ecosystems are, emphasizing the need for careful management and conservation efforts.



<h2 id="h-types-of-peatlands">Types of Peatlands</h2>



Peatlands are incredibly diverse and have been classified into various types based on their hydrology, ecology, and geographic location. The two primary types of peatlands, distinguished by their water sources, are bogs (ombrotrophic) and fens (minerotrophic). However, other types, such as swamps, pocosins, and blanket bogs, also contribute to the richness and diversity of peatland ecosystems.



<h3 id="h-bogs-ombrotrophic-peatlands">Bogs (Ombrotrophic Peatlands)&nbsp;</h3>



Bogs are a type of peatland that are fed exclusively by precipitation, making them ombrotrophic or "rain-fed." As they rely solely on rainfall, they are generally nutrient-poor and acidic. This is because rainwater lacks the mineral nutrients found in groundwater and surface runoff, and bog plants, like sphagnum mosses, contribute to acidification of the bog environment.



Bogs can further be classified into raised and blanket bogs. Raised bogs are dome-shaped formations often found in temperate regions. As the name suggests, they rise above the local groundwater level due to the accumulation of peat.



In contrast, blanket bogs are extensive layers of peat that cover large areas, usually in regions with cool, damp climates, such as parts of Ireland, Scotland, and Scandinavia. These landscapes, draped by a "blanket" of peat, form over flat or gently sloping ground, usually in upland areas.



<h3 id="h-fens-minerotrophic-peatlands">Fens (Minerotrophic Peatlands)</h3>



Fens, in contrast to bogs, receive water not just from precipitation but also from groundwater or surface runoff. This water source is richer in nutrients compared to rainwater, making fens minerotrophic or "mineral-fed." Fens are less acidic and more nutrient-rich than bogs, which allows them to support a greater diversity of plant life. You'll find sedges, rushes, reeds, and a variety of grasses and wildflowers in fen ecosystems.



Like bogs, fens can also be further categorized. Poor fens are more similar to bogs in that they have lower nutrient levels and are more acidic. Rich fens, on the other hand, have higher nutrient levels and are more alkaline.



<h3 id="h-peat-swamps">Peat Swamps</h3>



Peat swamps, also known as swamp forests or peat swamp forests, are a type of peatland found in tropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia. As their name suggests, these are forested peatlands where trees have adapted to waterlogged conditions and contribute significantly to peat formation. Peat swamp forests are important habitats for numerous threatened and endangered species.



<h3 id="h-pocosins">Pocosins</h3>



Found primarily in the southeastern United States, pocosins are a type of peatland characterized by dense evergreen shrubs and, often, a canopy of pond pines. Pocosins are unique in that they develop on flat, sandy landscapes far from rivers and streams. Over time, the accumulation of organic material creates a thick, peat-rich layer that is waterlogged for much of the year.



The variety of peatland types worldwide demonstrates the ecological versatility and significance of these ecosystems. Each type of peatland represents a unique combination of water source, vegetation, nutrient availability, and peat characteristics, contributing to the rich diversity of habitats and species found in these landscapes.



<h2 id="h-ecological-importance-of-peatlands">Ecological Importance of Peatlands</h2>



Peatlands provide numerous ecosystem services that are essential for supporting life on Earth. These include carbon storage, biodiversity maintenance, water regulation, and a range of cultural services.



<h3 id="h-carbon-storage">Carbon Storage&nbsp;</h3>



One of the most significant ecological functions of peatlands is their role in carbon storage. Despite covering just 3% of the Earth's land surface, peatlands hold approximately 30% of all terrestrial carbon. This disproportionality is due to the nature of peat formation, in which plant material is not fully decomposed and is instead stored in the peat layer. This process removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, a key greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, and stores it in a stable form in the soil.



<h3 id="h-biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>



Peatlands are also crucial for biodiversity. These ecosystems provide unique habitats for a variety of plant and animal species. Peatlands' acidity, low nutrient content, and waterlogged conditions have led to the evolution of specialized species adapted to these conditions. For example, many types of mosses, sedges, and carnivorous plants are characteristic of peatland ecosystems.



Peatlands also support a diverse array of bird species, including several that are peatland specialists, such as the Palm Cockatoo in tropical peat swamps, or the European Golden Plover in blanket bogs. Many invertebrate species, such as dragonflies, damselflies, and various beetles, are also found in peatlands.



In the tropics, peat swamp forests are home to endangered species such as orangutans, Sumatran tigers, and proboscis monkeys, highlighting the importance of these habitats for conservation.



<h3 id="h-water-regulation">Water Regulation</h3>



Peatlands play a crucial role in water regulation due to their sponge-like ability to absorb and hold large amounts of water. This capacity helps to mitigate flooding during periods of heavy rainfall by absorbing excess water and slowly releasing it back into the environment.



During dry periods, peatlands slowly release stored water, helping to maintain river flows and groundwater levels. Additionally, peatlands' water filtering capability improves water quality by absorbing and retaining pollutants.



<h3 id="h-cultural-services">Cultural Services</h3>



Peatlands also provide a range of cultural services. They are important in folklore and tradition and have historical significance in many cultures. They have also been used for various human activities over the centuries, including peat extraction for fuel and agriculture.



The ecological importance of peatlands underscores the urgent need for their conservation and sustainable management. These habitats' unique characteristics make them irreplaceable once lost, and preserving them is crucial for maintaining global biodiversity, mitigating climate change, and preserving essential ecosystem services. The continued degradation and loss of peatlands have far-reaching implications, highlighting the importance of integrating peatland conservation into broader land management and conservation strategies.



<h2 id="h-threats-to-peatlands">Threats to Peatlands</h2>



Peatlands are threatened by a range of human activities, including:



<ul>
<li>Drainage for agriculture: Peatlands are often drained to create farmland, leading to the oxidation of stored carbon and release of greenhouse gases. This practice also disrupts water regulation and damages habitats of many unique species.</li>



<li>Peat extraction: Peat has been traditionally used as a source of fuel and is still used as a soil additive in horticulture. Large-scale peat extraction contributes to carbon release and habitat destruction.</li>



<li>Palm oil plantations: In Southeast Asia, vast tracts of peat swamp forests have been cleared and drained for palm oil cultivation, causing severe environmental harm.</li>



<li>Climate change: Global warming could lead to the drying out of peatlands, making them susceptible to fires, which can release vast amounts of carbon dioxide.</li>
</ul>



<h2 id="h-conservation-of-peatlands">Conservation of Peatlands&nbsp;</h2>



<ul>
<li>Conservation efforts for peatlands involve their protection, restoration, and sustainable management. These measures include:</li>



<li>Establishing protected areas: Governments, international bodies, and NGOs can designate peatlands as protected areas to prevent their exploitation and degradation.</li>



<li>Peatland restoration: Drained peatlands can be restored by blocking drainage channels and re-wetting the peat soil, thereby restoring its function as a carbon sink. The process may also involve the reestablishment of native vegetation.</li>



<li>Promoting sustainable land use practices: In areas where peatland use is necessary, promoting sustainable practices can minimize damage. This includes responsible peat extraction, agroforestry, and organic farming methods that do not involve drainage.</li>



<li>Community involvement: Engaging local communities in peatland management and restoration is vital for the success of conservation efforts.</li>
</ul>



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



Peatlands, as complex and ecologically significant landscapes, play an essential role in our world. Their conservation is not just critical for the species that call these habitats home, but for the health of our planet as a whole. Despite being under threat, with understanding, respect, and responsible management, these unique landscapes can continue to perform their vital ecological functions long into the future.



Educating students about the importance of peatlands, their ecological significance, and the threats they face encourages an understanding of complex ecosystems and promotes an attitude of stewardship for our environment. As science educators, we have the opportunity and responsibility to engage and inspire our students about these important aspects of our planet’s health.



—-



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Happy World Peatlands Day! What is it, and why should you care?

World Peatlands Day is celebrated on the 2nd of June...

Mountain,Peak,Green,Nature,Scenery

In an intriguing shift of scientific perspective, research led by <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/">Colorado State University</a> (CSU) has hinted that our understanding of mountain formation may require a deeper look.&nbsp;



The study, largely focused on southern Italy, suggests that the mechanics and underlying causes of mountain building are rooted further beneath Earth's crust than previously believed.



Sean Gallen, the lead author and an assistant professor of geosciences at CSU, commented: "Mountain building is a fundamental process of how Earth behaves, and this study suggests that we may not understand that as well as we thought we did."



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



To dig deeper into this mystery, Gallen and his team developed new data sets and techniques. Their approach was unique: use the landscapes to map out the long-term history of mountain building.



At the heart of the study were subduction zones like Calabria in southern Italy. In these zones, one tectonic plate dives beneath another, causing crumpling and thickening of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-molten-rock-layer-discovered-under-earths-crust/">Earth's crust</a> - typically understood as the primary drivers of mountain formation.



To better understand the history of this process, the team brought together measurements spanning various timescales, from thousands to tens of millions of years. The landscape served as a sort of "geologic tape recorder," filling in the gaps of the tectonic history.



Professor Gallen explained: "In southern Italy, the landscape actually is the bridge between these different methods that we typically use."



By studying flat, high-elevation patches of the landscape along the "toe" of the Italian peninsula, the team made a groundbreaking discovery. These regions mark periods of slower mountain formation, while steep transitions below indicate rapid acceleration. Interpreting these clues, the researchers created an extensive, continuous record of rock uplift – the longest and most complete of its kind.



<h2 id="h-new-approach-yields-surprising-results">New approach yields surprising results</h2>



This innovative method, however, yielded surprising results. "We would expect to see a correlation between the rate at which the plate is diving down beneath the other plate through time and our rock uplift history, and we don't see that," noted Gallen.



Rather than attributing the mountain formation primarily to crust crumpling and thickening, the data pointed to another process. The descent of the lower plate through Earth's mantle and its subsequent alteration of the mantle flow field emerged as key factors controlling rock uplift.



Professor Gallen stressed the significance of this finding: "The results suggest that the typical way we view mountain building doesn't hold for southern Italy. It appears to be controlled by things that are much deeper within the Earth system. This behavior has been seen in models but never in nature. This is the first time we think we've observed it.”



While additional data is needed to verify these findings, existing numerical models provide support. Scientists have previously associated mountain height with tectonic plate interactions within Earth's plastically flowing mantle. However, this research suggests that such interactions may be the primary driver of mountain building in subduction zones.



“The records we have produced imply that deep earth signals appear to dominate what's happening at the surface," said Professor Gallen. "I've been working in the Mediterranean for 15 years, and this result has profoundly changed the way I think about these subduction zones.”



<h2 id="h-added-benefit-new-techniques-invented-for-future-research">Added benefit – new techniques invented for future research</h2>



Beyond its findings, the study also pioneered new techniques for constructing long-term rock uplift histories. The team's innovative approach unifies standard geomorphology measurements - thermochronology, cosmogenic nuclides, bedrock river profiles, and marine terrace records of past sea levels - under one framework. This strategy not only delves further into geologic history but also uses different data sets to uniquely constrain modeling.



The researchers developed software to support their novel approach, making it freely available for other researchers in hopes of spurring more discoveries. The authors of the study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01185-4">Nature Geoscience</a> - are Nikki M. Seymour, Christoph Glotzbach, Daniel F. Stockli, and Paul O'Sullivan. These academics are affiliated with the Department of Geosciences in CSU's Warner College of Natural Resources.



While the technique's primary strength lies in its application to active geological systems, it is not without limitations. The landscape of a region offers valuable clues about its geological history, but the further back the geological activity, the more challenging it becomes to reconstruct that history with certainty. Despite this, Professor Gallen remains optimistic about the potential implications of their work.



In conclusion, this groundbreaking research not only challenges our current understanding of mountain formation but also offers innovative tools for further exploration.&nbsp;



This study, which proposes that the processes taking place far deeper beneath the Earth's surface primarily drive mountain formation, calls for a reevaluation of geological theories. It illuminates the importance of continually probing, questioning, and reshaping our knowledge of the world – even when the subject is as solid and unchanging as mountains.



<h2 id="h-more-about-mountains">More about mountains</h2>



Mountains are landforms that rise prominently above their surroundings, characterized by steep slopes and high relief. They're found on every continent and in every kind of environment - in temperate, tropical, and arctic climates. Here is a broad overview:



<h3 id="h-formation-of-mountains">Formation of Mountains&nbsp;</h3>



Mountains are primarily formed through tectonic forces, causing a section of the Earth's crust to uplift. This often occurs at the boundaries of tectonic plates. There are various types of mountains, each formed by different geological processes.



<ol>
<li>Fold Mountains: These are formed when two tectonic plates collide, and the edges of the plates fold due to immense pressure. The Himalayas in Asia, the Alps in Europe, and the Andes in South America are examples of fold mountains.</li>



<li>Fault-Block Mountains: These are formed when faults or cracks in the Earth's crust force materials or blocks of rock upwards or downwards. The Sierra Nevada Mountains in North America are an example of fault-block mountains.</li>



<li>Dome Mountains: These form when a large amount of molten rock, or magma, pushes its way up under the Earth crust but doesn't reach the surface. The magma then cools, creating a bulge or dome. The Black Hills of South Dakota are an example of dome mountains.</li>



<li>Volcanic Mountains: These are formed when magma from deep within the Earth breaks through the crust and erupts on the surface, forming a mountain over time as the lava cools and accumulates. Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount St. Helens in the U.S. are examples of volcanic mountains.</li>



<li>Plateau Mountains: These are formed by erosion, with water, wind, and ice cutting into solid rock to form mountains. The Appalachian Mountains in the Eastern U.S. are examples of plateau mountains.</li>
</ol>



<h3 id="h-ecology-and-biodiversity">Ecology and Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



Mountains are home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. Due to the change in climate with altitude (it becomes colder the higher you go), different levels or zones of vegetation can be seen on a mountain, often referred to as life zones. This altitude effect also means that mountains can host a variety of ecosystems, from temperate forests at their base to alpine tundra environments at their peaks.



In addition to plant life, mountains are also home to a diverse range of animal species. Some animals have evolved to thrive in the harsh conditions at high altitudes, and many species are endemic to mountainous regions (meaning they're found nowhere else on Earth).



<h3 id="h-human-interaction">Human Interaction&nbsp;</h3>



Humans have been interacting with mountainous environments for thousands of years. Mountains have often been seen as sacred places, and many cultures attach spiritual significance to them.



Mountains also provide a range of ecosystem services that are vital for human societies, such as fresh water, forest products, and mineral resources. In addition, they're important for tourism and recreational activities, such as hiking, skiing, and mountaineering.



However, human activities also pose threats to mountain environments. Climate change, deforestation, overgrazing, and other forms of environmental degradation can damage these delicate ecosystems, leading to a loss of biodiversity and affecting the services that mountains provide.



<h3 id="h-importance-for-climate-and-water">Importance for Climate and Water</h3>



Mountains play a crucial role in our planet's water cycle. They receive more rainfall than low-lying areas because as air is forced over higher ground, it cools, causing moisture to condense and fall as rain. They're also home to many of the world's glaciers, which store water as ice during the winter and gradually release it in the warmer months.



Furthermore, mountains have a significant influence on the Earth's climate. They act as barriers to air movement and play a key role in the circulation of the Earth's atmosphere. For instance, they can force air upwards, causing it to cool and leading to condensation and precipitation. This is why one side of a mountain range can be wet (the windward side) while the other side (the leeward side) can be very dry, a phenomenon known as a rain shadow effect.



Cultural Significance



Across many cultures and throughout history, mountains have held a profound cultural and spiritual significance. They've been revered as the dwelling place of deities, as seen in ancient Greek mythology with Mount Olympus, the home of the gods. Many cultures undertake pilgrimages to mountain tops as part of their spiritual practice.



In addition, mountains often feature prominently in literature, art, folklore, and music, symbolizing challenges to overcome, places of solitude, or sites of awe-inspiring beauty.



<h3 id="h-study-of-mountains">Study of Mountains</h3>



The scientific study of mountains is known as orography, a branch of physical geography. It includes studying the formation, classification, and distribution of mountains, as well as understanding the effects of mountains on climate and weather conditions.



<h3 id="h-safety-and-mountain-sports">Safety and Mountain Sports</h3>



While mountains offer recreational activities like hiking, trekking, climbing, skiing, and mountain biking, they also present unique dangers. These include high-altitude sickness due to lower oxygen levels, avalanches, sudden weather changes, and difficult terrain. Mountain safety education is essential for anyone wanting to participate in these activities.



<h3 id="h-conservation">Conservation&nbsp;</h3>



Due to their ecological importance, fragility, and the unique flora and fauna they harbor, many mountainous regions are protected under national park status or other conservation designations. Nevertheless, mountains face threats from climate change, habitat destruction, and over-exploitation of resources, and ongoing conservation efforts are critical.



In conclusion, mountains are fascinating and complex structures. They're integral to Earth's ecosystems, impacting climate, water distribution, and biodiversity. They serve as a source of resources and enjoyment for humans, yet they require our respect and careful stewardship to protect their fragile environments for future generations.



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How and why do mountains form? New theories for an age-old mystery

In an intriguing shift of scientific perspective, research led by...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Once on the ground in Africa, the team headed into a sanctuary where they knew gorillas could be found. They set up the camera and, before long, its powers of disguise were put to the test. Photo credit: Murray Close/Getty Images

Deployment

In order to fool these intelligent apes, the camera was placed inside of an animatronic gorilla! Its infiltration abilities were put to the test soon after the team arrived in <a href="http://uganada">Uganda</a>. Photo credit: BBC / YouTube