Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Lake Hamun, a seasonal lake in the Sistan region on the Afghanistan-Iran border. The lake and surrounding wetlands have been shrinking as a result of persistent drought, leading to reduced vegetation and exposed dust. These changes have transformed the basin into a major source of dust storms.



"While dust storms are most common in the summer, they happen year-round as long as the lake is dry and the winds are strong. That was the case on January 12, 2023, when the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite captured this image of dust streaming from the dry lake bed," says NASA.



In January 2023, a team of experts led by UCLA reported that airborne dust has likely increased by 55 percent on a global scale since pre-industrial times. The researchers said this is largely due to more frequent dust storms in Asia and North Africa.&nbsp;



The team estimates that the cooling effect of airborne dust has likely masked about eight percent of the warming caused by greenhouse gases since the preindustrial era.



“Our findings imply that greenhouses gases alone could cause even more climate warming than models currently predict,” said UCLA atmospheric physicist Jasper Kok. “This is of tremendous importance because better predictions can inform better decisions of how to mitigate or adapt to climate change.”



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Lake Hamun is a major source of dust storms

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Typhoon Mawar, also known as "Betty," which is the first typhoon of the season in the northwest Pacific. The intense storm struck Guam and the Philippines before heading toward Taiwan and southern Japan.



"With sustained winds that reached 295 kilometers (185 miles) per hour on May 25, the super typhoon grew to be one of the strongest May storms on record," says NASA.&nbsp;



"The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite acquired this natural-color image of Mawar at 05:20 Universal Time on May 30, 2023. Though the storm appeared to be bearing down on Taiwan, it was in the process of turning north and away from the island."



"After rapidly intensifying between May 24 and 25, Mawar then weakened significantly as it encountered cooler water temperatures and less favorable wind shear conditions as it neared Taiwan."



NASA reports that although Mawar did not strike the Philippines or Taiwan directly, the outer bands of the storm brought heavy rains to northern Luzon and rough seas to the eastern coast of Taiwan.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Typhoon Mawar is one of the strongest May storms on record

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Messina Strait, a channel in the Mediterranean Sea that separates Sicily and Calabria. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station



The Messina Strait is 20 miles long with a depth of 820 feet, and joins the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north and the Ionian Sea to the south.&nbsp;



"Waves that follow the tide from west to east are visible in the right half of the photo. These are caused by internal waves, a process where stratified water layers of changing density and increasing depth horizontally propagate beneath the water surface. The waves are illuminated by sunglint—an optical phenomenon that occurs when sunlight is directly reflected off the water and into a satellite’s sensor, or in this case, the astronaut’s camera," explains NASA.



"Alternating currents, relatively low water temperature, and high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen contribute to the region’s aquatic biodiversity. The strait hosts several deep-sea fish species such as Sloane’s viperfish (a predatory dragonfish) as well as commercially valuable fish like yellowtail and snapper. On the left side of the image, thin, white lines are likely ship wakes, some of which may belong to fishing boats."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Messina Strait in the Mediterranean Sea

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Amazon River in Brazil. This particular stretch of river is located near the port city of Parintins.



"The river is the largest on Earth and allows seagoing ships to reach Parintins even though it is 800 kilometers (500 miles) inland from the Atlantic Ocean," says NASA.



"Seagoing ships can progress 3,600 kilometers (2,200 miles) up the Amazon River - more than halfway across the South American continent - to the port of Iquitos in Peru."&nbsp;



The muddy color of the river is tied to the Andes Mountains, a major source of sediments and mineral nutrients. According to NASA, the sediment erodes from the Andes Mountains located to the west and is carried generally eastward toward the ocean.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The lower Amazon River in Brazil

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Espíritu Santo Archipelago, a group of islands located in the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez, off the eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico.&nbsp;



"Sunglint reflects off the water surface, accentuating wave movement, ship wakes, and cloud shadows," said NASA. "The islands appear rust-colored due to previous tectonic and volcanic activity that deposited layers of black lava and pink volcanic ash."



"The Baja Peninsula acts as a natural wind and wave break that protects islands in the Gulf of California from erosion. Slowed erosion has resulted in the preservation of rock shelters and caves."



"Exploration and excavation of these shelters contribute to understanding the geomorphology, geology, and ancient human patterns on the islands. Archeologists have found human artifacts artifacts dating back approximately ten thousand years, providing evidence of human activity on the islands."



The Espíritu Santo Archipelago is part of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur and consists of several islands, the largest and most well-known of which is Isla Espíritu Santo. The other main islands in the archipelago are Isla Partida, Los Islotes, and a few smaller islets.



Espíritu Santo and its surrounding islands are known for their stunning natural beauty, featuring dramatic cliffs, white sand beaches, and turquoise waters. The region is home to a rich diversity of marine life, including sea lions, manta rays, whale sharks, and various species of whales and dolphins. It also supports a variety of bird species, such as blue-footed boobies, frigatebirds, and pelicans, making it a popular destination for birdwatching.



The Espíritu Santo Archipelago has been designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a Mexican Protected Natural Area, which helps to preserve its unique ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecotourism is popular in the area, with visitors participating in activities like snorkeling, scuba diving, kayaking, and wildlife watching.



The islands are accessible by boat from the nearby city of La Paz, which is the capital of Baja California Sur. There are numerous tour operators that offer day trips and multi-day excursions to the Espíritu Santo Archipelago, allowing visitors to explore the islands and their remarkable natural features.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Espíritu Santo Archipelago in the Gulf of California

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Dark Canyon Complex, which is a rugged, remote area in southeastern Utah. It's part of the larger Cedar Mesa Plateau and includes both the Dark Canyon Wilderness and Dark Canyon Primitive Area.&nbsp;



These are areas of steep canyons, high plateaus, and rock formations that are characteristic of the Colorado Plateau.



"Deep, meandering canyons cut through the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah in this photograph, taken by an astronaut on the International Space Station on April 6, 2023," says NASA.



"These canyons, known as the Dark Canyon complex, have distinctive geology, ecology, and archeology. They are some of the only intact protected canyons in the United States."



"This rugged and remote landscape has been shaped by erosion. Over thousands of years, the Colorado River and smaller tributaries have eroded winding, steep-walled canyons into the sedimentary rock. Dark Canyon - one of seven canyons within the complex - cuts diagonally across the photo."



"Within this canyon, sandstone walls tower up to 3,000 feet, shading visitors from morning and afternoon sun - hence its name. The canyon’s steep walls expose roughly 250 million years of geologic history and contain deposits from the Permian period. Cockleshell and crinoid stem fossils have been found in the area."



The astronaut photograph is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by a member of the Expedition 69 crew.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Dark Canyon Complex in southeastern Utah

“Luna hibernated last winter for the first time from beginning of January until end of March,” Jeta Lepaja of Four Paws said. “The chances are that this year she will hibernate earlier.”

Starting Earlier

Fentanyl, a common drug that has already become the leading cause of death for Americans under the age of 50, has the potential to be transformed into a tool for mass poisoning, health experts warn. This lethal capacity could turn it into a weapon of terror, suggests a group of researchers including experts from <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/">Rutgers</a> and other institutions.



In a recently published paper in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1158479">Frontiers in Public Health</a>, Lewis Nelson, the chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, spoke about this looming threat. Nelson, who is also the senior author of the research paper, expressed concern about the ready availability of this deadly substance.&nbsp;



"Before fentanyl, the only viable mass poisons were rare and difficult-to-access agents such as cyanide or nerve agents,” he said. Nelson highlighted the drug's lethal potential, saying, “Fentanyl can be just as deadly if properly disseminated, and it’s ubiquitous. A motivated person could readily obtain enough to potentially poison hundreds of people - which, uncut, would fit easily onto a teaspoon.”



<h2 id="h-different-type-of-threat-than-biological-attack">Different type of threat than biological attack</h2>



Fentanyl's threat is different from that of a biological attack, which could spread globally, potentially claiming millions of lives. In contrast, chemical attacks like fentanyl poisoning harm only those directly exposed. Nevertheless, due to its high toxicity, fentanyl poses a grave threat as an instrument for a destructive, deliberate event aimed at an unsuspecting population.



In terms of the execution of such an attack, an individual with minimum technical skills could potentially introduce lethal doses of the synthetic opioid into building ventilation systems, or local food and water supplies.&nbsp;



Nelson, however, downplayed the likelihood of a successful large-scale attack, asserting that merely dumping a large quantity of fentanyl into a reservoir would likely not result in significant casualties.



A chilling historical example of its potential usage as an aerosolized poison comes from Russia in 2002. Chechen terrorists had seized a crowded theater, threatening to execute hundreds of hostages unless Russia withdrew from Chechnya.&nbsp;



In response, Russian authorities apparently used a fentanyl-like drug to end the crisis. They pumped the fentanyl analog into the theater’s ventilation system, incapacitating nearly everyone inside, including the terrorists.&nbsp;



The authorities then stormed the building and rescued the hostages, but not without a hefty price: the operation resulted in the death of 130 hostages, a grim demonstration of the destructive power of fentanyl when used maliciously.



<h2 id="h-effective-antidotes-currently-available">Effective antidotes currently available</h2>



Yet, there is some silver lining in the form of an effective antidote to fentanyl poisoning. Nelson pointed out, “We have no effective antidotes to many poisons, but we do have an antidote to fentanyl poisoning - naloxone, which also goes by the brand name Narcan."&nbsp;



Owing to the increasing number of unintentional fentanyl overdoses, naloxone is now widely stocked in healthcare facilities and pharmacies.



This unfortunate increase in accidental overdoses has led to an increased awareness among healthcare providers and non-medical personnel about recognizing the signs of fentanyl poisoning. The research paper urges more training for caregivers in order to quickly identify victims and administer naloxone as soon as possible.



Nelson underlined the safety of this approach, saying, “Treating based on clinical findings rather than more definitive tests such as blood-test results is generally safe. If you suspect fentanyl poisoning, administer naloxone, and it turns out the poison was another agent, you generally haven’t hurt the patient.”



<h2 id="h-outline-proposed-for-a-fentanyl-attack-response-plan">Outline proposed for a fentanyl attack response plan</h2>



The response plan proposed by the panel primarily focuses on preparatory measures, such as training more individuals to recognize the signs of poisoning, setting up efficient reporting channels for unusual fentanyl poisoning cases, and identifying common factors among victims.&nbsp;



In addition, the plan also calls for enhanced efforts to eliminate access to fentanyl sources. A crucial part of the strategy includes devising ways to swiftly transport substantial quantities of naloxone to places where they are most needed during an emergency.



The availability of naloxone in both metropolitan and rural areas is encouraging, according to Nelson. "We have a lot of naloxone available in metropolitan and rural areas,” he said.&nbsp;



The drug can safely be administered to victims, as fentanyl powder poses little threat to rescuers unless it's inhaled or ingested. There's essentially no risk of rapid absorption through the skin, he reassured.



One of the primary challenges in the event of a mass poisoning incident would be transporting the antidote swiftly to the scene or facilities suddenly overwhelmed with victims.&nbsp;



"The key in a mass event will be quickly moving naloxone to the scene or to facilities that are suddenly overwhelmed with victims. Fentanyl generally kills more slowly than poisons like cyanide, but it still requires quick action to prevent harm," explained Nelson.



While the prospect of fentanyl being weaponized is a disturbing one, health experts are working diligently to prepare and protect against such a potential event. As the medical community continues to learn from accidental overdose cases, their knowledge and readiness could prove invaluable in responding to an intentional mass poisoning event.



<h2 id="h-more-about-fentanyl">More about fentanyl</h2>



Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid pain reliever that is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. It's approved for treating severe pain, typically advanced cancer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-body-positions-that-indicate-your-dog-is-in-pain/">pain</a>. It's often prescribed in the form of transdermal patches or lozenges, and is used under a doctor's supervision.



However, due to its potency, fentanyl has also been illicitly produced and misused, often with deadly consequences. Illicitly made fentanyl is sold through illegal drug markets for its heroin-like effect. It's often mixed with heroin and/or cocaine to increase its potency, but users are frequently unaware of its presence, leading to a high risk of overdose.



Fentanyl binds to the body's opioid receptors that control pain and emotions, increasing dopamine levels and creating a state of intense euphoria and relaxation. Its potency comes from its high affinity to these receptors. However, it also affects the areas of the brain that control breathing rate, and a high dose of opioids, especially potent ones like fentanyl, can cause breathing to stop completely, leading to death.



Fentanyl overdoses have been a significant contributor to the opioid epidemic in the United States. By 2021, fentanyl was the leading cause of drug overdose deaths in the U.S., and its potential misuse continues to pose significant public health risks.



In terms of medical use, fentanyl can be a very effective drug for managing severe pain. As mentioned earlier, it's often used for pain management in cancer patients, especially those who have built up a tolerance to other opioids.



Overall, while fentanyl has legitimate medical uses, its potency and potential for misuse make it a significant focus of public health efforts to control the opioid crisis.



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Fentanyl can easily be weaponized, nation needs emergency response plan

Fentanyl, a common drug that has already become the leading...

In a groundbreaking investigation, scientists have delved deep into the genomes of 233 nonhuman primate species, casting new light on primate evolution, human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-disease-transmission-between-wildlife-and-humans/">disease</a>, and biodiversity conservation.&nbsp;



The multinational research endeavor, led by the Human Genome Sequencing Center at <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/">Baylor College of Medicine</a>, the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain, and Illumina, Inc., generated a trove of new information. The experts have now published their findings in a series of studies in a special issue of the scientific journal <a href="https://www.science.org/">Science</a>.



<h2 id="h-nearly-half-of-all-primates-represented">Nearly half of all primates represented</h2>



This initiative, known as the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8920853/">Primate Genome Project</a>, resulted in the most comprehensive collection of primate genomic information to date. Nearly half of all primate species on Earth are represented within this catalog. Over 800 individual primates from these 233 species were studied by researchers hailing from 24 countries. A staggering 4.3 million common missense mutations were identified in this process.



These studies uncovered previously unknown DNA sequence variants and created phylogenies - essentially family trees - for primate species. This wealth of data enriches our understanding of primate and human evolution and expands our knowledge of primate biodiversity.&nbsp;



Moreover, the research team mined the primate genomic data to uncover new insights into the genetic roots of human disease. A novel algorithm was also developed to predict pathogenic variants in humans.



Dr. Jeffrey Rogers, lead investigator and associate professor at the Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor, emphasized the significance of these findings. "The simultaneous publication of this broad array of papers on primate genomics demonstrates the value and the power of comparative genetics. When we investigate the genomics of nonhuman primates, we not only learn about these species, which is important and timely, but we can also place human genetics into its proper comparative context, which provides new insights into human health and human evolution."



<h2 id="h-varying-genetic-diversity">Varying genetic diversity</h2>



Genetic diversity among primates varies significantly across geographical regions and taxonomies, as noted by Dr. Tomàs Marquès-Bonet, lead investigator from Pompeu Fabra. "The study of this diversity is crucial for human evolutionary studies, human disease and for their future conservation."



The urgency of conservation efforts is underscored by the findings, which highlight which primate species are in the most desperate need. Dr. Lukas Kuderna, lead investigator from the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, commented, “Our studies show which species are in most dire need of conservation efforts and can help identify the most effective strategies for preserving these species."



One particular study in the consortium turned the spotlight onto baboons. Utilizing whole genome sequence data from 225 baboons, researchers discovered new geographic sites of gene flow between different populations.&nbsp;



The research revealed that yellow baboons from western Tanzania are the first nonhuman primates known to have received genetic input from three distinct lineages. This discovery prompts us to reconsider the evolutionary dynamics of early hominins, which may be far more complex than previously assumed.



"These results suggest that the population genetic structure and history of introgression among baboon lineages is more complex than was previously thought, and that shows that the baboons are a good model for the evolution of humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans," Rogers said.



<h2 id="h-predicting-human-disease-through-primate-mutations">Predicting human disease through primate mutations</h2>



The team also looked at how primate mutations can be used to predict the risk of human disease. Out of the 4.3 million missense mutations identified in the primates studied, researchers found 6% to be likely benign in human disease, as their high frequency in primate populations seems to be benign.&nbsp;



In the other 94% of cases, the PrimateAI-3D deep learning algorithm was deployed to predict pathogenicity in human disease. This artificial intelligence algorithm was developed by the team at Illumina.



Dr. Kyle Farh, lead investigator from Illumina, shed light on the findings, saying, “We discovered that if a ‘rare’ mutation cannot be found in the primate genome, it is very likely to cause a human disease. In addition, some of these rare mutations can cause, by themselves, some diseases considered polygenic.”



<h2 id="h-significant-contribution-to-science-and-the-world">Significant contribution to science and the world</h2>



The newfound genomic catalog significantly impacts our understanding of genetic evolution (see image <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Primate-genome-project_credit-Dong-Dong-Wu.png">here</a>). The number of genomic innovations previously thought to be exclusively human has been cut in half by the findings from these studies. This enables easier identification of mutations not shared with primates, which may be unique to human evolution and the characteristics that set us apart as a species.



Dr. Richard Gibbs, founding director of the Human Genome Sequencing Center and Wofford Cain Chair and Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor, praised the series of studies. “These studies bring comparative genomics to new heights, and we can predict the impact on both understanding of human biology and on practical clinical diagnostic issues," said Dr. Gibbs.



<h2 id="h-more-about-genome-sequencing">More about genome sequencing</h2>



Genome sequencing is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This complex task involves sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast.



The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, marked the successful execution of the first full sequencing of the human genome. This ambitious international research effort began in 1990, aiming to map and understand all the genes of human beings. All our genes together are known as our "genome."



In genome sequencing, the precise order of the four chemical building blocks - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - that make up the DNA molecule is determined. The human genome, for instance, contains about 3 billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells.



Modern sequencing technology, known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), allows for sequencing multiple DNA strands in parallel, resulting in huge amounts of data generated quickly and at a lower cost than traditional methods. These technological advancements have allowed genomics to become a significant tool in biological research, medical diagnostics, evolutionary studies, and many other fields.



There are a few different methods for sequencing genomes. Sequencing by synthesis, for example, involves synthesizing a complementary strand of DNA based on the sequence of the original strand. Another common method, called nanopore sequencing, pushes a DNA strand through a tiny pore and reads the sequence based on changes in electrical conductivity.



Genome sequencing can have numerous applications. It can be used to study genetic diseases, trace ancestry, understand and combat hereditary disorders, guide personalized medicine, and even in fields like forensic science. It has helped to uncover numerous genetic variants responsible for certain diseases, track the evolution of different species, and has been a cornerstone in understanding our own human biology and health.



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The Primate Genome Project reveals hidden evolutionary secrets

In a groundbreaking investigation, scientists have delved deep into the...

Tree,In,Two,With,Very,Different,Environments,Earth,Day,Or

In the face of growing concerns about the planet's sustainability, a group of more than 40 international scientists, under the banner of the <a href="https://earthcommission.org/">Earth Commission</a>, have presented alarming findings. The study suggests that humans have surpassed almost all the protective boundaries that ensure Earth remains a safe and habitable environment.&nbsp;



The research points towards the grim reality that we, as a species, are propelling our planet towards irreversible destabilization due to unsustainable resource extraction and consumption.



<h2 id="h-safe-and-just-limits">Safe and just limits</h2>



The research, published in the prominent scientific journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/">Nature</a>, involved a meticulous analysis of multiple facets of our environment such as climate, biodiversity, freshwater, and diverse forms of pollution affecting our air, soil, and water. The scientists set out to define "safe and just limits," parameters that work towards maintaining the planet's equilibrium, protecting other species, minimizing significant harm to humans, and fostering inclusive human development.



Of the eight <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06083-8">Earth System Boundaries</a> (ESBs) recognized in this study, the researchers found that we have crossed seven, with only aerosol pollutants staying within tolerable limits. The team reported that we have gone beyond the just limit of 1°C in terms of climate change, although we are still within the safe limit of 1.5°C above the pre-industrial global average temperature.



The human cost of these transgressions is already being observed, the scientists warn. The changing climate has affected tens of millions of people, revealing "significant societal impacts."



<h3 id="h-irreversible-tipping-points-may-be-unavoidable">Irreversible tipping points may be "unavoidable"</h3>



Professor Johan Rockstrom of the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a>, who led this extensive study, expressed deep concern over the findings. He stated: "The results of our health check are quite concerning. Within the five analyzed domains, several boundaries, on a global and local scale, are already transgressed."



"This means that unless a timely transformation occurs, it is most likely that irreversible tipping points and widespread impacts on human well-being will be unavoidable." He further emphasized the necessity to avoid this grim scenario to ensure a safe and just future for current and future generations.



<h3 id="h-action-is-urgently-needed">Action is urgently needed</h3>



Despite the agreement among UN member states since 2015 to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C and protect biodiversity in 30% of the world's land, sea, and freshwater areas, the Earth Commission scientists indicate we are far from achieving these targets. They argue for a sweeping global transformation across all ESBs to ensure human well-being.



This transformation, they suggest, should not be isolated but systemic, addressing the economic, technological, and political drivers of Earth's degradation. Additionally, it should promote equitable access for the impoverished through the reduction and reallocation of resource use.



Study co-author Professor Joyeeta Gupta from the <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en">University of Amsterdam</a> emphasized the essential role of justice in humanity's survival within planetary limits.&nbsp;



"Justice is a necessity for humanity to live within planetary limits. This is a conclusion seen across the scientific community in multiple heavyweight environmental assessments," said Professor Gupta.



"It is not a political choice. Overwhelming evidence shows that a just and equitable approach is essential to planetary stability. We cannot have a biophysically safe planet without justice."



<h2 id="h-mitigating-the-damage">Mitigating the damage</h2>



The scientists aim for their research to guide businesses, cities, and governments in setting science-based targets when tackling issues such as human exposure to climate change, biodiversity decline, water shortages, ecosystem damage due to fertiliser overuse along with unequal access, and health damage from air pollution.



Professor Gupta warned of the immediate risks beyond potential future tipping points. "Damage is already happening to millions of people at 1°C of climate warming." She also emphasized the need for immediate action to phase out fossil fuels and accelerate work towards meeting Paris Agreement goals.&nbsp;



"By setting our climate Earth System Boundary at 1C we are not advocating that the world should adopt this ambitious target, but we are exposing the injustice inherent in current world targets," said Professor Gupta.



<h2 id="h-more-about-climate-tipping-points">More about climate tipping points</h2>



Climate tipping points represent a threshold in the earth's climate system, beyond which a small change in human activity can have significant, and sometimes irreversible, effects on the climate. The term "tipping point" refers to the idea that once these boundaries are crossed, the changes become self-sustaining, and potentially lead to a new, often less hospitable, state.



<h3 id="h-melting-ice-caps">Melting ice caps</h3>



One of the most well-known potential tipping points is the melting of the polar ice caps. Ice is white and highly reflective, meaning it reflects much of the sun's heat back into space. As the ice melts due to increasing global temperatures, it leaves behind darker water or land, which absorbs more heat, which in turn causes more melting. This is known as a positive feedback loop, and it can lead to runaway ice melt.



<h3 id="h-permafrost">Permafrost&nbsp;</h3>



Another potential tipping point involves the release of methane from permafrost. Permafrost is frozen soil that contains large amounts of carbon in the form of organic material. When permafrost thaws due to rising temperatures, microbes in the soil decompose the organic material, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. This leads to more warming, more thawing, and more methane release, creating another positive feedback loop.



Climate tipping points are a topic of ongoing scientific research, and there is still much uncertainty about when these thresholds might be reached, or what the exact consequences would be. However, the consensus among scientists is that crossing these thresholds could lead to serious and potentially catastrophic changes to the earth's climate system.



The concern of scientists is that these tipping points might be reached sooner than we expect, particularly if greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate. That's why researchers like those from the Earth Commission are advocating for urgent action to mitigate the effects of climate change and prevent these tipping points from being reached.



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Humans have surpassed almost every safe limit to keep Earth habitable

In the face of growing concerns about the planet's sustainability,...

This World Milk Day, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a> have announced new findings that shed light on the ecological impact of various types of milk, revealing surprising insights about the environmental toll of our favorite breakfast drink.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed the carbon emissions, land use, and water consumption associated with the production of dairy milk and several vegan alternatives. They present a comprehensive comparison that consumers might want to consider before buying their next carton of milk.



<h2 id="h-the-best-and-the-worst">The best and the worst</h2>



The study, directed by Joseph Poore, has identified almond milk as the most eco-friendly vegan option for those wishing to decrease their greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/">emissions</a>. On the contrary, rice milk was found to be the least sustainable among the plant-based options.



The overall environmental impacts of animal milks far exceeded that of plant-based alternatives, due primarily to the substantial greenhouse gas emissions associated with cows. Livestock farming at its current scale is a significant source of greenhouse gases, thereby propelling our planet further towards a climate crisis, according to the scientists.



Dairy milk, a mainstay in many households, was found to have the highest emissions at approximately 1.41lbs (0.64kg) for every 200ml glass. After dairy milk, rice milk was shown to have the second highest emissions, clocking in at around 0.66lbs (0.3kg) per glass, followed by soy milk, oat milk, and almond milk.



<h2 id="h-beyond-the-carbon-footprint">Beyond the carbon footprint&nbsp;</h2>



The environmental impact of milk alternatives is not solely dictated by their carbon footprint. The researchers also examined the land and water resources utilized in milk production, key factors in determining the sustainability of food choices.&nbsp;



Almond milk was found to have a significant water footprint, with 74 liters required to produce a 200ml glass, largely due to the high water demands of almond trees. Similarly, the semi-aquatic nature of rice plants necessitates constant irrigation, leading to a considerable water use of 54 liters per glass for rice milk. Comparatively, soy and oat milks had low water use.



When it comes to land use, all four vegan alternatives outperformed dairy milk, which was the least eco-friendly choice by a large margin. Land use of dairy milk was found to be a staggering 1.7 square meters per 200ml glass, whereas the vegan alternatives required 0.1 square meters or less.



<h2 id="h-plant-based-versus-dairy-milk">Plant-based versus dairy milk</h2>



These findings prompt the question of how best to make sustainable choices in the dairy aisle. According to Jena Williams, a dietitian at Bastyr University in Kenmore, Washington, who wasn't involved with the study, opting for any plant-based milk is a step in the right direction, provided efforts are made to recycle the packaging.



"Plant-based milk has a smaller impact on water and land as well as carbon emissions when compared to dairy milk," explained Williams. She recommends soy, oat, hemp, and pea milks as more eco-friendly choices than almond or rice milk and advocates for plant-based milks in recyclable containers and organic options to reduce waste and pesticide use.



The University of Oxford's research supports data from the "food carbon footprint calculator," an online tool that assigns a "carbon rating" to hundreds of food items. The tool uses CO2 equivalent (CO2e), a unit of measurement that standardizes the climate effects of various greenhouse gases, to rank items. According to this tool, no vegan milk has a carbon footprint close to that of dairy milk.



<h2 id="h-nutritional-values">Nutritional values</h2>



Soy milk, in particular, is an attractive alternative to dairy milk not just from an environmental standpoint but also from a nutritional one. Meagan Bridges Durkin, a nutrition specialist at the University of Virginia, explains that soy milk closely matches the nutritional values of regular cow's milk, particularly in terms of protein, vitamin C, and calcium.



"Soy milk has gotten a bad rap lately, as other alternative forms have come onto the market, people are maybe trying to find reasons not to drink soy milk," said Durkin.



"Soy milk is a really good alternative and the best thing is that, from a nutrition standpoint, it's as close to cow's milk as you're going to get in terms of protein, vitamin C and calcium."



<h2 id="h-more-about-world-milk-day">More about World Milk Day&nbsp;</h2>



World Milk Day is celebrated on June 1 every year and was first established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in 2001. This day is recognized worldwide to focus attention on the importance of milk, which is a staple part of the diet for millions of people across the globe.



World Milk Day serves as an occasion to highlight the contributions of the dairy sector to sustainability, economic development, livelihoods, and nutrition. Various activities and events are held across the globe to celebrate.&nbsp;



The recent study from the University of Oxford, exploring the environmental impact of various types of milk, is a critical contribution to this year's World Milk Day. 



By highlighting the ecological implications of our milk choices, the research adds another dimension to our understanding of this globally significant beverage. As we strive for sustainability and health, such insights become invaluable in making informed dietary decisions.



—-



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World Milk Day: How do milk products impact the environment?

This World Milk Day, researchers at the University of Oxford...

Excess greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, are a major driver of climate change. Mitigating climate change in the future will require both decarbonization - such as transitioning to renewable energy sources - and carbon dioxide removal, which involves extracting already existing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. A recent study led by <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/">Georgia Institute of Technology</a> (Georgia Tech) and <a href="https://www.yale.edu/">Yale University</a> has proposed a unique approach to permanently capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through coastal ecosystem restoration. 



Specifically, the researchers have focused on blue carbon ecosystems, such as seagrass and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mexican-mangroves-have-been-storing-carbon-for-nearly-five-millennia/">mangroves</a>, which naturally capture carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and convert it into living tissue.



<h2 id="h-how-it-works">How it works</h2>



“Mangroves and seagrasses extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere all day long and turn it into biomass,” said&nbsp;senior author Christopher Reinhard, an associate professor of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences&nbsp;at Georgia Tech. “Some of this biomass can get buried in sediments, and if it stays there, then you’ve basically just removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.”



According to the experts, in addition to potential benefits for local flora and fauna and the revitalization of coastal economies, restoring these ecosystems can also remove additional carbon dioxide through a novel pathway, while also addressing the issue of increasing ocean acidity.



<h2 id="h-types-of-carbon">Types of carbon</h2>



There are two primary types of carbon in the Earth system: organic and inorganic carbon. Organic carbon is found in living matter and can temporarily remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, when it becomes buried in seafloor sediments, it leads to permanent carbon dioxide removal. Inorganic carbon, on the other hand, exists in various forms, including as a dissolved component in ocean water.&nbsp;



Approximately 30 percent of the carbon emitted by human activities since the industrial revolution is now stored as dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean. Unlike organic carbon, carbon dioxide removal through inorganic carbon is more durable and less susceptible to disruption.



“Even if you change the way a coastal ecosystem restoration project is operating, potentially remobilizing previously stored organic carbon, inorganic carbon capture is largely a one-way street,” said lead author Mojtaba Fakhraee, a postdoctoral researcher in Geochemistry and Geobiology at Yale. “So even if a massive ecosystem disruption in the future undoes organic carbon storage, the inorganic carbon that has been captured will still be in the ocean permanently.”



Benefits of restoring coastal ecosystems&nbsp;



Restoring coastal ecosystems offers multiple advantages, including the natural removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the provision of environmental and economic benefits to coastal communities. Previous research has mainly focused on carbon removal through the burial of organic carbon, neglecting the potential for carbon removal through the formation of inorganic carbon.&nbsp;



Moreover, human activities - particularly the use of fossil fuels - have resulted in ocean acidification due to carbon dioxide dissolving in the water and lowering the ocean’s pH. Storing carbon dioxide as inorganic carbon in the ocean can help mitigate this issue, as the chemical processes involved in inorganic carbon capture alkalinize ocean waters, thereby counteracting the negative ecological consequences of ocean acidification.



“The basic idea here is that you are shifting the acid-base balance of the ocean to drive conversion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to inorganic carbon in the ocean,” Reinhard explained. “This means that the process can help to partially offset the negative ecological consequences of ocean acidification.”



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



To assess the effectiveness of restoring coastal ecosystems for inorganic carbon capture, the researchers developed a numerical model that simulates the chemistry and physics of sedimentary systems, which include solid particles, living organisms, and seawater accumulating on the ocean floor.&nbsp;



This model specifically tracks the benefits of restored blue carbon ecosystems, such as mangroves and seagrass, and their impact on organic and inorganic carbon cycling. It also accounts for the effects of other greenhouse gases, including methane, that may be generated during the restoration process.&nbsp;



“This model comes up with representations for the rates of carbon transformation in the sediment based on how much mangrove is growing above the sediment,” explained co-author Noah Planavsky, a professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Yale. “We found that across an extremely large range of scenarios, restoration of blue carbon ecosystems leads to durable carbon dioxide removal as dissolved inorganic carbon.”



<h2 id="h-implications-for-the-future">Implications for the future</h2>



The scientists hope that their findings will raise awareness and encourage the protection of existing coastal ecosystems, as well as pave the way toward economic incentives for the restoration of degraded ecosystems, potentially serving as a new form of carbon offset.&nbsp;



“Companies that are trying to offset their own emissions could potentially purchase carbon removal through funding restoration of coastal ecosystems. This could help rebuild these ecosystems and all of the environmental benefits they provide, while leading to durable carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere,” Reinhard concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01128-2">Nature Sustainability</a>.



<h2 id="h-more-about-coastal-ecosystems">More about coastal ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



Coastal ecosystems are dynamic and complex environments found along the meeting point of the land and sea. They encompass a wide range of physical and biological components, from sandy beaches and rocky shores to estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, salt marshes, and coral reefs.



<h3 id="h-salt-marshes">Salt Marshes</h3>



These are coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides. They are typically found along protected coastlines in temperate and high-latitudes. Salt marshes play a crucial role in the aquatic food web and the delivery of nutrients to coastal waters. They also serve as protective buffers between the land and ocean, reducing the impact of storms and preventing erosion.



<h3 id="h-mangroves">Mangroves&nbsp;</h3>



Mangrove forests are tropical and subtropical coastal ecosystems characterized by trees and shrubs that grow in saline or brackish water. They have a complex root system that allows them to withstand strong waves and storms, and they play a critical role in carbon sequestration. Moreover, they provide a habitat for many species and contribute to the livelihoods of local communities through fisheries and tourism.



<h3 id="h-seagrass-meadows">Seagrass Meadows</h3>



Seagrass beds are underwater ecosystems typically found in shallow coastal waters. They play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and sediment stabilization. Seagrass meadows also serve as nurseries and habitats for many marine species, including commercially important fish and shellfish species.



<h3 id="h-coral-reefs">Coral Reefs</h3>



These are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are home to a variety of species, contributing significantly to biodiversity. They also provide protection to coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms.



<h3 id="h-estuaries">Estuaries</h3>



Estuaries are where rivers meet the sea, and their brackish water is a mix of fresh water draining from the land and salty sea water. They are one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing many ecological benefits including water filtration, habitat provision, nutrient cycling, and serving as nurseries for many fish and shellfish species.



<h3 id="h-rocky-shores-and-sandy-beaches">Rocky Shores and Sandy Beaches</h3>



These are often the most visually recognizable coastal ecosystems. They provide important habitats for a range of species, and are crucial for a variety of ecological processes.



Coastal ecosystems are vital for a variety of reasons, including the provision of ecosystem services, the support of diverse biological communities, and the role they play in the carbon cycle. However, they face a multitude of threats such as climate change, pollution, overfishing, habitat destruction, and invasive species. Preserving and restoring these critical habitats is important for the health of our planet.



—



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Restoring coastal ecosystems can mitigate climate change

Excess greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, are a major...

Flu epidemics are caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-has-evolved-into-a-persistent-global-threat/">influenza</a> A or B viruses, resulting in acute respiratory infections and killing about half a million people worldwide each year, while also affecting a variety of other animals, as in the case of the avian flu. Moreover, these viruses’ high capacity for mutation makes them particularly elusive and hard to combat.&nbsp;



Now, a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.unige.ch/">University of Geneva</a> (UNIGE) has discovered that the influenza A virus manages to penetrate and infect cells by attaching itself to a receptor on the cell surface and hijacking the organism’s iron transport mechanism to start its infection cycle. Since, by blocking this particular receptor, the experts managed to significantly reduce the virus’ ability to invade cells, this finding could potentially be exploited to combat flu infections and mitigate epidemics.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



“We already knew that the influenza A virus binds to sugar structures on the cell surface, then rolls along the cell surface until it finds a suitable entry point into the host cell. However, we did not know which proteins on the host cell surface marked this entry point, and how they favored the entry of the virus,” explained study senior author Mirco Schmolke, an associate professor of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine at UNIGE.



At first, the researchers identified cell surface proteins from the vicinity of the viral haemagglutinin, the protein the influenza A virus uses to enter the cells. One of these proteins – called “transferrin receptor 1” – which helps transporting iron molecules that are essential for many physiological functions into the cell was found to play a major role in how the virus succeeds in penetrating the cells.



“The influenza virus takes advantage of the continuous recycling of the transferrin receptor 1 to enter the cell and infect it,” said lead author Béryl Mazel-Sanchez, a senior scientist at the biopharmaceutical company <a href="https://www.cslbehring.com/">CSL Behring</a> and a former post-doctoral researcher in Schmolke’s lab.&nbsp;



“To confirm our discovery, we genetically engineered human lung cells to remove the transferrin receptor 1, or on the contrary to overexpress it. By deleting it in cells normally susceptible to infection, we prevented influenza A from entering. Conversely, by overexpressing it in cells normally resistant to infection, we made them easier to infect.”



<h2 id="h-promising-results">Promising results</h2>



In a follow-up experiment, the scientists managed to use a chemical molecule to reproduce this mechanism by inhibiting the transferrin receptor 1. “We tested it successfully on human lung cells, on human lung tissue samples and on mice with several viral strains. In the presence of this inhibitor, the virus replicated much less. However, in view of its potentially oncogenic characteristics, this product cannot be used to treat humans,” Mazel-Sanchez explained.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, anti-cancer therapies based on the inhibition of the transferrin receptor could potentially benefit from these discoveries.



In addition to this particular receptor, the researchers have also identified about 30 other proteins that may play a role in how the influenza A virus enter the cells. Although it is likely that the virus uses a combination involving other receptors to infect cells, further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms.



“Although we are still far from a clinical application, blocking the transferrin receptor 1 could become a promising strategy for treating influenza virus infections in humans and potentially in animals,” the authors concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214936120">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-influenza-virus">More about the influenza virus&nbsp;</h2>



Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily spreads through the upper and/or lower respiratory tract. It is more commonly known as the flu. The influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and are categorized into four types: A, B, C, and D.



<h3 id="h-flu-types">Flu types</h3>



Influenza A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the four influenza types and cause the most severe disease. The influenza A virus can be broken down into different subtypes based on the chemical structure of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins on their surface. For instance, H1N1 and H3N2 are subtypes of influenza viruses that have caused human pandemics.



Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be broken down into lineages and strains. Currently circulating influenza B viruses belong to one of two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. Influenza B is less common but can still cause outbreaks of seasonal flu.



Influenza C viruses cause only mild respiratory illness, or no symptoms at all, so they do not cause epidemics or pandemics. Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.



Flu viruses can change through a process called antigenic drift and shift. Antigenic drift happens gradually over time as the virus makes small changes to its genetic composition, while antigenic shift is an abrupt, major change to the influenza A viruses, resulting in new hemagglutinin and/or new neuraminidase proteins.



<h3 id="h-symptoms-of-infection">Symptoms of infection&nbsp;</h3>



Influenza is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, aching muscles, headache, severe malaise, non-productive cough, sore throat, and rhinitis. Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention. But influenza can cause severe illness or death in high-risk populations such as the very young, elderly, and individuals with certain chronic health conditions.



<h3 id="h-flu-vaccination">Flu vaccination</h3>



Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes caused by influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are also available and can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They can also prevent serious flu complications.



Despite the availability of vaccines, the flu virus remains a major public health concern, largely due to its ability to change and mutate over time. Scientists are actively researching ways to develop a universal flu vaccine that would protect against all strains of the virus.



—-



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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How does the influenza virus hack our cells?

Flu epidemics are caused by influenza A or B viruses,...

Boat,Dwarfed,By,Antarctic,Mountains

Scientists have mapped the ground beneath Antarctica's most vulnerable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-the-doomsday-glacier-is-melting-from-below/">glacier</a>, Thwaites, for the first time. This breakthrough will aid researchers in understanding the impacts of climate change on this sensitive area.



Thwaites Glacier, a massive formation in West Antarctica comparable in size to Great Britain or the US state of Florida, is one of Antarctica's fastest-changing ice-ocean systems.&nbsp;



Geophysicist Dr. Tom Jordan, who spearheaded this study at the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/">British Antarctic Survey</a> (BAS), emphasized that the findings are vital due to the glacier's rapid transformation.



<h2 id="h-a-few-surprises-revealed-in-the-data">A few surprises revealed in the data</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv">Science Advances</a>, revealed that the area beneath the Thwaites Glacier had less sedimentary rock than anticipated. “Sediments allow faster flow, like sliding on mud,” Dr. Jordan explained.&nbsp;



Understanding the location of these slippery sediments, he noted, would help predict the glacier's future behavior as it retreats.



The researchers noticed significant changes at the glacier's grounding zone - the spot where it interacts with the seafloor. Since the late 1990s, this point has retreated a staggering 14 km.&nbsp;



Notably, much of the ice sheet rests below sea level, which makes it prone to rapid, irreversible ice loss that could result in a global sea-level rise of over half a meter within centuries.



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



This groundbreaking research involved airborne surveys using specially equipped aircraft. These planes housed radar that could penetrate the ice to the rocks beneath, as well as sensors to map minute variations in gravity and magnetism. The instruments operated hundreds to thousands of meters below the ground and seabed where the glacier rests.



In combining the data from these various sources, researchers compiled a 3D representation of several features, including the type and extent of different rocks.&nbsp;



Dr. Jordan pointed out the importance of the integrated nature of these airborne surveys: “Each sensor on the aircraft provided an important but incomplete part of the picture, but by bringing them all together we could provide the detailed map of the underlying geology."



The study delves into geological history, tracing back to when New Zealand separated from Antarctica around 100 million years ago, long before the formation of the Thwaites Glacier.&nbsp;



Researchers anticipated the discovery of thick sediments at the base of Thwaites Glacier, given its position below sea level and the geological processes of millions of years. Previous analyses of other Antarctic glaciers indicated the presence of thick underlying sediments.



However, the survey data indicated that sedimentary rock constitutes only about a fifth of the ground beneath the Thwaites Glacier. These sediments are scattered in basins ranging between 80 and 200 km in length and about 30 km wide. The remainder of the ground comprises diverse geological bodies, including granite peaks and other hard rocks. The researchers hypothesized that the sedimentary basins were once larger but were eroded down to bedrock due to glacier movement.



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-results-are-unclear">Implications of the results are unclear</h2>



The implications of these findings for estimates of ice flow and loss from Thwaites and other glaciers remain unclear. Yet, the study demonstrates that the geological landscape directly impacts the basal shear stress, a key determinant of the speed at which ice can flow into the ocean.



Dr. Jordan expressed his hopes for the study's implications: “We hope that by showing the detailed geology, and how it correlates with the basal friction, future models of glacial retreat will have lower uncertainty, as the controls of the basal processes will be better understood.”



“No single scientific study could ever match the scale and challenge of climate change. But it is the incremental building of all the individual scientific studies like this that allows us to understand and tackle that challenge.”



The team will proceed with more detailed studies of these processes. The newly discovered data may also assist in creating more accurate predictions of future ice loss.&nbsp;



Study co-author and glaciologist Dr. Sarah Thompson added an optimistic note: "The integrated approach used in this study has significant potential for successful application elsewhere in Antarctica, enabling us to explore other potentially vulnerable regions where current knowledge is sparse."



<h2 id="h-much-more-research-is-needed">Much more research is needed</h2>



This research project has opened a new dimension in the understanding of Antarctic glaciers and their response to climate change. Its innovative approach to mapping the geology beneath the ice has shed light on how the structure and composition of the earth beneath a glacier can influence its flow rate and melting process.



More research is forthcoming, and with it, we may gain better predictions about how these massive glaciers will behave in the future. As the team dives deeper into this exciting new knowledge base, the global scientific community eagerly anticipates further insights into our changing world.



While we grapple with the grand challenges of climate change, research endeavors such as this one from the British Antarctic Survey provide us with crucial knowledge and tools.&nbsp;



Incrementally, we are building a scientific understanding robust enough to tackle the profound environmental transformations of our time. This study is an important piece of the jigsaw puzzle, highlighting the inextricable ties between our planet's geology and climate.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-thwaites-glacier">More about the Thwaites Glacier</h2>



Thwaites Glacier, also known as the "Doomsday Glacier," is located in the remote Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica. It's a wide and fast-flowing glacier, roughly the size of Florida or Great Britain, and it has been a significant focus of scientific study due to its sensitivity to climate change.



Thwaites Glacier is one of the most vulnerable and important glaciers in the world in terms of future global sea-level rise. It is believed that the glacier is undergoing significant change due to warming oceans, and this change is accelerating.



<h3 id="h-accelerating-pace-of-ice-loss-is-troubling">Accelerating pace of ice loss is troubling&nbsp;</h3>



In the past few decades, the speed at which Thwaites Glacier is flowing into the sea has nearly doubled. Satellite measurements have shown that the glacier is losing an enormous amount of ice each year, nearly 50 billion tons annually, contributing to rising global sea levels. If the entire Thwaites Glacier were to melt, it could raise the world's oceans by about 65 centimeters (over 2 feet).



A critical concern is that much of Thwaites sits on land that is below sea level, in a configuration known as "marine-based." This situation means that as the glacier's grounding line – the point where the glacier's ice lifts off the land and starts floating on the sea – retreats inland, it can pass over deeper and deeper valleys. This process allows more and more ice to discharge into the sea, which might accelerate the glacier's melt in a phenomenon known as "marine ice sheet instability."



<h3 id="h-collapse-of-thwaites-would-cause-disastrous-chain-reaction">Collapse of Thwaites would cause disastrous chain reaction</h3>



The stability of Thwaites is also important because it backs up other glaciers, acting as a kind of doorstop, and preventing the ice in these glaciers from flowing into the sea. The collapse of Thwaites could potentially destabilize a larger part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which contains enough ice to raise sea levels by an additional several meters.



Despite its remote location, research teams from around the world have been traveling to Thwaites for study. They're using ice-penetrating radar and other instruments to map the ice and the sea floor, and are drilling into the glacier to understand its stability and the factors affecting its rapid change.



—-



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Predicting the future behavior of Thwaites, the Doomsday Glacier

Scientists have mapped the ground beneath Antarctica's most vulnerable glacier,...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Her efforts paid off, and Luna was able to spend her first winter outside of a cage cozily tucked into her own den. When spring came, she was ready to do it all again!

Settling In

Luna actually started digging a second den. Whether she was making up for lost time or simply trying to create her dream bedroom, the result was the same. She now had two choices for her hibernation location! Photo Credit: Four Paws