<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. </p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. </p>



<p>This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.</p>



<p>Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

<p>The coming decade is set to witness a surge in lunar exploration, with numerous missions planned to explore and establish a presence on our natural satellite. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-anthropocene-how-humans-have-impacted-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new era</a> will require a unified system for keeping time in order to ensure seamless communication and navigation among the various missions operating on and around the Moon.</p>



<p>The discussion, which began at ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESTEC/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre_ESTEC2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESTEC</a> technology center in the Netherlands last November, is part of a broader effort to establish a common 'LunaNet' architecture for lunar communication and navigation services.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-a-common-moon-time-reference-point">Importance of a common moon time reference point</h2>



<p>“<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/lunanet-empowering-artemis-with-communications-and-navigation-interoperability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LunaNet</a> is a framework of mutually agreed-upon standards, protocols and interface requirements allowing future lunar missions to work together, conceptually similar to what we did on Earth for joint use of GPS and Galileo,” explains Javier Ventura-Traveset, ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/05/Moonlight_-_Navigation_and_Telecommunications_for_the_Moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight Navigation</a> Manager.</p>



<p>"Now, in the lunar context, we have the opportunity to agree on our interoperability approach from the very beginning, before the systems are actually implemented," he continued.</p>



<p>ESA navigation system engineer Pietro Giordano adds, "During this meeting at ESTEC, we agreed on the importance and urgency of defining a common lunar reference time, which is internationally accepted and towards which all lunar systems and users may refer to. A joint international effort is now being launched towards achieving this."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges of keeping time on the Moon</h2>



<p>Currently, each new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-has-launched-a-spacecraft-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mission to the Moon</a> operates on its own timescale exported from Earth. Deep space antennas are used to keep onboard chronometers synchronized with terrestrial time while facilitating two-way communications. However, this approach will not be sustainable in the upcoming lunar environment.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Gateway" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gateway station</a>, once complete, will be open to astronaut stays and resupplied through regular NASA Artemis launches. </p>



<p>Meanwhile, numerous uncrewed missions will also be in place, with each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis mission</a> releasing numerous lunar CubeSats. ESA will also be deploying its Argonaut European Large Logistics Lander.</p>



<p>These missions will not only be operating simultaneously on or around the Moon but will also be interacting with each other, potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-will-build-a-surveillance-network-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relaying communications</a>, performing joint observations, or carrying out rendezvous operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moonlight-lunanet-and-lunar-timekeeping">Moonlight, LunaNet, and lunar timekeeping</h2>



<p>ESA is developing the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Connectivity_and_Secure_Communications/Moonlight" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight program</a>, a lunar communications and navigation service that will allow missions to maintain links to and from Earth and guide them around the Moon and on its surface. </p>



<p>Wael-El Daly, system engineer for Moonlight, explains, "Moonlight will need a shared common timescale in order to get missions linked up and to facilitate position fixes."</p>



<p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> is also sponsoring an equivalent service called the Lunar Communications Relay and Navigation System (<a href="https://esc.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/LCRNS/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LCRNS</a>). To maximize interoperability, these two systems should employ the same timescale, along with the many other crewed and uncrewed missions they will support.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-time-lessons-from-earth-s-gps-satellites">Lunar time lessons from Earth's GPS satellites</h2>



<p>Interoperability of time and geodetic reference frames has been successfully achieved here on Earth for Global Navigation Satellite Systems. All of today's smartphones are able to make use of existing GNSS to compute a user position down to meter or even decimeter level.</p>



<p>"The experience of this success can be re-used for the technical long-term lunar systems to come, even though stable timekeeping on the Moon will throw up its own unique challenges – such as taking into account the fact that time passes at a different rate there due to the Moon's specific gravity and velocity effects," explaines Jörg Hahn, ESA's chief Galileo engineer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debate-on-setting-and-maintaining-moon-time">Debate on setting and maintaining moon time</h2>



<p>Among the current topics under debate is whether a single organization should be responsible for setting and maintaining lunar time and whether lunar time should be set independently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> or kept synchronized with Earth.</p>



<p>The international team working on this subject will face considerable technical issues. For example, clocks on the Moon run faster than their terrestrial equivalents, gaining around 56 microseconds per day. Their exact rate depends on their position on the Moon, ticking differently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-want-to-put-fiber-optic-cables-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar surface</a> than from orbit.</p>



<p>"Of course, the agreed time system will also have to be practical for astronauts. This will be quite a challenge on a planetary surface where in the equatorial region each day is 29.5 days long, including freezing fortnight-long lunar nights, with the whole of Earth just a small blue circle in the dark sky," says Bernhard Hufenbach, a member of the Moonlight Management Team from ESA's Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration.</p>



<p>But having established a working time system for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-aims-to-use-lunar-caves-to-build-an-underground-moon-base/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Moon</a>, we can go on to do the same for other planetary destinations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-a-common-frame-of-reference">Need for a common frame of reference</h2>



<p>To work together effectively, the international community will also need to agree on a common 'selenocentric reference frame', similar to the role played on Earth by the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/site/jsgt/jtrf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ITRF</a>). </p>



<p>This allows for the consistent measurement of precise distances between points across our planet and is an essential ingredient of today's GNSS systems.</p>



<p>"Throughout human history, exploration has actually been a key driver of improved timekeeping and geodetic reference models," Javier Ventura-Traveset adds.</p>



<p>"It is certainly an exciting time to do that now for the Moon, working towards defining an internationally agreed timescale and a common selenocentric reference, which will not only ensure interoperability between the different lunar navigation systems, but which will also foster a large number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-designs-nuclear-fission-reactor-to-provide-electricity-on-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research opportunities</a> and applications in cislunar space," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-rewards-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges and rewards of keeping time on the moon</h2>



<p>In summary, as we stand on the cusp of a new era in lunar exploration, the international space community must come together to establish a unified timekeeping system and a common selenocentric reference frame. </p>



<p>These essential components will ensure seamless communication, navigation, and collaboration among the numerous missions set to operate on and around the Moon in the coming years. </p>



<p>By working towards an internationally agreed-upon lunar timescale and a standardized reference frame, we will pave the way for successful lunar exploration while advancing a wealth of research opportunities and applications in cislunar space. </p>



<p>The time has come to synchronize our efforts and create a robust foundation for the future of lunar exploration and discovery.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Knowing what time it is on the Moon isn’t as easy as it may seem

The coming decade is set to witness a surge in...

Wave,Function,Series.,Artistic,Background,Made,Of,Colored,Sine,Vibrations,

<p>A new theory has emerged from the theoretical realm of quantum physics, offering a glimpse into the behavior of the fundamental particles that makes up our world. </p>



<p>This breakthrough, which defies previous assumptions, has the potential to revolutionize the design of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> and pave the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-controlled-at-room-temperature-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">room-temperature</a> superconductors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pulci-the-cat-meets-quantum-dynamics">Pulci the cat meets quantum dynamics</h2>



<p>Berislav Buca, a researcher at the <a href="https://nbi.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Niels Bohr Institute</a> of the University of Copenhagen, is the architect behind this mind-bending theory. Published in the prestigious journal <em>Physical Review X</em>, Buca's work delves into the nearly impossible using "exotic" mathematics. </p>



<p>His muse, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/pulci-cat_buca_Niels-Bohr_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white cat named Pulci</a>, perhaps a cousin of Schrödinger's famous cat, adorns the illustrations of his research, with arrows through the cat's body symbolizing the quantum mechanical origin of its movements.</p>



<p>"Many physics disciplines are ultimately about explaining and predicting the world by understanding the laws of physics and calculating the behavior of the smallest particles. In principle, we would be able to answer any possible question about how all sorts of things behave if we were able to," says Buca.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Schrödinger's Cat: A thought experiment in quantum mechanics</h2>



<p>For a moment, let's revisit the most famous cat in quantum physics and how it relates to Buca's work. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-break-internet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schrödinger's Cat</a> is a thought experiment proposed by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935. </p>



<p>It was designed to illustrate the paradoxical nature of quantum superposition, a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics.</p>



<p>The thought experiment involves a hypothetical cat, a flask of poison, a radioactive source, and a Geiger counter, all placed inside a sealed box. </p>



<p>The radioactive source has a 50/50 chance of decaying within an hour, which would trigger the Geiger counter. If the Geiger counter detects the radioactive decay, it shatters the flask, releasing the poison and killing the cat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The paradox</h3>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>, the radioactive source is in a superposition of decayed and non-decayed states until it is observed. Consequently, the cat is said to be simultaneously alive and dead until someone opens the box and observes its state. </p>



<p>This contradicts our everyday understanding of reality, where an object can only be in one state at a time.</p>



<p>The Copenhagen Interpretation suggests that the cat is neither alive nor dead until it is observed, and the act of observation collapses the superposition into a definite state. </p>



<p>The Many-Worlds Interpretation posits that the cat is both alive and dead, existing in parallel universes that split at the moment of observation. </p>



<p>Objective Collapse Theories propose that the superposition collapses spontaneously due to some objective physical process, such as gravity, without the need for observation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Misconceptions and significance</h3>



<p>Schrödinger's Cat is often misunderstood as a real experiment. However, it is purely a thought experiment and has never been conducted in reality. </p>



<p>The experiment was not meant to suggest that cats can be both alive and dead, but rather to highlight the counterintuitive nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum superposition</a> when applied to everyday objects.</p>



<p>This thought experiment -- which, undoubtedly inspired Buca's to create his cat, Pulci -- has sparked ongoing debates about the nature of reality and the role of observation in quantum mechanics. </p>



<p>It has also inspired various philosophical discussions about the relationship between the observer and the observed, as well as the nature of consciousness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-quantum-particles">Complexity of quantum particles</h2>



<p>Turning our attention back to Buca, despite the potential to understand the behavior of everything in the universe from the microscopic laws governing particle dynamics, he emphasizes the need for caution. </p>



<p>The interactions and movements of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graviton-like-particle-observed-in-quantum-material-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum particles</a> in their systems are incredibly complex, with even the world's most powerful supercomputers only able to perform calculations on a dozen particles at a time.</p>



<p>"So in practice, it isn't possible. Not currently. However, my theory is a significant step in the right direction," explains Buca. </p>



<p>"This is because it takes a kind of mathematical shortcut to understanding the dynamics of the whole, without computing power being lost in the details for a broad class of systems with many quantum particles. That is, without the need to calculate all of the individual particles in a system," he continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guiding-the-hunt-for-quantum-particles">Guiding the hunt for quantum particles</h2>



<p>Buca's theory has already made a name for itself by providing the first mathematical proof of the eigenstate-thermalization hypothesis -- a long-held assumption in theoretical physics that had yet to be explained mathematically. This hypothesis concerns the ability of mathematics to describe the motions of quantum systems as wholes.</p>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond the realm of theoretical physics. The knowledge gained from Buca's theory could potentially lead to the discovery of quantum materials with unique properties that could transform our world. These materials are crucial for the development of stable quantum computers and room-temperature superconductors.</p>



<p>"We are looking for a material for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-quantum-computer-design-makes-them-more-useful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> that can withstand entropy -- a law of nature that causes complex systems -- e.g., materials -- to decay into less complex forms. Entropy destroys the coherence needed for quantum computers to be stable and keep working," Buca explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-map-for-researchers">Road map for researchers</h2>



<p>Buca's theory provides a road map for researchers, guiding them across the vast landscape of possible materials by allowing for predictions of how these materials would behave under experimental conditions. </p>



<p>This breakthrough gives researchers a way to target their search for quantum materials equipped with special properties.</p>



<p>"Until now, the hunt for these materials has been governed by chance. But my results can, for the first time, provide a guiding principle to navigate by when searching for unique properties in materials," says Buca.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accomplishing-the-impossible-with-quantum-particles">Accomplishing the impossible with quantum particles</h2>



<p>In summary, Berislav Buca's pioneering theory in theoretical physics opens up a world of possibilities, offering a mathematical shortcut to understanding the dynamics of quantum systems and guiding researchers in their search for quantum materials with extraordinary properties. </p>



<p>As we stand on the brink of a new era in quantum computing and materials science, Buca's work provides a roadmap for navigating the complex landscape of quantum particles and their interactions. </p>



<p>With the potential to revolutionize fields ranging from computing to superconductivity, this research brings us one step closer to unlocking the secrets of the universe and transforming our world through the power of quantum mechanics.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.031013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review X</a></em>.</p>



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Impossibility paradox: Calculating the incalculable in the quantum realm

A new theory has emerged from the theoretical realm of...

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a> have recently found that green-rumped <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-parrots-explain-dinosaurs-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrotlets</a> frequently engage in both infanticide and adoption to gain mating advantages and secure valuable nesting sites. </p>



<p>The research, spanning nearly three decades, sheds light on the complex social behaviors of these small South American parrots, suggesting that their actions are driven by both competition and opportunity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-estate-and-love">Real estate and love</h2>



<p>“In parrotlets, infanticide and adoption revolve around real estate and love,” said lead author Steven Beissinger, a professor of environmental science, policy, and management at UC Berkeley.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Most of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-baboons-will-kill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infanticide</a> attacks happened when a breeding pair was attacked by another pair that was trying to take over a coveted nest site. It also occurred when males wanted to breed with a widow who already had offspring - but we were surprised to find that these new males were just as likely to adopt the offspring as attack them.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study began in 1988 when Beissinger started observing a community of these parrotlets on a Venezuelan cattle ranch. Unlike their forest-dwelling kin, green-rumped parrotlets prefer nesting in open areas, which allowed for detailed observation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To facilitate this, Beissinger installed artificial nesting sites made from large PVC pipes across the ranch and used color-banding to track individual birds and their familial relationships.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-infanticide-among-parrots">Discovery of infanticide among parrots</h2>



<p>The initial discovery of infanticide came unexpectedly. “We couldn’t tell if something had attacked them, or if they had died from disease, or something else,” Beissinger recounted. “But when we were watching some of the nests, all of a sudden in went a male who didn't belong - who wasn't a parent at that nest - and out he came with a little bit of blood on his beak.”</p>



<p>This observation prompted a closer examination of infanticide among the parrots, which revealed that it was a common strategy employed by birds trying to secure a prime nesting site. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrot-infanticide-and-population-density-nbsp">Parrot infanticide and population density&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study, which included data from more than 2,700 nests observed from 1988 to 2015, found that attacks often occurred during periods of high population density, which increased competition for nesting sites.</p>



<p>“At low population levels, it's all love and peace, right? But then when you get to high population densities, it's a bloodbath,” said senior author Karl Berg, an associate professor of biology at the <a href="https://www.utrgv.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a>. </p>



<p>“It's not that everybody's born a killer, but the urge to breed is very strong. When the resources provided by the environment aren't enough for all individuals to breed, they seek out alternative strategies. Unfortunately, that involves killing innocent little offspring.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-as-a-non-violent-strategy-nbsp">Adoption as a non-violent strategy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the study also found that new mates of widowed parrots were just as likely to adopt existing offspring as to commit infanticide. This finding suggests a complex calculation where adoption might also serve as a non-violent strategy for ensuring genetic continuity.</p>



<p>“Adoption may be a lot easier to accept than infanticide, but it's actually more difficult to understand because it challenges Darwin's ideas about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-selection-molding-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a>,” Berg explained. </p>



<p>“It was very interesting to see that the reproductive fitness outcomes were about even between adoption and infanticide and suggests that they have an alternative strategy - adoption may be a non-violent means of getting genes into the next generation.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-among-male-parrots-nbsp">Adoption among male parrots&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the study highlighted that males who adopted were able to start breeding at younger ages and secured bonds with widowed females, gaining both a new mate and a nest site.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Stepfathers scored love - a new mate - and real estate - a nest site!” Beissinger concluded, emphasizing the multifaceted strategies these birds employ to thrive in their complex social and environmental landscape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-rumped-parrotlets">Green-rumped parrotlets</h2>



<p>Green-rumped parrotlets are charming little birds, part of the parrot family, known scientifically as <em>Forpus passerinus</em>. They are the smallest members of the parrot family found in the Americas, measuring just about 5 inches in length. These birds are particularly noted for their vibrant green plumage, which helps them blend seamlessly into their natural habitat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>Native to northern South America, green-rumped parrotlets thrive in a variety of environments, from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-birds-can-handle-climate-variability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical forests</a> to savannahs. They exhibit a strong preference for areas with abundant fruit-bearing trees and shrubs, which constitute a major part of their diet, along with seeds and small insects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



<p>Socially, green-rumped parrotlets are fascinating creatures. They are generally seen in pairs or small flocks when not breeding. During the breeding season, they become more territorial and prefer solitude or the company of their mate. They nest in tree cavities where the female lays between four to six eggs, which she incubates for about 18 days.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



<p>What sets these birds apart in the parrot family is their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-prefer-talking-live-video-calls-more-than-watching-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a>. Research has shown that green-rumped parrotlets have a complex system of calls and can even use specific calls to identify their family members, a trait once thought to be exclusive to much larger parrots.</p>



<p>Despite their resilience and adaptability, habitat destruction poses a significant threat to their populations. However, green-rumped parrotlets are not currently listed as endangered due to their widespread distribution and stable population numbers in the wild.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317305121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Infanticide or adoption? Why parrots kill each other's chicks

Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley have recently found...

Human,Body;,3d,Illustration

<p>Our bodies are miraculous machines, governed by a complex orchestra of internal clocks. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circadian-medicine-light-therapy-could-help-millions-of-heart-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain clocks</a>, known as circadian rhythms, tell our muscles when to repair, our skin when to regenerate, and our metabolism when to power up or down. </p>



<p>But what happens when these rhythms get out of sync? Recent studies suggest that's a recipe for premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> – and that good communication between your brain and muscles might be the key to slowing it all down.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suprachiasmatic-nucleus-scn">Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</h2>



<p>Deep within your brain lies a small but crucial structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This region functions as your body's master clock, playing a pivotal role in regulating your brain and muscle circadian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-in-an-infant-gut-have-their-unique-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythms</a>. </p>



<p>Think of it as a control center that's highly attuned to changes in light throughout the day. The SCN processes this light information and uses it to maintain a roughly 24-hour internal schedule that influences a wide range of bodily functions.</p>



<p>The SCN doesn't work in isolation. It communicates constantly with a network of 'mini clocks,' or peripheral clocks, embedded within various organs, your muscles, and even your skin. </p>



<p>This intricate communication system involves the SCN sending out signals to coordinate the timing of essential processes throughout your body. </p>



<p>By keeping these peripheral clocks in sync, the SCN ensures a harmonious rhythm of sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, body temperature regulation, and much more.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-muscle-circadian-connection-to-aging">Brain-muscle circadian connection to aging</h2>



<p>As we age, our internal timekeeping mechanisms can become less precise. Scientists believe that the signaling between our central <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-circadian-disturbances-trigger-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain clock</a> and the peripheral clocks throughout our tissues may deteriorate over time. This disruption has far-reaching implications for our health.</p>



<p>Recent research emphasizes the vital communication network between your brain's central clock and the clocks embedded in your muscles and skin. If this communication falters, it can lead to a cascade of problems. </p>



<p>Muscle tissue becomes susceptible to breakdown and wasting, leading to weakness and reduced function. At the same time, skin cells may struggle to maintain their regenerative cycles, hindering their ability to repair damage effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-disrupts-brain-muscle-circadian-communication">Aging disrupts brain-muscle circadian communication</h2>



<p>To understand the effects of disrupted communication between the brain and muscles, scientists studied mice with a genetic modification that interfered with a critical muscle clock gene called <em>Bmal1</em>. </p>



<p>In these mice, the absence of <em>Bmal1</em> function led to symptoms of premature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-diet-puts-the-brakes-on-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>, including significant muscle deterioration and weakness. </p>



<p>Remarkably, when researchers restored the <em>Bmal1</em> gene function in both the brain and muscle tissues, the mice showed notable improvements in muscle health. The coordination between the brain and muscle clocks helped prevent further muscle deterioration and restored muscle strength.</p>



<p>This experiment underscores the critical interplay between the brain's central clock and the clocks within your muscles. Maintaining proper communication across this network seems to be a vital factor in preventing age-related muscle decline and preserving strength as you get older.</p>



<p>"It is fascinating to see how synchronization between the brain and peripheral circadian clocks plays a critical role in skin and muscle health, while peripheral clocks alone are autonomous in carrying out the most basic tissue functions,"&nbsp;says&nbsp;Aznar Benitah from the <a href="https://www.irbbarcelona.org/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Research in Biomedicine</a> Barcelona in Spain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-meal-timing">Importance of meal timing</h2>



<p>Scientists uncovered that restricting eating times for mice to their active phase at night partially compensated for a disrupted central brain clock. This change in feeding pattern helped strengthen their muscle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-exercise-affects-the-body-at-different-times-of-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clocks</a> and boost their ability to function independently.</p>



<p>This discovery highlights the remarkable adaptability of our biological clocks. It suggests that even if the master clock in the brain becomes less precise, positive lifestyle changes can help. A consistent meal schedule could help optimize the internal rhythms within muscle tissue.</p>



<p>This opens the door to exploring how simple changes to our daily routines could support muscle health and potentially influence the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-towards-healthy-aging-through-brain-muscle-clocks">Path towards healthy aging through brain-muscle clocks</h2>



<p>While there's still much to learn about the intricate dance between our brain and muscle circadian clocks, these landmark studies offer invaluable insights and a hopeful outlook on how we can optimize our health as we age. Here's a deeper look at the takeaways and how you can implement them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-routine">Power of routine</h3>



<p>A predictable daily rhythm supports your body's natural master clock. Aim for a consistent bedtime and wake-up time. This regulates the production of sleep-inducing hormones and keeps everything in sync. Scheduling meals at regular intervals reinforces a healthy pattern for peripheral clocks which aids in metabolism and other key functions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protect-your-sleep-sanctuary">Protect your sleep sanctuary</h3>



<p>Darkness is crucial for optimal sleep and proper circadian clock function. Make sure your bedroom is as dark, cool, and quiet as possible. Invest in blackout curtains, use a sleep mask, and consider minimizing electronic devices in the bedroom. Avoid stimulating activities right before bed and instead incorporate a relaxing wind-down routine like reading or taking a warm bath.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-schedule-matters">Eating schedule matters</h3>



<p>Your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscles-defy-aging-with-remarkable-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle</a> clocks may benefit significantly from a set eating pattern. Time-restricted feeding, where you eat your meals during a specific window each day (usually 8-12 hours), gives your body a longer fasting period. This fasting window can promote processes like cellular repair and optimize circadian rhythms in various tissues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tune-in-to-body-s-cues">Tune in to body's cues</h3>



<p>Chronic fatigue, weakness, and difficulty regaining muscle strength – even with exercise – may point to a disruption in your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal rhythms</a>. Don't hesitate to consult with your doctor if you notice a persistent lack of energy or a decline in physical function. They can help you determine if optimizing your circadian patterns could boost your well-being.</p>



<p>Remember, taking small, consistent steps to work <em>with</em> your body's natural rhythms can have a profound effect on your energy levels, muscle health, and overall vitality, potentially unlocking a path towards healthier aging.</p>



<p>The study is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj8533" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/abstract/S1934-5909(24)00140-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell Stem Cell</em></a>.</p>



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Syncing brain and muscle circadian rhythms slows aging

Our bodies are miraculous machines, governed by a complex orchestra...

<p>In the “sky islands” of the Soutpansberg Mountains in South Africa, two small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-primates-go-extinct-so-will-their-parasites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> of primates vie for territory amidst a challenging climate. </p>



<p>The first, the thick-tailed greater galago (<em>Otolemur crassicaudatus</em>), resembles a sizable cat and is notable for its piercing cries. The second, the southern lesser galago (<em>Galago moholi</em>), is notably smaller, with prominent ears and eyes, small enough to nestle comfortably in one's hand.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-it-comes-to-climate-adaptation-size-matters">When it comes to climate adaptation, size matters</h2>



<p>Michelle Sauther, a primatologist at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, has delved into an important question through her research on these species: How does an animal's size influence its ability to adapt to extreme temperatures? Her findings indicate that small primate species, such as the lesser galago, might struggle more as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a> continue to rise.</p>



<p>“Body size really does affect everything,” Sauther said. “How big you are affects your life history. It affects when you reproduce. It affects how long you live.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-relief-from-environmental-stresses-nbsp">Little relief from environmental stresses&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts examined the distinct ecosystem within the <a href="https://www.lajuma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lajuma Research Center</a> in the Soutpansberg Mountains. This area is known for its diverse flora and sharp temperature fluctuations, ranging from frosty winters to summers that soar to 100 degrees Fahrenheit.</p>



<p>During their nighttime expeditions, Sauther and her team observed the behavior of both greater and lesser galagos. They noted that the lesser galagos, unlike their larger counterparts, seemed compelled to forage continuously, regardless of extreme temperatures, leaving them little relief from environmental stresses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-climate-change">Implications of climate change</h2>



<p>“In conservation, we tend to focus a lot on lemurs, gorillas, chimpanzees,” Sauther said. “But we also have to think about the implications of climate change for these smaller and nocturnal species, which most people don’t know much about.”</p>



<p>The scientists’ method involved nocturnal walks through the reserve over the course of a year, totaling 75 nights. They used red lights to spot the reflective eyes of galagos and thermal imaging to study them in their arboreal habitat.</p>



<p>“At night, because you can’t see much, you start hearing all these things that you just would never hear otherwise - a lot of insects, a lot of animal calls,” Sauther said. “Once in a while, you’ll run into a leopard.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-needs-of-small-primates-nbsp">Metabolic needs of small primates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings revealed that while greater galagos were more active during moderate temperatures, lesser galagos were observed to be active across a broader range of temperatures, from as high as 79 degrees Fahrenheit to below 40 degrees Fahrenheit.</p>



<p>This behavioral difference, Sauther believes, is tied to metabolic needs. Lesser galagos, due to their small size and fast metabolism, must continuously seek food, whereas greater galagos have the capacity to store more fat, allowing them to rest during less favorable conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-pressures-on-small-primates-nbsp">Increasing pressures on small primates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The pressures on both species are increasing, with threats from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitat-fragmentation-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitat fragmentation</a> and the exotic pet trade, yet neither is currently recognized as endangered.</p>



<p>Sauther hopes that this study will prompt further research and awareness of these often-overlooked creatures. “We’re worried about these stealth changes that may be happening among species like these. We hear a lot from people, ‘I used to see them a lot on my farm, but now I don’t,” she concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-small-primates-nbsp">More about small primates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Small primates, such as tamarins and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emerging-threat-rabies-virus-from-marmosets-found-in-brazilian-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marmosets</a>, lead dynamic lives deeply intertwined with the forest ecosystems they inhabit. These creatures are predominantly arboreal, spending most of their time in the treetops where they adeptly navigate the canopy, leaping and climbing with remarkable agility. </p>



<p>This high perch not only offers safety from ground-based predators but also positions them well to exploit the rich resources available above the forest floor.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-foraging">Diet and foraging</h3>



<p>The diet of these small primates is varied and opportunistic, consisting of fruits, insects, and sometimes small vertebrates. This diversity necessitates a wide range of foraging techniques, from picking fruits and digging for insects to skillful hunting of small animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their foraging practices are not just a means of sustenance but also a way of interacting with their environment, which stimulates their cognitive abilities and helps maintain their physical health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



<p>Social structures among small primates are equally complex and fascinating. Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-early-primates-lived-in-pairs-and-were-not-solitary-creatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> live in tight-knit groups that communicate with a rich repertoire of vocalizations, facial expressions, and body postures. These groups are critical for mutual protection and the rearing of young, with members often participating in cooperative care of the offspring.</p>



<p>Living in such groups also requires and reinforces complex social behaviors, including alliance formation, conflict resolution, and social learning, which are essential for survival in the often harsh and competitive environment of the wild.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These intricate social systems and their active, engaged lifestyles make small primates key components of their ecological niches, contributing significantly to the biodiversity of their habitats.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00427-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>International Journal of Primatology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Small primates struggle more with extreme temperatures

In the “sky islands” of the Soutpansberg Mountains in South...

<p>In nature, large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbivores-ecosystems-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbivores</a> like tapirs, deer, and peccaries play the role of powerful conductors. Their extinction, however, threatens to bring silence to the vibrant forest orchestra. </p>



<p>An insightful new study reveals the hidden impact of these mighty creatures' disappearance on plant-pathogen interactions, hinting at cascading consequences for tropical biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-herbivores-extinction">Herbivores extinction</h2>



<p>When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-herbivores-must-be-restored-to-balance-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large herbivores</a> vanish due to human activities like hunting or habitat loss, the delicate balance of the ecosystem is disrupted. Herbivores play a crucial role in regulating plant populations. They consume a variety of plants, preventing any single species from gaining a competitive edge. This natural pruning helps maintain a diverse mix of plants within an ecosystem.</p>



<p>Upon herbivore extinction, certain fast-growing or less palatable plant species can outcompete others. Without the grazing pressure, these species proliferate, leading to a less diverse plant community. This simplification alters the resources and habitat available to other organisms that rely on a broader range of plants.</p>



<p>Many pathogens are host-specific, meaning they infect only a limited range of plant species. In a simplified plant community, these pathogens face difficulty finding suitable hosts to infect and reproduce. As a result, their populations can decline, reducing the overall damage they cause to the plant community.</p>



<p>The disruption caused by herbivore loss doesn't end with pathogens. Insects, birds, and other organisms that depend on a diverse plant community will also be affected. Lower pathogen loads, which might seem like a good thing, can harm the long-term resilience of plant populations, making them more vulnerable to future outbreaks when suitable pathogens do re-emerge</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-herbivores-influence-pathogen-dynamics">Large herbivores influence pathogen dynamics</h2>



<p>There are several ways in which large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-large-herbivore-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbivores</a> indirectly influence plant-pathogen interactions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dilution-effect">Dilution effect</h3>



<p>When a wide variety of plant species exist within an ecosystem, it becomes like a maze for specialized pathogens. Without a dense concentration of their preferred host plant, these pathogens struggle to find suitable targets to infect and spread their disease.</p>



<p>Diverse plant communities essentially dilute the concentration of the pathogen's preferred host, decreasing the chances of a successful epidemic.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dispersal-disruption">Dispersal disruption</h3>



<p>Large herbivores wander widely throughout a forest. As they feed and move, they unwittingly transport both plant seeds and pathogens, potentially over long distances. </p>



<p>When large herbivores are absent, the pathogens and their host plants are less likely to spread over wide areas. Essentially, the problem becomes more isolated, reducing the overall impact on the forest.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-impacts">Evolutionary impacts</h3>



<p>Plants constantly evolve defense mechanisms against pathogens. Reduced exposure to a variety of pathogens could lead to a decrease in these defense strategies. Over long periods, this could leave plant populations more vulnerable to future attacks.</p>



<p>Without frequent interactions with pathogens, plants may no longer prioritize investing resources in maintaining strong immune responses. This could have significant consequences for the health of the entire forest if a new or resurgent pathogen emerges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-consequences-of-herbivores-extinction">Broader consequences of herbivores extinction</h2>



<p>Research from Brazil's Atlantic Rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot, provides compelling evidence of this disruption. Scientists observed significantly reduced pathogen damage in areas where large herbivores were absent. </p>



<p>"A decline in plant-pathogen interactions may have evolutionary consequences for both," said Carine Emer, lead author of the study.</p>



<p>Moreover, the ramifications of this phenomenon extend beyond individual plants. Plant-pathogen relationships are key drivers of biodiversity. By disrupting this balance, defaunation could inadvertently alter forest compositions. </p>



<p>Additionally, weakened plant populations could be more susceptible to pest outbreaks or novel diseases, potentially destabilizing entire forest ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-strategies-to-alter-herbivore-extinction">Conservation strategies to alter herbivore extinction</h2>



<p>"Our study produced innovative results and for that very reason deserves to be extended to other areas of Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil, and to other&nbsp;tropical forests. In any event, it evidenced an additional problem that can be caused by the extinction of large mammals," Emer said.</p>



<p>These findings call for a more holistic approach to conservation. Beyond protecting individual species, it's vital to consider the interconnected web of interactions within an ecosystem. </p>



<p>Restoring populations of large herbivores may not only benefit these species directly but could also cascade through the system, helping to maintain a healthy, resilient forest environment.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.14273" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Ecology</em>.</a></p>



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Large herbivore extinctions drastically affect forest ecosystems

In nature, large herbivores like tapirs, deer, and peccaries play...

<p>The ocean's abyssal depths, a realm of perpetual darkness and immense pressure, harbor unique ecosystems still shrouded in mystery. This remote world, once seemingly devoid of life, is now of heightened interest due to extensive mineral deposits on the seafloor – prompting the rise of deep-sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-poses-unknown-threats-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining</a>. Yet, a critical tension exists between the potential economic gains and the largely unknown environmental risks to these vast, unexplored habitats of marine world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-mining-and-marine-life">Deep-sea mining and marine life</h2>



<p>To understand the potential impacts of deep-sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining</a>, scientists often turn to filter-feeding organisms like sponges and brittle stars. These animals play important roles in deep-sea ecosystems and are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of mining-related pollution. </p>



<p>Sponges act as powerful "living filters," processing large volumes of water to extract tiny food particles and dissolved nutrients. This filtering activity makes them susceptible to ingesting any contaminants suspended in the water column. </p>



<p>Brittle stars, closely related to starfish, play a different yet equally vital role. As they move across the seafloor, they ingest and redistribute sediment, playing a key role in nutrient cycling within the deep-sea ecosystem. Close interaction with the seafloor means they could accumulate pollutants released from disturbed sediment.</p>



<p>Because these organisms rely on filtering the surrounding environment for sustenance, they are particularly susceptible to pollutants introduced by mining activities. This sensitivity makes them valuable indicators for scientists. By monitoring changes in their health, behavior, or tissue chemistry, researchers can gain insights into the spread and ecological effects of mining-related contamination.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seafloor-massive-sulfide">Seafloor massive sulfide</h2>



<p>A recent study by researchers at <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University &amp; Research</a> and the <a href="https://www.uib.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bergen</a> underscores the cause for concern about the impacts of deep-sea mining. To understand the potential effects of mining activities, they carefully simulated the sediment plumes that would likely be generated during operations. </p>



<p>The researchers exposed the common deep-sea sponge <em>Geodia barretti</em> and its associated brittle stars to crushed seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits. SMS deposits are naturally occurring mineral formations found on the seafloor that contain high concentrations of commercially valuable metals like copper, zinc, and gold. </p>



<p>The potential economic value of SMS deposits makes them prime targets for deep-sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-from-deep-sea-mining-may-stretch-hundreds-of-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining</a> operations. However, disturbing these deposits would release large clouds of sediment into the surrounding water, impacting marine life.</p>



<p>"The adverse effects observed on Geodia barretti and associated species signal potential disruptions in benthic-pelagic coupling processes, necessitating further research and to establish guidelines for protection of this deep-sea fauna," stated research leader and marine biologist Erik Wurz.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-troubling-life-of-marine-animals-by-deep-sea-mining">Troubling life of marine animals by deep-sea mining</h2>



<p>The study revealed concerning results regarding the potential impact of deep-sea mining on marine life. Sponges exposed to the simulated mining plume exhibited a tenfold increase in tissue death compared to the control group. This dramatic rise in mortality suggests a significant negative impact on the health of these organisms.</p>



<p>In addition, all of the brittle stars exposed to the crushed SMS deposits perished within ten days of the experiment. While the exact cause of death requires further investigation, the researchers believe it's likely linked to exposure to toxic metals released by the crushed material. This rapid mortality rate raises serious concerns about the ability of deep-sea ecosystems to recover from mining activities.</p>



<p>To further investigate the impact of mining particles, the researchers analyzed the tissues of the exposed sponges. They found significantly higher concentrations of iron and copper compared to unexposed sponges. </p>



<p>This accumulation of metals within the filter feeders demonstrates their vulnerability to ingesting and retaining pollutants released during deep-sea mining operations. The study highlights the potential consequences of large-scale mining activities on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-damage-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea</a> ecosystem, particularly for filter-feeding organisms like sponges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-disruption-matters">Why the disruption matters</h2>



<p>Deep-sea ecosystems are unique in several ways that make them exceptionally vulnerable to disturbance. Unlike many land-based or shallow-water ecosystems, organisms in the deep sea are adapted to environments where food resources are scarce and temperatures are near freezing. This leads to extremely slow growth rates and long lifespans for many deep-sea species. </p>



<p>As a result, populations may take decades or even centuries to recover from even minor disruptions. Additionally, the various organisms within these ecosystems are often tightly interconnected in complex food webs. Removing or harming one species can have significant ripple effects for others that depend on it for food, shelter, or other ecological services.</p>



<p>Deep-sea mining operations pose a specific threat to these habitats. Large-scale mining activities could disrupt or alter the natural cycles of nutrients within the deep-sea environment. </p>



<p>The sediment plumes created by mining could also smother the seafloor, burying organisms vital to the food web and altering the physical environment that many deep-sea species rely on for survival. </p>



<p>These disruptions could have long-lasting and potentially irreversible consequences for the overall health of these delicate deep-sea habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-assessment">Urgent need for assessment</h2>



<p>"[These results] underscore the urgent need for comprehensive assessments of deep-sea mining impacts on marine ecosystems," said Wurz. Before large-scale mining becomes widespread, a thorough understanding of its potential consequences is crucial. </p>



<p>Researchers need more data on deep-sea biodiversity, the dispersal of mining plumes, and the resilience of these slow-growing ecosystems to disturbance. This information is essential for informed decision-making about both the scale and appropriate locations for mining activities.</p>



<p>The regulation of deep-sea mining falls under the International Seabed Authority, charged with balancing potential commercial interests with responsible environmental stewardship in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The scientific community, together with responsible industries and policymakers, have a duty to ensure the sustainable use of deep-sea resources.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063724000815?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers</a></em>.</p>



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Deep-sea mining has deadly consequences for marine life

The ocean's abyssal depths, a realm of perpetual darkness and...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>It might not have been much, but the new details were far more than what they had started with. Joel pulled out his computer and frantically looked for wedding announcements around the date on the ring. Minni did the same – there was no way she could sit back and do nothing.</p>


Starting The Search