Monarch butterflies are icons of long-distance migration, drifting each autumn from inland western states to sheltered groves on California’s coast. 



Yet some in the growing butterfly population now skip the journey, living and breeding year-round among neighborhood gardens.



New research from the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a> has found that these "stay-at-home" <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-are-delaying-their-migration-in-a-warmer-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monarch butterflies</a> represent a largely self-contained group - neither helping nor harming their declining migratory cousins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-some-monarchs-stay-at-home">Why some monarchs stay at home</h2>



Historically, western monarchs spent spring and summer in places such as Arizona, Nevada, and Idaho, then flew to coastal California for the winter. 



Over the past decade, winter counts of those migrants have collapsed, sparking alarm among conservationists. At the same time, sightings of monarchs flitting through San Francisco Bay Area streets in January and February have multiplied.



One suspected driver is the popularity of tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milkweed-gardens-are-needed-to-save-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">milkweed</a> in urban yards. Unlike California’s native milkweed species, which die back in winter, the evergreen tropical variety offers continuous foliage and flowers.



The tropical milkweed is a tempting resource that can encourage butterflies to breed instead of migrate. Critics worry the practice fosters parasite outbreaks and disrupts the century-old monarch butterfly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creating-new-forests-to-assist-monarch-butterfly-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-success-story-or-a-disaster">Success story or a disaster?</h2>



Elizabeth Crone is the study's author and a professor in UC Davis’ Department of Evolution and Ecology.



“Although in many ways monarchs seem to be doing just fine in cities, there are a lot of concerns that these non-migratory populations build up high levels of parasites, even to the point that some counties have outlawed planting the non-native evergreen milkweeds that monarch butterflies use in winter,” said Professor Crone.



“We were curious about whether the establishment of these resident populations was a conservation success story or a conservation disaster.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarch-surveys-in-cities">Monarch surveys in cities</h2>



To test the connection, Crone’s team walked fifteen three-mile routes across East Bay suburbs every month in 2022 and 2023. 



They recorded milkweed plants - native and non-native - in yards and roadsides, counted monarch eggs, caterpillars, and adults, and briefly netted butterflies to check for a debilitating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-monarch-butterflies-are-killed-by-parasites-yearly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protozoan parasite</a>.



Surveys showed milkweed abundant year-round, peaking in summer. Monarch butterfly activity matched an urban breeding cycle rather than seasonal migration.



Adults were most numerous in summer and scarcer in winter; heavily infected butterflies mirrored that pattern, with high parasite burdens in late summer and autumn but far fewer during the colder months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-overlap-with-migratory-monarchs"><a></a>Little overlap with migratory monarchs</h2>



"These resident monarchs in urban areas are almost unconnected from the migratory population, so helping resident monarchs likely doesn't help or hurt the migratory population,” said lead author Emily Erickson. She completed the work while a postdoctoral fellow in Crone’s lab.



Because the two groups show minimal exchange, local bans on tropical milkweed may be misplaced, the researchers argue.



“I think it's reasonable to focus on planting native milkweeds, but ripping out all of the milkweeds in urban gardens in the Bay Area or in Los Angeles does not need to be the immediate focus for monarch conservation," Erickson added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-gardens-help-all">Urban gardens help all</h2>



The study suggests resident monarchs bring other advantages. “Having people see monarch butterflies every day makes them want to invest in the conservation of butterflies, and in conservation in general,” Erickson said.



“And no matter what milkweed you're planting, native or non-native, it supports a lot of things beyond monarchs.”



Crone likewise noted that urban habitat can complement broader recovery strategies. “Some people believe that these resident populations are a major cause of monarch butterfly populations declining, but our research suggests it's a bit of a red herring,” she said.



“Our results highlight the potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-biodiversity-is-not-a-luxury-it-is-attainable-for-everyone/">urban ecosyst</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-biodiversity-is-not-a-luxury-it-is-attainable-for-everyone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">e</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-biodiversity-is-not-a-luxury-it-is-attainable-for-everyone/">ms</a> to contribute to the conservation of some species. In the West, resident monarchs can persist in urban gardens without impacting fluctuations in migratory monarchs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tech-joins-butterfly-research">Tech joins butterfly research</h2>



Funding for the project came from Google, which has supported monarch habitat initiatives since 2021. “We are really grateful to Google,” Crone said.



“It was a unique opportunity - it's the first time in my 28 years of being a professor that a corporation has reached out to us and said that they're interested in butterfly conservation and asked how they can help.”



While the Bay Area’s resident butterflies won’t by themselves rescue the declin­ing migratory population, they illustrate how adaptable some wildlife can be in city landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-gardens-and-migration">Urban gardens and migration</h2>



The authors emphasize that large-scale monarch recovery will still depend on restoring native milkweed and nectar sources across inland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-shift-to-winter-breeding-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a> grounds and coastal overwintering sites. Yet urban gardens can play a complementary role, sustaining local biodiversity and fostering public engagement.



Thus, while some people see tropical milkweed and resident monarchs as villains, data shows they’re not the cause of migratory decline.



Instead, they offer an unexpected bright spot: proof that cities, when planted thoughtfully, can support thriving butterfly populations. This happens without undermining the grand monarch migration scientists are working so hard to save.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.70259" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecosphere</a>. -----



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Why some monarch butterflies are skipping migration

Monarch butterflies are icons of long-distance migration, drifting each autumn from inland western states to sheltered groves on California’s coast. Yet some in the growing butterfly population now skip the journey, living and breeding year-round among neighborhood gardens. New research from the University of California, Davis has found that these "stay-at-home" monarch butterflies represent a largely self-contained group - neither helping nor harming their declining migratory cousins. Why some monarchs stay at home Historically, western monarchs spent spring and summer in places such as Arizona, Nevada, and...

Hamadryas,Baboon,,Papio,Hamadryas,,From,Ethiopia,In,Africa.,Wild,Mammal

In the pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods, Thoth, the deity of wisdom and learning, held a unique connection with the animal kingdom. His association with the hamadryas baboon not only underscores the religious complexity of the time but also presents a puzzle that has long perplexed historians and biologists alike: the journey of baboons to Egypt. 



Researchers recently unraveled this mystery, nestled at the intersection of biology, anthropology, and Egyptology. The findings shed light on early globalization, human-wildlife interactions, and the cultural significance of these sacred animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sacred-baboons-of-egypt-and-thoth">Sacred baboons of Egypt and Thoth</h2>



Historical records well-document the ancient Egyptians' veneration of animals. Various deities portray creatures that were, in many cases, foreign to the Nile Valley. Thoth, revered for his knowledge, often appeared in the form of a hamadryas baboon, a species not native to Egypt.



Ancient Egyptians imported, mummified, and offered these baboons as votive tokens. They served as a tangible link between the populace and their gods. However, the origins of these sacred animals, how they were transported to Egypt, and the reasons for their divine status have been subjects of scholarly debate for years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-origins">Tracing the origins</h2>



Biologist Gisela Kopp's intriguing research took on these enigmatic questions. The study is emblematic of interdisciplinary collaboration. It brought together biologists, anthropologists, and Egyptologists in a collective effort to trace the geographic origins of mummified baboons found in Egypt.



Employing advanced genetic analysis techniques, Kopp and her team examined the mitochondrial genomes of the baboon mummies. She compared them with contemporary samples from various regions in Africa. This extensive comparison, facilitated by the consistent genetic variance among baboon populations over time, enabled researchers to pinpoint the baboons’ original habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-historical-trade-routes">Unearthing historical trade routes</h2>



Anthropologist Nathaniel Dominy contributed earlier research using stable isotopes to trace the baboons' geography. The combined insights from genetic analysis and chemical signatures led the team to an astonishing discovery. The baboons were native to the Horn of Africa, specifically a region within modern-day Eritrea.



This finding resonates with historical accounts of the ancient port of Adulis. This popular destination gained its reputation from flourishing trade in luxury goods and rare animals, including baboons. The revelation gains significance against the backdrop of Punt, a legendary land referenced in ancient Egyptian texts as a source of precious commodities.



The precise location of Punt has eluded historians. However, its importance as a possible lynchpin in early global maritime trade networks is undebatable. 



Gisela Kopp's research intriguingly suggests that Punt and Adulis could represent the same geographical location. It was simply known by different names across eras. The convergence of biological data with historical analysis provided the key to linking these two places.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-baboons-egypt-and-cultural-context">Baboons, Egypt, and cultural context</h2>



The representation of baboons in Egyptian lore, exclusive to the region, raises compelling cultural questions. They are considered pests in societies where they naturally occur due to their crop-damaging behavior. In ancient Egypt, however, these animals were revered and symbolically linked to the divine.



The reasons behind this cultural dichotomy remain speculative. However, the practice of mass mummification of baboons highlights the sophisticated interaction between humans and wildlife during that period. It also points to a complex coexistence that extended beyond domestication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-dna-offers-new-avenues">Ancient DNA offers new avenues</h2>



Remarkably, Kopp's research marks a pioneering venture in the field of biology. It represents the first successful analysis of ancient DNA extracted from mummified non-human primates. This achievement paves the way for new studies into the historical dynamics of human-wildlife engagement, genetic diversity, and disease transmission patterns.



The interactions of ancient Egyptians with rare animals, evidenced through mummification, underscore the intricate relationships that humans have shared with the wild. These practices, extraordinary for their time, open a window into understanding the environmental, social, and possibly even epidemiological aspects of human history.



In summary, the journey of baboons in ancient Egypt, from sacred deities to a scientific enigma, traverses through various facets of human knowledge. As we unravel these mysteries, we gain more than just historical insight. We also uncover layers of our relationship with nature, trade, culture, and technology. 



Gisela Kopp's study, thus, stands as a testament to the power of interdisciplinary research in rewriting history, offering new perspectives on our shared past, and inspiring a deeper exploration into the annals of human civilization.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/articles/87513" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a>.



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Mummified baboons in Egypt: Where did they come from and how did they get there?

In the pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods, Thoth, the deity...

A team of scientists from the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Waterloo</a> in Canada has successfully developed advanced, plant-based materials that lay the groundwork for a new generation of soft medical microrobots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-robots">Plant-based robots</h2>



The tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crab-robot-is-smaller-than-a-flea/">robots</a> are designed to perform medical tasks such as biopsies and the transport of cells and tissues, in a manner that is minimally invasive. They can navigate through tight and fluid-filled environments, similar to the human body, and can precisely deliver delicate and light cargo, like cells or tissues, to a specific destination.



With a maximum length of one centimeter, these plant-based robots are biocompatible and non-toxic. They are crafted from sophisticated hydrogel composites that incorporate environmentally-friendly cellulose nanoparticles derived from plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-microrobots-nbsp">Revolutionary microrobots&nbsp;</h2>



Leading this groundbreaking research is Hamed Shahsavan, a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Waterloo. The project represents a comprehensive approach to the design, synthesis, formation, and control of microrobots.&nbsp;



The hydrogel utilized in this research has the ability to change its shape when it comes into contact with external chemical stimuli. Controlling the orientation of cellulose nanoparticles allows the researchers to program these shape changes, which is crucial for the creation of functional soft robots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-technology-nbsp">Innovative technology&nbsp;</h2>



“In my research group, we are bridging the old and new,” said Shahsavan. “We introduce emerging microrobots by leveraging traditional soft matter like hydrogels, liquid crystals, and colloids.”



Another innovative aspect of this smart material is its self-healing capacity, which enables the programming of a wide range of robot shapes. The material can be cut and reattached without the need for glue or other adhesives, allowing for the formation of various shapes tailored to different medical procedures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-properties-nbsp">Magnetic properties&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the material can be augmented with magnetic properties to aid in the movement of the soft robots within the human body. To showcase how the robot would maneuver through the body, the researchers demonstrated its movement through a maze using a magnetic field.



“Chemical engineers play a critical role in pushing the frontiers of medical microrobotics research,” Shahsavan explained. 



“Interestingly, tackling the many grand challenges in microrobotics requires the skillset and knowledge chemical engineers possess, including heat and mass transfer, fluid mechanics, reaction engineering, polymers, soft matter science, and biochemical systems. So, we are uniquely positioned to introduce innovative avenues in this emerging field.”



The researchers’ next objective is to reduce the robot’s size to submillimeter dimensions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-based-materials">More about plant-based materials</h2>



Plant-based materials have gained increasing importance due to their sustainable and renewable nature. These materials often have a reduced carbon footprint, utilize fewer resources in their production, and can be biodegradable, making them preferable for a range of applications as the world seeks more sustainable solutions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bio-plastics">Bio-plastics</h3>



These are derived from renewable sources like corn starch, potato starch, and sugarcane. They serve as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics and are used in packaging, agriculture, and consumer goods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp">Hemp</h3>



Used for thousands of years, hemp fibers can be utilized in textiles, papers, and building materials like "hempcrete". The seeds can be processed into oil or used in foods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bamboo">Bamboo</h3>



A rapid-growing grass, bamboo is used in construction, furniture, textiles (like bamboo rayon), and even disposable items such as cutlery.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellulose">Cellulose</h3>



Found in the cell walls of plants, it's the basis for materials like rayon, cellophane, and cellulose acetate. Cellulose-based textiles like Tencel (lyocell) are known for their softness and sustainability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cork">Cork</h3>



Harvested from the cork oak tree, this material is used in flooring, bulletin boards, and, most commonly, wine stoppers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-leather">Mycelium leather</h3>



Derived from the root system of fungi, mycelium can be cultivated to create a leather-like material, which is biodegradable and can be used in fashion and upholstery.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinatex">Piñatex</h3>



A type of leather alternative derived from the fibers of pineapple leaves. It's used in fashion, accessories, and upholstery.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flax">Flax</h3>



This plant's fibers can be used to produce linen, a textile known for its durability and comfort. Flax seeds are also a nutritional food source.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agar">Agar</h3>



A gelatinous substance derived from red algae, it's used in culinary applications as a vegetarian gelatin substitute and in biotechnology for culturing purposes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chitosan">Chitosan</h3>



Derived from the shells of crustaceans and certain fungi, it's used in medical applications, water purification, and cosmetics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seaweed">Seaweed</h3>



Apart from culinary uses, seaweed can be transformed into bioplastics, textiles, and biofuels.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41874-7">Nature Communications</a>.



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Plant-based materials could revolutionize medical microrobots

A team of scientists from the University of Waterloo in...

The human body is a complex ecosystem, hosting trillions of bacteria that significantly influence our well-being. The diversity of this community of microorganisms, particularly in our gut, plays a pivotal role in our overall health. However, the sources contributing to this diversity have long been a subject of scientific curiosity and investigation.



Historically, research has underscored the importance of maternal microbiomes being passed on to infants during birth and through breastfeeding. Yet, the journey of understanding doesn't stop there, as researchers continue to unearth further sources that contribute to our bacterial diversity.



An important study led by Wisnu Adi Wicaksono and Gabriele Berg from the Institute of Environmental Biotechnology at Graz University of Technology (<a href="https://www.tugraz.at" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TU Graz</a>) has shed light on a previously underexplored source of gut microbiome diversity. 



The research focused on the microorganisms derived from plant matter, specifically fruits and vegetables. Findings from the study reveal a direct connection between our diet's plant content and the composition of our gut bacterial community.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-habits-influencing-gut-microbes">Dietary habits influencing gut microbes</h2>



Frequent fruit and vegetable consumption has a significant impact on enhancing the population of fruit- and vegetable-associated bacteria within the human gut. Remarkably, early childhood emerges as a critical period for these plant-associated bacteria to settle in the gut. This discovery hints at long-term health implications based on dietary habits formed during the early years of life.



Furthermore, the study highlights the beneficial characteristics of these plant-origin microorganisms, noting their probiotic nature and health-promoting properties. This finding not only advocates for a plant-rich diet, but also opens up new avenues for nutritional strategies aimed at improving gut health. Furthermore, by extension, strategies aimed at the individual's overall health status.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-microbiomes-to-human-gut-health">Plant microbiomes to human gut health</h2>



Understanding the interconnectedness between various microbiomes is a nuanced and complex task. The team's achievement in proving that microorganisms from fruits and vegetables can indeed colonize the human gut marks a first in the scientific community, elucidating the intricate relationship between what we consume and how our gut microbiome is shaped.



This revelation carries profound implications for human health, particularly concerning the immune system's development in the early stages of life and the overall resilience and wellness of individuals.



Gabriele Berg, head of the Institute, sums up the phenomenon succinctly. She says, "Diversity influences the resilience of the whole organism; higher diversity conveys more resilience." This statement encapsulates the broader health implications of a diverse gut microbiome, reflecting its capacity to impact every aspect of human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-microbiome-data">Unraveling microbiome data</h2>



To substantiate their findings, the researchers embarked on a meticulous process of analyzing extensive metagenome data from roughly 2500 stool samples, involving several billion sequences. They established a comprehensive catalogue of microbiome data associated with fruits and vegetables. This step was instrumental in identifying corresponding bacteria within human gut flora.



Their analysis incorporated data from the <a href="https://teddy.epi.usf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TEDDY project</a>, focusing on infants, and the <a href="https://www.mymicrobiome.info/en/news-reading/the-american-gut-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Gut Project</a>, examining adults' intestinal microbiomes. Both studies also provided crucial insights into the participants' dietary patterns, fortifying the research framework.



The findings significantly bolster the WHO's <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Health concept</a>, which advocates for an integrated perspective on health that encompasses human, animal, and environmental facets. Recognizing the presence of plant microflora within the human gut reinforces this holistic view, acknowledging the seamless interplay between dietary, ecological, and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-applications-for-gut-health">Implications and applications for gut health</h2>



Gabriele Berg's team, in collaboration with international peers, is delving deeper into these connections through the EU-funded <a href="https://www.hedimed.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HEDIMED project</a>. This ambitious intervention study involves participants from three continents adhering to identical diets for a specific period. This allows researchers to analyze the resulting effects on their gut microbiomes.



The implications of this research transcend academic interest, bearing significant consequences for various sectors. These include agriculture, food production, and healthcare. 



Berg emphasizes the influence of soil, fertilizers, and pesticides on the plant microbiome, advocating for fresh produce consumption. Furthermore, she underscores the necessity for a paradigm shift in how food storage and processing are approached, given their impact on the food's microbial content.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-health-and-personalized-nutrition">Gut health and personalized nutrition</h2>



Envisioning the future, the findings pave the way for innovative applications in personalized nutrition. The unique microbiome of each fruit and vegetable type offers the tantalizing possibility of customizing diets to optimize individual gut health. Overall, personalized nutrition could potentially revolutionize our relationship with food and well-being.



In summary, the study by Wicaksono, Berg, and their colleagues at TU Graz marks a monumental step in understanding the gut microbiome and its myriad influences. 



By unveiling the significant role of fruits and vegetables as contributors to our internal bacterial universe, the research not only encourages a plant-forward diet but also beckons a new era of health-conscious living. In such a world, the choices we make significantly shape our body's microscopic inhabitants and, ultimately, our health.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19490976.2023.2258565" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gut Microbes</a>.



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Eating fruits and vegetables improves overall gut health

The human body is a complex ecosystem, hosting trillions of...

People often apply the “dog years” concept when talking about their pet dogs’ ages in comparison to humans, but how does this translate to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-on-vegan-diets-are-equally-healthy-as-those-that-eat-meat/">cats</a>?&nbsp;



The commonly used 7:1 ratio used for dogs - meaning one year in a dog’s life is equivalent to seven in humans - doesn’t quite fit our feline friends. Unlike dogs, cats age at varying rates throughout their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swift-aging-nbsp">Swift aging&nbsp;</h2>



In the initial stages of a cat’s life, aging occurs rapidly. For instance, a one-month-old kitten is approximately equivalent to a six-month-old human baby. By the time the kitten is two months old, its age in human years jumps to that of a four-year-old child.&nbsp;



This swift aging process continues, with a kitten reaching the equivalent of 5.5 human years at four months, 8.5 years at five months, and 11.5 years at six months.&nbsp;



However, the aging process significantly slows down thereafter, with a one-year-old cat being akin to a 16-year-old human. This pattern means that in the first six months of life, a cat ages 11.5 years, but only ages an additional 4.5 years in the following six months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-in-human-years">Cats in human years</h2>



An alternative method for calculating a cat’s age presents a slightly different perspective. This method equates a one-year-old cat to a 16-year-old human and a two-year-old cat to a 21-year-old human.&nbsp;



Beyond the two-year mark, each human year is considered equivalent to four cat years. For instance, a three-year-old cat is likened to a 25-year-old human, and so on.



Using this formula - established by experts at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/">Cornell University</a> - a cat’s age can be easily “translated” into human years throughout its lifespan.



There is a slight variation in the first method, where a three-year-old cat is considered 31 in human years, a four-year-old cat is 35, and a five-year-old cat is equivalent to 38.5 human years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-average-lifespan-nbsp">Average lifespan&nbsp;</h2>



Today, the average lifespan of a domestic cat is around 14 years, although the oldest recorded cat, Creme Puff, lived to an astounding 38 years.&nbsp;



This increased lifespan, up from an average of seven years in the early 1980s, reflects advancements in cat care and veterinary medicine.



Vets typically determine a cat’s age by examining its teeth, looking at growth in kittens and wear and tear in older cats. However, other factors, such as changes in fur texture and physical condition, also play a role in assessing a cat’s age.&nbsp;



Despite the challenges in determining a cat’s exact age, these age-calculating methods provide a more precise estimate than the simplistic 7:1 ratio.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-and-aging-nbsp">Cats and aging&nbsp;</h2>



As cats age, their care needs, behavior, and health can change.&nbsp;Physical changes you might notice as your cat gets older are graying fur (especially around the muzzle), decreased mobility or arthritis, weight changes, declining vision or heating, and dental issues.&nbsp;



As far as behavioral changes, senior cats tend to sleep more, play less, and become more irritable or less tolerant of disruptions. They may also exhibit signs of cognitive dysfunction, which is similar to dementia in humans (e.g., disorientation, altered sleep patterns).



Older cats are more susceptible to certain health issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, cancer, and heart disease. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection of health issues.



Here are some other care considerations for an aging cat:&nbsp;



<ul>
<li>A diet tailored for senior cats might be beneficial.</li>



<li>Comfortable bedding and easy access to favorite spots can help ease arthritis pain.</li>



<li>Toys and interactive play can help keep them mentally stimulated.</li>



<li>Gentle grooming can help manage any changes in skin or coat health.</li>
</ul>



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How old is your cat in human years?

People often apply the “dog years” concept when talking about...

Bitcoin,,Crypto,Currency,,Electronic,Money,,Virtual,Currency,,Transitions.,Printed,Circuit

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented upsurge in cryptocurrency values, sparking significant investments in digital currencies. These advanced elements of modern finance, backed by breakthrough technologies like blockchain, have captured the interest of diverse investors worldwide. However, amidst this digital gold rush, a concerning aspect lurks in the shadows -- the environmental toll of cryptocurrency mining, particularly Bitcoin. 



Recent findings by <a href="https://www.un.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations</a> scientists underscore the substantial environmental footprints associated with these technological marvels, highlighting an urgent need for regulatory and technological reforms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-crypto-surge">Understanding the crypto surge</h2>



Cryptocurrencies have revolutionized investment trends over the past decade. It has attracted an eclectic mix of stakeholders, from corporate giants to individual tech enthusiasts, and even including entities operating on the fringes of legality. Their integration into the global financial landscape speaks volumes about their potential, igniting discussions about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-costs-of-bitcoin-are-getting-worse-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digital currencies</a> overshadowing traditional monetary powerhouses.



However, akin to the bygone era of the gold rush, this digital currency frenzy brings with it significant environmental repercussions. The process of mining cryptocurrencies, especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-small-country/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitcoin</a>, is energy-intensive. Bitcoin mining has drawn criticism and concern from environmentalists and sparked debates among investors and policymakers alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-side-of-bitcoin-mining">Dark side of bitcoin mining</h2>



A new study spearheaded by Professor Kaveh Madani at the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (<a href="https://inweh.unu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNU-INWEH</a>) delved into the environmental impacts of Bitcoin mining. Scrutinizing the activities across 76 nations in the 2020–2021 period, the research unveiled startling <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/bitcoin-mining_environmental-impact_chart_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental consequences</a>, including considerable carbon, water, and land footprints.



"Technological innovations often come with unintended consequences, and Bitcoin is no exception," remarked Professor Madani. He emphasized the findings' implications on future digital currency policies and environmental sustainability initiatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-environment-and-bitcoin-mining">The environment and bitcoin mining</h2>



Bitcoin mining globally consumed 173.42 Terawatt hours of electricity during 2020–2021, placing Bitcoin's hypothetical energy consumption above nations like Pakistan. 



The associated carbon footprint equated to burning 84 billion pounds of coal or the operation of 190 gas-fired power plants. Mitigating this environmental impact would necessitate planting 3.9 billion trees. Even if possible, this would cover an area comparable to entire countries.



Furthermore, the water and land resources strained by Bitcoin mining activities during this phase were enormous. The water footprint alone was analogous to filling over 660,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools, highlighting the scale of environmental resources that cryptocurrency operations can deplete.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bitcoin-s-energy-conundrum">Bitcoin's energy conundrum</h2>



Delving into the energy sources underpinning Bitcoin's operations, the report uncovered a heavy reliance on fossil fuels, with coal and natural gas leading the pack. Although hydropower, a significant renewable contributor, satisfied a portion of Bitcoin's energy demands, its environmental impact was substantial. 



Moreover, other renewables like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-bitcoins-energy-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar and wind energy</a> constituted a minimal share of Bitcoin's energy consumption. This fact alone raises questions about the network's sustainability.



Particularly striking was China's dominance in the Bitcoin mining arena, necessitating massive reforestation to offset its coal-centric operations' carbon emissions. This revelation underscores the environmental disparities and challenges different nations face, reflecting the complex interplay of technological advancement, energy consumption, and environmental stewardship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-sustainable-practices">A call for sustainable practices</h2>



The study's authors, including Dr. Sanaz Chamanara, highlighted the varied environmental impacts of Bitcoin mining across countries. They suggest a nuanced approach to understanding and addressing these consequences. The insights gained call for comprehensive interventions, from governmental oversight to investments in environmentally efficient digital currencies.



"It's crucial to consider the equity and justice implications of Bitcoin mining," Professor Madani stated. 



Madani highlights the stark contrast between the entities reaping the benefits and those who will bear the environmental costs. This dichotomy serves as a clarion call for harmonizing the digital currency sector's growth with principles of environmental justice and sustainability.



The UN report paves the way for a critical reassessment of the cryptocurrency industry's environmental policies. Stakeholders are urged to consider the broader ecological and societal impacts. 



As digital currencies continue to shape the financial future, the need for a balanced, sustainable approach becomes increasingly imperative. The global community's response will not only influence the cryptocurrency market's trajectory, but also define the legacy of our generation's environmental stewardship.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF003871" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s Future</a>.



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The hidden and destructive environmental impact of Bitcoin mining

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented upsurge in cryptocurrency...

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Researchers led by <a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Durham University</a> have uncovered a vast and ancient landscape hidden beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. 



This remarkable finding, which reveals <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/east-antarctica_hidden-landscape_1big.webp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">valleys and ridges</a> formed by rivers millions of years ago, not only sheds light on the mysterious sub-ice terrain but also has significant implications for understanding the ice sheet's response to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beneath-the-east-antarctic-ice">Beneath the East Antarctic ice</h2>



Utilizing advanced technologies, the research team harnessed satellite data and radio-echo sounding techniques to map an extensive 32,000 km2 area beneath the ice sheet. Their findings uncovered a landscape that bears striking similarities to the glacially modified terrains seen in regions like North Wales, UK, but with a history that predates the inception of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-experienced-the-most-intense-heat-wave-ever-recorded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">East Antarctic</a> ice.



This ancient terrain, believed to have been shaped by river systems at least 14 million years ago, could even precede the initial growth of the East Antarctic ice, estimated to have begun around 34 million years ago. The revelation of such old geographical features under the ice has captivated scientists and highlighted the necessity of exploring these hidden realms to comprehend Antarctica's past, present, and future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-the-past">A window into the past</h2>



The existence of such a well-preserved subglacial landscape implies a notable long-term temperature stability within the region. The intricacies of this terrain play a significant role in dictating the ice flow and the ice sheet's overall resilience amidst climatic shifts.



Lead author, Professor Stewart Jamieson, from Durham University's Department of Geography, drew an astonishing comparison. He stated, “The land underneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is less well known than the surface of Mars.” 



Jamieson emphasized the urgency in understanding this hidden landscape, as it significantly influences how the ice might respond to climate variations. The study marks a critical step forward in polar science. By offering insights into the ice sheet's ancient history, it helps scientists prepare for, and react to, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-shelves-are-dwindling-at-a-startling-pace/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming scenarios</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-a-concealed-world">Insights from a concealed world</h2>



According to Professor Neil Ross, co-author of the study from <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a>, the discovery is remarkable in its implications for understanding the ice sheet's long-term history and potential future changes. The project, which he describes as having been a "slow burn," has ultimately led to an exciting publication that significantly contributes to the field of polar science.



Beyond its immediate findings, the study is part of a broader research initiative. The team has previously identified hidden mountain ranges, canyons, and subglacial lakes in Antarctica. These new findings will help them piece together the entire complex world existing beneath the icy façade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seeing-through-the-east-antarctic-ice">Seeing through the East Antarctic ice</h2>



The investigation into this concealed world was not solely reliant on direct observation. Researchers employed satellite imagery capturing subtle undulations on the ice sheet’s surface, which offered clues about the landscape below. 



Additionally, radio-echo sounding technology enabled them to see through the ice and map the subglacial geography. This confirmed the ancient landscape's existence in several locations.



Their findings suggest the potential for other undiscovered landscapes within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-prevent-a-catastrophic-meltdown-of-the-worlds-largest-ice-sheet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">East Antarctic</a> Ice Sheet, waiting to be revealed through further research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuing-the-subglacial-exploration">Continuing the subglacial exploration</h2>



Eager to build on their discoveries, the research team, supported by organizations such as the UK Research and Innovation’s Natural Environment Research Council (<a href="https://www.ukri.org/councils/nerc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NERC</a>), the US National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a>), and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, plans ongoing exploration of this subglacial world.



Professor Jamieson expressed the team's commitment to this challenging endeavor. He acknowledged the need to explore unsurveyed regions in order to comprehend the extensive history of the ice sheet and its underlying landscape.



In summary, this research illuminates a realm hidden from human eyes, challenging assumptions about the Antarctic region's geological history and climate patterns. 



By revealing a landscape preserved for millions of years, the scientists underscore the importance of these subglacial explorations in predicting Antarctica's response to contemporary and future environmental challenges. The journey beneath the ice, it seems, is just beginning.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42152-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Ancient river landscape lies beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet

Researchers led by Durham University have uncovered a vast and...

Heated yoga sessions could provide significant relief from depressive symptoms, according to the results of a recent clinical trial conducted by researchers from the renowned <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>.



The study reveals that even just one session of heated yoga per week might provide therapeutic benefits to individuals struggling with moderate to severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/running-is-just-as-effective-as-drugs-for-treating-depression/">depression</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The trial involved a total of 80 participants, all of whom had been diagnosed with moderate-to-severe depression. They were divided into two groups: one practiced 90-minute sessions of Bikram yoga in a room heated to 105°F, while the second group was waitlisted and only took part in the yoga sessions after their waiting period.



The initial analysis included 33 participants from the yoga group and 32 from the waitlist group. Those in the yoga group were recommended to attend at least two classes each week, but on average, they participated in about 10.3 classes over the two-month period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key Findings</h2>



At the end of the eight weeks, yoga participants saw a notably greater drop in symptoms of depression compared to those on the waitlist. This was measured using the clinician-rated Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-CR) scale.



Overall, 59.3 percent of individuals in the yoga group experienced a reduction of 50 percent or more in their depressive symptoms. By contrast, only 6.3 percent of waitlist participants reported the same improvement.



Remarkably, 44 percent of the yoga participants achieved such low IDS-CR scores that they were considered to be in remission from their depression, compared to just 6.3 percent in the waitlist group. Even participants who took part in just one yoga session a week reported reduced symptoms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-medication-based-approach-nbsp">Non-medication based approach&nbsp;</h2>



Study lead author Dr. Maren Nyer is the Director of Yoga Studies at MGH's Depression Clinical and Research Program and an assistant professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.



“Yoga and heat-based interventions could potentially change the course for treatment for patients with depression by providing a non-medication–based approach with additional physical benefits as a bonus,” said Dr. Nyer.



“We are currently developing new studies with the goal of determining the specific contributions of each element - heat and yoga - to the clinical effects we have observed in depression.”



However, senior author Dr. David Mischoulon emphasized the need for further studies. He suggests comparing heated and non-heated yoga to determine if the heat itself, especially considering the promising evidence for whole body hyperthermia, offers any added advantages in treating depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-heated-yoga">What is heated yoga?</h2>



Heated yoga, commonly referred to as "hot yoga," is a style of yoga practiced in a room heated to temperatures between 85°F to 105°F (29°C to 40°C), with a humidity of 40 to 60 percent. The heat is believed to help practitioners sweat out toxins, increase flexibility, and improve circulation.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-popular-forms-of-hot-yoga-nbsp">Popular forms of hot yoga&nbsp;</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bikram-yoga">Bikram Yoga</h4>



This is a specific sequence of 26 postures and two breathing exercises practiced in a room set to 105°F (40°C) with 40% humidity. Classes last for 90 minutes.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moksha-modo-yoga">Moksha/Modo Yoga</h4>



This is a set sequence of postures practiced in a slightly cooler room than Bikram, around 95°F to 100°F (35°C to 37°C). The sequence and temperature can vary slightly depending on the studio.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hot-vinyasa">Hot Vinyasa</h4>



Unlike the set sequences of Bikram and Moksha, hot vinyasa classes can vary in their sequence. The room is usually heated, but temperatures can range depending on the studio.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits">Benefits</h3>



<ul>
<li>Increased flexibility: The heat can make it easier for muscles to stretch.</li>



<li>Detoxification: Sweating can help flush toxins from the body.</li>



<li>Improved circulation: The heat can enhance blood flow.</li>



<li>Mental focus: The challenging environment can help practitioners hone their concentration and mental discipline.</li>
</ul>



The research is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.22m14621)">Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</a>.



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Heated yoga shows promise as a treatment for depression

Heated yoga sessions could provide significant relief from depressive symptoms,...

In a surprising discovery, mummified remains of mice have been found on the summits of 20,000-foot volcanoes in the Andes mountains. The revelation raises new questions about the remarkable survival instincts of these small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-mice-dont-just-survive-but-thrive-with-physical-impairments/">rodents</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hostile-environment-nbsp">Hostile environment&nbsp;</h2>



The initial findings date back to expeditions in the 1970s and ’80s when archaeologists reported stumbling upon mouse cadavers atop towering <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Mice-volcanoes-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andean volcanoes</a>.



These peaks, situated in the driest desert on Earth, present a hostile environment with freezing temperatures, low oxygen levels, and punishing gale-force winds.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sacred-pilgrimages-nbsp">Sacred pilgrimages&nbsp;</h2>



Given the daunting surroundings, researchers initially believed that these rodents might have been transported to such heights by the Incas, who considered these summits sacred and often made pilgrimages spanning over a thousand miles.&nbsp;



The peaks served as altars for Capacocha, a ritual wherein children were sacrificed to various Incan gods. It was theorized that mice might have accidentally found their way amidst the supplies or were deliberately brought as part of the animal sacrifices.



“You can’t fault the archaeologists for thinking this way, because what other explanation is there? Nothing could be living up there, so they had to have been brought there," said Professor Jay Storz of the <a href="https://www.unl.edu/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astounding-discoveries">Astounding discoveries</h2>



However, Storz and his team inadvertently challenged this narrative in early 2020 when they captured a live leaf-eared mouse at an astounding altitude of 22,000 feet on Llullaillaco, a volcano on the Chile-Argentina boundary. This marked the first-ever instance of a mammal being discovered alive at such an altitude.



Furthermore, the team reported discovering 13 more mummified leaf-eared mice on the summits of nearby volcanoes - Salín, Púlar, and Copiapó.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-analyses-nbsp">Further analyses&nbsp;</h2>



Through carbon-14 analysis, the experts determined that most of these mummies were relatively recent, with some dating post-1955. This contradicted the earlier belief that these mice were brought by the Incas, especially since the Incas had fallen to Spanish invaders centuries before the mummies' dated time.



Compelling genetic evidence further validated the mice's natural presence at these heights. DNA analysis by collaborators from the <a href="https://www.umt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montana</a> revealed that the genetic variation of these high-altitude mice was consistent with those found in the lower regions of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/salar-de-atacama-the-salt-flats-of-chile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atacama Desert</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skilled-mountaineers-nbsp">Skilled mountaineers&nbsp;</h2>



“Our genomic data indicate no: that the mice from the summits, and those from the flanks or the base of the volcanoes in the surrounding desert terrain, are all one big happy family,” said Storz. He said it was more evidence that the mummies were not hitchhikers but mountaineers.



Intriguingly, observations also reveal an equal gender ratio among the mummies and evidence of local mouse burrows. This suggests that these rodents have not only ventured to these heights but are also sustaining a life high up on the volcanoes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mice-lived-in-extreme-mountains">Mice lived in extreme mountains</h2>



The Puna de Atacama, where these mice reside, is so extreme that it has served as a practice ground for NASA’s Mars missions.&nbsp;



“Even at the base of the volcanoes, the mice are living in an extreme, Martian environment,” said Storz. “And then, on the summits of the volcanoes, it’s even more so. It feels like outer space.



“It just boggles the mind that any kind of animal, let alone a warm-blooded mammal, could be surviving and functioning in that environment. When you experience it all firsthand, it even further impresses upon you: How in God’s name is anything living up there?”



Yet, many questions remain. While the high altitudes offer refuge from predators like foxes, mountain lions, and birds of prey, what drives these mice to endure the harsh conditions of these summits remains a mystery.



Image Credit: Jay Storz, University of Nebraska–Lincoln



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Mummified mice lived in Mars-like conditions in the Andes mountains

In a surprising discovery, mummified remains of mice have been...

In an extraordinary revelation, researchers from the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a> have shed light on how a fragment of the moon could have transitioned to becoming a near-Earth asteroid. 



The study is focused on the asteroid Kamo`oalewa, which was proposed by a UArizona team in 2021 to be a fragment of the moon.&nbsp;



Now, after two years, another research group at the same university has provided further insight, suggesting a unique trajectory that could have made such a transformation possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-fragments-nbsp">Lunar fragments&nbsp;</h2>



Study senior author Professor Renu Malhotra noted that so far, only distant asteroids from beyond the orbit of Mars have been considered a source of near-Earth asteroids. "We are now establishing that the moon is a more likely source of Kamo`oalewa."



This raises intriguing prospects of the presence of many undiscovered lunar fragments within the near-Earth asteroid population.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-characteristics">Unique characteristics</h2>



The researchers were particularly interested in two unique aspects of Kamo'oalewa. First, it is designated as Earth's quasi-satellite. This term is reserved for asteroids that have orbits resembling Earth's so closely that they give the illusion of orbiting the Earth, even though their actual path is around the sun. 



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="ORIAumVsss-3108364-12187" type="single"]</div>



The other peculiar aspect of Kamo`oalewa is its longevity, said Jose Daniel Castro-Cisneros, the study's lead author and a graduate student in the Department of Physics.&nbsp;



Unlike other celestial objects that occupy Earth-like orbits temporarily, Kamooalewa is expected to remain Earth's companion for millions of years.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteoroid-impact">Meteoroid impact</h2>



Interestingly, a 2021 study had already hinted at Kamo`oalewa's lunar origins. The asteroid's spectrum was distinctly different from other near-Earth asteroids but closely mirrored that of the moon. This led to the theory that a meteoroid impact might have ejected this fragment from the lunar surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-like-orbits-nbsp">Earth-like orbits&nbsp;</h2>



In the current study, the researchers set out to investigate the feasibility of a lunar fragment adopting a quasi-satellite orbit. The challenge is that moon fragments capable of escaping the gravitational pull of both Earth and the moon usually don't end up in Earth-like orbits.&nbsp;



However, using precise numerical simulations which accounted for gravitational impacts from all planets, the team found that certain lunar fragments can land in such orbits. Kamo`oalewa might just be one of these fragments, a result of a lunar impact occurring in the last few million years.



Throughout its history, the moon has been bombarded by asteroids, which is evident in the numerous impact craters preserved on its surface, explained Malhotra. Impacts cause lunar material to be ejected from the moon's surface, but most of that material usually falls back on the moon, she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



According to the researchers, the study's findings could help understand more about near-Earth asteroids, which are considered a hazard to Earth. Malhotra noted that more detailed studies of Kamo`oalewa and determining this asteroid's origin in a specific impact crater on the moon will provide useful insights on impact mechanics.



Castro-Cisneros said the team is planning to identify the specific conditions that allowed the orbital pathway of Kamo`oalewa.&nbsp;



"We looked at Kamo`oalewa's spectrum only because it was in an unusual orbit," said Malhotra. "If it had been a typical near-Earth asteroid, no one would have thought to find its spectrum and we wouldn't have known Kamo`oalewa could be a lunar fragment."



Video Credit: Jose Daniel Castro-Cisneros/University of Arizona



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8339513" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Near-Earth asteroid may be a fragment of the moon

In an extraordinary revelation, researchers from the University of Arizona...

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In a fascinating study that seems straight out of science fiction, researchers at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> have engineered a house plant that signals contamination by turning a vivid beet red in the presence of certain toxic chemicals. 



This innovation, led by a team of scientists seeking a more interactive form of environmental monitoring, could revolutionize how we detect unsafe substances in our surroundings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sentinel-plants-and-chemicals">Sentinel plants and chemicals</h2>



The project was spearheaded by associate professor of chemical and environmental engineering Ian Wheeldon, and involved a delicate balancing act. The team needed to create a plant capable of identifying specific environmental toxins without hindering its natural growth processes or survival mechanisms.



"Our goal was to integrate a responsive sensor without disrupting the plant's inherent functions," Wheeldon explained. "Earlier approaches often interfered with vital processes like phototropism or water conservation during stress. Our technique maintains these essential functions intact."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanism-behind-the-response">Mechanism behind the response</h2>



Central to this feat was manipulating a biological pathway involving abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone that adapts plant behavior to stressful scenarios such as drought. Under such conditions, plants synthesize ABA. This acid then binds to specific receptor proteins, initiating a survival response from the plants -- closing their stomata to prevent water loss, for instance.



The breakthrough came when they discovered that these ABA receptors could be re-engineered to recognize other chemicals beyond ABA. For demonstration purposes, they chose azinphos-ethyl, a pesticide known for its toxicity and consequent ban in multiple jurisdictions.



"Reprogramming the ABA receptors was crucial. We essentially taught the plant to respond to a contaminant with a visual cue," said Sean Cutler, UCR professor of plant cell biology. "Imagine a field of plants suddenly turning red, flagging the presence of a harmful substance. The implications for real-time environmental monitoring are profound."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-can-do-more-than-identify-chemicals">Plants can do more than identify chemicals</h2>



The team's vision extends far beyond pesticides. They aim to create living sensors capable of detecting a spectrum of substances. These would include pharmaceuticals that have found their way into water supplies.



"Our current success is just the beginning. We're exploring the plant's potential to detect an array of chemicals," noted Cutler. "Concerns are growing over pollutants like residual medications in our water. Our research is a leap toward addressing these issues effectively."



However, the technology is still in its infancy and not without its challenges. The ambition to engineer plants that can detect multiple substances simultaneously, for instance, has yet to be realized. The team did manage this feat in yeast, demonstrating its potential. However, replicating this in plants requires more complex biotechnological advancements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulatory-hurdles-and-future-applications">Regulatory hurdles and future applications</h2>



Despite its promise, this botanical innovation won't appear in commercial applications anytime soon. Regulatory approval for such genetically engineered organisms is a lengthy and complex process, ensuring they are safe for larger ecosystems.



Moreover, practical issues need addressing before these sentinel plants can be part of everyday environmental health or defense mechanisms. These include understanding the plants' responses under different conditions, and ensuring they can be effectively deployed in varied environments.



While it may be years before these red-alert plants are part of our home gardens or community spaces, the study marks a significant step forward in the realm of environmental science and bioengineering. 



With further research and refinement, sentinel plants offer a visually striking, immediate method for identifying risks in our surroundings. They will soon contribute significantly to public health and safety initiatives worldwide.



As science continues to bridge the gap between the natural and technological worlds, it's not hard to imagine a future where our own gardens contribute to a healthier, safer planet for all.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41589-023-01447-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Chemical Biology</a>.



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Scientists create plants that change colors when toxic chemicals are present

In a fascinating study that seems straight out of science...

World,Map,,Earth,Flat,View.,Detailed,World,Physical,Map,In

Geologists have long been intrigued by a missing piece of Earth's history - a lost <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-rift-massive-crack-could-split-the-continent-in-half/">continent</a> called Argoland. Around 155 million years ago, a 5,000-kilometer chunk broke off of western Australia and began its solitary drift.&nbsp;



The void that was left behind is marked by a basin deep below the ocean known as the Argo Abyssal Plain. But, where did Argoland actually go?



A new study from <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en/home-en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht University</a> reveals that while Argoland might not exist as a singular mass today, it has not vanished entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-argoland">The journey of Argoland</h2>



Scientists have relied on the underwater Argo Abyssal Plain as evidence of Argoland's past existence. The seabed structure suggests that the detached continent drifted northwestward, potentially towards present-day Southeast Asia.&nbsp;



But the mystery deepens, as the vast continent-sized footprint of Argoland is conspicuously absent beneath Southeast Asian islands. Instead, these islands sit atop smaller continental fragments, encircled by significantly older oceanic basins.



This led geologists to dive deeper into the fate of Argoland. They found that the lost continent hasn't completely disappeared - it has simply shattered into fragments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-hidden-tales">Earth's hidden tales</h2>



Earth's crust varies in weight, comprising heavier oceanic sections and lighter continental chunks. Interestingly, these lighter portions might be lurking below sea level, much like Greater Adria, another lost continent.&nbsp;



Greater Adria's journey ended when it submerged into the Earth's mantle, leaving its top layer behind, which later morphed into the mountains of Southern Europe. Argoland, by contrast, left no evidence in the form of folded rocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Utrecht University geologist Douwe van Hinsbergen emphasized the significance of tracing these continents.&nbsp;



“If continents can dive into the mantle and disappear entirely, without leaving a geological trace at the Earth’s surface, then we wouldn’t have much of an idea of what the Earth could have looked in the geological past. It would be almost impossible to create reliable reconstructions of former supercontinents and the Earth’s geography in foregone eras," said van Hinsbergen.



“Those reconstructions are vital for our understanding of processes like the evolution of biodiversity and climate, or for finding raw materials. And at a more fundamental level: for understanding how mountains are formed or for working out the driving forces behind plate tectonics; two phenomena that are closely related.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-islands-of-information-nbsp">Islands of information&nbsp;</h2>



Van Hinsbergen and his colleague Eldert Advokaat were curious about what the geology of Southeast Asia may reveal about Argoland.&nbsp;



“But we were literally dealing with islands of information, which is why our research took so long. We spent seven years putting the puzzle together," said Advokaat.&nbsp;



“The situation in Southeast Asia is very different from places like Africa and South America, where a continent broke neatly into two pieces. Argoland splintered into many different shards. That obstructed our view of the continent’s journey.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragmented-continent-nbsp">Fragmented continent&nbsp;</h2>



But then, Advokaat realized that these fragments converged at their current locations simultaneously, painting a once cohesive picture. Today, the remnants of Argoland can be found beneath the jungles of Indonesia and Myanmar.



This fragmentation was characteristic. Argoland was never a single, solid landmass. Instead, it was an 'Argopelago,' a collection of microcontinental chunks interspersed with older oceanic basins. This aspect aligns with other known entities like Greater Adria and Zeelandia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-evolving-planet">An evolving planet</h2>



The investigation by Advokaat and Van Hinsbergen seamlessly links the geological systems between the Himalayas and the Philippines. Their explorations unravel why Argoland fragmented so intensely.&nbsp;



Around 215 million years ago, the continent underwent rapid fracturing, breaking into slender splinters. This theory was further supported through field studies on islands such as Sumatra, Borneo, and Timor.



The story of Argoland is not one of complete disappearance but of transformation. As the world continues to evolve, this lost continent serves as a compelling reminder of the ever-shifting nature of our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.10.005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gondwana Research</a>.



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Argoland: Unraveling the mysteries of a lost continent

Geologists have long been intrigued by a missing piece of...

Children infected with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omicron-is-much-more-deadly-than-the-seasonal-flu/">Omicron</a> variant of COVID-19 remain infectious for an average of three days after testing positive, according to a new study led by <a href="https://www.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC</a> and Stanford University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-school-policies">School policies</h2>



The research suggests that the prevalent school policy mandating a five-day isolation period for infected children is more than sufficient, and should be reevaluated.



“We're basically saying five days is more than sufficient; public-health and education leaders may consider shorter durations,” said co-author Neeraj Sood, Director of the COVID-19 Initiative and a senior fellow at the USC Schaeffer Center.



The analysis showed that by day five, 18.4 percent of the infected children remained contagious. By day ten, this number dropped significantly to 3.9 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vaccination-status-nbsp">Vaccination status&nbsp;</h2>



In a noteworthy observation, the researchers found no significant link between the duration of infectivity and vaccination status. This indicates that school re-entry guidelines may not need to distinguish between vaccinated and non-vaccinated students.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-s-isolation-nbsp">Children's isolation&nbsp;</h2>



The topic of children's isolation, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, has been a matter of significant concern for parents, educators, health professionals, and policymakers.



Isolation is crucial to prevent the spread of the virus. By ensuring that children who have contracted the virus stay away from others during their infectious period, it reduces the risk of community transmission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educational-impact-nbsp">Educational impact&nbsp;</h2>



Extended periods of isolation can disrupt children's education. Especially given the educational interruptions children have already faced during the pandemic, it's essential to find a balance between health safety and educational continuity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-well-being-nbsp">Mental well-being&nbsp;</h2>



Apart from the educational impact, prolonged isolation can also affect children's mental and emotional well-being. It can lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression.&nbsp;



Thus, it's crucial to ensure that kids have the necessary support during these times, whether it's through virtual interactions, engaging activities, or counseling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-isolation-protocols-nbsp">Self-isolation protocols&nbsp;</h2>



The findings of the USC study may ultimately lead to a more informed approach to self-isolation protocols for children.



These protocols – which have been implemented in school districts from New York City to Los Angeles – have been guided by little data so far, said the researchers.



“We want to protect the other children in the school who could potentially get infected, but at the same time, we don't want to disrupt education for the child who is infected, given the amount of disruption that's already happened,” said Sood. “The duration of infectivity is an important parameter into figuring out what the optimal duration of self-isolation should be.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



For the study, the researchers partnered with a virus testing enterprise, examining nasal swabs from 76 children aged 7-18 from Los Angeles County who tested positive for the Omicron variant.&nbsp;



Nikhilesh Kumar, lead author and a Medicine student at the USC Keck School of Medicine, emphasized the goal was to "capture how infectivity changed over the 10-day window."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The results are in line with prior research on Omicron-infected adults, which found no correlation between vaccination and infectivity duration. However, adults exhibited slightly prolonged infection durations, with a median of five days.



But as Sood noted, with the virus’s propensity to mutate, ongoing research will be necessary. “We need to continue doing studies like this because the next variant may have a longer or shorter duration of infectivity.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.4511" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Pediatrics</a>.



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Children may be isolating too long for COVID-19 infection

Children infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19 remain infectious...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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