Farmer,Plantation,Checking,Quality,By,Tablet,Agriculture,Modern,Technology,Concept.

<p>Researchers have ushered in a new era in plant science by creating a technology that brings the once-fictitious idea of human-plant communication to reality. This recently developed technology enables humans to ‘talk’ to plants and receive communication back from them, using light-based messaging. This incredible breakthrough was achieved by a team of scientists from the <a href="https://www.slcu.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University</a> (SLCU) </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initiating-plant-defense-mechanisms">Initiating plant defense mechanisms</h2>



<p>The experiments conducted by Alexander Jones’ research team at the university involved using light as a messenger to talk to plants. The light activates the natural defense mechanisms in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-and-zinnia-can-thrive-in-polluted-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tobacco plants</a> (<em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em>), showcasing that light can be a stimulus triggering plants’ immune responses. </p>



<p>This implies that light, a universal medium of communication for humans, can now serve as a bridge for interspecies interaction between humans and plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highlighter-created-to-talk-to-plants">Highlighter: Created to talk to plants</h2>



<p>Before this discovery, the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> team engineered fluorescent light-based biosensors that could visually communicate real-time cellular activities in plants, revealing dynamics of critical plant hormones and how plants react to environmental stresses, effectively allowing plants to ‘talk’ to humans.</p>



<p>The latest development, Highlighter, is a tool documented in <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002303" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Biology</a> that uses specific light conditions to activate the expression of a target gene in plants, allowing humans to trigger defense mechanisms in plants. </p>



<p>Dr. Jones explains, “If we could warn plants of an impending disease outbreak or pest attack, plants could then activate their natural defense mechanisms to prevent widespread damage.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-agricultural-challenges">Addressing agricultural challenges</h2>



<p>This innovation holds promise for revolutionizing agricultural practices and humanity's relationship with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-pass-down-memories-to-help-offspring-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>. It could allow warning plants about approaching extreme weather events or pest attacks, enabling them to adjust growth patterns, conserve water, or activate defense mechanisms. </p>



<p>This advanced communication with plants can lead to more sustainable and efficient farming practices, reducing dependency on chemicals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-optogenetics">Science of optogenetics</h2>



<p>Bo Larsen, the engineer behind Highlighter, has incorporated a light-controlled gene expression system or optogenetics system from a prokaryotic system into a eukaryotic system tailored for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fibonacci-spirals-an-unexpected-twist-in-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>. </p>



<p>Optogenetics uses light stimuli to control specific processes, enabling scientists to control biomolecular processes at a cellular level. It has revolutionized several fields, including neuroscience, by isolating the functions of individual neurons. </p>



<p>However, applying optogenetics to plants has been challenging due to plants' inherent abundance of photoreceptors and their need for a wide spectrum of light for growth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-development-of-highlighter">Development of Highlighter</h2>



<p>In the creation of Highlighter, collaboration with experts like J. Clark Lagarias from <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a> and others from the <a href="https://www.npl.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Physical Laboratory</a> was crucial to overcome challenges and to refine the technology. The system developed is minimally invasive, using light signals for activation and inactivation, unaffected by the usual light-dark cycling in growth chambers.</p>



<p>This technology has already demonstrated control over plant immunity, pigment production, and a yellow fluorescent protein. Dr. Jones emphasized that “Highlighter is an important step forward in the development of optogenetics tools in plants,” and it opens new avenues for crop improvement and research in plant biology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talking-to-plants-what-the-future-holds">Talking to plants -- what the future holds</h2>



<p>The ramifications of this development are profound. A growing toolbox for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>, with diverse optical properties, not only answers fundamental plant biology questions but also unlocks potential opportunities for crop improvement. </p>



<p>Dr. Jones visualizes a future where different light conditions could trigger various responses, such as immune response or precise timing of specific traits like flowering or ripening, in plants.</p>



<p>The innovations emerging from the Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University are propelling us into a future where humans and plants coexist in a symbiotic relationship of mutual communication and understanding, optimizing agricultural practices and revealing unexplored facets of plant biology. </p>



<p>This breakthrough in human-plant communication signifies a monumental leap in our quest for harmonious coexistence with the plant kingdom, pointing towards a future where sustainable and efficient farming becomes a global reality.</p>



<p>---</p>



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New invention enables humans to 'talk' to plants using light

Researchers have ushered in a new era in plant science...

Photo,Of,A,Red-crowned,Amazon,amazona,Viridigenalis

<p>The endangered red-crowned parrot species is flourishing in the urban expanses of South Texas. This surprising discovery lies contrary to the usual detrimental impact of urban development on most animal species.</p>



<p>These vibrant birds have remarkably adapted to urban life despite widespread deforestation, pollution, and the illicit pet trade relocating them from their native habitats. The study was helmed by a <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M</a>-led research team, co-authored by Dr. Donald J. Brightsmith and graduate student Simon Kiacz.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-urban-dwellers">Unexpected urban dwellers</h2>



<p>Red-crowned parrots are characterized by their predominantly green plumage and distinctive cluster of red feathers on their heads. They originally inhabited a compact region in Northeastern Mexico. Due to rampant habitat destruction and illicit poaching, their existence is under severe threat in their native lands. </p>



<p>This fact makes their proliferation in urban Texas all the more extraordinary. The unauthorized trade often involves poaching of eggs or fledglings, later sold at exorbitant prices.</p>



<p>Simon Kiacz noted, "Parrots are popular pets in places like South Texas and Latin America.” The lack of awareness regarding their protected status, even among law enforcement, is alarming. It’s crucial to note that the animal trade has significantly contributed to the red-crowned parrots’ presence in Texas, with many being brought over legally in the 1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-texas-embraces-red-crowned-parrots">Texas embraces red-crowned parrots</h2>



<p>Texas has embraced these fascinating birds, awarding them native species status which is pivotal for their protection. Dr. Brightsmith highlighted the importance of this status, stating, “Without native species status, it would be much more difficult to provide protection for the species.” </p>



<p>This acknowledgment spurred interest from <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Parks &amp; Wildlife</a>, paving the way for extensive research on the adaptation and well-being of these parrots in South Texas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-path-to-conservation">Mapping the path to conservation</h2>



<p>The research team meticulously counted and mapped the parrots, concentrating especially on the Rio Grande Valley. Remarkably, places like Brownsville have adopted the red-crowned parrot as their official mascot. </p>



<p>With around 900 parrots residing in South Texas, Kiacz and his team closely monitored their breeding activity. These observations have provided a comprehensive insight into their thriving population.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbiotic-urban-adaptation">Symbiotic urban adaptation</h2>



<p>The adaptation and thriving of red-crowned parrots in urban environments are unusual. The species, deemed as “synanthropes,” coexists harmoniously with human-made environments. Kiacz explains, “Humans have basically created the perfect environment for these parrots.” </p>



<p>The relationship stems from their mutual liking for well-watered, ornamental plants producing fruit and seeds year-round. Even the propensity to plant non-native palm trees has inadvertently provided perfect nesting cavities for these parrots, further solidifying their urban adaptation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coexisting-with-red-crowned-parrots">Coexisting with red-crowned parrots</h2>



<p>Despite their flourishing existence and negligible competition with local species for food, the parrots’ noise levels have been the sole inconvenience to the locals. The researchers hope that their findings will usher in heightened awareness and improved conservation efforts. They stress the importance of understanding and accepting these birds as part of the urban environment.</p>



<p>Kiacz emphasized the need for communal harmony stating, “the best help we can give these parrots is to teach people how to live with parrots as neighbors.” For instance, maintaining a dead, yet safe tree can provide nesting spaces for these parrots, fostering a symbiotic coexistence.</p>



<p>Brightsmith and Kiacz are currently delving deeper. They are studying the intricate relationships between red-crowned parrots and their sister species, exploring potential natural hybridization and its conservation implications.</p>



<p>In summary, the thriving existence of red-crowned parrots amidst urban sprawl is a testament to nature's resilience and adaptability. It opens up a plethora of opportunities for research and provides a unique perspective on urban conservation strategies, emphasizing the balance between urban expansion and biodiversity. </p>



<p>The exploration of harmonious coexistence and continued conservation efforts are essential steps towards protecting these vibrant beings, allowing them to continue being our colorful neighbors in the urban jungle.</p>



<p>This study was <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/15/7/878" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recently published</a> in the scientific journal <em>Diversity</em>.</p>



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Endangered red-crowned parrots are thriving in urban Texas areas

The endangered red-crowned parrot species is flourishing in the urban...

Encephalitis,,Yellow,Fever,,Malaria,Disease,,Mayaro,Or,Zika,Virus,Infected

<p>Leaders and health experts across multiple African nations have raised alarm bells about the escalating malaria crisis, calling it the most severe in two decades. </p>



<p>In a series of urgent appeals at the United Nations General Assembly last Friday, they emphasized the dire need for immediate, decisive action to curb the spread of this deadly disease, particularly in light of new challenges.</p>



<p>Malaria has long been a persistent threat in Africa, claiming lives at alarming rates. The continent bears the burden of 96% of malaria-related deaths worldwide, with children under the age of five representing up to 80% of these fatalities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setbacks-in-eradication-efforts">Setbacks in eradication efforts</h2>



<p>Efforts aimed at malaria treatment and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/malaria-carrying-mosquitoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eradication</a> are facing unprecedented setbacks. A prominent one is the insufficiency of funding to combat the disease effectively. Additionally, there is a decreased effectiveness of malaria drugs, hampering treatment efforts. </p>



<p>A highly concerning development is the evolved resistance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-mosquitoes-eradicate-malaria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquitoes</a> to insecticides. This new resistance has experts urging the need to "get ahead of it before it outsmarts us."</p>



<p>President Umaro Sissoco Embaló of Guinea Bissau succinctly encapsulated the urgency of the situation, stating, "We are at a critical juncture. If we don’t act swiftly…we will undoubtedly see malaria upsurges and epidemics."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a>'s recent report disclosed a worrying trend: progress in combating malaria has either stalled or regressed in over 13 countries. This stagnation, coupled with the lack of access to lifesaving treatments for many, could seriously impede the goals to eliminate the disease by 2030.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-renewed-commitment">Call for renewed commitment</h2>



<p>Julio Rakotonirina, the Director of Health and Humanitarian Affairs at the <a href="https://au.int/en/commission" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African Union Commission</a>, underscored the importance of sustained political commitment and the translation of such commitment into tangible actions. He emphasized that, given most African Union member states are currently off-track to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, extensive work remains to be done.</p>



<p>The current malaria crisis in Africa is at a critical crossroad, and the time to act is now. Leaders and health experts are fervently calling for comprehensive strategies and full financing to battle malaria, including addressing the new challenges that have arisen. </p>



<p>The insufficiency of funds, declining efficacy of drugs, and the adaptation of mosquitoes to insecticides necessitate innovative solutions and international cooperation to prevent further loss of life, especially among children.</p>



<p>A multifaceted approach, involving consistent political commitment, augmented funding, community engagement, and scientific innovation, is pivotal to outsmarting the disease and achieving the 2030 elimination goals. The call from African leaders is clear: the world must unite in its efforts to eliminate malaria and safeguard future generations from this ancient foe.</p>



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African leaders call for urgent action on malaria

Leaders and health experts across multiple African nations have raised...

Mining.a,Large,Scale,Mining,Infrastructure,In,Australia,For,Gold,And

<p>Geographers from the University of Lincoln, UK, report that approximately 23 million people globally reside on floodplains tainted with dangerously elevated levels of toxic waste. </p>



<p>This alarming revelation stems from an extensive research effort involving the mapping of 22,609 active and 159,735 abandoned metal mines, and was published in the renowned journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg6704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerning-levels-of-toxic-waste-in-rivers">Concerning levels of toxic waste in rivers</h2>



<p>The research led by Mark Macklin focused on discerning the levels of pollution percolating into the waterways from harmful contaminants such as lead, copper, zinc, and arsenic. The meticulous analysis concluded that about 479,200 kilometers of river channels covering 164,000 square kilometers are contaminated by toxic waste from hazardous chemicals on a global scale.</p>



<p>Macklin elucidates that the innovative method devised for this study empowers governments, environmental regulators, the mining sector, and local communities to predict the diffusion of mine waste in river systems around the globe. This prediction tool is a first, enabling accurate assessment of the mining impacts on ecosystems and human health, both offsite and downstream.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-study-methodology">Innovative study methodology</h2>



<p>Macklin expressed his optimism that the new methodology would facilitate the mitigation of environmental ramifications stemming from both historical and contemporary mining practices. He stressed the importance of minimizing the impacts of future mining developments on communities. The focus should be on preserving food and water security amidst rising global demand for metals and minerals essential for transitional technologies.</p>



<p>This study is anticipated to have far-reaching impacts, aiding in the reduction of environmental damage induced by previous and current mining methodologies. Professor Chris Thomas, a key contributor to the research analysis, emphasized the urgency of global metal mining expansion to facilitate the transition to green energy. Thomas acknowledged the substantial global contamination mapped in the study as a legacy from the industrial era, advocating for modern mining to prioritize environmental sustainability.</p>



<p>He further explained, "Our methods, which also operate effectively at local scales, introduce a vital new strategy in this process." To implement this strategy, an applied unit of their research center, Water and Planetary Health Analytics, has been established to collaborate with the sector.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-mining-and-environmental-concerns">Modern mining and environmental concerns</h2>



<p>Experts believe this development is crucial, especially when transitional technologies are experiencing an exponential demand for metals and minerals. This study is not only a beacon of knowledge shedding light on the environmental impacts of mining but also a compass guiding modern mining towards environmental sustainability and human safety. </p>



<p>The approach proposed by the team serves as an invaluable asset for gauging and mitigating the repercussions of mining activities on ecological and human health.</p>



<p>This comprehensive research underscores the significance of refining mining practices and presents a new paradigm in environmental conservation. The goal is to enable a harmonious coexistence between mining endeavors and ecological well-being. </p>



<p>The implications of this study are pivotal, offering a road map for industries, regulators, and communities to navigate the complexities of environmental conservation in mining, all while aligning with the escalating need for metals in advancing green technologies.</p>



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23 million people are exposed to toxic waste from mining activities

Geographers from the University of Lincoln, UK, report that approximately...

Image,Of,African,Lady,In,Face,Mask,With,Thumbs,Up-child

<p>In a blow to global health endeavors, the Independent Monitoring Board (IBM) of the <a href="https://polioeradication.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</a> (GPEI) revealed that the mission to completely eradicate polio might miss its crucial objectives this year. </p>



<p>The international strategy had aimed to halt the spread of wild polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the last remaining endemic countries, and curb the vaccine-derived strain, which is accountable for outbreaks worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stubborn-persistence">Stubborn persistence</h2>



<p>Despite a staggering 99% reduction in polio cases since 1988 owing to widespread vaccination drives, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-polio-vaccine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complete obliteration</a> of this infectious disease remains an uphill battle. Polio's endurance hinders global health aspirations to see it become the second disease after smallpox, eradicated in 1980, to be completely wiped out.</p>



<p>However, Aidan O'Leary, Director of Polio Eradication at the <a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), asserts, "It can be done. And we need to make sure we finish the job." His resolve underscores the international community’s commitment to achieving a polio-free world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-polio-landscape">Current polio landscape</h2>



<p>To date, this year has witnessed only seven documented cases of wild polio, with five in Afghanistan and two in Pakistan. O'Leary is optimistic about halting the spread of this strain by early 2024, albeit a few months past the initial target, holding out hope for the complete eradication of wild polio by 2026.</p>



<p>However, the vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) present a more formidable challenge. These originate from the mutated live virus in the oral polio vaccine, posing risks to unvaccinated populations if mutations turn virulent. Shockingly, recent instances of paralysis in children due to VDPVs are around 50 times higher than those from wild poliovirus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-challenges">Addressing the challenges</h2>



<p>The GPEI conceded the challenges presented in IBM's review, acknowledging the ongoing struggles, particularly in areas facing insecurity. Eradicating vaccine-derived outbreaks is anticipated to be an especially lengthy process. </p>



<p>O'Leary emphasized prioritizing vaccination and surveillance in areas like the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northwestern Nigeria, south-central Somalia, and northern Yemen, where VDPVs are rampant. "This is what is needed to shift the game," O'Leary highlighted, implying a possible recalibration of timelines but a steadfast commitment to eradication efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-persisting-amidst-adversity">Persisting amidst adversity</h2>



<p>Despite the hurdles, the concerted actions and unwavering dedication of the international community bring a ray of hope in the fight against polio. </p>



<p>While the journey to eradicate polio is fraught with unprecedented challenges, the resilience and adaptability showcased by global health organizations and workers are pivotal in navigating the road ahead. The recalibration of strategies and a focus on the most affected regions are crucial to advancing towards a world free from the shadows of polio.</p>



<p>In summary, the path to polio eradication is intricate, marked by unforeseen obstacles and continuous learning. The setbacks experienced this year underscore the necessity for adaptability, fortitude, and a relentless pursuit of innovative solutions in the global fight against polio.</p>



<p>The ongoing endeavors and the relentless spirit of the global community illuminate the pathway to triumph over this debilitating disease, instilling hope for a polio-free future.</p>



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Global campaign to eradicate polio is falling short

In a blow to global health endeavors, the Independent Monitoring...

Underwater,Gas,Pipelines,For,Gas,Transportation,In,Europe.,Underwater,View.

<p>Swedish researchers from Stockholm University and Linne University have unveiled a startling discovery of vast methane leaks erupting from the seabed of the Baltic Sea. This revelation has caused renewed scrutiny in environmental circles and prompted deeper investigation into the underlying causes and potential ramifications.</p>



<p>The scientists stumbled upon methane bubbles escalating up to 370 meters in a delimited area of 20 square kilometers off the southeastern coast of Sweden. This discovery illustrates a phenomenon unseen in the ongoing study of underwater ecosystems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-a-new-way-to-locate-methane-leaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-and-intact-bubbles">Intense and intact bubbles</h2>



<p>Christian Stranne, a notable member of the research team from <a href="https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stockholm University</a>, in an official statement, emphasized the uniqueness of the methane leak conditions. He noted that the oxygen-free waters of the Baltic Sea might facilitate the intact rise of the bubbles to the surface. </p>



<p>Stranne voiced his astonishment over witnessing intense bubbles originating from such unprecedented depths, stating, “We know that methane gas can bubble up from shallow seabeds near the Baltic Sea coast, but I’ve never seen such intense bubbles before – and definitely not from such a deep area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-baltic-sea-methane-leaks-suspected">More Baltic Sea methane leaks suspected</h2>



<p>This discovery suggests the potential presence of similar methane leaks in different regions of the Baltic Sea, due to the atypical levels of methane discovered. The unusual conditions have spurred the team into further exploratory and analytical endeavors to unravel the mystery behind the high methane levels in the area.</p>



<p>Marcelo Ketzer, the project leader and a professor of environmental science at Linne University, echoed Stranne's concerns and insights. He underscored the current lack of comprehensive knowledge about the factors influencing methane production in deeper regions and the trajectory of the released methane. Ketzer also stressed the urgent need for understanding the dynamics at play in these deeper realms of the Baltic Sea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-link-to-the-nord-stream-pipeline">Possible link to the Nord Stream Pipeline</h2>



<p>This instance of methane leak aligns temporally with the ruptures in the Nord Stream Pipeline under the Baltic Sea reported a year prior, considered by the <a href="https://www.unep.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) to be the largest single release of methane ever recorded.</p>



<p>Last September, the pipeline, pivotal for the transport of natural gas from Germany to Russia, suffered extensive damage due to sudden underwater explosions, leading to unanticipated and significant methane emissions.</p>



<p>This revelation fuels speculation and concerns over environmental safety and integrity, highlighting the necessity for meticulous analysis and research to comprehend the production, release, and impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> from the seabed. </p>



<p>The increased scrutiny and extensive research spurred by this discovery will be paramount in understanding the environmental and ecological implications of methane leaks, and in developing strategies to monitor and mitigate any detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems and climate.</p>



<p>The concerted efforts by the research teams at Stockholm and Linne Universities to probe deeper into this phenomenon will play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the methane cycle in the Baltic Sea and potentially in other similar ecosystems globally. The revelations and insights gleaned from their ongoing research will be instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and environmental conservation initiatives.</p>



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Large methane leaks discovered in the Baltic Sea

Swedish researchers from Stockholm University and Linne University have unveiled...

Macro,Image,Of,A,Dead,Bee,On,A,Leaf,From

<p>Recent research discovered that over 10% of English river sites contain hazardous levels of pesticides that are toxic to bees and also prohibited by the European Union (EU). </p>



<p>The alarming levels of neonicotinoids, particularly in rivers in the east of England, South East, and West Midlands, expose severe environmental concerns and potential risks to aquatic life and human health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-damaging-presence-of-neonicotinoids">Damaging presence of neonicotinoids</h2>



<p>Of the 283 river sites that underwent examination by the Environment Agency between 2020 and 2022, at least one of the five neonicotinoids was present in 29. It is distressing to note that 55% of these 29 sites exhibited one or more neonicotinoids above the <a href="https://echa.europa.eu/environmental-quality-standards" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Quality Standard</a> (EQS) set by the EU, deemed safe for aquatic species. Furthermore, over four times the acceptable limit of one or more pesticides marked 21% of the sites.</p>



<p>The research brought to light the presence of clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. These pesticides, banned in the UK since 2018 for outdoor crops, are notorious for their harmful impacts on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omega-3-oil-may-help-protect-pollinators-from-pesticides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> and aquatic organisms. </p>



<p>Thiacloprid and Acetamiprid were also identified. The former was prohibited in 2020 due to potential detrimental effects on human health, while the latter, still allowed in the UK, is known to accumulate and damage various living organisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-areas-with-highest-concentrations">Areas with highest concentrations</h2>



<p>The east of England, the West Midlands, and Yorkshire and Humber showcased the highest concentrations of neonicotinoids at single sites. The rivers Ivel, Nene, Ouse, Tame, and Waveney in these regions were the most prevalent for pesticide use.</p>



<p>Tessa Wardley, the Director of Communications and Advocacy at the <a href="https://theriverstrust.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rivers Trust</a>, emphasized the likely understatement of the actual extent of neonicotinoid pollution in English rivers due to infrequent and inadequate monitoring by the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environment Agency</a>, especially during wet weather when the risk of rapid flushing of pesticides into rivers is heightened.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controversy-and-debate">Controversy and debate</h2>



<p>This revelation coincides with ongoing debates within the government regarding the renewal of the usage of thiamethoxam for the fourth consecutive year. This debate has sparked controversy due to previous emergency authorizations contradicting expert counsel. </p>



<p>The EU Court of Justice, in January 2023, deemed such emergency authorizations of seeds treated with banned neonicotinoids as violations of EU law.</p>



<p>Nick Mole, Policy Officer at Pesticide Action Network UK, termed the findings as “hugely concerning,” urging the UK government to put a halt to ‘emergency’ extensions for the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neonicotinoids-kill-bees-and-threaten-hundreds-of-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">banned pesticides</a> and to institute a robust and well-funded monitoring system for all UK water bodies urgently.</p>



<p>Barnaby Coupe, Land Use Policy Manager at The Wildlife Trusts, also criticized the UK government's ongoing approval of toxic pesticides, which he claims has ignored scientific findings and expert advice, resulting in a significant reduction in wildlife.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-government-actions">Government actions</h2>



<p>In response, a spokesperson for the Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) assured that their comprehensive Plan for Water is addressing every source of pollution through enhanced investment, stricter regulation, and tougher enforcement. </p>



<p>They further highlighted the government's commitment to minimizing the risks and impacts of pesticides and reducing the use of insecticides by farmers through increased funding and sustainable farming incentives.</p>



<p>In summary, the new research has sparked renewed urgency and concern regarding the hazardous levels of prohibited pesticides in English rivers, revealing the far-reaching impacts on wildlife, aquatic life, and potentially human health. </p>



<p>The government is under increased pressure to enhance monitoring, regulation, and enforcement to combat the rising levels of harmful pesticides and to reconsider the allowances and extensions granted for the use of such chemicals in the agriculture sector.</p>



<p>This study was conducted by the <a href="https://www.wcl.org.uk/rt.asp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rivers Trust and Wildlife and Countryside Link</a> (WCL) </p>



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Concerning levels of bee-harming pesticides discovered in English rivers

Recent research discovered that over 10% of English river sites...

<p>Traces of ancient proteins found in fossilized dinosaur feathers may shed new light on the evolution of feathers, according to a study from <a href="https://www.ucc.ie/">University College Cork</a>.</p>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Tiffany Slater and Professor Maria McNamara of UCC’s School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science. The experts collaborated with scientists based at Linyi University and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-proteins">Fossil proteins</h2>



<p>"Fossil proteins are valuable tools in evolutionary biology. Recent technological advances and better integration of experimental methods have confirmed the feasibility of biomolecular preservation in deep time, yielding new insights into the timing of key evolutionary transitions," wrote the researchers.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The team analyzed 125-million-year-old feathers from the dinosaur Sinornithosaurus and the early bird Confuciusornis from China, in addition to a 50-million-year-old feather from the United States.</p>



<p>While previous research indicated that modern feathers have a different composition than ancient feathers, the new study reveals that they share the same protein composition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the experts, this confirms that the chemistry of feathers originated much earlier than previously thought.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beta-proteins-nbsp">Beta-proteins&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“It’s really exciting to discover new similarities between dinosaurs and birds,” said Dr. Slater.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“To do this, we developed a new method to detect traces of ancient feather proteins. Using X-rays and infrared light we found that feathers from the dinosaur Sinornithosaurus contained lots of beta-proteins, just like feathers of birds today.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team ran experiments to investigate how feather proteins break down during the fossilization process. This helped the experts interpret the chemical signals preserved in the fossil feathers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weird-chemistry">Weird chemistry</h2>



<p>“Modern bird feathers are rich in beta-proteins that help strengthen feathers for flight,” said Dr. Slater.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Previous tests on dinosaur feathers, though, found mostly alpha-proteins. Our experiments can now explain this weird chemistry as the result of protein degradation during the fossilization process."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"So although some fossil feathers do preserve traces of the original beta-proteins, other fossil feathers are damaged and tell us a false narrative about feather evolution.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers noted that experiments show that feather beta-proteins can survive moderate thermal maturation. "As predicted by our experiments, analyses of Mesozoic feathers confirm that evidence of feather CBPs can persist through deep time," they wrote.</p>



<p>“Traces of ancient biomolecules can clearly survive for millions of years, but you can’t read the fossil record literally because even seemingly well-preserved fossil tissues have been cooked and squashed during fossilization," said study senior author Professor Maria McNamara.</p>



<p>"We’re developing new tools to understand what happens during fossilization and unlock the chemical secrets of fossils. This will give us exciting new insights into the evolution of important tissues and their biomolecules. “</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02177-8"><em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em></a>.</p>



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Modern bird feathers contain traces of dinosaur feathers

Traces of ancient proteins found in fossilized dinosaur feathers may...

<p>Recent research suggests that prehistoric societies might have modified human bones for ritualistic uses. </p>



<p>This discovery was made during an international study led by Zita Laffranchi and Marco Milella from the University of Bern, in collaboration with Rafael Martínez Sánchez of the <a href="https://www.uco.es/internacional/extranjeros/en/about-uco">University of Cordoba</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Historically, cuts and marks found on ancient bone remains often led the scientific community to attribute their use to human consumption.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the research's analysis of over 400 remains, both adults and adolescents, from the Cueva de los Mármoles in Priego de Córdoba has presented a different narrative. These remains are housed in the local Archaeological Museum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bones-used-as-tools">Bones used as tools</h2>



<p>The team used high-resolution molds and electron microscopes to study the bones. Their observations indicate that many marks on these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-pterosaur-bones-found-in-australia-date-back-107-million-years/">bones</a> are consistent with a cleaning process, suggesting the bones were likely used as tools rather than for consumption.</p>



<p>Martínez Sánchez highlights the challenge of distinguishing the purpose behind the bone marks, especially since these bones were found on the cave's surface and could have undergone various taphonomic changes, such as animal activity or trampling.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the study leans away from the hypothesis of consumption. Instead, it finds evidence for a meticulous cleaning process suitable for tool use, such as a fibula with a pointed end, a modified tibia, and a skull.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burial-practices-nbsp">Burial practices&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Carbon-14 dating unveiled three distinct funerary periods within the cave, with the earliest dating back to 3800 BC during the Neolithic. This period saw a surge in the use of dolmens, or stone tombs, for collective burials. Such burial practices signify a society deeply connected with its ancestors.</p>



<p>This research aligns with the Megalithic era, a time when the marks on the bones, believed to be inconsistent with consumption, support the theory that human remains were repurposed as instruments. Martínez Sánchez proposes that these remains might have been used in rituals inside the cave.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ritualistic-practices">Ritualistic practices</h2>



<p>The team's findings challenge pre-existing beliefs, suggesting that human remains, from the late Neolithic to the Bronze Age, were used for cultural and ritualistic practices long after their deposition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It seems that there was the idea of grouping the dead in the same place, cleaning the remains, and using the bones as instruments, perhaps related to some type of ritual performed inside the cavity," said Martínez Sánchez.</p>



<p>These rituals apparently spanned a great period of time, from the end of the Neolithic to the Bronze Age - a time "in which we did not expect to find that bodies were still deposited in this cavity," said Martínez Sánchez.</p>



<p>The study not only uncovers the practices of ancient societies but also emphasizes the complexities and intricacies of our ancestors' relationship with the deceased.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/"><em>PLoS One</em></a>.</p>



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New study sheds light on Neolithic rituals involving human bones

Recent research suggests that prehistoric societies might have modified human...

<p>The outlook for the endangered purple cauliflower soft coral, Dendronephthya australis, endemic to southeastern Australia, has been bleak. Over the past three years, there has been a concerning loss of coral aggregations in the Port Stephens estuary, historically its largest habitat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This species is not only vital in its own right, as one of the Federal Government's 100 priority species on the Threatened Species Strategy, but also serves as an essential habitat for other species, most notably the Endangered White’s seahorse and baby snapper.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-hope-for-the-corals">New hope for the corals</h2>



<p>A study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04298-x">Marine Biology</a> offers a glimmer of hope for the endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/corals-have-a-vegetarian-side-that-keeps-them-alive-in-nutrient-poor-areas/">corals</a>. The research reveals new insights into the reproductive life of this coral species, offering hope for its future survival.</p>



<p>The lead researcher, <a href="https://www.scu.edu.au/">Southern Cross University</a> PhD candidate Meryl Larkin, said the paper was a welcome turnaround from her earlier work, which showed how badly the species had been decimated by shifts in sediment and La Niña flood events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our discoveries open new doors for conservation strategies, including potential restoration efforts,” she said. “It has given us real hope we can keep this coral off the extinction list.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-reproduction-of-corals-nbsp">Understanding the reproduction of corals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Corals can reproduce both sexually and asexually, with some being hermaphroditic or distinctly male and female. Before this study, the reproductive dynamics of Dendronephthya australis remained a mystery.</p>



<p>Larkin utilized diverse methods, from histological analyses of fresh specimens to lab-based studies. She was conducting lab work at the Port Stephens Fisheries Institute when she observed, for the first time, eggs and sperm within coral fragments from different colonies, indicating the existence of separate male and female colonies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-in-the-lab">Breakthrough in the lab</h2>



<p>Larkin then achieved a pioneering feat - successfully developing IVF methods for the coral, achieving larval settlement in a lab, and reintroducing coral babies back into the wild where they continue to thrive.</p>



<p>“This was a major step forward in the prospect of recovery by the species because, from just a few remaining colonies, we were able to produce hundreds of new individual corals,” said Larkin.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>She noted that the findings could be used to support the growth of wild populations and create new coral colonies to repopulate areas of habitat where they previously flourished.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Larkin’s research, sponsored by Southern Cross University and the NSW Department of Primary Industries, highlights the vital importance of understanding reproductive processes and early life stages to grasp the dynamics of a species.</p>



<p>“Reproduction and early life stages are fundamental for understanding the dynamics of any species, particularly marine invertebrates,” said Larkin. “These stages are essential for population establishment and growth, and understanding them helps us identify threats and extinction risks.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-purple-cauliflower-soft-coral">More about the purple cauliflower soft coral</h2>



<p>The purple cauliflower soft coral is aptly named for its distinctive appearance, resembling the branching, clustered look of cauliflower, tinged with a purple hue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Unlike hard corals that build reefs with their calcium carbonate skeletons, soft corals possess a more flexible structure, which often gives them a more fluid, tree-like appearance underwater.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>Endemic to south-eastern Australia, the largest populations of the purple cauliflower soft coral have been historically found in the Port Stephens estuary in New South Wales. Here, they thrive in estuarine environments, preferring areas with strong tidal flows that bring in ample nutrients.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological Importance</h3>



<p>The soft coral plays a pivotal role in its ecosystem. Not only does it contribute to the biodiversity of its marine habitat, but it also offers shelter and a breeding ground for various marine species. In such roles, it supports the larger marine food web and helps maintain ecological balance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



<p>Dendronephthya australis is one of the 100 priority species listed on the Federal Government’s Threatened Species Strategy. Over recent years, the coral has experienced a significant decline, especially in the Port Stephens estuary where there has been a complete loss of aggregations (clusters of colonies).&nbsp;</p>



<p>Factors contributing to its decline include shifts in sediment, La Niña flood events, and potentially other human-induced stressors like pollution and habitat destruction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-strategies">Reproductive strategies</h3>



<p>Coral reproduction is a fascinating and complex subject. The recent groundbreaking research led by Meryl Larkin has unveiled some mysteries of the Dendronephthya australis's reproductive life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study revealed that these corals have distinct male and female colonies - a fact unknown before this research. Understanding the reproductive strategies of such corals is crucial for their conservation, as it opens doors to potential restoration efforts.</p>



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Understanding the sex lives of endangered soft corals could save them

The outlook for the endangered purple cauliflower soft coral, Dendronephthya...

Spider,Web,Or,Cobweb,With,Water,Drops,After,Rain,Against

<p>Scientists have successfully synthesized spider silk using genetically modified silkworms, creating fibers with a toughness six times superior to that of Kevlar, a material prominently used in bulletproof vests. </p>



<p>This revolutionary work is the first to fabricate full-length spider silk proteins through silkworms, presenting a methodology that might give rise to an eco-friendly substitute to prevalent synthetic commercial fibers such as nylon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-synthetic-fiber-issues">Tackling synthetic fiber issues</h2>



<p>Synthetic fibers like nylon have been widely used, but they pose environmental concerns due to their ability to release detrimental microplastics and their production from fossil fuels leading to greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>Scientists, therefore, have been exploring spider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-silk-can-help-human-cells-kill-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silk</a> as a sustainable alternative, given its exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications in various fields like medical sutures, textiles, military, aerospace technology, and biomedical engineering.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovating-spider-silk-production">Innovating spider silk production</h2>



<p>Silkworm silk is the only large-scale commercialized animal silk fiber, with proven rearing techniques. Junpeng Mi, a PhD candidate at the College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering at <a href="https://english.dhu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Donghua University</a>, reveals that utilizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Spider-Silk-fibers_transgenic-silkworms_CREDIT-Junpeng-Mi_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetically modified silkworms </a>opens avenues for the low-cost, mass commercialization of spider silk fibers. </p>



<p>This alternative is not just innovative but solves persistent issues in spider silk synthesis, such as applying a protective “skin layer” to the silk, allowing it to endure humidity and exposure to sunlight. Genetically modified silkworms, by virtue of having a similar protective layer on their fibers, overcome this problem, making them the ideal conduit for spider silk production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-step-in-silk-synthesis">Evolutionary step in silk synthesis</h2>



<p>To achieve the synthesis, Mi and his team integrated spider silk protein genes into the silkworm’s DNA, ensuring the expression in their glands. This intricate process involved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-created-a-transparent-squid-allowing-them-to-see-inside-while-its-still-alive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRISPR-Cas9</a> gene editing technology and countless microinjections into fertilized silkworm eggs, a step Mi described as one of the most significant challenges of the study. </p>



<p>Observing the red glow in the silkworms’ eyes under a fluorescence microscope indicated the success of gene editing, a moment of triumph and excitement for the team. Further, “localization” modifications were crucial to align the transgenic <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/welcome-to-the-not-so-creepy-crawly-world-of-spider-silk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider silk proteins</a> with proteins in the silkworm glands, ensuring the proper spinning of the fiber. </p>



<p>The team also proposed a “minimal basic structure model” of silkworm silk to guide these modifications, a concept that Mi emphasizes as a crucial shift from previous research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-with-engineered-spider-silk">Future with engineered spider silk</h2>



<p>Junpeng Mi foresees the application of insights gained from this study to further enhance the toughness and strength of spider silk fibers by developing genetically modified silkworms capable of producing spider silk fibers from both natural and engineered amino acids. </p>



<p>This introduces the possibility of over one hundred engineered amino acids, unveiling immense potential for the development of engineered spider silk fibers.</p>



<p>Mi is confident about the potential for large-scale commercialization of this innovation, promising a sustainable and versatile material that could revolutionize industries, offering solutions ranging from more comfortable clothing and advanced bulletproof vests to medical sutures catering to global demand exceeding 300 million procedures annually.</p>



<p>In summary, this pioneering research marks a significant leap towards environmentally friendly and sustainable material production, confronting the ecological drawbacks of synthetic fibers. It paves the way for extensive applications, impacting numerous domains, reinforcing the potential of bioengineered products in addressing modern-day challenges. </p>



<p>As scientists venture deeper into the realms of spider silk synthesis, the anticipation of more discoveries and innovations in this domain holds promise for a future where sustainability and technology converge.</p>



<p>More about spider silk </p>



<p>The complete study is available in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/matter/fulltext/S2590-2385(23)00421-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal Matter</a>.</p>



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Spider silk produced by genetically modified silkworms is 6x stronger than Kevlar

Scientists have successfully synthesized spider silk using genetically modified silkworms,...

<p>Children's success at primary school can be greatly influenced by their fathers, according to a new study by the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/">University of Leeds</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research shows that a child's academic performance is enhanced when their fathers engage in activities such as reading, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playing-action-video-games-can-improve-reading-skills/">playing</a>, storytelling, drawing, and singing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed test scores of five and seven-year-olds using data from the Millenium Cohort Study, which tracked children born between 2000-02 as they grew up.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The data was gathered from almost 5,000 households in England with both parents present. The analysis showed that three-year-olds performed better academically by the age of five when they had fathers who regularly played with them</p>



<p>The father's involvement at the child's age of five further enhanced the child's Key Stage Assessment scores at the age of seven.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sharing-childcare-responsibilities-nbsp">Sharing childcare responsibilities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Helen Norman, the lead researcher from Leeds University Business School, emphasized the importance of fathers sharing childcare responsibilities with mothers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Mothers still tend to assume the primary carer role and therefore tend to do the most childcare, but if fathers actively engage in childcare too, it significantly increases the likelihood of children getting better grades in primary school. This is why encouraging and supporting fathers to share childcare with the mother, from an early stage in the child’s life, is critical," said Dr. Norman.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In contrast, when mothers engaged in the same activities with their children, they influenced their emotional and social behaviors more than their educational achievements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-father-engagement-nbsp">Father engagement&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team encourages fathers to dedicate as much time as possible for interactive activities with their children. For fathers with demanding jobs, sparing even just ten minutes a day can make a significant difference in their children's educational progress.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study also suggests that schools and early education providers should consistently collect contact details for both parents, and develop strategies to engage fathers specifically.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our analysis has shown that fathers have an important, direct impact on their children’s learning. We should be recognizing this and actively finding ways to support dads to play their part, rather than engaging only with mothers, or taking a gender-neutral approach," said study co-author Dr Jeremy Davies, Head of Impact and Communications at the Fatherhood Institute.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"This study shows that even small changes in what fathers do, and in how schools and early years settings engage with parents, can have a lasting impact on children's learning. It's absolutely crucial that fathers aren't treated as an afterthought," said Andrew Gwynne MP, Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Fatherhood.</p>



<p>The findings are consistent with a 2022 <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9790630/">report</a> led by Gillian M. Waters of the University of Bradford, which noted that the children of parents who treat play as valuable are more likely to have higher cognitive abilities, better social skills, and show greater independence. The current study emphasizes the potential for fathers, in particular, to give their children an educational advantage.</p>



<p>The research, which was funded by the <a href="https://www.ukri.org/councils/esrc/">Economic and Social Research Council</a> (ESRC), was presented in an online webinar on September 20, 2023. Dr. Norman and Dr. Davies, along with a panel of parental engagement experts and fathers, provided insights and discussed the significant findings.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://business.leeds.ac.uk/downloads/download/314/piece-report">study</a> is published on the Leeds University Business School website.</p>



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Fathers give children an educational advantage by simply playing with them

Children's success at primary school can be greatly influenced by...