Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut photograph of Fayzabad, a culturally diverse city in the Kokcha River valley of northern Afghanistan. The photo was captured as the International Space Station passed over central Asia.



Fayzabad is the capital of the Badakhshan Province. It is located in a mountainous part of northeastern Afghanistan at an elevation of about 4,000 feet.



“The city is situated along the Kokcha River, which flows northward within a deep river valley surrounded by the Hindu Kush Mountains and eventually discharges into the Amu Darya River,” noted NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-fayzabad-nbsp">Climate of Fayzabad&nbsp;</h2>



According to <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, the climate of Fayzabad varies from cold semi-arid to Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental.



The summer months are warm, with average high temperatures ranging from 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The winter months are cold, with average low temperatures often dropping below freezing - sometimes reaching as low as 14 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;



The region receives moderate precipitation, mostly during the spring and winter. Snowfall is common in winter, adding to the mountainous region's picturesque landscape.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fayzabad-culture">Fayzabad culture</h2>



Historically, Fayzabad has been a center of learning and culture, though its development has been hampered by years of conflict.&nbsp;



Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-started-cumulative-culture-around-600000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> remains a vital component of the region, which is known for its traditional crafts including weaving and embroidery.



Cultural life in Fayzabad is influenced by its predominantly Tajik population, along with other ethnic groups such as Uzbeks and Hazaras. The local cuisine is a blend of traditional Afghan flavors, incorporating ingredients like rice, meat, and a variety of spices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-nbsp">Land use changes&nbsp;</h2>



“This territory has experienced notable changes in its land use in recent decades, especially with commercial and administrative growth near the airport,” noted NASA.



“Among the changes: a new airstrip built west of the Kokcha River. However, mountains hem in the city and limit how much development is possible.”



“Despite these topographical barriers, some development has spread into hilly areas south of Fayzabad. Green vegetation is mostly confined to mountain valleys, stream channels, and the Kokcha River floodplain.”&nbsp;



“The Kokcha River meanders through the valley, providing a vital water resource for the region. Fields of predominantly wheat and rice cover much of the floodplain, though these flat areas are mixed with residential, industrial, and commercial activity as well.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kokcha-river-nbsp">Kokcha River&nbsp;</h2>



The Kokcha River originates in the Hindu Kush mountains. It stretches approximately 360 kilometers before joining the Amu Darya, one of Central Asia's major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>.&nbsp;



The Kokcha River traverses rugged terrain, providing vital irrigation for agriculture in the region and supporting local communities' livelihoods.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-amount-of-water-do-earths-rivers-hold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> basin features diverse landscapes that include mountainous areas and fertile valleys.&nbsp;



Throughout history, the Kokcha River has played a crucial role in the region's cultural and economic development, serving as a natural resource for the inhabitants and influencing settlement patterns.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Fayzabad and the Kokcha River valley 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a plume of Saharan dust pouring off the coast of southern Morocco.



The Sahara Desert is the world's biggest source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-is-an-understudied-contributor-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">airborne dust</a>. Each year, it releases hundreds of millions of tons of mineral dust that are lifted into the atmosphere and transported across vast distances up to thousands of miles. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saharan-air-layer-nbsp">Saharan Air Layer&nbsp;</h2>



The transport of Saharan dust is primarily driven by the trade winds and atmospheric phenomena such as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL). This dry air mass often accompanies tropical storms across the Atlantic, sometimes even influencing the development and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saharan-dust-can-intensify-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hurricanes</a>.&nbsp;



“From late spring to early fall, it is common for the dry, dusty Saharan Air Layer to carry the particles westward across the Atlantic Ocean high in the atmosphere. With different wind patterns in the winter and spring, dust emerging from North Africa can drift over the United Kingdom and western Europe at relatively low altitudes,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153246/dust-pours-off-the-moroccan-coast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“Saharan Air Layer activity subsides after mid-August, according to NOAA, making it less likely that the plume shown here is bound for a transoceanic journey. Instead, it arcs to the north after blowing out over the ocean. Earlier in the summer, however, several clouds of fine dust from the Sahara reached the United States, creating hazy skies over Texas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-saharan-dust-nbsp">Impacts of Saharan dust&nbsp;</h2>



Saharan dust plays a crucial role in global climate and environmental systems. For example, Saharan dust can affect weather patterns by absorbing and scattering sunlight, influencing temperature and cloud formation. It also plays a role in fertilizing ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, by providing essential nutrients like iron and phosphorus.&nbsp;



However, Saharan dust also has more complex impacts. It can reduce air quality, leading to respiratory issues in people living downwind of the dust. In addition, the dust impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> health by contributing to algae blooms, which can create dead zones in marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-clouds-and-human-health">Dust clouds and human health</h2>



In a recent study from Texas A&amp;M University, researchers explored the potential health impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria and fungi</a> that travel within dust plumes.&nbsp;



The team found traces of several pathogens known to cause disease in humans, as listed by the World Health Organization (WHO).



Study co-author Dr. Daniel Spalink noted that while the DNA of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi were identified in African dust, it is not yet known if they can infect us and make us sick. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summertime-dust-events">Summertime dust events</h2>



“Scientists are interested in summertime Saharan dust events in part because of the influence they can have on large storm systems. Dry, stable, dust-laden air can inhibit tropical cyclone formation in the North Atlantic. And in a new study, researchers found that dust can modulate the amount of rainfall brought by these storms,” noted NASA.



“Using a machine-learning model based on meteorological data, NASA’s IMERG (Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM) precipitation estimates, and other satellite measurements, the study’s authors found that dust optical depth - a measure of how much light filters through a dusty plume - was a key predictor of rainfall from tropical cyclones.”



The researchers concluded that smaller amounts of dust particles promote the formation of rain clouds, while the sunlight-blocking effects of large dust clouds ultimately suppress precipitation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saharan-dust-storms">Saharan dust storms</h2>



Dust storms in the Sahara Desert are some of the most far-reaching in the world. These storms, also known as haboobs, occur when strong winds lift large quantities of sand and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-impacts-dust-levels-on-a-global-scale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> from the desert's surface into the atmosphere.&nbsp;



Saharan dust storms vary in intensity, with some being relatively mild while others are severe, reducing visibility to almost zero and creating hazardous conditions. They often happen in the spring and early summer when the temperature difference between the desert and the surrounding regions creates strong pressure gradients, fueling powerful winds.



Ultimately, these dust storms are a natural part of life. They shape the landscape over time by eroding rock formations and redistributing sand dunes. Despite their destructive potential, they are also a reminder of the dynamic and interconnected nature of Earth's climate systems.



The image was captured on August 24, 2024 by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Saharan dust launches off the Moroccan coast

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a false-color radar depiction of central Ethiopia.



According to ESA, the photograph is a blend of multiple Sentinel-1 images from spring, summer and autumn 2023, which have been overlaid to create this single image.



“Radar images capture surface texture rather than reflected light so they are naturally black and white but here images from each season have been assigned a different color: red, green and blue respectively,” explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“When the images are combined, the different colors reveal variations that occurred in the different seasons.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rugged-terrain-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Rugged terrain of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



ESA noted that Ethiopia’s terrain is one of the most rugged in Africa. The landscape is primarily characterized by highlands and plateaus.&nbsp;



The Ethiopian Highlands, also known as the Roof of Africa, dominate this region and include some of the highest peaks in Africa, such as Ras Dashen. The terrain features steep escarpments, deep valleys, and numerous rivers.&nbsp;



The central part of the country is also home to the Great Rift Valley, which runs through Ethiopia and includes a series of lakes and volcanic mountains. This region's varied topography contributes to its rich biodiversity and distinct climate zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lakes-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Lakes of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, water bodies appear dark in this image because flat water surfaces reflect the radar signal away from the satellite. “The various colors visible in some lakes are due either to the changing surface currents and sediments from rivers or to variations in water level.”



Lake Ziway is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-flamingos-at-risk-due-to-rising-lake-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> in the region. It is located about 160 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.&nbsp;



The lake is known for its rich bird diversity, including large populations of pelicans, cormorants, and herons. Lake Ziway also supports local fishing communities.



Lake Shala is the deepest lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley and is known for its volcanic origins. It has a maximum depth of 266 meters and is surrounded by hot springs and steep, rocky cliffs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Climate of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



Central Ethiopia features a diverse climate, primarily influenced by its elevation and geographical location within the tropics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highland-climate">Highland climate</h3>



Much of central Ethiopia consists of highlands, with elevations ranging from 1,500 to over 3,000 meters above sea level. These highlands experience a temperate climate, with cooler <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-in-africa-are-rising-above-levels-that-rhinoceros-can-tolerate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> compared to the lowlands.&nbsp;



The average temperatures range from 50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. The higher elevations, such as those found in the Ethiopian Highlands, can experience temperatures that are close to freezing at night.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rainy-seasons">Rainy seasons</h3>



Central Ethiopia has two main rainy seasons. The primary rainy season, known as the "Kiremt," occurs from June to September and brings the majority of the annual rainfall.&nbsp;



The "Belg," or short rainy season, occurs from March to May. The rainfall during these periods supports agriculture, which is a key part of the region's economy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-season">Dry season</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-wet-forests-have-seen-an-alarming-rise-in-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dry season</a>, known as the "Bega," spans from October to February.&nbsp;During this time, the region experiences significantly less rainfall, and the weather tends to be sunny and dry. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-of-central-ethiopia-nbsp">Culture of central Ethiopia&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-animals-that-create-their-own-culture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> of central Ethiopia is a dynamic blend of ancient traditions and modern influences. This culture is characterized by a strong sense of community and a profound connection to the region's historical and spiritual roots.



The Amhara people have played a significant role in the cultural and political life of central Ethiopia. The Amhara are known for their rich heritage, which includes the Amharic language, a Semitic tongue that serves as one of the country's official languages.



Orthodox Christianity is a key aspect of central Ethiopian culture, particularly among the Amhara and other highland communities.&nbsp;



This part of East Africa is also known for its traditional music and dance, which reflect the region's historical depth and cultural diversity.&nbsp;



The cuisine of central Ethiopia is another significant cultural aspect, with injera (a spongy flatbread made from teff) being a staple food.&nbsp;Injera is typically served with a variety of stews (wats) and salads.



The communal eating experience, where meals are shared from a single large plate, emphasizes the importance of community and togetherness.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The vibrant seasons of central Ethiopia

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Costa Atlántica Reserve stretching along the Atlantic coast in Argentina.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-refuge-for-migratory-birds-nbsp">A refuge for migratory birds&nbsp;</h2>



“At the far southern reaches of South America, a stretch of tidal flats, shoals, and beaches serves as a refuge for migratory shorebirds and copious aquatic life,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina extends for 220 kilometers (140 miles) along the eastern shore of Tierra del Fuego. The area was designated a Ramsar site in 1995 and a provincial nature reserve in 1998." 



According to NASA, the reserve is the southernmost site both on the Ramsar list and in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-costa-atlantica-reserve">Significance of the Costa Atlántica Reserve</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is an important conservation site that signifies Argentina's commitment to preserving its rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal biodiversity</a>. 



This vast expanse of protected area serves as a sanctuary for many species, ranging from migratory birds to marine mammals and diverse plant life.



“Tidal habitats along the coast support some 135 species of birds, while crustaceans, mollusks, fish, and cetaceans feed in the productive coastal waters,” said NASA.&nbsp;



“The topography inland of Costa Atlántica, stretching into Chile to the west, is blanketed in shrubs and grassland vegetation adapted to dry conditions - part of a semiarid ecosystem known as the Fuegian steppe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-ecological-balance-nbsp">Maintaining ecological balance&nbsp;</h2>



Established to safeguard the delicate ecosystems of dunes, estuaries, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-lagoons-have-high-loads-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal lagoons</a>, the reserve plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.&nbsp;



It provides critical habitats for numerous threatened species, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-right-whales-have-shifted-their-foraging-grounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Right Whale</a>, which finds refuge in these waters during its breeding season.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costa-atlantica-reserve-a-living-laboratory-nbsp">Costa Atlántica Reserve: A living laboratory&nbsp;</h2>



The Costa Atlántica Reserve is not only a refuge for wildlife but also a living laboratory for scientific research. Conservationists and researchers work within its bounds to monitor ecosystems, study species behaviors, and develop strategies for sustainable management.&nbsp;



This ongoing research is pivotal in understanding the impacts of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-river-deltas-face-major-threats-beyond-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal environments</a> and in devising measures to mitigate these effects.



Furthermore, the reserve illustrates the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts. Local communities are engaged in sustainable tourism and educational programs. 



Through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bird-photographers-improve-nesting-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-tourism</a> initiatives, visitors can experience the natural beauty of the reserve while contributing to its preservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tierra-del-fuego-archipelago">Tierra del Fuego archipelago</h2>



According to NASA, the broader landscape of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was shaped by glaciers.&nbsp;



“Ice advanced over the mountains and lowlands during cold climatic periods between the mid-Pleistocene, about 1 million years ago, and the Last Glacial Maximum, about 20,000 years ago. San Sebastián Bay formed in a tectonic depression that was deepened by glacial erosion," noted NASA. 



“Further evidence of glaciation, including hummocky moraines and fields of glacial erratics, appears around the bay, though it is too small to be visible in this image.”



“Partially enclosed by a long, sandy peninsula, San Sebastián Bay attracts copious migratory birds, some of which shuttle seasonally between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.”



“Large populations of the Hudsonian godwit, white-rumped sandpiper, and other long-distance flyers congregate in the vast intertidal zones. This part of the reserve, however, is vulnerable to the impact of oil and gas extraction from onshore and offshore deposits.”



The image was captured on February 20, 2024 by the <a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/landsat-9-instruments/oli-2-design/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OLI-2</a> (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Costa Atlántica Reserve in Argentina

For astronomers, one of the most puzzling aspects of black holes has been the intense X-ray radiation emitted from their surroundings. While many theories have surfaced since the 1970s, researchers finally have a clearer picture of what's going on. 



A new study explains how the chaotic interplay between magnetic fields and plasma near black holes produces the X-rays we've been detecting for years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deeper-look-into-black-hole-physics">Deeper look into black hole physics</h2>



The fascinating part of this research lies in how the team <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-may-talk-to-galaxies-through-energetic-winds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modeled the interactions</a> between radiation, plasma, and magnetic fields. 



Associate Professor Joonas Nättilä and his group at the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, known for its work in computational plasma astrophysics, has managed to replicate what happens around black holes using supercomputer simulations. 



This breakthrough allows us to understand, for the first time, how these extreme environments generate X-ray radiation through a chaotic dance of turbulence.



But what makes this finding so significant? In essence, the team has shown that magnetic turbulence heats up the plasma, causing it to radiate X-rays. 



This radiation, a long-standing enigma in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-jets-are-like-million-light-year-long-jedi-lightsabers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole studies</a>, is now better understood thanks to their work.



Moreover, the study, published in Nature Communications, used the first-ever plasma physics model to incorporate every important quantum interaction between radiation and plasma -- a feat that took years to achieve.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-black-holes-through-x-rays">Studying black holes through x-rays</h2>



Black holes are fascinating cosmic objects. They're born when a large star collapses, creating such a dense concentration of mass that nothing, not even light, can escape their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jwst-has-detected-most-distant-black-hole-merger-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational pull</a>. 



As a result, direct observation of black holes is impossible, and we can only study their effects on nearby objects. That’s where X-rays come in.



Most known black holes exist in binary systems, where they have a companion star. The black hole slowly pulls matter from its partner, forming an accretion disk -- a swirling mass of gas and dust. 



This disk is where the magic happens. As the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-black-hole-disrupts-a-bigger-one-causing-cosmic-hiccups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas spirals inward</a>, it heats up and becomes incredibly bright in the X-ray spectrum, which is how astronomers observe black holes indirectly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tale-of-turbulence-and-flares">A tale of turbulence and flares</h2>



Since the 1970s, scientists have speculated that these X-rays were tied to interactions between local gas and magnetic fields, much like the way solar flares heat the sun’s outer atmosphere. 



What Nättilä’s team has now demonstrated is that the accretion disk’s turbulence is so extreme that it impacts the plasma dynamics on a quantum level.



"The flares in the accretion disks of black holes are like extreme versions of solar flares," says Nättilä. 



His team’s simulations reveal that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powerful-magnetic-fields-may-be-key-features-of-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic turbulence</a> near black holes is powerful enough to create conditions where even quantum effects are at play. This turbulent plasma naturally produces the kind of X-ray radiation we observe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-matter-and-antimatter-collide">When matter and antimatter collide</h2>



One of the most mind-bending findings from the study involves electron-positron pairs, a type of matter-antimatter interaction. Typically, electrons and positrons don’t occur together, but near black holes, the situation changes. 



The high-energy environment makes it possible for these particles to coexist, interact, and even annihilate each other, transforming back into radiation.



"In everyday life, such quantum phenomena where matter suddenly appears in place of extremely bright light are, of course, not seen, but near black holes, they become crucial," Nättilä explains.



This is a remarkable insight into the exotic world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-winds-fuel-the-growth-of-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole physics</a>, where the energy levels are so intense that quantum interactions become significant in ways they simply aren’t in our day-to-day lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-states-of-plasma-hot-and-cold">Two states of plasma: Hot and cold</h2>



One of the major revelations from this research is that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-waterfall-discovery-proves-einstein-right-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plasma surrounding black holes</a> can exist in two different equilibrium states, depending on the surrounding radiation field. In one state, the plasma is cold and transparent, while in the other, it is hot and opaque. 



This mirrors what astronomers have seen in X-ray observations of accretion disks, where the system alternates between "soft" and "hard" states.



These findings not only confirm years of observations but also provide a framework for understanding how plasma behaves in extreme environments. 



The team’s simulations have made it possible to visualize how these two states manifest and alternate based on the conditions around the black hole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-holes-x-rays-and-future-research">Black holes, x-rays, and future research</h2>



While this study answers some long-standing questions, it also opens the door to new lines of inquiry. Understanding the mechanics of X-ray radiation from black holes is just the tip of the iceberg. 



Now that we have these detailed simulations, scientists can learn more about the mysteries of black hole environments, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-a-kugelblitze-and-why-should-you-care/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">role of quantum effects</a> in other cosmic phenomena.



For Nättilä and his team, this is just the beginning. "It took us years to investigate and add to the simulations all quantum phenomena occurring in nature, but ultimately, it was worth it," Nättilä says.



Black holes may seem like distant, abstract phenomena, but studying them brings us closer to understanding the fundamental forces of our universe. 



The more we know about these invisible giants, the more we can comprehend the workings of space-time, gravity, and the very building blocks of matter. 



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51257-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Understanding the intense X-ray radiation that surrounds black holes

For astronomers, one of the most puzzling aspects of black...

Imagine being able to control the tiniest part of an atom -- a level of precision that’s almost unfathomable. Well, researchers have now taken that step. By influencing the nucleus of a titanium atom, they have created new opportunities for storing quantum information. 



The work, led by Sander Otte and his team, took place over weeks of painstaking research.



“A Ti-47 atom, to be precise,” Otte explained. “It has one neutron less than the naturally abundant Ti-48, which makes the nucleus slightly magnetic.” 



This seemingly small difference in atomic structure opened a door to possibilities we hadn’t even dreamt of before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manipulating-the-nucleus-of-a-titanium-atom">Manipulating the nucleus of a titanium atom</h2>



For weeks, Otte’s team studied a single titanium atom. A Ti-47 atom, to be exact. Unlike the more common Ti-48, this atom has one less neutron, giving its nucleus a unique magnetic property, referred to as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manipulating-quantum-dance-of-spinning-electrons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">"spin" in the quantum world</a>. 



Now, imagine this spin as a tiny compass needle that can point in various directions, representing quantum information.



But the nucleus of an atom is not an easy thing to manipulate. It floats in what can be described as a vast emptiness within the atom, far from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/watching-electrons-move-in-attoseconds-with-worlds-fastest-microscope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orbiting electrons</a>, and remains largely unaffected by its surroundings. 



However, there is one exception -- through a weak interaction known as "hyperfine interaction," the spin of an electron in one of the outer shells of the atom can influence the nucleus.



This delicate and intricate interaction is what Otte and his team at <a href="https://www.tudelft.nl/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Delft University of Technology</a> focused on. 



“Easier said than done,” admits Lukas Veldman, a Ph.D. researcher who played a key role in the study. The hyperfine interaction, he explains, is so weak that it requires an extremely precise magnetic field to have any effect at all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experimenting-at-the-edge-of-physics">Experimenting at the edge of physics</h2>



Once they had fine-tuned the conditions -- after weeks of careful tweaking and adjustments -- the researchers delivered a voltage pulse to disturb the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massless-dirac-electrons-seen-moving-in-four-dimensions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electron spin</a>. 



This tiny jolt caused both the electron and nuclear spins to wobble in sync for just a fraction of a microsecond. 



“Exactly how Schrödinger predicted,” says Veldman, excited by how closely the experimental results aligned with theoretical predictions.



But this wasn’t just a random wobble. The precision of the experiment, combined with Veldman’s calculations, showed that no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> was lost during this interaction. 



This is a key finding because it means that quantum information could theoretically be stored safely in the nucleus, away from external disturbances that typically threaten delicate quantum states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-the-nucleus-of-an-atom-why-it-matters">Moving the nucleus of an atom: Why it matters</h2>



The world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a> has long been searching for ways to store and manipulate information without losing it to environmental noise. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-artificial-intelligence-ai-to-make-quantum-computers-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum bits (qubits)</a> are incredibly sensitive, and finding a way to protect them is one of the biggest challenges facing researchers. 



The idea that quantum information could be stored in the nucleus of an atom, shielded from its surroundings, presents a compelling possibility.



But for Otte, this discovery isn’t just about the practical applications.



 “This experiment gives humans influence on the state of matter on an unimaginably small scale,” he says. “To me, that alone makes it worth the effort.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-quantum-information-storage">What’s next for quantum information storage?</h2>



While the current study brings us closer to a practical application of storing quantum information in atomic nuclei, there’s still much work to be done. 



As Veldman pointed out, achieving the precise conditions necessary for hyperfine interaction is no small feat. The magnetic field has to be tuned just right, and even then, the interaction is incredibly brief. However, the potential is enormous.



If future experiments build on this success, we may see a new era in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-giant-leap-forward-breakthrough-ultra-pure-silicon-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a> where information can be stored more securely and for longer periods. 



This would be a huge leap forward for the field, potentially opening the door to computers that are not only faster but more reliable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-step-closer-but-not-the-final-frontier">One step closer, but not the final frontier</h2>



Despite the potential for this research to revolutionize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-material-chiral-superconductor-shows-great-potential-quantum-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>, Otte’s team is motivated by something more fundamental -- the sheer joy of discovery. 



“What drives us isn’t necessarily the end goal,” Otte shares. “It’s the thrill of being able to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-vibrating-atoms-tune-single-electron-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manipulate matter</a> at such a small scale and to see theoretical physics play out in real-time.”



For those of us watching from the sidelines, the significance of their work may not hit home immediately. But make no mistake -- controlling the nucleus of an atom, even for a brief moment, is a significant step forward in our understanding of the quantum world. 



The applications could be endless, from advances in computing to breakthroughs in material science and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-expect-in-a-quantum-world">What can we expect in a quantum world?</h2>



To sum it all up, quantum technology is still in its infancy, but research like Otte’s brings us <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">closer to the future we’ve long envisioned</a>. 



While we may not have fully functional quantum computers yet, each new discovery helps lay the foundation for what’s to come. And in the world of quantum mechanics, even the tiniest step can have massive implications.



For now, the ability to control the heart of an atom remains a huge achievement. Whether it leads to practical applications in computing or simply deepens our understanding of the universe, one thing is clear: the quantum realm is filled with mysteries waiting to be unraveled, and we’re only just beginning to scratch the surface.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52270-0">Nature Communications</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Quantum wobble: How scientists took control of the nucleus of a single atom

Imagine being able to control the tiniest part of an...

Protein production is being reimagined as scientists in Germany pioneer an innovative method to transform CO2 into protein and vitamins, powered entirely by renewable energy. 



In a world where climate change and a rapidly growing population threaten food security, this revolutionary process offers a sustainable and efficient solution.



By harnessing microbes and renewable energy, researchers are creating micronutrient-enriched proteins that could play a crucial role in feeding the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-co2-to-produce-protein-and-vitamins">Using CO2 to produce protein and vitamins</h2>



At the heart of this innovation is a process that makes beer brewing look ancient. 



"This is a fermentation process similar to how you make beer, but instead of giving the microbes sugar, we gave them gas and acetate," explained Largus Angenent, the corresponding author from the <a href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tübingen</a>.



The method involves using hydrogen, oxygen, and CO2 to feed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-activities-underground-revealed-by-new-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a>, which in turn produce protein and vitamin B9. 



"We knew that yeast could produce vitamin B9 on their own with sugar, however, we didn’t know if they could do the same with acetate," said Angenent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-proteins-from-bioreactors">Sustainable proteins from bioreactors</h2>



As the global population approaches 10 billion, the challenges of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-messing-with-vital-microbes-in-blueberries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and depleting land resources become more pressing. 



"One alternative is growing proteins in bioreactors through biotechnology rather than growing crops to feed animals. It makes agriculture much more efficient," noted Angenent.



His team designed a two-stage bioreactor system that churns out yeast rich in protein and vitamin B9, an essential nutrient for bodily functions like cell growth and metabolism.



In the first phase, the bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui converts hydrogen and CO2 into acetate, a key compound found in vinegar. 



In the second phase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as baker’s yeast, feeds on acetate and oxygen to create protein and vitamin B9. 



This process is powered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-biodiversity-wildlife-habitats-delicate-balancing-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clean energy</a> sources like windmills, which can produce the required hydrogen and oxygen by zapping water with electricity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-food-production">Sustainable food production </h2>



The results were undeniably impressive and hold significant promise for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable food</a> production.



Acetate-fed yeast was able to produce nearly the same amount of vitamin B9 as its sugar-fed counterpart, showing that this innovative method is not only efficient but also highly productive. 



Remarkably, just six grams (0.4 tablespoons) of dried yeast is enough to meet the daily vitamin B9 requirement.



According to study co-author Michael Rychlik from the <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Munich</a>, who led the vitamin measurements, this achievement is a significant step forward in sustainable food production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-revolutionary-source-of-protein">A revolutionary source of protein </h2>



For protein content, the yeast produced in the bioreactor surpasses traditional sources like beef, pork, fish, and lentils. 



"Eighty-five grams, or six tablespoons, of yeast provides 61% of daily protein needs, compared to 34% from beef and 38% from lentils," said Angenent.



However, he cautions that the yeast must be treated to remove compounds that could increase the risk of gout if consumed in large quantities. 



Even after treatment, the yeast still provides 41% of daily protein requirements, comparable to other common protein sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-global-challenges">Addressing global challenges</h2>



This groundbreaking technology addresses critical global challenges such as environmental conservation, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-infections-are-threatening-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food security</a>, and public health. 



By using renewable energy and CO2, the system reduces carbon emissions in food production and minimizes the need for land, freeing up space for conservation efforts. 



"The fact that we can make vitamins and protein at the same time at a pretty high production rate without using any land is exciting," said Angenent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed </h2>



While this sustainable protein alternative holds great promise, Angenent emphasizes that there is still much work to be done. 



The team plans to optimize and scale up production, assess food safety, and conduct economic analyses.



"The end product is vegetarian/vegan, non-GMO, and sustainable, which could appeal to consumers," said Angenent, noting that market adoption will take time.



This innovative approach offers a potential solution to future food scarcity while also contributing to the fight against climate change. 



By decoupling food production from land use and utilizing renewable energy, the technology opens up new possibilities for sustainable agriculture and food security.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016777992400177X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Biotechnology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Futuristic food supply: Transforming CO2 into protein

Protein production is being reimagined as scientists in Germany pioneer...

<div class="vdb_player vdb_591c9e3c9efa894c3c6e150b58d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49"><script type="text/javascript" src="//delivery.vidible.tv/jsonp/pid=591c9e3c9efa894c3c6e150b/vid=592ddc2e8d4c36762573fd54/58d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49.js"></script></div>
EPA: Background on the WARN Initiative