<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the fire season. The photograph was captured by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite on March 16, 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when air quality is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. </p>



<p>A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.</p>



<p>The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



<p>The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.</p>



<p>A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



<p>The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.</p>



<p>The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.</p>



<p>The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.</p>



<p>Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

<p>In an unexpected and concerning development, researchers recently diagnosed a bottlenose dolphin in Florida with the highly pathogenic avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-h5n1-marine-mammals-spreading-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influenza</a> virus, commonly known as HPAIV.</p>



<p>This diagnosis marks the first documented case of this virus in a cetacean in North America, signaling a significant expansion in the known range of mammals susceptible to avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-killed-hundreds-of-seals-in-new-england-last-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flu</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avian-influenza-in-dolphins">Avian influenza in dolphins</h2>



<p>The situation was discovered after a marine animal rescue team responded to an emergency involving a dolphin in distress located in Dixie County, Florida. Unfortunately, the dolphin did not survive, and following its death, a comprehensive postmortem examination was performed by researchers to determine the cause.</p>



<p>During the autopsy, scientists took multiple tissue samples from various parts of the dolphin's body, including the brain, for detailed laboratory analysis. Initially, these samples were analyzed by a local zoological medicine diagnostic lab, which conducted tests to eliminate other possible diseases that might have caused the dolphin’s condition.</p>



<p>After other diseases were ruled out, further tests were conducted at the Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. It was here that they confirmed the presence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in the dolphin's lung and brain tissues, marking a significant finding as it indicated the virus's ability to infect species beyond birds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-the-invisible-enemy">Identifying the invisible enemy</h2>



<p>The National Veterinary Services Laboratory provided a detailed classification of the virus identified in the dolphin, specifying that it was the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus belonging to the HA clade 2.3.4.4b. This particular subtype is notorious for its strong virulence and remarkable ability to cross species barriers, making it a significant concern in terms of animal and potentially human health.</p>



<p>To further investigate this, the virus underwent additional scrutiny at a Biosafety Level 3 enhanced laboratory. </p>



<p>Laboratories of this level are equipped to handle pathogens that can cause serious or potentially lethal disease through inhalation, thus providing a safe and controlled environment for researchers. This setting enabled scientists to conduct more intensive and detailed examinations of the virus’s properties.</p>



<p>In this advanced laboratory setting, researchers were able to perform intricate studies that included genetic sequencing and viral behavior analysis under various conditions. These activities aimed to provide a clearer picture of how the virus infects cells, replicates, and spreads between hosts. </p>



<p>Understanding these aspects is crucial for developing effective control measures and anticipating potential future outbreaks that could affect other species. The work done in this enhanced biosafety environment was key to gaining a deeper understanding of the unique characteristics of the H5N1 virus found in the dolphin.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mystery">Unraveling the mystery </h2>



<p>Allison Murawski, D.V.M., led the research as part of her involvement with an aquatic animal medicine program and played a crucial role in developing the case report. She worked closely with Dr. Richard Webby, who directs the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds.</p>



<p>Together, they investigated the origins of the virus, its unique genetic mutations, and its potential to infect other mammals. Their research included sequencing genomes from local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-bird-flu-outbreak-requires-urgent-coordinated-response/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and analyzing viruses isolated from Northeast seal populations.</p>



<p>Despite their efforts, the experts could not determine the exact source of the dolphin's infection. "We still don’t know where the dolphin got the virus and more research needs to be done," Dr. Webby stated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-beyond-dolphin-avian-influenza">Research beyond dolphin avian influenza</h2>



<p>This case demonstrates the power of collaborative research. Mike Walsh, D.V.M., an associate professor of aquatic animal health and Murawski’s faculty mentor, highlighted the importance of this teamwork.</p>



<p>"This investigation was an important step in understanding this virus and is a great example where happenstance joins with curiosity, having to answer the ‘why’ and then seeing how the multiple groups and expertise took this to a fantastic representation of collaborative excellence," noted Walsh.</p>



<p>As a result, this research emphasizes the unpredictable nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-influenza-virus-hack-our-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influenza</a> viruses and their ability to spread across species. It also underscores the ongoing need for surveillance and research to better understand these pathogens and reduce their impact on wildlife and potentially, human health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06173-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a></em></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Dolphin in Florida tests positive for avian influenza

In an unexpected and concerning development, researchers recently diagnosed a...

<p>Global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> has declined by 2% to 11% during the 20th century due to land-use changes alone. As we progress into the mid-21st century, climate change is projected to become the primary driver of biodiversity loss.</p>



<p>This is the conclusion of a comprehensive multi-model study led by the <a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research</a> (iDiv) and <a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a> (MLU).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss">Primary drivers of biodiversity loss</h2>



<p>The researchers utilized thirteen models to evaluate the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-use-changes-expose-the-amazon-to-environmental-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land-use</a> and climate change on four different biodiversity metrics and nine ecosystem services. The findings highlight the substantial influence of human activity on natural environments.</p>



<p>Land-use change has long been recognized by the <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> (IPBES) as a significant factor affecting biodiversity. This study's detailed modeling of land-use impacts over the last century indicates that these changes alone could have reduced global biodiversity by as much as 11 percent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“By including all world regions in our model, we were able to fill many blind spots and address criticism of other approaches working with fragmented and potentially biased data,” said lead author Henrique Pereira, a conservation biologist at iDiv and MLU.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-and-ecosystem-services-nbsp">Land-use changes and ecosystem services&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In addition to biodiversity metrics, the study also explored the effects of land-use change on ecosystem services.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The analysis revealed that, while provisioning services like food and timber production saw significant increases, regulating services such as pollination, nitrogen retention, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> experienced declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">Future drivers of biodiversity loss &nbsp;</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the study combined the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> with land-use changes to project future biodiversity and ecosystem service trends.&nbsp;</p>



<p>All scenarios - from sustainable development to high emissions - suggest that biodiversity loss will occur across all global regions due to the compounded effects of these two factors.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, the purpose of examining long-term scenarios is not to predict what will happen, but to understand alternatives, and thus avoid the trajectories that are least desirable, and select those that have positive outcomes. These trajectories depend strongly on the policies we choose.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-biodiversity-in-the-coming-decades">Safeguarding biodiversity in the coming decades</h2>



<p>“Our analysis shows that a truly integrated approach considering the different sustainability dimensions in a consistent framework is needed to reduce conflicts between policies and safeguard biodiversity in the coming decades,” said study co-author Petr Havlík, the program director of <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIASA Biodiversity and Natural Resources</a>.</p>



<p>“For instance, while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioenergy-can-slow-climate-change-but-the-window-is-closing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioenergy</a> deployment is still a critical element of the majority of climate stabilization scenarios, it also poses a threat to species habitats.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-conservation-and-restoration-efforts">Prioritizing conservation and restoration efforts</h2>



<p>“Given the potentially synergistic negative effects of land use and climate change on biodiversity, our findings suggest that conservation and restoration efforts should be prioritized globally as necessary natural climate solutions,” noted study co-author Piero Visconti, the <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr/bec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity, Ecology, and Conservation Research Group</a> leader at IIASA.</p>



<p>“This underscores the importance of effectively implementing area-based conservation targets for integrated planning, ecological restoration, and protected areas under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-human-induced-biodiversity-loss">Addressing human-induced biodiversity loss</h2>



<p>According to the scientists, evaluating the effects of specific policies on biodiversity is crucial for pinpointing the most effective strategies to protect and enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite uncertainties in modeling, the results unequivocally demonstrate that existing policies fall short of achieving international biodiversity targets. This highlights the urgent need for intensified efforts to address human-induced biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">More about biodiversity loss&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Biodiversity loss refers to the ongoing decline in the variety of life across the planet, encompassing species, genetic variants, and ecosystems. The drivers of biodiversity loss include human activities such as deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of natural resources. </p>



<p>The impact of losing biodiversity is profound and multifaceted, affecting everything from ecosystem stability and resilience to the availability of resources like food, clean water, and medicines. As species disappear, so do crucial ecosystem services, leading to challenges that affect climate regulation, flood control, and the pollination of plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This loss also has significant cultural impacts, especially for indigenous communities who depend directly on their local ecosystems. The fight against biodiversity loss involves conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and international agreements aimed at preserving the natural world for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn3441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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What are the biggest drivers of biodiversity loss?

Global biodiversity has declined by 2% to 11% during the...

<p>We've long understood the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-health-and-diet-nutrition-helps-lower-dementia-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> on our weight, heart health, and risk of diseases like diabetes. However, a growing body of research, including a landmark study from the <a href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Warwick</a> emphasizes a lesser-known but equally vital connection – the profound relationship between what we eat and the health of our brains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-brain-function">Diet and brain function</h2>



<p>The researchers tapped into the UK Biobank, a massive database containing medical and lifestyle information from hundreds of thousands of people. The research team combined detailed food surveys with a wealth of objective health data, including:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Blood tests:</strong>&nbsp;These reveal metabolic markers that can be influenced by diet, such as cholesterol and blood sugar levels.</li>



<li><strong>Brain scans:</strong>&nbsp;These images provide insights into brain structure and potential changes influenced by health factors like nutrition.</li>



<li><strong>Genetic testing:</strong>&nbsp;This analyzes an individual's DNA to understand variations in genes that might affect food preferences or how the body processes certain nutrients.</li>



<li><strong>Mental well-being assessments:</strong>&nbsp;Participants completed questionnaires designed to measure aspects of mood, anxiety, and overall mental health.</li>



<li><strong>Cognitive tests:</strong>&nbsp;Participants took tests designed to evaluate problem-solving abilities, memory, attention, and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walk-20-minutes-daily-to-boost-your-brain-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> functions.</li>
</ul>



<p>By using advanced computer tools (machine learning) to analyze all this data, the researchers aimed to find reliable patterns linking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary</a> choices to various aspects of physical and mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-impacts-mental-well-being-and-brain-structure">Diet impacts mental well-being and brain structure</h2>



<p>The study's findings strongly suggest that eating a balanced diet plays a significant role in supporting our brains. People who made whole foods like fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and fish a priority in their diets showed several key benefits:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improved mental health:</strong>&nbsp;These individuals were less likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. Eating a nutritious diet may influence the production of brain chemicals involved in regulating mood and managing stress.</li>



<li><strong>Enhanced cognitive function:</strong>&nbsp;A healthy diet was linked to better scores on tests measuring problem-solving skills, memory, and attention. This suggests that the nutrients found in whole foods help support the brain's ability to process information effectively.</li>



<li><strong>Higher volumes of gray matter:</strong>&nbsp;Gray matter is a type of brain tissue packed with nerve cells that are essential for thinking, learning, and decision-making. Those who ate a balanced diet had more gray matter, potentially impacting overall intelligence and cognitive abilities.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-gradual-changes-in-diet">Importance of gradual changes in diet</h2>



<p>The researchers stress that fad <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-your-secret-weapon-against-aging-and-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> or restrictive eating plans are unlikely to provide long-term benefits for brain health. Instead, they recommend focusing on creating sustainable changes that you can maintain over time. </p>



<p>Small, gradual shifts, like slowly cutting back on added sugar or overly processed fats, can be impactful. This approach has a few advantages:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Reduced cravings:</strong>&nbsp;When you make gradual adjustments, your body has time to adapt, potentially reducing strong cravings for unhealthy foods.</li>



<li><strong>Natural preference shift:</strong>&nbsp;Over time, as you introduce more whole foods, your taste buds might adjust, making healthier options seem more appealing and enjoyable.</li>



<li><strong>Habit formation:</strong>&nbsp;Making small and consistent changes can more easily become lifelong habits than attempting drastic overhauls that depend solely on willpower, which often proves unsustainable over time.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-environment-and-socioeconomic-factors">Genetics, environment, and socioeconomic factors</h2>



<p>The study underscores the intricate interplay between nature and nurture. While our genes can influence food preferences, access to healthy food is just as important. </p>



<p>"Since dietary choices can be influenced by socioeconomic status, it's crucial to ensure that this does not hinder individuals from adopting a healthy balanced dietary profile," noted Professor Jianfeng Feng, the study's lead author.</p>



<p>The research highlights the potential for food policy to shape public health. Governments play a role in making nutritious options affordable and accessible to all. On a more personal level, schools and families are also crucial for instilling healthy eating habits from a young age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-diet-brain-connection">Significance of diet brain connection</h2>



<p>While this study provides compelling evidence about the link between nutrition and brain health, it's important to remember that this is a complex and evolving field of research. There's still much to learn. One particularly fascinating area that scientists are exploring is the role of the gut microbiome. </p>



<p>Our digestive system houses trillions of bacteria, collectively known as the gut microbiome. These microbes play vital roles in digestion and immune function. Researchers are discovering that the bacteria in our gut communicate with our brains in surprising ways. </p>



<p>Changes in the composition of our gut microbiome, influenced by diet, could potentially affect our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bright-light-instantly-enhances-brain-function-alertness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> function and even our mood.</p>



<p>Scientists are investigating how a healthy diet fosters a beneficial gut microbiome, which in turn could have positive implications for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-focus-with-so-many-distractions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains</a>. This research might lead to exciting new approaches to promote mental well-being and cognitive health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-024-00226-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Mental Health</a></em>.</p>



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Healthy diet linked to positive changes in brain structure

We've long understood the impact of diet on our weight,...

<p></p>
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<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Today&#8217;s </span><b>Video of the Day </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">from </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NASA</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> describes the exciting missions that will be launched in 2021, such as landing the Perseverance rover on Mars.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This year, the first Artemis mission will take place. Along with other major projects, the Artemis program will lay the groundwork for humans to return to the moon. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition, scientists will send the powerful James Webb Telescope into space, test our ability to redirect hazardous asteroids, and launch the new Earth-observing satellite Landsat 9 into orbit. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">V</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">ideo Credit: NASA</span></i></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8211;</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>

Exciting NASA missions coming in 2021