<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke streaming from a fire near the border of Oaxaca and Chiapas in southern Mexico.</p>



<p>"As Mexico entered peak fire season in March 2024, dry and warm conditions helped fuel the flames of more than 100 active blazes across the country," said NASA.</p>



<p>"According to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), there were 120 actively burning fires across Mexico on March 27. Preliminary data indicated that fires that day affected more than 7,000 hectares (27 square miles) across 19 of Mexico’s 31 states."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-season-in-mexico-nbsp">Fire season in Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fire season in Mexico is a period marked by a heightened risk of wildfires, primarily occurring from January through June, with the peak usually observed between March and May. This timing is largely due to the country's climatic patterns, where the end of the dry season and the beginning of the warmer spring months create conditions ripe for fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These conditions include dry vegetation, which serves as ample fuel for wildfires, and the onset of warmer temperatures, which can exacerbate the risk of fires starting and spreading.</p>



<p>Mexico's varied topography and climatic zones mean that fire risk and behavior can differ significantly across the country. However, areas with extensive forest cover, such as the pine-oak forests in the northern and central regions, are particularly vulnerable during the fire season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, including agricultural practices such as the clearing of land through burning (known as "slash and burn"), contribute significantly to the ignition of these wildfires. Additionally, accidental fires caused by campfires, cigarettes, or even deliberate arson add to the annual fire count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-fire-seasons-across-the-globe-nbsp">Intense fire seasons across the globe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">intense fire seasons</a> across the globe is a complex and multifaceted issue that intertwines with climate change, land management practices, and human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the past decades, several regions around the world have experienced unprecedented wildfires in both frequency and intensity. These fires have resulted in devastating impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">air quality</a>, and human settlements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-nbsp">North America&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, fire seasons have become significantly longer and more destructive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The combination of prolonged droughts, higher temperatures, and an increase in the amount of dead and dry vegetation has turned vast areas into tinderboxes, ready to ignite with a single spark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/">California</a> have set records for their sheer size and the amount of destruction they've caused, burning millions of acres and destroying thousands of homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-nbsp">Australia&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Australia's fire season during 2019-2020, known as the Black Summer, was one of the most severe in the country's history. A prolonged drought and extreme heatwaves contributed to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> that burned through millions of hectares, destroyed over 3,000 homes, and led to the loss of at least 33 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The environmental impact was catastrophic, with significant losses to wildlife and biodiversity, including an estimated billion animals killed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-rainforest-nbsp">Amazon rainforest&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In the Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the Earth's lungs, there has been an alarming increase in fires. These are largely attributed to deforestation and agricultural practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fires not only contribute to the global carbon emissions but also result in the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vital ecosystems that are crucial for global climate regulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-nbsp">Europe&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Europe has not been spared either, with countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain experiencing deadly wildfires that have been linked to heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. The Mediterranean region, in particular, is becoming more susceptible to wildfires as temperatures rise and summers become drier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-siberia-fires">Siberia fires</h3>



<p>Russia's Siberia has also seen an increase in fire activity, with massive wildfires engulfing vast areas of forest. The smoke from these fires has reached as far as the United States and Canada, highlighting the global impact of such events. These fires not only release significant amounts of carbon dioxide but also thaw permafrost, releasing methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<p>The increasing intensity and frequency of fire seasons around the world underscore the urgent need for global action on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and more sustainable land management practices. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become more extreme, the challenge of managing wildfires and mitigating their impacts becomes increasingly daunting.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 27, 2024 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Intense fire season in Mexico is part of a worldwide trend

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a wall of dust moving across the Korean Peninsula on April 25, 2024.</p>



<p>As the Northern Hemisphere ushers in the warmth of spring, East Asia grapples with a less welcome sign of the season: colossal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-dust-reaches-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Desert dust reaches the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Originating from the expansive Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, these dust plumes journey across China, reaching as far as the Korean Peninsula and southern Japan, reshaping the springtime landscape both literally and metaphorically.</p>



<p>The phenomenon was starkly illustrated on April 25, 2024, when NASA's Aqua satellite, equipped with the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, captured a dramatic image of a massive dust wall traversing the Korean Peninsula.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-source-of-the-dust-over-korea">Primary source of the dust over Korea</h2>



<p>The imagery from the preceding day, courtesy of South Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite and NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, pinpointed the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia as the primary source of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a>. </p>



<p>Compounding the environmental spectacle, a phytoplankton bloom, partially veiled by the dust, was visible to the east of the Korean Peninsula, presenting a complex interaction of earth and ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-the-dust-go">Where does the dust go?</h2>



<p>This seasonal dust does not simply settle locally but sometimes ascends high into the atmosphere, occasionally soaring above cloud level. This elevation enables the particles to traverse vast distances, including crossing the Pacific Ocean to North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, not all the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> achieves such heights; much remains nearer to the ground, significantly deteriorating air quality in one of the planet's most densely populated areas.</p>



<p>The health implications of these dust storms are profound. Breathing in the fine particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, is linked to severe cardiovascular and respiratory issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-storms-in-east-asia-nbsp">Dust storms in East Asia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dust storms in East Asia are commonly known as yellow dust, Asian dust, yellow wind, or China dust storms. The storms are typically most frequent in spring and can extend into early summer. They arise when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from deserts in China and Mongolia, then transport these particles across the region.</p>



<p>The key factors contributing to these dust storms include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-conditions">Natural conditions</h3>



<p>The Gobi Desert and other arid regions in China and Mongolia are the primary sources of the dust. The natural aridness and loose soil make these areas prone to dust lift-off under certain meteorological conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-factors">Meteorological factors</h3>



<p>Spring brings about changes in temperature and pressure, which can result in strong winds. These winds are capable of carrying dust over long distances. The occurrence and intensity of these storms are closely linked to weather patterns such as the strength of the Siberian High and the East Asian jet stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact">Human impact</h3>



<p>Overgrazing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, and land degradation have exacerbated the frequency and intensity of dust storms. Human activities have led to increased desertification, which contributes to the severity of the storms.</p>



<p>Efforts to combat these dust storms have included afforestation projects, such as planting trees to stabilize the soil, and sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>. Regional cooperation among affected countries has also been essential in monitoring and managing the impacts of these dust events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">More about the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the eastern end of the Asian continent and is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, the Yellow Sea to the west, and the Korea Strait connecting to the East China Sea to the south. It is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context">Historical context</h3>



<p>Historically, the Korean Peninsula was unified for much of its history under various kingdoms such as Goguryeo, Silla, Baekje, and later the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. The last, the Joseon Dynasty, lasted until the early 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following the end of World War II in 1945, the peninsula was divided into North and South Korea in 1948 amid growing Cold War tensions, leading to the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, which ended with an armistice but no formal peace treaty.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-aspects-of-north-and-south-korea">Cultural aspects of North and South Korea </h3>



<p>Korean culture is distinguished by its language, customs, and cuisine. Both North and South Korea share cultural foundations based on their Confucian heritage, which influences social etiquette, family relations, and personal conduct. However, decades of separation have fostered distinct societal developments in each country.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>North Korea has a largely isolated economy with limited engagement with the international community, heavily reliant on its natural resources and some agricultural output.</p>



<p>South Korea boasts the 10th largest economy in the world (as of 2021), with strong industries in electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, shipbuilding, and chemical manufacturing. It is also a leader in technological innovation and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-issues">Current issues</h3>



<p>The Korean Peninsula continues to face challenges, including security concerns due to North Korea's nuclear ambitions and the ongoing military tensions between the North and South. </p>



<p>Additionally, both countries deal with internal and external economic pressures, global market dynamics, and cultural exportation impacting global perceptions and economic health.</p>



<p>The Korean Peninsula presents a unique study in contrasts, with profound historical ties and shared cultural elements, yet marked differences in political, economic, and social systems.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Massive wall of dust travels over the Korean Peninsula 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the picturesque wetlands of Spain's Doñana National Park, This vital ecosystem, located in the Andalusia region, has received some long-awaited rainfall after enduring years of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> conditions. </p>



<p>A significant increase in rainfall in March 2024 brought temporary relief to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve, known for its rich biodiversity and critical role as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-decade-of-drought-in-donana-national-park">A decade of drought in Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>For over a decade, Doñana National Park has faced below-average rainfall levels, with the situation worsening significantly in the past three years. These years have recorded some of the lowest annual precipitation totals, compounded by unusually high temperatures across the country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-to-downpour-climate-change-triggers-extreme-weather-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> were starkly visible in January 2024, which was noted as Spain's warmest January since records began, with temperatures averaging 2.4 degrees Celsius higher than normal.</p>



<p>The first quarter of 2024 continued this trend, potentially marking it as the warmest first quarter since 1961. The prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> has had a devastating impact on the park’s ecosystem, drying up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-of-the-worlds-salt-marshes-may-be-underwater-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshes</a> and affecting both flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-welcome-change-in-the-weather">Welcome change in the weather</h2>



<p>The heavy rains that arrived in late March 2024 have momentarily brought some relief to the region. Satellite images acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8 and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 showed significant changes in the landscape by April 9, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The featured image shows that marshes have been replenished and ponds have been temporarily filled, contrasting sharply with the desolate conditions observed just a year earlier.</p>



<p>A weather station in the park recorded 145 millimeters of rainfall in March 2024, making it the second-wettest March on record. Since the start of the water year in September 2023, the area has received over 400 millimeters of rainfall, surpassing the totals of each of the last three full water years. Despite this increase, the precipitation still falls short of the historical yearly average of more than 500 millimeters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-responses-and-challenges">Ecological responses and challenges</h2>



<p>The western part of the park is home to thousands of small, shallow pools known as Mediterranean temporary ponds, which naturally experience cycles of flooding and drying. Following the recent rains, several of the largest ponds flooded, as did marsh areas farther inland, though some regions remained dry.</p>



<p>The Doñana Biological Station reported that this influx of water led to a resurgence of vegetation beneficial to breeding waterfowl such as coots, grebes, and herons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite these positive signs, the challenges remain significant. Development pressures from agricultural fields and an adjacent resort town continue to strain the local aquifer, exacerbating the water scarcity and impacting the wetland's ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concerns-for-donana-national-park">Long-term concerns for Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Javier Bustamante, a researcher at the Doñana Biological Station, emphasized that while the rainfall has eased some of the immediate drought-related issues, it does not address the deeper problem of groundwater overexploitation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The rains have partially alleviated the most immediate drought problems, but they do not solve the invisible problem of groundwater overexploitation," Bustamante stated, highlighting the complex nature of the challenges facing Doñana.</p>



<p>The overall effect of the rainfall will become clearer in the coming months, but experts caution that the changes observed might not signify long-term relief. Conservation efforts continue to focus on managing external pressures and restoring the ecological balance to preserve Doñana National Park for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-donana-national-park">More about Doñana National Park</h2>



<p>Doñana National Park is one of Europe's most important and diverse natural reserves. This vast park stretches across parts of the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Cádiz. It was established as a national park in 1969 and covers an area of approximately 543 square kilometers.</p>



<p>The park is celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity. It serves as a critical stopover, breeding, and wintering site for thousands of European and African migratory birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Doñana's complex ecosystem includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marshlands</a>, shallow streams, and sand dunes, providing habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. Among its notable inhabitants are the Iberian lynx and the Spanish imperial eagle, both of which are endangered species.</p>



<p>Doñana also has a rich cultural heritage; it has been influenced by various civilizations throughout history, including the Romans and Moors. This history is reflected in the archaeological sites found within its boundaries, including the remains of the town of La Algaida.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Doñana National Park gets temporary relief from drought

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.</p>



<p>This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



<p>Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.</p>



<p>“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



<p>The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



<p>The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.</p>



<p>Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



<p>In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.</p>



<p>The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



<p>The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.</p>



<p>The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.</p>



<p>The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

Outdoors,Lifestyle,Fashion,Portrait,Of,Pretty,Smiling,Red,Hair,Girl

<p>Ever felt instantly sharper and more alert after stepping into the sunshine? It's not just your imagination. Scientists have uncovered a direct link between bright light and how well our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-scientists-control-the-brain-with-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains</a> perform. Turns out, hypothalamus, a tiny command center deep in the brain reacts to sunlight like a power switch.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-hypothalamus">The hypothalamus</h2>



<p>Think of your hypothalamus as your body's internal command center. This almond-sized structure, located within the brain, plays a crucial role in regulating essential functions such as sleep, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunger</a>, body temperature, and your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circadian-medicine-light-therapy-could-help-millions-of-heart-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">circadian rhythm</a>. Interestingly, the hypothalamus contains specialized cells that are directly sensitive to light. </p>



<p>Now, researchers are discovering that this light sensitivity allows the hypothalamus to act as a sophisticated control panel for how the brain responds to changing light levels, with different areas exhibiting distinct activity patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-bright-light-on-the-brain">Impact of bright light on the brain</h2>



<p>A team of scientists in Belgium wanted to see this light-brain connection in action. To do so, they embarked on an innovative study that combined brain imaging with behavioral tasks. First, they recruited a group of healthy volunteers to participate in the experiment.</p>



<p>Next, the researchers used a specialized type of MRI called ultra-high resolution 7 Tesla functional MRI. This cutting-edge technology provided them with incredibly detailed images of the brain, allowing them to focus specifically on activity within the tiny hypothalamus.</p>



<p>The twist in the study design was exposing participants to varying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-daylight-leads-to-better-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light levels</a> while they were inside the MRI scanner. The scientists carefully controlled the light intensity, ranging from darkness to extremely bright illumination. </p>



<p>Volunteers underwent brain scans while performing tasks. These tasks tested their memory and attention, as well as their emotional responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-light-flips-the-brain-switch">Bright light flips the brain switch</h2>



<p>"Our results demonstrate that the human hypothalamus does not respond uniformly to varying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-color-has-no-impact-on-our-internal-clocks-or-sleep-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">levels of light</a> while engaged in a cognitive challenge,” says senior author Gilles Vandewalle, a leading brain researcher. </p>



<p>As the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-light-pollution-could-increase-stroke-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light intensity</a> increased, activity in the posterior region (the back part) of the hypothalamus ramped up – it was like a switch had been flipped within that specific area of the brain. </p>



<p>But, activity in the anterior and inferior portions (the front and bottom parts) actually <em>decreased</em> in response to brighter light. </p>



<p>It was as if different regions of this tiny command center were reacting in completely opposite ways, creating a fascinating internal push and pull.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-performance-in-bright-light">Brain performance in bright light</h2>



<p>The scientists observed a fascinating correlation. As the light intensity increased, the volunteers' performance on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive tasks</a>, such as those testing memory and attention, also improved. This intriguing link hinted at a potential pathway by which light exposure could enhance our thinking abilities.</p>



<p>According to researchers, the key might lie in the decreased activity observed in specific regions of the hypothalamus under brighter light conditions. This could indicate that certain brain cells within these regions become less engaged when light levels are high. </p>



<p>This "dimming down" of activity might free up valuable resources within the hypothalamus. Imagine it like rerouting power within a city grid – by reducing activity in one area, energy becomes available to be redirected to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-perception-speed-varies-greatly-among-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> regions that are crucial for those demanding cognitive tasks.</p>



<p>This potential "resource reallocation" triggered by light exposure could explain the observed boost in focus and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-waves-move-in-opposite-ways-to-make-memories-and-to-remember/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> performance. Further research is needed to pinpoint the exact mechanisms at play, but these findings offer a tantalizing glimpse into how light might influence our brain's ability to think clearly and efficiently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeling-the-light-or-not-nbsp">Feeling the light (or not)&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The picture grew even more intricate when the researchers analyzed how participants responded to tasks designed to gauge emotional processing. Here, a different pattern emerged. When light levels increased, activity in the back part of the hypothalamus also intensified, which was associated with stronger emotional reactions from the volunteers.</p>



<p>This finding suggests that the hypothalamus doesn't just play a role in how we think, but also in how we feel. Light exposure seems to influence the way this tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-you-train-your-brain-to-manage-strong-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> structure processes emotions. It's possible that the hypothalamus acts like an amplifier for emotional signals, particularly when we're in bright environments. </p>



<p>Think about how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-you-train-your-brain-to-manage-strong-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heightened emotions</a> might have been beneficial from an evolutionary perspective – better light would have meant better visibility, and a more alert, emotionally attuned state could have provided an advantage for quick reactions to potential dangers or opportunities.</p>



<p>While more research is needed to fully unravel this complex relationship, it presents a fascinating avenue for exploration – could our emotional state and well-being be subtly, but directly, influenced by the level of light in our surroundings?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-light-as-brain-therapy">Bright light as brain therapy</h2>



<p>"Targeted lighting for therapeutic use is an exciting prospect,” explains lead author Islay Campbell from the <a href="https://www.uliege.be" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liège</a> in Belgium. Understanding how light changes brain activity, especially in this deep-seated command center, could be huge. </p>



<p>Custom light treatments could banish <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lighting-up-the-brain-the-power-of-play-in-child-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> fog, boost focus when you need it most, and even improve mood. Researchers are already exploring how light therapy can benefit people with sleep disorders, those struggling with low mood due to lack of daylight, and even as a potential help for those with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cognitive-stimulation-at-work-helps-prevent-memory-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive decline</a>.</p>



<p>This research highlights how deeply intertwined our brains are with the environment around us. Something as simple as the level of light can have a profound effect on how we think and feel. </p>



<p>While there's much more to learn, these findings open exciting new doors for understanding the brain and potentially developing ways to enhance our thinking and well-being, simply by harnessing the power of light.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/96576v1#x-1043435196" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a></em>.</p>



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Bright light instantly enhances brain function and alertness

Ever felt instantly sharper and more alert after stepping into...

<p>Why are we drawn to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/singing-groups-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">singing</a> voices of some singers and indifferent to others? This intriguing question has spurred a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.aesthetics.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics</a> (MPIEA) to conduct a study focused on unraveling the mysteries of our auditory preferences. </p>



<p>The findings, which challenge conventional wisdom, are published in the journal <em>Scientific Reports</em>.</p>



<p>“Singing is ubiquitous across cultures and highly popular, but fundamental questions about our preferences remain unanswered,” wrote the study authors. “For instance: why do we like some singing voices more than others? How much are these preferences based on attributes of the singing voice, and how much are they related to listeners’ internal factors?”</p>



<p>“The extent to which aesthetic appreciation depends on objective properties of a stimulus versus a person’s internal subjective states and evaluations has long been debated.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-singing-voices">Comparing singing voices</h2>



<p>For the investigation, 368 participants actively evaluated a cappella performances by 16 trained <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-can-use-singing-to-engage-with-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">singers</a> both online and in laboratory settings.</p>



<p>“Each singer was asked to perform the songs <em>Don’t Worry Be Happy</em>, by Bobby McFerrin, and <em>Over the Rainbow</em>, by Harold Arlen, without lyrics and in a /u/ sound. Each singer recorded between four and seven takes of each melody,” noted the researchers.</p>



<p>“For each melody, we selected three takes from each of the 16 singers for acoustic analysis and subsequent use in the experiment. The stimulus material thus comprised 48 excerpts of each melody, for a total of 96 stimuli.”</p>



<p>This comprehensive approach sought to determine whether measurable acoustic properties like pitch and tempo, or personal biases and unique perceptions, shape preferences for singing voices more significantly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personal-preferences-for-singing-voices">Personal preferences for singing voices</h2>



<p>Camila Bruder, the lead author of the study, shared her insights: "Intuitively, one would expect that personal preferences for singing voices would be based on certain acoustic criteria. However, our study's findings pointed us in a different direction."</p>



<p>Despite initial beliefs, the research showed that the liking for particular singing voices isn't predominantly about the technicalities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brains-track-sound/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sound</a>.</p>



<p>Participants demonstrated varied preferences, yet the investigation showed that these preferences weren't strongly linked to the singers' acoustic characteristics. Rather, the subjective interpretations and personal resonance with the voices predominantly shaped their preferences.</p>



<p>Pauline Larrouy-Maestri, the senior researcher, commented on the broader implications of their findings: "Although we often feel that our acoustic preferences are based on objective criteria, our results suggest that the famous saying 'beauty is in the eye of the beholder' could also be applied to acoustics." </p>



<p>This insight shifts the focus from external auditory qualities to the internal processes of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-listeners-brainwaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">listener</a>, suggesting a complex interplay between the sound and the psychology of perception.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-horizons-in-auditory-research">Expanding horizons in auditory research</h2>



<p>The research team eagerly anticipates expanding their investigation to encompass different vocal styles and the attractiveness of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/standard-normal-voice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spoken</a> voices. This ongoing research will further uncover the deeply personal and subjective nature of our auditory preferences.</p>



<p>At its core, the study reveals a fascinating aspect of human perception: the listener shapes our experience of sound as much as the sound itself does. This insight urges us to reconsider how we perceive and appreciate voices, whether in song or speech.</p>



<p>The quest to understand our auditory preferences is only beginning as we delve deeper into our complex relationship with sound.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Singing voices in other populations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our finding that mean liking ratings correlated highly between participant samples from Germany and the USA hints at cross-cultural average preferences, presumably based (to some extent) on attributes of the stimuli. However, one should keep in mind that both these samples come from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) nations,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“It would be desirable to investigate singing voice preferences in other populations, ideally including non-WEIRD populations (as well as using stimuli material in other styles and/or from multiple cultures to increase the generalizability of findings).”</p>



<p>“So far, our results suggest that, in the case of the singing voice, preferences depend substantially on both attributes of the performances and on listeners’ characteristics, but this relationship is a complex one: liking ratings do not rely on acoustic features of the voices per se but on how the voices are perceived by participants.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58924-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a></em>.</p>



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Why we're drawn to certain singing voices: A scientific insight

Why are we drawn to the singing voices of some...

<p>Our society strongly believes that families pass down <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-type-can-accurately-predict-your-relationship-status/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personality</a> traits. We often hear phrases like "he's just like his dad" or "she takes after her mom." These sayings reinforce the belief that children are destined to mirror their parents' personalities.</p>



<p>Yet, a recent study challenges this long-held assumption. It suggests that the direct inheritance of personality traits from parent to child may be surprisingly limited.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parents-and-roots-of-personality">Parents and roots of personality</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a> and the <a href="https://ut.ee/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tartu (Estonia)</a> embarked on a comprehensive investigation into the ways personality is passed down from parents. </p>



<p>The team analyzed data from over 1,000 pairs of relatives, dissecting the "big five" personality traits - the gold standard for psychological personality assessment:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-openness-to-experience">Openness to experience</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>The adventurous spirit:</strong> People high in openness thrive on novelty and change. They crave new experiences, whether it's traveling to unique destinations or immersing themselves in unfamiliar cultures.</li>



<li><strong>Intellectual explorers:</strong>&nbsp;They possess a relentless curiosity, always seeking knowledge and understanding across a wide range of topics.</li>



<li><strong>Nonconformists:</strong>&nbsp;They aren't afraid to challenge the status quo, embrace unconventional ideas, and think outside the box.</li>



<li><strong>Imaginative minds:</strong> Artistic expression, vivid imagination, and a deep appreciation for beauty often characterize individuals high in openness.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Purposeful and driven:</strong>&nbsp;These individuals are goal-oriented with a strong focus on achievement. They are planners, setting clear targets and working diligently to complete tasks.</li>



<li><strong>The reliable ones:</strong>&nbsp;Highly conscientious people are dependable and responsible, consistently following through on commitments and obligations.</li>



<li><strong>Order and structure:</strong>&nbsp;They appreciate organization and maintain a high level of self-discipline in various aspects of life.</li>



<li><strong>Detail-oriented:</strong>&nbsp;Meticulous and thorough, they value precision and accuracy in their work and interactions.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extraversion">Extraversion</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Social butterflies:</strong>&nbsp;Exuberant and energized by social interaction, extroverts flourish in lively environments and enjoy being the center of attention.</li>



<li><strong>Bold and outgoing:</strong>&nbsp;They are assertive, confident in expressing their opinions, and comfortable initiating conversations.</li>



<li><strong>People magnets:</strong>&nbsp;With their warmth and outgoing nature, extroverts easily draw others into their circle and excel at building relationships.</li>



<li><strong>Positive energy:</strong>&nbsp;They often have an infectious enthusiasm and a positive outlook on life.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agreeableness">Agreeableness</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Compassion and empathy:</strong>&nbsp;High in agreeableness means a strong capacity for understanding and sharing the feelings of others.</li>



<li><strong>Team players:</strong>&nbsp;Cooperative and helpful, they prioritize harmonious interactions and actively seek to find common ground.</li>



<li><strong>Trust and forgiveness:</strong>&nbsp;They tend to assume the best in others, are forgiving, and focus on building trusting, supportive relationships.</li>



<li><strong>Conflict-averse:</strong>&nbsp;They strive to avoid confrontation and maintain peace whenever possible.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuroticism">Neuroticism</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Emotional reactivity:</strong>&nbsp;A tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, sadness, or anger more intensely and frequently.</li>



<li><strong>Worry and rumination:</strong>&nbsp;Prone to excessive worry, self-doubt, and fixating on negative experiences.</li>



<li><strong>Sensitive to stress:</strong>&nbsp;May have difficulty coping with challenging situations or perceived threats.</li>



<li><strong>Mood fluctuations:</strong>&nbsp;Might see more frequent shifts in mood or emotional state, shifting between highs and lows.</li>
</ul>



<p>It is crucial to remember that these are broad descriptions. Most individuals are a blend of these traits, falling along a spectrum within each category.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-personality-truly-inherited-from-parents">Is personality truly inherited from parents?</h2>



<p>The study's findings were nothing short of startling. The researchers concluded that it is "impossible to accurately predict a child's personality traits from those of their mother or father." </p>



<p>This finding goes beyond noting minor differences between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotional-eating-by-teens-is-influenced-by-their-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a> and children. It implies that, at our core, we may be fundamentally no more alike in personality to our own parents than to a complete stranger on the street. </p>



<p>"There is only a small chance that people are more similar to their parents than to any random stranger," said Dr. René Mottus of the University of Edinburgh.</p>



<p>The notion that personality inheritance is limited forces us to reconsider how we view ourselves and our family members. It reminds us that we aren't simply extensions of our parents, but rather, complex individuals shaped by a multitude of factors beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-expert-dna-determines-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetics</a> alone. Even within families, where shared experiences are plentiful, unique personalities will still flourish.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heritability-of-parent-personalities">Heritability of parent personalities</h2>



<p>The study estimates the heritability of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-is-more-important-than-finances-when-it-comes-to-dating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personality</a> to hover around 40 percent. When scientists estimate that personality has a heritability of around 40 percent, it signifies a substantial genetic influence in shaping who we are. </p>



<p>This implies that a significant portion of the variation in our personalities – our patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving – can be traced back to the DNA we inherit from our biological parents. It's important to note that genes don't simply translate into ready-made traits; rather, they offer a blueprint that interacts with a myriad of other factors throughout our lives.</p>



<p>Even with substantial genetic influence, the research suggests that our upbringing has a comparatively smaller direct impact on our core personality traits. Growing up in the same family undeniably shapes us in countless ways - our values, interests, and communication styles can all mold us, reflecting our environment.</p>



<p>However, this study indicates that when it comes to the fundamental elements of personality, such as openness or neuroticism, shared upbringing may not be the significant determining factor it's often assumed to be.</p>



<p>"Besides, there is no evidence that the experiences that come with sharing a family would make people more similar," said Dr. Mottus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-assumptions-behind-parents-personality">Challenging assumptions behind parents personality</h2>



<p>The research illuminates the continuous, complex interplay between nature and nurture. We are a product of our genes, interacting with a lifetime of experiences, relationships, and environmental influences. </p>



<p>The idea that our family dynamics could heavily dictate our personalities is an assumption that is challenged by the study. This suggests that beyond the broad strokes of genetic influence, how we develop our unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/certain-personality-traits-lower-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personalities</a> lies in the dynamic interplay between our inherent predispositions and the world around us.</p>



<p>We might notice a shared sense of humor or a common tendency toward anxiety, overlooking the unique complexities of each individual. This study calls for reassessing those everyday observations, emphasizing that our personalities are not mere copies of our parents.</p>



<p>These findings should not diminish the profound impact of parental influence in other aspects of our lives. However, they do highlight that when it comes to the core aspects of personality, we might have more freedom to shape our own paths than previously assumed. </p>



<p>The study has been released as a pre-print on the&nbsp;<a href="https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/7ygp6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PsyArXiv&nbsp;</a>server.</p>



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Personality traits are not strongly inherited from parents

Our society strongly believes that families pass down personality traits....

<p></p>
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<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Glowing aurora over North America Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> comes from the </span><a href="http://www.esa.int/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (ESA) and features a look at the glowing aurora over North America.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The timelapse clip was composed of a series of daytime photos taken by ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli. The northern lights stretch across Canada’s Quebec and Ontario provinces in the image, and are part of the auroral oval that expanded to middle latitudes because of a geomagnetic storm. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nespoli is on board the International Space Station as part of the Italian Space Agency’s long-term VITA mission. Earth&#8217;s magnetic-field lines channel these solar particles toward the planet&#8217;s north and south magnetic poles, which explains why auroras — the aurora borealis and its southern counterpart, the aurora australis — are high-latitude phenomena.</span></p>
<p>There are also plenty of options for good aurora viewing in North America. While far-eastern Canada tends to be cloudy, the shore of the Hudson Bay, the northern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-butterflies-are-set-to-become-widespread-across-canada/">Canadian</a> towns of Yellowknife or Whitehouse, or the west coast of Alaska are usually good bets.</p>
<p>Most aurora scientists prefer to use images from missions dedicated to aurora studies (such as Polar, IMAGE, and ground-based imagers), which can offer many more images of a storm (rather than one per orbit) and can allow researchers to calculate the energy moving through the atmosphere.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rory Arnold</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: </span></i><a href="http://www.esa.int/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></i></a></p>