Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.



"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.



"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."



According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;



"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.



Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.



The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;



The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.



Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.



The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.



The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The convergence of these tectonic plates causes uplift, folding, and deformation of the colorful rock layers, and subsequent erosion exposes them."



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "Colorful Mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance. 



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger ecosystem that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/">mountains</a>.



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a large sediment plume from the Yangtze River that extends hundreds of kilometers off the coast of China.



"Brown, sediment-laden water is visible along this shallow, turbid stretch of coast year-round, but a vast plume like the one visible here is a characteristic feature of winter. Scientists have proposed several causes of this seasonal phenomenon," said NASA.



"The ebb and flow of tides contain enough energy to stir up sediments from the seafloor, a 2017 study found. While there are also tides in the summer, the models used in the study showed that sediment only rises to the surface in the winter. That’s when temperatures and salinities at the sea surface and bottom are similar, allowing for vertical mixing to occur and for sediment to churn higher into the water column."



Additional studies have suggested that the summer monsoon’s influence on currents impedes the eastward flow of sediment out of the estuaries, noted NASA.



"Despite what looks like a glut of suspended sediment in the water, the overall amount of it flowing from the Yangtze River has declined steadily over the past several decades. The construction of dams, including the Three Gorges Dam, has been the primary driver of this trend."



It is important for scientists to track the movement of suspended sediment. This material can cause direct harm to marine life, as well as indirect harm by blocking sunlight.



The Yangtze River, also known as the Chang Jiang in Chinese, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, following the Nile and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/">Amazon</a>. It flows for over 6,300 kilometers (about 3,917 miles) from the glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China to the East China Sea at Shanghai.&nbsp;



The Yangtze River basin is a key region for China's agriculture, industry, and hydroelectric power production. The river's waters are used for irrigation, navigation, and as a source of freshwater. The basin is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Yangtze river dolphin or Baiji, which may now be extinct.



The image was captured on February 12, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite sensor on the NOAA-20 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Sediment flows offshore from the Yangtze River 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is a tributary of the Congo River, one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-rivers-keep-antimicrobial-resistant-genes-at-bay/">rivers</a> in the world by discharge and depth. 



The Ruki River, previously known as the Busira, merges with the Momboyo River near the town of Basankusu to become the Lulonga River, which eventually flows into the Congo River at the town of Lisala.



"If the appearance of the muddy Amazon River evokes a coffee cut with cream, the Ruki River, coursing gently through the Congo Basin, is like a dark tea," said NASA.



"On its slow path through mostly untouched lowland rainforest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the water leaches organic material from vegetation, prompting some researchers to think it is one of the darkest blackwater rivers on Earth. The dissolved material in this distinctive water, scientists are finding, offers clues into the carbon cycle of tropical forests."



In a recent study, researchers measured the chemical composition and flow of the Ruki for the first time.&nbsp;



"The study reported that, as the water color suggests, the Ruki is rich in dissolved organic carbon compounds. It contains four times as much organic carbon as the Congo River and 1.5 times as much as the Rio Negro, the world’s largest blackwater river and a major tributary of the Amazon," said NASA.



Due to this heavy carbon load, the researchers concluded that “tropical forests like those around the Ruki might not accumulate quite as much carbon as we once thought.”



The region around the Ruki River is rich in biodiversity, hosting various species of flora and fauna. It is part of the Congo Basin, the second-largest tropical rainforest area in the world, which is a critical habitat for endangered species and a significant carbon sink.



The river is vital for the livelihoods of local communities. Fishing is a crucial activity, with many people depending on it for sustenance and income. The river also supports agriculture along its banks, where communities grow crops.



In many parts of the DRC, rivers like the Ruki are crucial transportation corridors due to the challenging and often nonexistent road infrastructure. The river enables the movement of people and goods, facilitating trade and access to markets, health care, and education.



The region faces several challenges, including deforestation, overfishing, and environmental degradation, which threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of people who depend on it. Efforts to manage and conserve the river's resources are vital for sustainable development.



Understanding and protecting the Ruki River and its surroundings are crucial for the DRC's environmental sustainability, economic development, and the well-being of its communities.



The image was captured by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Ruki River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.



"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.



"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year.&nbsp;



"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.



"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."



"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.



The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

A remarkable study led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> proposes a dramatic shift in our understanding of human evolution. The research suggests that interspecies <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-change-their-schedules-to-adapt-to-city-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">competition</a>, rather than climate alone, significantly shaped the evolutionary trajectory of early humans.



Interspecies competition is a form of interaction where individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem, such as food, space, or light. This type of competition can occur when resources are limited, leading to a struggle for survival among the competing species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-vs-interspecies-competition">Climate vs. interspecies competition</h2>



Traditionally, researchers have viewed climate change as the primary driver of the emergence and extinction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earliest-hominins-migrating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominin</a> species. This view is consistent with the patterns observed in most vertebrates. 



However, this new research indicates a crucial detail: for hominins - a group that includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthal-genes-still-influence-modern-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern humans</a> and our extinct relatives - competition between species was a crucial factor. This competition significantly influenced our evolutionary history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimal-interspecies-competition">Minimal interspecies competition</h2>



The study reveals that over five million years, competition was fundamental to "speciation," the emergence of new species in hominins.



"We have been ignoring the way competition between species has shaped our own evolutionary tree. The effect of climate on hominin species is only part of the story," explained Dr. Laura van Holstein, a biological anthropologist at <a href="https://www.clare.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clare College</a>.



Using Bayesian modeling and phylogenetic analyses, van Holstein and her team demonstrated a key finding. Like in other vertebrates, most hominin species emerged when interspecies competition for resources was minimal. 



This pattern, where speciation rates increase and then plateau before extinction rates rise, is consistent across many mammalian groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-evolutionary-trends">Unique evolutionary trends</h2>



However, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baleen-whales-rewriting-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-largest-animals-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary pattern</a> of our own genus, Homo, is strikingly different. "The more species of Homo there were, the higher the rate of speciation," noted Dr. van Holstein. 



"This suggests that competition between species actually resulted in the appearance of even more new species - a complete reversal of the trend seen in almost all other vertebrates."



This unique pattern of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-may-be-the-biggest-roadblock-to-solving-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> in Homo is paralleled only by certain beetle species that inhabit islands. In these isolated ecosystems, unusual evolutionary trends can emerge.



"The patterns of evolution we see across species of Homo that led directly to modern humans is closer to those of island-dwelling beetles than other primates, or even any other mammal," said Dr. van Holstein.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-records-and-beyond">Fossil records and beyond</h2>



Dr. van Holstein created a new database which tracked each time an example of a species was found and dated in the hominin fossil record - including around 385 occurences.



This comprehensive data allowed the researchers to reconsider the start and end dates for most known hominin species, totaling 17. 



Such an approach helps counteract the inherent limitations of fossil records. These records may not always capture the earliest or latest members of a species, due to geological and climatic factors affecting fossilization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interspecies-competition-coexistence-and-adaptation">Interspecies competition, coexistence, and adaptation</h2>



Dr. van Holstein's findings suggest a new perspective. Some species previously thought to have evolved through "anagenesis" may have actually "budded." This indicates a branching off from an existing species rather than a linear evolution. 



This realization implies a greater level of coexistence among hominin species. It also indicates heightened interspecies competition - more than previously acknowledged. Additionally, the study underscores the role of technology in the evolution of the genus Homo.



For example, early hominins like Paranthropus evolved physiologically to adapt, developing features like robust teeth. In contrast, Homo species adopted tools, fire, and intensive hunting techniques.



These advancements enabled the latter species to rapidly exploit new ecological niches, bypassing the need for significant physiological changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-of-interspecies-competition">A legacy of interspecies competition</h2>



Ultimately, these findings underscore the complexity of interspecies competition, human evolution and the unique evolutionary path taken by our ancestors. 



"These results show that, although it has been conventionally ignored, competition played an important role in human evolution overall," said Dr. van Holstein. "Perhaps most interestingly, in our own genus it played a role unlike that across any other vertebrate lineage known so far."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02390-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Human evolution was shaped by interspecies competition

A remarkable study led by researchers at the University of...

A new study reveals that children subjected to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-can-cause-muscle-decline-adult-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maltreatment</a> are three times more likely to be hospitalized for substance abuse disorders by the time they turn 40. This highlights the devastating long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-child-maltreatment-types">Child maltreatment types</h2>



Child maltreatment refers to any behavior or action that harms or threatens to harm a child's physical, psychological, or emotional health and development. It generally includes four main types:



<ol>
<li>Physical abuse: Causing physical harm through hitting, shaking, burning, or other means.</li>



<li>Emotional abuse: Causing emotional or psychological harm through behaviors like verbal abuse, intimidation, or neglect.</li>



<li>Sexual abuse: Involving a child in sexual acts or exposing them to inappropriate sexual material.</li>



<li>Neglect: Failing to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and education.</li>
</ol>



These forms of maltreatment can have long-lasting effects on a child's well-being and development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-child-maltreatment-linked-to-substance-abuse">Child maltreatment linked to substance abuse</h2>



The researchers analyzed data from over 6,000 individuals born between 1981 and 1983. Of these, 609 experienced at least one reported or substantiated incident of child maltreatment. 



This group was significantly more likely to suffer from alcohol or substance use disorders requiring hospitalization. The study categorized maltreatment into physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. 



"Most of the previous research into childhood adversity and alcohol and substance use disorders has focused on physical and sexual abuse. We particularly wanted to know whether emotional abuse and neglect are as strongly associated with subsequent alcohol and substance use disorders," explained study lead author Dr. Claudia Bull, of the <a href="https://qcmhr.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research</a>.



"As we suspected, the odds of hospital admission for alcohol and substance use disorders are comparable across all subtypes of abuse and neglect in childhood.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-child-maltreatment-severe-outcomes">Child maltreatment severe outcomes</h2>



Emotional abuse and neglect, often overlooked compared to physical and sexual abuse, pose equivalent long-term risks for developing substance abuse disorders. These non-physical forms of maltreatment can deeply impact emotional health, leading to similar outcomes in terms of substance abuse in later life.



Research shows a clear pattern: the frequency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-psychotic-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maltreatment</a> reports correlates directly with the increased probability of hospital admissions for substance abuse as adults. 



This suggests that repeated exposure to maltreatment intensifies the risk of severe outcomes, highlighting the cumulative effect of continuous abuse or neglect on an individual's life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-of-resulting-disorders">Nature of resulting disorders</h2>



Sexual abuse emerged as the most significant risk factor for developing an alcohol use disorder. Individuals with histories of sexual abuse are notably more likely to struggle with alcohol dependency, indicating a specific traumatic impact that may drive survivors toward alcohol as a coping mechanism.



Emotional abuse, on the other hand, was identified as the primary risk factor for substance use disorders. This suggests that the psychological scars left by emotional abuse might make individuals more susceptible to using drugs as a form of self-medication, attempting to manage their unresolved emotional pain.



Specifically, those who were neglected as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-abuse-trends-much-higher-in-people-who-experienced-childhood-trauma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a> were about 2.88 times more likely to be hospitalized for alcohol-related issues. The risk was nearly the same for those who suffered emotional abuse and slightly less for those who experienced physical abuse.



For substance use disorders, the risk increased even more for those with a history of neglect, making them 3.10 times more likely to require hospitalization. Those who faced physical abuse had a 2.85 times higher risk, while sexual abuse led to a 2.52 times higher risk. 



Emotional abuse resulted in a 2.47 times greater likelihood of hospitalization for substance use issues. These findings highlight how various forms of child <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-could-triple-the-risk-of-headache-disorders-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maltreatment</a> can lead to serious health problems in adulthood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



This study paints a stark picture of how trauma in childhood creates severe vulnerabilities that can manifest decades later in the form of substance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-abuse-cellular-imprints/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abuse</a>. This emphasizes the critical need for:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-intervention">Early intervention</h3>



It is crucial to identify and address child maltreatment early to diminish the future risk of substance abuse. Intervening as soon as maltreatment is detected can significantly alter a child's developmental trajectory, potentially reducing the likelihood of later substance use disorders.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trauma-informed-treatment">Trauma-informed treatment</h3>



Treatment plans for addiction must incorporate an understanding of the link between childhood trauma and subsequent substance abuse. By adopting trauma-informed care approaches, healthcare providers can offer more effective support that directly addresses the root causes of addiction.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-awareness">Increased awareness</h3>



Elevating awareness among parents, healthcare workers, and the broader public about the deep and enduring effects of child maltreatment is essential. Understanding maltreatment risks is vital for community health and preventative strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-impacts-of-child-maltreatment">Additional impacts of child maltreatment</h2>



Child maltreatment can lead to a wide range of long-term effects in adults beyond the risk of substance abuse disorders. These effects span psychological, physical, and social domains:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-impact">Psychological impact</h3>



<ul>
<li>Mental health disorders: Adults who experienced child maltreatment often have a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and bipolar disorder.</li>



<li>Emotional difficulties: Issues like low self-esteem, difficulty trusting others, and emotional dysregulation are common.</li>



<li>Cognitive effects: There may be impairments in attention, decision-making abilities, and executive functioning.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health-issues">Physical health issues</h3>



<ul>
<li>Chronic conditions: Increased risk of developing chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune diseases.</li>



<li>Neurological problems: The stress of early abuse can affect brain development, potentially leading to neurological issues later in life.</li>



<li>Somatization: Experiencing physical symptoms that stem from psychological distress is more frequent among those who were maltreated as children.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-behavioral-consequences">Social and behavioral consequences</h3>



<ul>
<li>Relationship problems: Difficulties in forming and maintaining healthy relationships, including increased rates of divorce and family conflict.</li>



<li>Educational and occupational impact: Higher likelihood of academic struggles and lower educational attainment, which can affect career opportunities and stability.</li>



<li>Increased risk of victimization: Adults with a history of child maltreatment are more likely to experience further victimization, including domestic violence and sexual assault.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parenting-challenges">Parenting challenges</h3>



<ul>
<li>Intergenerational transmission of abuse: Those maltreated as children are at a greater risk of adopting similar behaviors, perpetuating the cycle of abuse.</li>



<li>Attachment issues: Difficulties in forming secure attachments with their own children, which can impact the child’s emotional and psychological development.</li>
</ul>



These findings underscore the urgent need to prevent child maltreatment and provide effective support to those who have experienced it. By understanding the devastating consequences of childhood trauma, we can take focused action to help individuals heal.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.16479" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Addiction</a>.



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Child maltreatment triples the risk of substance use

A new study reveals that children subjected to maltreatment are...

We often think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-unnoticed-and-underappreciated-world-of-ecosystem-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a> in terms of what we can see – the plants, the animals, the landscape. But there's a hidden dimension to our natural world: sound. From the calls of birds to the whisper of wind through the trees, soundscapes are a vital part of healthy ecosystems. New research reveals a surprising truth: invasive plants are altering the soundscapes, and the consequences could be far-reaching.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environment-soundscapes">Environment soundscapes</h2>



The soundtrack of an environment is referred to as its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soundscape</a>. Imagine it as the collective voice of a specific area, comprising all the sounds you can hear: the calls of animals, the rustle of leaves, the pattering of rain, and even the distant, almost imperceptible hum of human activity. 



A soundscape does more than fill the background; it forms a dynamic communication network that threads through the ecosystem. Each component of the soundscape plays a crucial role. 



Animal calls, for instance, are not just mere sounds but are vital for the survival and reproductive success of species. They can signal territory boundaries, warn of predators, or even lead mates to each other. 



Plant sounds can indicate the presence of animal activity or changes in wind patterns. They offer cues about weather conditions or environmental disturbances.



Similarly, the sound of water — from raindrops hitting the ground to streams flowing over rocks — adds another layer of information. It reflects the health and dynamics of the hydrological aspects of the ecosystem. Even the subtle sounds generated by human activities can influence animal behaviors and ecological processes.



Together, these sounds create a rich, ever-changing symphony that reveals the ecological narrative of an area. By listening to and analyzing these soundscapes, researchers can gain insights into the unseen interactions and health of ecosystems. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-listening-for-ecosystem-clues">Listening for ecosystem clues</h2>



A team of researchers at Virginia Tech, led by Grace O'Malley and Gabrielle Ripa, is listening closely to these sonic signatures to better understand hidden changes within our environments. 



Their innovative approach is part of a growing field called soundscape ecology, where scientists study the relationships between <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/top-5-strangest-animal-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sounds</a> and the overall health of an ecosystem.



"It's kind of a new way of thinking, in terms of thinking about the ecosystem as a whole instead of about this frog species or this bird species," said O’Malley. "Think about it across all taxonomic levels."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-plants-alter-ecosystem-sounds">Invasive plants alter ecosystem sounds</h2>



Invasive plants don't simply change what we see; they can dramatically alter the acoustic environment of an ecosystem. To understand this impact, the researchers ventured into areas heavily affected by invasive plants. They strategically placed recording devices and then compared the soundscapes to locations where native habitats were being restored.



The results were striking. "I was surprised that we were able to observe differences between the two habitats in such a short amount of time," said O'Malley. "The invasive plants may actually be changing the soundscape."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-invasive-plants-change-the-soundtrack">How invasive plants change the soundtrack</h2>



The research team is currently exploring precisely how invasive species disrupt the acoustic world. Here are a few key mechanisms they're investigating:



<ul>
<li>Altering sound travel:&nbsp;Dense thickets formed by invasive plants can physically change the way sound waves move through an environment. This could interfere with essential communications between animals.</li>



<li>Muffling native voices:&nbsp;Invasive plants often outcompete and displace native species. This means the calls, chirps, and other sounds of these native animals disappear from the soundscape, reducing its complexity and potential information flow.</li>



<li>Introducing new noises:&nbsp;Some invasive plants produce their own distinct sounds, whether through the way their leaves rustle in the wind or other unique auditory signatures. These add unfamiliar and potentially disruptive sounds to the acoustic mix.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research">Ongoing research </h2>



This fascinating research is still in its early stages. "It’s a call to other scientists that this is something that we think could be going on," said Ripa. "We offer suggestions as to what we think could be reasons why invasive plants might be impacting soundscapes and some potential mechanisms that maybe we should be looking into.”



While a lot remains to be explored, the researchers believe that soundscapes could become a kind of early warning system for spotting ecological change – all we need to do is listen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contributing-to-invasive-plants-and-soundscape">Contributing to invasive plants and soundscape</h2>



<ol>
<li>Notice the soundscapes around you: The next time you go for a walk, close your eyes for a moment and tune in to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sounds</a> you hear. This can be as simple as noticing the different birdsong patterns in your own neighborhood.</li>



<li>Join a citizen science project: Apps and websites like eBird (for bird calls) allow you to record and share data, helping scientists track changes over time and geography.</li>



<li>Support invasive plant control: Look for volunteer opportunities in your local parks, or make sure your own garden is full of native species.</li>
</ol>



"This project has been exciting, inspiring, and above all else, fun," said study co-author Professor Meryl Mims. "Sound is an integral part of how we and other organisms experience and understand our surroundings."



By deciphering the sonic code of nature, we may have a powerful new tool for protecting biodiversity and keeping our wild places healthy. The next time you hear rustling leaves or a bird's song, remember that you are tapping into a vast symphony of life – one that's constantly changing and worth listening to.



The study is published in <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2729" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>.



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Invasive plants alter the soundscape of ecosystems

We often think of ecosystems in terms of what we...

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Mapping Hurricane Maria’s rainfall totals Mapping Hurricane Maria’s rainfall totals Today’s Video of the Day comes from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> and features a look at the rainfall totals brought by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hurricane-maria-slams-puerto-rico/">Hurricane Maria</a> across the Caribbean.
The NASA IMERG video charts rainfall from September 17 through September 21, 2017, finding that most areas within Maria’s path saw at least 10 inches. The IMERG data estimated at least 20 inches of rain fell over most of Puerto Rico.
Hurricane Maria is thrashing the Caribbean. Hurricane Maria ripped through Puerto Rico on Wednesday, making landfall as a powerful Category 4 storm with 155-mph winds, according to the National Hurricane Center.
It left 100% of the island without power. After hitting the Caribbean nation of Dominica last night, the Category 5 Hurricane Maria is now headed toward Puerto Rico and the US and British Virgin Islands. The combined effect of the surge and tide produced maximum inundation levels of 6 to 9 ft above ground level to the north of Maria’s landfall along the coasts of Humacao, Naguabo, and Ceiba municipalities in Puerto Rico.
The remnants of the San Juan WSR-88D radar after its destruction by Hurricane Maria. Photo credit: WFO San Juan. Hurricane Maria 44 Figure 11. Maria’s damage in Puerto Rico.
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By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a>
Video Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA</a>/JAXA, Hal Pierce