<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. </p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. </p>



<p>This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.</p>



<p>Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

<p>In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>), an international team of astronomers focused on young stellar objects within the NGC 346 cluster. </p>



<p>Situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/open-star-cluster-in-the-small-magellanic-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Small Magellanic Cloud</a>, this vibrant open cluster is recognized as the most luminous star-forming region in the nearby dwarf galaxy, located approximately 202,000 light-years from Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects: The early stages of stars</h2>



<p>Young stellar objects (YSOs) represent early stages in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-a-new-way-that-stars-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life cycle of stars</a>, encompassing phases from protostars to pre-main sequence (PMS) stars.</p>



<p>These objects typically reside within dense molecular clouds rich in gas and interstellar material, making them ideal subjects for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/ullyses-will-explore-the-evolution-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a>.</p>



<p>The research was led by Nolan Habel from NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. The team used JWST's advanced Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) to delve deeper into the secrets of NGC 346. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A treasure trove of stellar data in NGC 346</h2>



<p>The research uncovered a wealth of data, revealing 203,891 unique sources within the cluster using NIRCam and MIRI. Of these, 196 were confidently identified as YSOs and PMS stars, earmarked for more detailed spectroscopic analysis. </p>



<p>Additionally, 833 objects displayed significant mid-infrared excess, hinting at their identity as young stellar objects, which are often found near areas dense with diffuse dust and gas.</p>



<p>"In this paper, we present JWST imaging data of NGC 346 from 1.15–25.0 µm and provide an overview of the populations in the region, particularly the young populations, as determined from photometric analysis," noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detailed-spectral-analysis">Detailed spectral analysis</h2>



<p>Further investigations involved spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on 77 sources, which pinpointed 23 objects as young stellar objects with high certainty. </p>



<p>These YSOs exhibited a broad range of sizes and masses, with radii stretching from 0.14 to 82.32 solar radii and masses between 0.95 to 4.15 solar masses. Their bolometric temperatures also varied widely, ranging from 2,051 to 17,930 Kelvin.</p>



<p>The study highlighted one particularly notable young stellar object, designated CN202153, recognized as the least massive extragalactic YSO confirmed thus far. </p>



<p>The team suggested that further near-infrared spectroscopic studies with JWST are essential to refine our understanding of these 23 specifically identified young stellar objects.</p>



<p>The research not only enriches our comprehension of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> in distant clusters but also underscores the invaluable role of advanced telescopes like the JWST in unraveling the complexities of the universe. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young stellar objects&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Young stellar objects form in dense regions of molecular clouds, where gravity pulls gas and dust together, leading to the accumulation of material that eventually becomes hot and dense enough to initiate nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>The process begins with a protostar, which is the core that forms within a collapsing cloud of gas and dust, and is often obscured from view by the surrounding dense material.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Various stages </h3>



<p>As a young stellar object continues to gather mass from its parent molecular cloud, it may go through various stages characterized by different amounts of accretion and outflow of material.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These stages include the deeply embedded Class 0 and Class I phases, which are mostly visible in infrared and radio wavelengths due to their thick dust envelopes. In later stages, such as Class II and Class III, the object becomes visible in optical wavelengths as it clears away its surrounding envelope.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Active accretion&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Young stellar objects are often associated with phenomena such as Herbig-Haro objects, which are jets of gas ejected by the star that collide with the surrounding medium, creating visible shock waves. These are indicators of active accretion. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protoplanetary-disks">Protoplanetary disks </h3>



<p>Another characteristic feature of YSOs is the presence of protoplanetary disks, rings of gas and dust that orbit the young star and can eventually form planets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-young-stellar-objects">Studying young stellar objects </h2>



<p>Observing YSOs can provide insights into the magnetic activity, stellar winds, and outflows that characterize the early lives of stars, which are much more active compared to their later stages.</p>



<p>Studying young stellar objects is crucial for understanding the processes that lead to star and planet formation and provides insights into the conditions of the early solar system.</p>



<p>The study is published as a preprint in the journal <em><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16242" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Young stellar objects: Observing the early lives of stars

In a recent study utilizing the capabilities of the James...

<p>A team of researchers led by <a href="https://www.ohsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon Health Science University</a> (OHSU) has found significant risks associated with the combined use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-cannabis-use-disorder-risk-varies-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> and nicotine during pregnancy.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research highlights a greater likelihood of poor outcomes for newborns when both substances are used together compared to using either independently throughout pregnancy.</p>



<p>“These findings suggest that co-occurring maternal use of cannabis and nicotine products in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of infant and neonatal death and maternal and neonatal morbidity compared with use of either substance alone,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Given the increasing prevalence of combined cannabis and nicotine use in pregnancy, these findings can help guide health care practitioners with preconception and prenatal counseling, especially regarding the benefits of cessation.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combined-use-of-substances-during-pregnancy">Combined use of substances during pregnancy</h2>



<p>What is particularly concerning, according to the researchers, is that half of individuals who use cannabis in pregnancy also use tobacco or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabidiol-could-help-cure-nicotine-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine</a> products. </p>



<p>“Numerous studies<sup> </sup>have demonstrated the detrimental effects of prenatal tobacco exposure, primarily nicotine exposure, on perinatal outcomes, including prematurity, low birth weight, and stillbirth. Currently there is a paucity of epidemiological data regarding the effects of combined prenatal exposure to both cannabis and nicotine products.”</p>



<p>“Emerging evidence indicates that cannabis use exacerbates the negative impacts of nicotine product exposure, and dual abstinence may result in better outcomes following cessation.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-and-nicotine-use-nbsp">Cannabis and nicotine use&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study senior author Jamie Lo is an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at OHSU.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With the growing legalization of cannabis around the country, there is often a perception that cannabis is safe in pregnancy,” said Professor Lo.</p>



<p>“Because we know that many people who use cannabis often use tobacco or nicotine products, we wanted to better understand the potential health implications on both the pregnant individual and the infant.”</p>



<p>“There is still a great deal of stigma around the use of substances during pregnancy,” she added. “With limited research to support official clinical recommendations, it can be a difficult topic for both patients and providers to navigate. Our hope is that this research supports more open and productive conversations that ultimately result in a healthier pregnancy.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-higher-rate-of-infant-mortality-nbsp">Higher rate of infant mortality&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team analyzed data from over three million pregnant individuals, identifying significant increases in adverse outcomes such as small for gestational size, preterm delivery, and infant mortality when both cannabis and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-nicotine-tobacco-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine</a> were used.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Most notable was the rate of infant death, which was found to be four times higher in users of both substances compared with non-users. Moreover, the rate was almost two times higher compared with users of just cannabis or nicotine alone.</p>



<p>These findings will likely have a significant impact in future counseling and educational efforts in prenatal care.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decreasing-the-pregnancy-risks-nbsp">Decreasing the pregnancy risks&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our findings suggest that avoiding use of just one of these substances can decrease the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-is-no-safe-level-of-caffeine-for-pregnant-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy risks</a> we see when both substances are used together, which is a critical piece of information providers can highlight when counseling patients,” said lead author Adam Crosland, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at OHSU.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-adverse-outcomes-nbsp">Mitigating adverse outcomes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research also incorporated insights from other experts at OHSU, including Eliot Spindel and Cindy McEvoy, who are investigating methods to mitigate adverse outcomes among children born to parents who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-who-smoke-just-one-cigarette-a-day-are-likely-addicted/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One intervention highlighted is the supplementation of vitamin C to pregnant smokers, which has shown to significantly improve respiratory outcomes in offspring.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-and-nicotine-during-pregnancy-nbsp">Cannabis and nicotine during pregnancy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the researchers aim to delve deeper into the effects of dual substance use during pregnancy, examining variables such as potency, frequency, and timing, to better educate pregnant patients about the associated risks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team also plans to continue exploring viable prenatal interventions, like vitamin C supplementation, to aid individuals who struggle to quit smoking during pregnancy.</p>



<p>“These findings suggest that more effective public health measures and counseling prior to conception and during pregnancy are warranted to mitigate the potential for adverse offspring outcomes from combined prenatal cannabis and nicotine use,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10151" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>JAMA</em></a>.</p>



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Cannabis and nicotine use during pregnancy linked to infant mortality

A team of researchers led by Oregon Health Science University...

<p>The coming decade is set to witness a surge in lunar exploration, with numerous missions planned to explore and establish a presence on our natural satellite. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-anthropocene-how-humans-have-impacted-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new era</a> will require a unified system for keeping time in order to ensure seamless communication and navigation among the various missions operating on and around the Moon.</p>



<p>The discussion, which began at ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESTEC/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre_ESTEC2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESTEC</a> technology center in the Netherlands last November, is part of a broader effort to establish a common 'LunaNet' architecture for lunar communication and navigation services.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-a-common-moon-time-reference-point">Importance of a common moon time reference point</h2>



<p>“<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/lunanet-empowering-artemis-with-communications-and-navigation-interoperability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LunaNet</a> is a framework of mutually agreed-upon standards, protocols and interface requirements allowing future lunar missions to work together, conceptually similar to what we did on Earth for joint use of GPS and Galileo,” explains Javier Ventura-Traveset, ESA's <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/05/Moonlight_-_Navigation_and_Telecommunications_for_the_Moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight Navigation</a> Manager.</p>



<p>"Now, in the lunar context, we have the opportunity to agree on our interoperability approach from the very beginning, before the systems are actually implemented," he continued.</p>



<p>ESA navigation system engineer Pietro Giordano adds, "During this meeting at ESTEC, we agreed on the importance and urgency of defining a common lunar reference time, which is internationally accepted and towards which all lunar systems and users may refer to. A joint international effort is now being launched towards achieving this."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges of keeping time on the Moon</h2>



<p>Currently, each new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-has-launched-a-spacecraft-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mission to the Moon</a> operates on its own timescale exported from Earth. Deep space antennas are used to keep onboard chronometers synchronized with terrestrial time while facilitating two-way communications. However, this approach will not be sustainable in the upcoming lunar environment.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Gateway" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gateway station</a>, once complete, will be open to astronaut stays and resupplied through regular NASA Artemis launches. </p>



<p>Meanwhile, numerous uncrewed missions will also be in place, with each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis mission</a> releasing numerous lunar CubeSats. ESA will also be deploying its Argonaut European Large Logistics Lander.</p>



<p>These missions will not only be operating simultaneously on or around the Moon but will also be interacting with each other, potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-will-build-a-surveillance-network-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relaying communications</a>, performing joint observations, or carrying out rendezvous operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moonlight-lunanet-and-lunar-timekeeping">Moonlight, LunaNet, and lunar timekeeping</h2>



<p>ESA is developing the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Connectivity_and_Secure_Communications/Moonlight" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moonlight program</a>, a lunar communications and navigation service that will allow missions to maintain links to and from Earth and guide them around the Moon and on its surface. </p>



<p>Wael-El Daly, system engineer for Moonlight, explains, "Moonlight will need a shared common timescale in order to get missions linked up and to facilitate position fixes."</p>



<p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> is also sponsoring an equivalent service called the Lunar Communications Relay and Navigation System (<a href="https://esc.gsfc.nasa.gov/projects/LCRNS/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LCRNS</a>). To maximize interoperability, these two systems should employ the same timescale, along with the many other crewed and uncrewed missions they will support.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lunar-time-lessons-from-earth-s-gps-satellites">Lunar time lessons from Earth's GPS satellites</h2>



<p>Interoperability of time and geodetic reference frames has been successfully achieved here on Earth for Global Navigation Satellite Systems. All of today's smartphones are able to make use of existing GNSS to compute a user position down to meter or even decimeter level.</p>



<p>"The experience of this success can be re-used for the technical long-term lunar systems to come, even though stable timekeeping on the Moon will throw up its own unique challenges – such as taking into account the fact that time passes at a different rate there due to the Moon's specific gravity and velocity effects," explaines Jörg Hahn, ESA's chief Galileo engineer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debate-on-setting-and-maintaining-moon-time">Debate on setting and maintaining moon time</h2>



<p>Among the current topics under debate is whether a single organization should be responsible for setting and maintaining lunar time and whether lunar time should be set independently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> or kept synchronized with Earth.</p>



<p>The international team working on this subject will face considerable technical issues. For example, clocks on the Moon run faster than their terrestrial equivalents, gaining around 56 microseconds per day. Their exact rate depends on their position on the Moon, ticking differently on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-want-to-put-fiber-optic-cables-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar surface</a> than from orbit.</p>



<p>"Of course, the agreed time system will also have to be practical for astronauts. This will be quite a challenge on a planetary surface where in the equatorial region each day is 29.5 days long, including freezing fortnight-long lunar nights, with the whole of Earth just a small blue circle in the dark sky," says Bernhard Hufenbach, a member of the Moonlight Management Team from ESA's Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration.</p>



<p>But having established a working time system for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-aims-to-use-lunar-caves-to-build-an-underground-moon-base/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Moon</a>, we can go on to do the same for other planetary destinations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-a-common-frame-of-reference">Need for a common frame of reference</h2>



<p>To work together effectively, the international community will also need to agree on a common 'selenocentric reference frame', similar to the role played on Earth by the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/site/jsgt/jtrf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ITRF</a>). </p>



<p>This allows for the consistent measurement of precise distances between points across our planet and is an essential ingredient of today's GNSS systems.</p>



<p>"Throughout human history, exploration has actually been a key driver of improved timekeeping and geodetic reference models," Javier Ventura-Traveset adds.</p>



<p>"It is certainly an exciting time to do that now for the Moon, working towards defining an internationally agreed timescale and a common selenocentric reference, which will not only ensure interoperability between the different lunar navigation systems, but which will also foster a large number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-designs-nuclear-fission-reactor-to-provide-electricity-on-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research opportunities</a> and applications in cislunar space," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-rewards-of-keeping-time-on-the-moon">Challenges and rewards of keeping time on the moon</h2>



<p>In summary, as we stand on the cusp of a new era in lunar exploration, the international space community must come together to establish a unified timekeeping system and a common selenocentric reference frame. </p>



<p>These essential components will ensure seamless communication, navigation, and collaboration among the numerous missions set to operate on and around the Moon in the coming years. </p>



<p>By working towards an internationally agreed-upon lunar timescale and a standardized reference frame, we will pave the way for successful lunar exploration while advancing a wealth of research opportunities and applications in cislunar space. </p>



<p>The time has come to synchronize our efforts and create a robust foundation for the future of lunar exploration and discovery.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Knowing what time it is on the Moon isn’t as easy as it may seem

The coming decade is set to witness a surge in...

<p></p>
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<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">The making of a satellite Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> comes from the </span><a href="https://www.esa.int/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (ESA) and features a look at the making of the Sentinel-3B satellite.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A team of skilled engineers led by Kristof Gantois, ESA Engineering and AIV Manager, have designed, developed and built the new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-battling-wildfires/">satellite</a> and will test it in preparation for its official launch. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The team is working in a clean room at the Thales Alenia Space in Cannes and discuss the challenges of building a device that requires such precise accuracy.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rory Arnold</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: </span></i><a href="https://www.esa.int/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (ESA)</span></i></p>