<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. </p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. </p>



<p>This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.</p>



<p>Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

<p>As our climate warms, the UK and Ireland are witnessing an alarming increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> events, characterized by severe wind and heavy rainfall occurring simultaneously. Recent research reveals that these compound extremes are set to become more frequent and severe, posing new challenges to both infrastructure and emergency responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emerging-threats-from-a-warmer-climate">Emerging threats from a warmer climate</h2>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a> have documented significant changes through climate simulations spanning historical periods (1981-2000) to projected future scenarios (2060-2081). </p>



<p>The findings highlight a stark increase in the severity of extreme weather events as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a> continue to rise. This intensification is primarily due to increased rainfall, a direct thermodynamic response to the warming climate. </p>



<p>Additionally, alterations in the jet stream - with its southward movement - are anticipated to steer storms through warmer regions, which will further amplify rainfall. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalation-in-compound-weather-extremes">Escalation in compound weather extremes</h2>



<p>The UK and Ireland are expected to face more frequent and severe windstorms paired with extreme rainfall, increasing the risk of catastrophic flooding. </p>



<p>This escalation in compound weather extremes presents a significant threat to coastal areas prone to flooding and could severely impact emergency services and infrastructure, including power and transportation networks.</p>



<p>Dr. Colin Manning, who led the study, noted the dire implications if current trends persist. "Our work shows that such compound extremes will occur more frequently as our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate warms</a> and likely bring more severe impacts."</p>



<p>The aggregation of damage from both wind and flooding is expected to significantly strain emergency response capabilities. </p>



<p>In response, Dr. Manning recommends a dual strategy to lessen these impacts: reducing greenhouse gas emissions and bolstering the resilience of essential infrastructure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-dynamics-of-compound-weather-extremes">Decoding the dynamics of compound weather extremes </h2>



<p>To better understand and predict these compound weather extremes, the researchers implemented a comprehensive analytical approach. They linked severe wind and rainfall events to the occurrence of extra-tropical cyclones (ETCs) in the region. </p>



<p>Using indices like the Wind Severity Index (WSI) and Rainfall Severity Index (RSI), the researchers measured the intensity of extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-makes-it-difficult-to-understand-extreme-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather</a> events. They also calculated the return periods for both individual and combined extremes to determine their likelihood and characterized the events by their specific wind and rainfall traits. This approach was key in identifying changes in the intensities of wind and rainfall.</p>



<p>Professor Lizzie Kendon, a key contributor to the research, emphasizes the significance of the advanced climate projections that were utilized. These projections, based on high-resolution models, provide an in-depth view of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/local-weather-climate-change-beliefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local weather</a> extremes are expected to develop over the next decades. </p>



<p>"This is highlighting the importance of considering compounding effects, including co-occurrences of different hazards, as well as the clustering of extreme events, in fully capturing the potential impacts of climate change," noted Kendon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-to-enhance-climate-resilience">Research to enhance climate resilience</h2>



<p>The insights garnered from this study set a crucial groundwork for further investigation into the mechanisms driving these compound weather extremes. Future research will expand to include a broader array of climate models to confirm the robustness of the results. </p>



<p>Understanding the direct link between these compound events and their resultant impacts is vital. As the evidence mounts, it becomes increasingly clear that a proactive and informed approach is essential for managing and mitigating the effects of climate change on weather patterns. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-compound-weather-extremes">More about compound weather extremes</h2>



<p>Compound weather extremes refer to scenarios where multiple adverse weather events occur simultaneously or sequentially, often exacerbating the impacts compared to what would be expected from any single event. </p>



<p>These combinations can include heatwaves coinciding with droughts, heavy rainfall alongside storm surges, or simultaneous occurrences of extreme winds and precipitation. Such compound events often result in more severe consequences for ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health than the sum of their individual parts.</p>



<p>For example, when a heatwave and drought occur together, the strain on water resources intensifies, stressing agricultural systems and increasing the risk of wildfires. Another example is when heavy rainfall happens in conjunction with a storm surge; the resulting floods can be far more destructive than either event would be alone. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212094724000343" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weather and Climate Extremes</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Compound weather extremes are now more frequent and severe

As our climate warms, the UK and Ireland are witnessing...

3d,Illustration,Bacteriophage,Infecting,Bacterium

<p>The fracking industry in the Permian Basin generates an overwhelming 168 billion gallons of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-wastewater-is-a-hidden-solution-to-the-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wastewater</a> annually. This "produced water" is notoriously difficult and expensive to treat due to its chemical complexity. </p>



<p>Sadly, traditional methods often fall short, leaving the industry grappling with the financial and environmental costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteriophages">Bacteriophages</h2>



<p>Researchers have recently made a significant breakthrough in the quest for a more efficient and cost-effective treatment method. </p>



<p>Their study, which brings to light the potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-virus-discovered-in-the-deepest-part-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> -- viruses known for their ability to target and eliminate specific bacteria -- is paving the way for innovative solutions in water treatment.</p>



<p>Ramón Antonio Sánchez, a doctoral candidate at The University of Texas at El Paso (<a href="https://www.utep.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UTEP</a>), spearheads this research. He explains that bacteriophages are uniquely adept at infecting and destroying single species of bacteria without harming others. </p>



<p>This specificity is particularly useful in tackling the problematic bacteria found in produced water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fracking industry and wastewater challenges</h2>



<p>Produced water from fracking contains bacteria like <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, which corrodes metal infrastructure, and <em>Bacillus megaterium</em>, known for decomposing hydrocarbons. </p>



<p>These bacteria present serious challenges for the durability of fracking pipelines and the cleanliness of the water. </p>



<p>By targeting these bacteria, bacteriophages offer a rapid and targeted approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-water-treatment-method-is-eco-friendly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water treatment</a>, enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of oil and gas production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-access-and-effectiveness">Expanding access and effectiveness</h2>



<p>Despite the significant potential of bacteriophages to revolutionize wastewater treatment, several challenges limit their current application. Firstly, these viruses are not widely available, restricting their immediate use in industrial settings. </p>



<p>Moreover, the nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> is such that each type typically targets a specific strain of bacteria. This specificity, while beneficial for targeting harmful bacteria without disrupting beneficial ones, means that a wide variety of bacteriophages must be developed to address the different bacteria found in various environments.</p>



<p>To overcome these limitations, the research team is actively working to increase the diversity of bacteriophages that can be produced and used commercially. By broadening the range of bacteriophages, they aim to create a more flexible and adaptable treatment solution. </p>



<p>This expansion would allow for the treatment of a broader array of bacterial contaminants, significantly enhancing the versatility and effectiveness of bacteriophage technology in cleaning up fracking wastewater and potentially other industrial applications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-academic-research">Academic research</h2>



<p>Sánchez's successful lab experiments with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eavesdropping-viruses-the-unseen-war-within-our-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> mark a significant breakthrough. He plans to extend these achievements to industry settings, aiming to replicate his results and expand the range of treatable microorganisms. </p>



<p>UTEP's growing research reputation attracts talented researchers like Sánchez. His doctoral advisor, Ricardo Bernal, Ph.D., an associate professor at UTEP, commends this pioneering work for its potential to refine industrial practices and enhance environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fracking-wastewater-treatment-significance">Fracking wastewater treatment significance</h2>



<p>In summary, the innovative application of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-develop-smart-food-packaging-show-contamination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> for treating fracking wastewater underscores a critical breakthrough in industrial water treatment technology. </p>



<p>This approach not only demonstrates the direct benefits of cleaner, more sustainable wastewater management in the oil and gas industry but also serves as a powerful example of how scientific research can address real-world challenges. </p>



<p>By harnessing the natural targeting capabilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteriophages</a> to selectively eliminate harmful bacteria, this method offers a potentially transformative solution to one of the significant environmental issues posed by fracking operations.</p>



<p>Moreover, the success of this research could inspire similar strategies across other sectors that face wastewater management challenges, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and municipal water treatment. </p>



<p>The broader implications of this study suggest that integrating biological technologies into industrial processes could pave the way for more environmentally friendly practices globally. </p>



<p>Thus, the application of bacteriophages in water treatment not only addresses specific industrial needs but also contributes to the larger dialogue on sustainable development and environmental stewardship.</p>



<p>As this technology develops, it may offer a blueprint for other industries seeking sustainable solutions to environmental challenges.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/6/797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Bacteriophages could revolutionize fracking wastewater treatment

The fracking industry in the Permian Basin generates an overwhelming...

<p>You probably try to make the best choices you can when it comes to feeding yourself and your family – but is what you see in the grocery store or local market the healthiest or most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-diets-offer-health-benefits-and-lower-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable option</a>? A new study out of <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a> has some troubling findings that reveal most human diets, high in meat and sugar, pose health risks and harm the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-diets-then-and-now">Human diets, then and now</h2>



<p>Just a few decades ago, modern human meals tended to be simpler, focused on home-cooked foods with less emphasis on year-round fresh produce. While fresh fruits and vegetables were enjoyed seasonally, variety was often more limited than today. </p>



<p>Today, despite vastly expanded options and knowledge about nutrition, dietary habits have taken a turn for the worse. This begs the question: with supermarkets bursting with variety and nutritional information readily available, why haven't average human diets become healthier?</p>



<p>Researchers from McGill University and the <a href="https://www.ifpri.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Food Policy Research Institute</a> conducted a multi-year study to analyze the evolution of the Canadian food supply. </p>



<p>Their goal was to understand how changes in food availability and consumption patterns impact human health and the environment. </p>



<p>The findings indicate a troubling mismatch between what's available in the food system and what constitutes optimal nutrition for both individuals and the planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappointing-reality-of-modern-human-food">Disappointing reality of modern human food</h2>



<p>To assess how well the modern human food landscape supports healthy eating, researchers needed reliable benchmarks. They chose two highly respected sources:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Canada food guide:</strong>&nbsp;This government-issued resource provides Canadians with evidence-based recommendations about the types and quantities of foods needed to promote health and prevent chronic disease.</li>



<li><strong>EAT-Lancet commission:</strong>&nbsp;This global commission of scientists convened to create a planetary health diet – one that emphasizes optimal nutrition for humans while ensuring long-term sustainability of food production and safeguarding the environment.</li>
</ul>



<p>The researchers meticulously analyzed nearly 60 years of data from Canadian farms and food companies. They wanted to understand the complex relationship between what is produced, how it's processed, and what products end up readily available to consumers.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, this in-depth analysis revealed a disheartening trend: the food most easily accessible to the average modern human doesn't measure up to the standards of either the Canada Food Guide or the EAT-Lancet Commission's recommendations. </p>



<p>This starkly shows that although we know about healthy, sustainable eating, our current food system does not consistently support those choices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-supply">Food supply</h2>



<p>"One of the study's most striking findings is the evident imbalance in the food supply. There's a conspicuous overabundance of red meat and sugar, products that have long been associated with various health issues when consumed in excess," says Vincent Abe-Inge, Ph.D. student in McGill's Department of Bioresource Engineering and lead author of the study.</p>



<p>Sadly, we just aren't seeing a matching increase in healthier options. "Conversely, there's a notable deficiency in healthier alternatives like nuts, legumes, and vegetables," Abe-Inge continues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-impact-on-environment">Diet impact on environment</h2>



<p>We often overlook the environmental implications of what we eat. However, a meat-heavy diet has consequences far beyond individual health. </p>



<p>Animal products, while representing a smaller portion of our overall food sources, leave a disproportionately large environmental footprint.</p>



<p>The study delved into the specific environmental costs associated with animal-based foods:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Greenhouse gas emissions:</strong>&nbsp;Livestock production is a significant contributor to greenhouse gases, which play a major role in climate change.</li>



<li><strong>Water use:</strong>&nbsp;Raising animals for food requires substantial amounts of water for both the animals themselves and the crops grown to feed them. This high water demand puts a strain on water resources.</li>



<li><strong>Land use:</strong>&nbsp;Animal agriculture requires vast areas of land, both for grazing and for growing feed crops. This land use often contributes to deforestation and loss of biodiversity.</li>
</ul>



<p>In essence, the study highlights that our over-reliance on animal-based foods exacts a higher cost on the planet than is necessary to feed the population. A shift towards more plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> could significantly reduce these harmful environmental impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-diet-for-better-environment">Better diet for better environment</h2>



<p>The study underscores that reducing meat and sugar consumption is beneficial, but there are broader steps humans in modern societies can take to enhance both their health and the environment:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substituting-plant-based-proteins">Substituting plant-based proteins</h3>



<p>While adopting a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle is not necessary, incorporating plant-based proteins like beans or lentils instead of meat in several meals each week can make a significant difference. </p>



<p>This shift not only supports personal health by reducing the intake of animal fats and cholesterol, but also lessens the environmental burden, as plant-based foods generally require fewer resources like water and land compared to meat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-fruits-and-vegetables">More fruits and vegetables</h3>



<p>Consistently increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables is not only a healthful choice but also an environmentally favorable one. </p>



<p>These foods are packed with essential nutrients that promote health and are more sustainable to produce than many animal-derived products. </p>



<p>Their lower environmental impact is due to factors such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and less intensive land use.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demand-better-diet-and-environment">Demand better diet and environment</h3>



<p>Individuals have the power to influence the market by demanding more healthful, sustainable food options. This can be done through purchasing decisions and by voicing the need for changes in food policy. </p>



<p>Consumers can encourage businesses and policymakers to prioritize the availability of nutritious and environmentally friendly foods, leading to broader changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-changes-in-diet-can-greatly-reduce-your-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food</a> systems and policies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-change-is-possible">Change is possible</h2>



<p>This study isn't designed to make individuals feel guilty about their dietary choices. Instead, it aims to bring widespread attention to the systemic issues within our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> and their consequences on health and environment. </p>



<p>Understanding these challenges is the first step towards positive change. By shedding light on the disconnect between the way we produce and consume food and its implications for health and the environment, the study empowers consumers, policymakers, and food industry leaders to take action.</p>



<p>The focus lies in advocating for solutions:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Informed consumer choices:</strong>&nbsp;Greater awareness of these issues can drive individuals to make small but impactful shifts in their own diets, creating a demand for healthier and more sustainable options.</li>



<li><strong>Policy changes:</strong>&nbsp;The findings highlight the need for policy interventions that support a more balanced food supply, incentivizing the production and consumption of plant-based foods and potentially disincentivizing those foods with excessive environmental burdens.</li>



<li><strong>Industry transformation:</strong>&nbsp;Food producers and retailers have a crucial role to play in evolving their offerings and practices to better align with the needs of both people and the planet.</li>
</ul>



<p>"There's an urgent need to adopt a holistic approach that not only prioritizes public health but also the health of our planet. By aligning food supply more closely with recommended dietary guidelines, we can pave the way for a healthier, more sustainable future," concludes Vincent Abe-Inge.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211912423000664?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Food Security</a></em>.</p>



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Modern human diets pose many risks to both health and the environment

You probably try to make the best choices you can...

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<p><br /><span style="font-weight: 400;">More than half of parents do not trust the flu shot Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from </span><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">EurekAlert</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> reveals that a shocking number of parents do not trust flu vaccinations for their children.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Last year, more than 180 children died in the United States from the flu, and health professionals agree that the best prevention method is to get a flu shot.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, a national survey from Orlando Health has found that one-third of parents do not trust that the vaccination works, while at least half of parents believe that their child can get the flu from the vaccine itself.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr. Jean Moorjani of the Arnold Palmer Hospital for children explained, “The parts of the virus that are used are completely dead, so you cannot get the flu from the flu shot.”   </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Doctors recommend the flu vaccine because we know based on science and research and facts that it is the best way to protect yourself and your family against the flu.” More than half of parents do not trust the flu shot as shown above will also show Most of the time flu goes away without treatment. Taking medication can help relieve symptoms. Bed rest will help in faster recovery.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: EurekAlert</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></p>


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