<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. </p>



<p>"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



<p>ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud. </p>



<p>“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."</p>



<p>The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



<p>“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.</p>



<p>Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.</p>



<p>Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



<p>NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.</p>



<p>Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. </p>



<p>These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



<p>NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.</p>



<p>The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit<strong>: </strong>ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Stellar nursery NGC 1333 shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features the vibrant colors of the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars. The image reveals a landscape abundant in iron, magnesium, and aluminum. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-mars">The colors of Mars</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-samples-from-mars-could-reveal-fascinating-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> gets its distinctive red color from iron oxides, or rust, on its surface. The Martian soil and dust are rich in iron minerals, which oxidize when exposed to the small amounts of oxygen present in the Martian atmosphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This oxidation process gives the planet its reddish hue, similar to how iron objects on Earth develop rust. </p>



<p>The scattering of sunlight by these iron oxide particles further enhances the reddish appearance when viewed from a distance. However, the human eye can only perceive a fraction of Mars' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-captured-in-true-color-like-youve-never-seen-the-red-planet-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">true color</a> palette.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassis-image">CaSSIS image</h2>



<p>The European Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) offers a more detailed view, showcasing a striking diversity of colors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This CaSSIS <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/06/Metallic_Mars_landscape" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a> reveals yellow layers rich in iron and magnesium clays, overlain by white and blue layers abundant in aluminum. </p>



<p>The area is draped by a dark, heavily eroded layer, illustrating a vibrant, metallic landscape formed around 3.6 billion years ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mawrth-vallis">Mawrth Vallis</h2>



<p>Mawrth Vallis lies just south of the dichotomy boundary, a ridge marking the divide between Mars' southern highlands and northern lowlands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This region continues to captivate scientists due to its geological complexity and history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">liquid water</a> flow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although Mawrth Vallis was considered as a landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover, the mission ultimately chose Oxia Planum for its search for signs of life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upcoming-rosalind-franklin-mission">Upcoming Rosalind Franklin mission</h2>



<p>The Rosalind Franklin mission is a joint mission by the European Space Agency (ESA) and Roscosmos aimed at exploring the surface of Mars to search for signs of past or present life. </p>



<p>The mission is named after Rosalind Franklin, the pioneering British scientist whose work was crucial in the discovery of DNA's structure.</p>



<p>The rover is designed to drill up to two meters below the Martian surface, where it is believed any signs of life may be better preserved, away from the harsh surface radiation. </p>



<p>The Rosalind Franklin rover was originally scheduled to launch in 2020, but technical delays and the COVID-19 pandemic pushed the launch window to 2028. </p>



<p>Once on Mars, the rover will collaborate with other missions like NASA's Perseverance and Curiosity rovers to advance our understanding of the Red Planet's habitability and history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-ancient-past">Mars’ ancient past</h2>



<p>While Rosalind Franklin prepares for its mission, the TGO remains in orbit, conducting crucial research to unravel Mars' ancient past and assess its potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-mars-seismic-discoveries-and-the-quest-for-past-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitability</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since beginning its full science mission in 2018, TGO has not only captured stunning images but also provided a comprehensive inventory of Mars' atmospheric gases and mapped water-rich locations on the planet's surface.</p>



<p>For six years, CaSSIS has delivered breathtaking views of Mars in vivid color, documenting features ranging from volcanic landscapes to active dust devils and immense sand dunes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding Mars' water history and its implications for past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-is-letting-out-mysterious-methane-burps-but-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> remains a core focus of ESA’s ExoMars missions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metals-on-mars">Metals on Mars</h2>



<p>Mars is rich in various metals that contribute to its geological and mineralogical diversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While iron is the most prominent, magnesium is also abundant. It is often found in the form of clays, contributing to the planet's diverse mineral composition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Aluminum is another significant metal present on Mars, commonly found in layered deposits and sediments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-metal-layers-of-mars">Complex metal layers of Mars</h3>



<p>These metals are not evenly distributed but are found in various concentrations across the Martian surface.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, regions like Mawrth Vallis exhibit a complex layering of different metal-rich minerals, including iron and magnesium-rich clays overlain by aluminium-rich layers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This diversity indicates a rich geological history involving water activity, volcanic processes, and sedimentary deposition.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-changes-over-time">Major changes over time</h3>



<p>The presence of these metals suggests that Mars has undergone significant chemical and physical processes over billions of years, shaping its current landscape.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding the distribution and composition of metals on Mars helps scientists piece together the planet's history and assess its past potential for habitability.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Metallic Mars: The diverse colors of the Red Planet

<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. </p>



<p>The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.</p>



<p>“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<p>"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.</p>



<p>“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



<p>“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”</p>



<p>According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”</p>



<p>Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.</p>



<p>Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



<p>Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Finally, the Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. </p>



<p>This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. </p>



<p>Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been created using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman-image">Gulf of Oman image</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman image selected by Knuble is not a natural-color representation but is enhanced to highlight specific details within the water. </p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. </p>



<p>Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. </p>



<p>However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. </p>



<p>This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability - with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the most impressive aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. </p>



<p>This capability provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. </p>



<p>By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-gulf-of-oman">More about the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut photograph of Fayzabad, a culturally diverse city in the Kokcha River valley of Northern Afghanistan. The photo was captured as the International Space Station passed over central Asia.</p>



<p>Fayzabad is the capital of the Badakhshan Province. It is located in a mountainous part of northeastern Afghanistan at an elevation of about 4,000 feet.</p>



<p>“The city is situated along the Kokcha River, which flows northward within a deep river valley surrounded by the Hindu Kush Mountains and eventually discharges into the Amu Darya River,” noted NASA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-fayzabad-nbsp">Climate of Fayzabad&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, the climate of Fayzabad varies from cold semi-arid to Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental.</p>



<p>The summer months are warm, with average high temperatures ranging from 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The winter months are cold, with average low temperatures often dropping below freezing - sometimes reaching as low as 14 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The region receives moderate precipitation, mostly during the spring and winter. Snowfall is common in winter, adding to the mountainous region's picturesque landscape.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fayzabad-culture">Fayzabad culture</h2>



<p>Historically, Fayzabad has been a center of learning and culture, though its development has been hampered by years of conflict.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite these challenges, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-started-cumulative-culture-around-600000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a> remains a vital component of the region, which is known for its traditional crafts including weaving and embroidery.</p>



<p>Cultural life in Fayzabad is influenced by its predominantly Tajik population, along with other ethnic groups such as Uzbeks and Hazaras. The local cuisine is a blend of traditional Afghan flavors, incorporating ingredients like rice, meat, and a variety of spices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-nbsp">Land use changes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This territory has experienced notable changes in its land use in recent decades, especially with commercial and administrative growth near the airport,” noted NASA.</p>



<p>“Among the changes: a new airstrip built west of the Kokcha River. However, mountains hem in the city and limit how much development is possible.”</p>



<p>“Despite these topographical barriers, some development has spread into hilly areas south of Fayzabad. Green vegetation is mostly confined to mountain valleys, stream channels, and the Kokcha River floodplain.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The Kokcha River meanders through the valley, providing a vital water resource for the region. Fields of predominantly wheat and rice cover much of the floodplain, though these flat areas are mixed with residential, industrial, and commercial activity as well.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kokcha-river-nbsp">Kokcha River&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Kokcha River originates in the Hindu Kush mountains. It stretches approximately 360 kilometers before joining the Amu Darya, one of Central Asia's major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Kokcha River traverses rugged terrain, providing vital irrigation for agriculture in the region and supporting local communities' livelihoods.&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-amount-of-water-do-earths-rivers-hold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> basin features diverse landscapes that include mountainous areas and fertile valleys.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Throughout history, the Kokcha River has played a crucial role in the region's cultural and economic development, serving as a natural resource for the inhabitants and influencing settlement patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northern-afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan </h2>



<p>Northern Afghanistan is known for its diverse landscape, featuring fertile plains, rugged mountains, and strategic rivers such as the Amu Darya. </p>



<p>Historically, northern Afghanistan has been an important cultural and trade center. The city of Balkh, often referred to as "the mother of cities," is a hub of early civilization and a major stop on the Silk Road.</p>



<p>Northern Afghanistan has experienced periods of relative stability compared to the rest of the country, though it has also seen conflict - particularly during the Soviet invasion, the civil war of the 1990s, and the more recent Taliban resurgence.</p>



<p>The region's economy traditionally revolves around agriculture. Wheat, cotton, and fruits are key crops. In addition, there are vast mineral resources, although instability has hindered their full exploitation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-northern-afghanistan">Wildlife of Northern Afghanistan </h2>



<p>In mountainous regions of Northern Afghanistan, such as the Hindu Kush, you can find species like the elusive snow leopard, which is well-adapted to the rugged terrain. </p>



<p>Other mountain-dwelling animals include the Asiatic black bear and the Siberian ibex, both of which thrive in the high-altitude environments.</p>



<p>The plains and valleys are home to various species of antelope, such as the goitered gazelle, as well as foxes, wolves, and smaller mammals like hares. </p>



<p>Birdlife is also abundant, with species ranging from eagles and vultures in the mountains to waterfowl along rivers and wetlands. The region’s rivers and lakes, though under environmental pressure, support fish species and amphibians.</p>



<p>However, many of these species are under threat. Decades of war and instability have impacted conservation efforts, with illegal hunting and habitat destruction taking a toll on populations. </p>



<p>Some areas, such as the Wakhan Corridor in the northeast, remain relatively untouched and serve as crucial refuges for wildlife, where rare species like the Marco Polo sheep still roam. These havens are increasingly important for conservation efforts in the region.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Fayzabad and the Kokcha River valley 

<p>The Neotropics is one of Earth's richest vessels of biodiversity. It contains a colorful and diverse array of bird species and is home to around 30% of all bird species worldwide. </p>



<p>Despite the ecological complexity and biodiversity of the region, climate change poses a severe threat to bird diversity in the coming decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unsettling-forecast-for-birds">Unsettling forecast for birds</h2>



<p>Jeff Brawn, co-lead author of a recent study on birds of the Neotropics, is a professor emeritus in the <a href="https://nres.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences</a> at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.</p>



<p>“Compared to a more optimistic future precipitation scenario, we predict the ‘business-as-usual’ scenario will be potentially catastrophic for resident forest birds in the Neotropics,” said Brawn, noting that birds are just one part of a larger picture.</p>



<p>"We're just using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> as an illustration. We will likely see similar threats for mammals, reptiles, amphibians, arthropods, fungi, and plants. And the implications for agriculture are not insignificant either."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-scenarios-for-the-neotropics">Climate scenarios for the Neotropics </h2>



<p>Brawn's team, including Professor David Luther from George Mason University (GMU) and Rong Fu from UCLA, predicted precipitation changes under two climate scenarios in the Neotropics by 2100.</p>



<p>The business-as-usual scenario, known as SSP-8.5, paints a grim future where greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. </p>



<p>On the other hand, the SSP-2.6 scenario represents an optimistic view where aggressive climate action leads to the transition to a low-carbon economy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-ranges-and-climate-challenges">Bird ranges and climate challenges</h2>



<p>The team investigated how bird ranges overlap with climate issues by mapping predicted changes in dry season lengths across the Neotropics and overlaying the distribution of 3,000 forest bird species.</p>



<p>"We were able to say where the dry season is going to get longer or shorter, and to what extent, and how many species currently living in those places will be affected," explained Luther.</p>



<p>The SSP-8.5 scenario is discouraging. It projects that dry seasons will be extended by at least 5% across three-quarters of Neotropical lowland forests, impacting 2,000 species of resident birds. </p>



<p>By contrast, only 90 bird species face longer dry seasons in the SSP-2.6 scenario, where just 10% of lowland forests become drier.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-dry-seasons-in-the-neotropics">Longer dry seasons in the Neotropics </h2>



<p>Longer dry seasons due to climate change could have far-reaching implications for tropical ecosystems and bird <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-behavior-productivity-being-directly-impacted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species distributions</a>. </p>



<p>"Think of a closed canopy rainforest. If it gets too dry, there's going to be a threshold where it'll open up and become a savannah,” Brawn said.</p>



<p>For Luther, the maps highlight areas of relative stability. "If we're going to plan future conservation efforts, we should put extra effort into those areas because they're less likely to dry out."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-deforestation">Climate change and deforestation</h2>



<p>Despite the unsettling findings on the loss of bird diversity and ecosystems, the team believes the study paints a "rosy picture" as it doesn't account for the impact of deforestation from climate change. Therefore, the reality of the situation is even more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-species-are-shifting-their-habitats-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical</a>.</p>



<p>“If there's fewer trees, it's hotter and drier,” Brawn said. “Unfortunately, thousands of hectares of tropical forest disappear every year."</p>



<p>The researchers hope these alarming insights expedite policy action. However, climate policy is just one piece of a larger puzzle.</p>



<p>The good news? "These are all things we can solve, if we choose to. We can do the right thing," Luther said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-birds-in-the-neotropics">Saving birds in the Neotropics </h2>



<p>The complex challenges facing the Neotropics demand a concerted and multi-disciplinary approach.</p>



<p>Researchers, conservationists, policymakers, and local communities must collaborate to implement sustainable solutions. Integrated strategies that combine scientific research with traditional ecological knowledge provide the most effective avenues for positive change.</p>



<p>Efforts to preserve biodiversity must consider the socioeconomic realities of the region, ensuring economically viable and culturally inclusive conservation initiatives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-innovations">Technological innovations</h2>



<p>Technological advancements play a role in addressing environmental and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-birds-can-handle-climate-variability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate challenges</a>. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies enable more precise monitoring of ecosystem changes and effective conservation planning.</p>



<p>Moreover, advancements in renewable energy and sustainable agricultural practices offer opportunities to mitigate the impact of climate change.</p>



<p>Brawn and his colleagues advocate for harnessing these technologies. They argue adopting innovative tools empowers communities and helps safeguard the Neotropics biodiversity.</p>



<p>Humanity stands at the crossroads of a monumental decision. Will it transition towards a world of mitigated carbon emission and preserve the ecology of places like the Neotropics or continue on a path of unbridled <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change, risking thousands of bird species?</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17544" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Hundreds of bird species face extinction risks in the Neotropics

The Neotropics is one of Earth's richest vessels of biodiversity....

<p>Understanding the impact of climate change can be challenging when framed in terms of global temperature changes. To make it more relatable, researchers at MIT have introduced a concept called “outdoor days.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>This approach measures the number of days per year in a given location when the weather is suitable for typical outdoor activities - like walking, gardening, or dining outside - without being too hot or too cold.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-localized-perspective-on-global-change">A localized perspective on global change</h2>



<p>In a previous study, the researchers applied the outdoor days concept to assess the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> across different countries. </p>



<p>The analysis revealed that much of the global south would experience a significant reduction in outdoor days, while some northern regions could see a slight increase. </p>



<p>Building on these findings, the team has now focused on different parts of the United States, dividing the country into nine climatic regions. </p>



<p>The experts found that areas such as Florida and the Southeast may face a major decrease in outdoor days, whereas the Northwest could experience a modest increase.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-climate-change-to-everyday-life">Connecting climate change to everyday life</h2>



<p>“This is something very new in our attempt to understand the impacts of climate change, in addition to the changing extremes,” said lead author Yeon-Woo Choi, a postdoctoral fellow at <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>. </p>



<p>The method aims to show how global climate shifts can directly affect people's daily experiences rather than focusing solely on overall temperature trends or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather events</a> like hurricanes. </p>



<p>“To the best of my knowledge, nobody else takes this same approach” to assess local climate impacts, he added. “I hope that many others will parallel our approach to better understand how climate may affect our daily lives.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-extremes-versus-reality">Climate extremes versus reality</h2>



<p>The study explored two climate scenarios: one where global efforts significantly reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-first-greenhouse-gas-detecting-satellite-is-now-in-orbit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and a “worst-case” scenario where emissions continue to rise unchecked. </p>



<p>Using these scenarios with 32 global climate models, the researchers found consistent trends across all models. Study senior author Elfatih Eltahir, an expert in climate change at MIT, suggests that reality might fall between the extremes.</p>



<p>Eltahir does not think we will act as aggressively as the low-emissions scenario suggests, or as carelessly as the high-emissions scenario. He predicts that “maybe the reality will emerge in the middle, toward the end of the century.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outdoor-days-across-the-united-states-nbsp">Outdoor days across the United States&nbsp;</h2>



<p>By analyzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-temperature-has-changed-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a> trends from 1961 to 2020 and projecting them to the end of this century, the researchers uncovered notable changes in outdoor days. </p>



<p>The Southeastern United States is expected to face significant impacts, with a decline in the number of days suitable for outdoor activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It seems like climate change is going to have a significant impact on the Southeast in terms of reducing the number of outdoor days,” Eltahir said, which could affect the quality of life, tourism, and retirement appeal in those regions.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, the study revealed that one of the regions that would benefit slightly is the Northwest, though the gain is limited.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Northwest could see an increase of around 14% in outdoor days by the century’s end, compared to the period from 1976 to 2005. In contrast, the Southwest may see an average loss of 23% in outdoor days.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outdoor-days-and-economic-activities-nbsp">Outdoor days and economic activities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study also examined the relationship between outdoor days and economic activities like tourism, using data from <a href="https://www.nps.gov/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Park Service</a> visits. </p>



<p>“Accounting for seasonal variations, we find a clear connection between the number of outdoor days and the number of tourist visits in the United States,” Choi explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-seasons-and-outdoor-activities-nbsp">Shifting seasons and outdoor activities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While the total annual number of outdoor days may not change dramatically for many regions, their seasonal distribution could shift.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As summers become hotter, spring and fall might replace summer as the most favorable seasons for outdoor activities. Eltahir notes that this shift is already apparent in places like Florida, where “the really enjoyable time of year is in the spring and fall, and summer is not the best time of year.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-online-tool-to-measure-outdoor-days">Online tool to measure outdoor days</h2>



<p>To allow individuals to explore how changing climates could affect their own experiences, the researchers developed an online tool.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This tool lets users define their own comfort ranges for outdoor temperatures and see how their number of outdoor days might change over time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For the study, the researchers used a standard range of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius (50 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit), which represents the “thermoneutral zone” where the human body does not need to generate extra heat or sweat for cooling.</p>



<p>“If you disagree with how we define an outdoor day, you could define one for yourself, and then you’ll see what the impacts of that are on your number of outdoor days and their seasonality,” Eltahir explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-climate-change-more-relatable-nbsp">Making climate change more relatable&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Eltahir noted that the idea behind the concept of outdoor days came from realizing that people’s understanding of climate change is based on the assumption that climate change is something that’s going to happen sometime in the future and is going to happen to someone else.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It’s not going to impact them directly. And I think that contributes to the fact that we are not doing enough,” said Eltahir.</p>



<p>By focusing on everyday experiences, the concept of outdoor days aims to make climate change more relatable and immediate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It brings the concept of climate change home, brings it to personal everyday activities. I hope that people will find that useful to bridge that gap, and provide a better understanding and appreciation of the problem,” said Eltahir.</p>



<p>“And hopefully that would help lead to sound policies that are based on science, regarding climate change.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111607" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geophysical Research Letters</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

How will climate change affect our outdoor activities? 

Understanding the impact of climate change can be challenging when...

<p>Mighty polar bears, the iconic symbols of Arctic snow and ice landscapes, are developing a peculiar problem. It's not the lack of food or the shrinking ice caps -- these are well-known, and devastating, problems.</p>



<p>No, it's something entirely unexpected and strangely ironic for a creature at home in the ice and snow -- buildup of painful "iceballs" stuck on between the toes and on the bottoms of polar bears' feet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-icy-polar-bear-paws">Icy polar bear paws</h2>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> recently discovered lacerations, hair loss, ice buildup and skin ulcerations primarily affecting the feet of adult polar bears, and other parts of their bodies.</p>



<p>Some even had ice blocks up to a foot (30 centimeters) in diameter stuck to their foot pads, leading to deep bleeding cuts that impaired their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bears-are-struggling-to-survive-longer-summers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ability to walk</a>. </p>



<p>This bizarre phenomenon was first documented in a study published the journal <em>Ecology</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-response-to-climate-change">Unexpected response to climate change</h2>



<p>The researchers, in their quest to understand this strange occurrence, propose a few theories. </p>



<p>They suggest that the transition from a chronically below-freezing climate to one riddled with unpredictable freeze-thaw cycles is to blame for the icing injuries.</p>



<p>“In addition to the anticipated responses to climate change for polar bears, there are going to be other, unexpected responses,” said lead author&nbsp;<a href="https://environment.uw.edu/faculty/kristin-laidre/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kristin Laidre</a>, a senior principal scientist at the UW Applied Physics Laboratory and a professor in the UW School of Aquatic and Fishery sciences. </p>



<p>“As strange as it sounds, with climate warming there are more frequent freeze-thaw cycles with more wet snow, and this leads to ice buildup on polar bears’ paws.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polar-bear-feet-covered-in-ice-balls">Polar bear feet covered in ice balls</h2>



<p>Kristin Laidre and co-author Stephen Atkinson undertook a decade-long study, from 2012 to 2022, of two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-direct-link-between-polar-bear-survival-and-harmful-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar bear populations</a> living above 70 degrees north latitude.</p>



<p>In the Kane Basin population, nestled between Canada and Greenland, they found evidence of icing-related injuries in 31 of the 61 polar bears observed. </p>



<p>In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-transformation-ice-melt-plant-growth-vegetation-cascading-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">East Greenland</a>, the second population under observation, 15 of the 124 polar bears exhibited similar injuries.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/polar-bears_arctic_iceballs_paws_feet_credit-Kristin-Laidre-UWashington_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/polar-bears_arctic_iceballs_paws_feet_credit-Kristin-Laidre-UWashington_1s.webp" alt="This photo shows the rear paws of a polar bear temporarily sedated for research in East Greenland in 2022. The bear has large chunks of ice frozen onto its feet, which the researchers removed. It is one of two polar bears showing this type of buildup, which appears to be a new phenomenon affecting some polar bears in the Far North. Credit: Kristin Laidre/University of Washington" class="wp-image-1948280"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>This photo shows the rear paws of a polar bear temporarily sedated for research in East Greenland in 2022. The bear has large chunks of ice frozen onto its feet, which the researchers removed. It is one of two polar bears showing this type of buildup, which appears to be a new phenomenon affecting some polar bears in the Far North. Credit: Kristin Laidre/University of Washington</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>Two bears in particular from separate locations in Greenland in 2022 had massive ice balls stuck to their feet. </p>



<p>“I'd never seen that before,” Laidre said. “The two most affected bears couldn't run -- they couldn't even walk very easily. When immobilizing them for research, we very carefully removed the ice balls."</p>



<p>"The chunks of ice weren't just caught up in the hair. They were sealed to the skin, and when you palpated the feet it was apparent that the bears were in pain.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-phenomenon">Recent phenomenon</h2>



<p>Researchers, alongside Indigenous subsistence hunters, have been monitoring these two polar bear populations since the '90s. </p>



<p>However, they have never reported these types of injuries before, indicating it is a recent, and worrying, phenomenon.</p>



<p>Polar bears, adept at navigating icy terrains, have small bumps on their foot pads that provide grip on slippery surfaces. </p>



<p>These bumps, larger than those on other bear species, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-black-bears-actually-brown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brown and black bears</a>, ironically makes it easier for wet snow to freeze and accumulate on their paws. </p>



<p>This problem, interestingly, is also prevalent amongst sled dogs in the north, as well as <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/meet-the-newfoundland-dog-everyones-favorite-bear-dog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newfoundland dogs</a> in the Rockies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solving-the-polar-bear-ice-balls-mystery">Solving the polar bear ice balls mystery</h2>



<p>Laidre and her colleagues hypothesize three possible reasons for the increasing ice buildup -- all linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-warming-four-times-faster-than-global-average/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate warming</a>. </p>



<p>The first is more rain-on-snow events creating moist, slushy snow that clumps onto their paws, which then freezes solid once temperatures drop.</p>



<p>The second possibility is frequent warm spells causing surface snow to melt and refreeze into a hard crust. The heavy polar bears break through the ice crust, injuring their paws on its sharp edges.</p>



<p>Finally, both populations inhabit "fast ice," areas connected to the land where freshwater glaciers meet the ocean. </p>



<p>Warming in these environments leads to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-new-clues-about-rapid-arctic-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinner sea ice</a>, which allows seawater to infiltrate the snow. This damp snow then freezes onto the bears' feet, causing injuries.</p>



<p>However, both populations seldom swim long distances in spring, which would help thaw and dislodge any accumulated ice from their feet, due to the warmer water temperature compared to the air.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unknown-consequences">Unknown consequences</h2>



<p>While the bears are undoubtedly affected by this new challenge, the researchers are wary about drawing broader conclusions about the overall health of the two populations. </p>



<p>“We’ve seen these icing-related injuries on individual polar bears,” Laidre said. “But I would hesitate to jump to conclusions about how this might affect them at a population level. We really don’t know.”</p>



<p>There is no doubt that the surface of Arctic sea ice is transforming as the climate changes and temperatures continue rising.</p>



<p>"The sea ice has less snow in late spring and summer, and the snow that does exist is experiencing earlier, episodic melt and more frequent rain. All these things can create challenging surface conditions for polar bears to travel on," adds fellow researcher Melinda Webster.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-knowledge-and-action">Bridging knowledge and action</h2>



<p>The new data on polar bears presents a clear call-to-action for the scientific community and policymakers alike. </p>



<p>As this newly emerged issue of ice balls on polar bears' feet demonstrates the more nuanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iss-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impacts of climate change</a>, it is vital that comprehensive research continues to predict and uncover other unforeseen consequences.</p>



<p>Collaborative efforts among scientists, indigenous communities, and governments are necessary to develop mitigation strategies that can help protect these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bear-conservation-leaps-forward-with-new-tracking-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emblematic creatures</a>.</p>



<p>By sharing indigenous knowledge and integrating it with cutting-edge scientific research, there lies a hopeful path toward addressing these complex climate challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>Looking forward, researchers acknowledge the imperative need for a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-observation-technology-will-transform-climate-monitoring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robust climate monitoring</a> framework across the Arctic. </p>



<p>This involves deploying advanced technologies such as satellite imagery and drone surveillance to observe environmental changes continuously.</p>



<p>Furthermore, expanding interdisciplinary research, which unites climatology, ecology, and data science, can yield refined <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predictive models</a>. </p>



<p>By interpreting these dynamic climate patterns more accurately, scientists can better anticipate ecological impacts and propose timely interventions.</p>



<p>Current discoveries, like those outlined by Kristin Laidre and her colleagues, pave the way for these future endeavors, ensuring that the Arctic's ecological tapestry is preserved for generations to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-polar-bears-feet-from-ice-balls">Saving polar bears feet from ice balls</h2>



<p>When asked what might be done to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bear-conservation-leaps-forward-with-new-tracking-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help these magnificent creatures</a>, Laidre has a succinct response: “We can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and try to limit climate warming.”</p>



<p>With the Arctic warming at twice the rate of the global average, this unexpected and worrying ailment faced by the polar bears serves as a stark reminder of the far-reaching effects of climate change. </p>



<p>The damage, it appears, reaches far beyond what we can see and predict. It's another urgent call to action for us to tread more lightly on this beautiful planet we call home.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4435" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Ecology</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Polar bears are suffering from painful 'ice balls' stuck on their feet

Mighty polar bears, the iconic symbols of Arctic snow and...

<p></p>
<div class="vdb_player vdb_58e3ebce955a315103d39bd158d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49" vdb_params="m.embeded=cms_video_plugin_www.earth.com" data-placeholder="//img.vidible.tv/prod/2017-09/04/59addda692fdde67830579c3/59adddac6174ba596bbf4b45_o_A_v2.jpg?w=1440&#038;h=900">	<script type="text/javascript" src="//delivery.vidible.tv/jsonp/pid=58e3ebce955a315103d39bd1/vid=59addda692fdde67830579c3/58d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49.js?m.embeded=cms_video_plugin_www.earth.com"></script></div>
<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> comes from </span><a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NASA JPL</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and features a look at how scientists spot asteroids that are too close to Earth.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">NASA survey telescopes regularly scan the sky, and when they detect a moving object, they check it with the preexisting database of known space objects. If there is no match in the database, the object is given further review. If the object is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteor-shower-hiding-asteroids/">closer</a> to Earth, it is given a higher priority in the queue.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rory Arnold</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: </span></i><a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">NASA JPL</span></i></a></p>

How do we spot asteroids that are too close to Earth?