<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the spiral galaxy IC 5332, which is located over 29 million light-years away from Earth and spans approximately 66,000 light-years in diameter. This makes it notably smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, which is about a third larger.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-look-at-ic-5332">Unprecedented look at IC 5332</h2>



<p>In a stunning photo release by NASA and ESA in 2022, the spiral galaxy IC 5332 was presented in an unprecedented level of detail in images captured by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-incredible-new-image-of-uranus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p>



<p>This feat was made possible through the use of the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), which captures images in the mid-infrared spectrum.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-from-earth">Unique perspective from Earth</h2>



<p>One of the most striking features of IC 5332, as revealed by these observations, is its almost perfect face-on orientation relative to Earth. </p>



<p>This unique perspective allows astronomers to clearly observe and admire the symmetrical arrangement of its spiral arms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-unveils-ic-5332-in-new-light">Webb unveils IC 5332 in new light</h2>



<p>The clarity of these images represents a significant advancement over previous observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope, which imaged IC 5332 in ultraviolet and visible light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While Hubble’s images revealed the galaxy’s symmetrical spiral arms, James Webb’s MIRI has unveiled these structures as a complex web of gas that emits infrared light at various temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-miri-instrument-on-james-webb-nbsp">The MIRI instrument on James Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Capturing this range of infrared light is no simple task. It requires highly specialized instruments that must be maintained at extremely cold temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The MIRI instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope is specifically designed for this purpose and performs exceptionally well. Its capabilities allow astronomers to see aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that are otherwise hidden in other wavelengths.</p>



<p>The detailed images provided by MIRI offer more than just a visual spectacle; they provide valuable data about the composition and temperature of the gases that make up the spiral arms of IC 5332. This can help scientists understand the processes of star formation within the galaxy and how these processes compare to those in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-finds-hidden-features-of-the-universe-nbsp">Webb finds hidden features of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the images of IC 5332 serve as a critical test of the James Webb Space Telescope’s capabilities in observing the universe in infrared light. As astronomers continue to deploy Webb’s full suite of instruments to explore the cosmos, it is expected that many more hidden features of the universe will be revealed.</p>



<p>The information provided by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-second-most-distant-galaxy-in-pandoras-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> not only expands our understanding of the cosmos but also enhances our appreciation for the complex and beautiful structures that exist in our universe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We can anticipate many more insights from Webb that will deepen our understanding of the fundamental processes governing galaxies and the broader universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spiral-galaxies-like-ic-5332">More about spiral galaxies like IC 5332</h2>



<p>Spiral galaxies are some of the most visually striking objects in the universe, characterized by their rotating arms that extend from a central nucleus, giving them a distinct spiral appearance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These galaxies are primarily made up of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.</p>



<p>Spiral galaxies differ from other galaxy types, such as elliptical and irregular galaxies, in their structure and content. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the rest of the disk because of the young, hot stars that are typically found there. The arms appear distinct because of their density waves, which compress the gas and dust, leading to star formation.</p>



<p>The rotation of the spiral arms also contributes to the galaxy's flat shape due to the centrifugal forces acting on the disk. The central bulge can vary in size and often contains older, red stars.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Barred spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Some spiral galaxies have a bar-shaped structure that extends from the central bulge, making them barred spirals. This bar affects the motion of stars and gas within the galaxy and can influence star formation activity.</p>



<p>The Milky Way, where our solar system resides, is an example of a barred spiral galaxy. Spiral galaxies are an important focus of study because they contain a significant amount of visible matter and play a crucial role in understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their distinct features also make them particularly useful for studying the laws of physics under extreme conditions, such as high densities and velocities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, J. Lee and the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST Teams</p>



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Webb unveiled spiral galaxy IC 5332 in new light

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Corbassière glacier, a high-altitude glacier in Switzerland. The glacier originates on the northern slope of the Grand Combin, which is one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps.</p>



<p>Collectively, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpine glaciers</a> of Switzerland have lost more than half of their volume since the 1930s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-archives-of-past-climate">Natural archives of past climate </h2>



<p>"Glaciers are natural archives of past climate. In their frozen layers lies evidence of Earth’s changing temperature and atmospheric composition. But as the climate warms, some of the longest records of our changing planet are melting away," said NASA.</p>



<p>"In just over two decades, Corbassière has shrunk in area and surface mass. The glacier was darker in 2023 due to lack of snow, and the glacier’s tongue had retreated."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-from-the-corbassiere-glacier">Ice cores from the Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>To reconstruct past concentrations of atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-aerosols-impact-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, a team of scientists analyzed ice cores that were collected from the Corbassière glacier in 2018 and 2020. </p>



<p>Aerosols are tiny airborne particles that are deposited in the ice. "Such information from glaciers around the world can provide clues about past environmental conditions thousands of years ago," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Ice cores contain ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ions - signatures of aerosols lacing the snow that’s deposited on glaciers year after year. Ion concentrations are lower in winter than in summer because less polluted air can rise from the valley when the air is cold."</p>



<p>When the researchers analyzed the ice core from 2018, they found seasonal fluctuations in the amount of ion deposits - which is what they expected to find.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"But when we went to core the glacier in 2020, we noticed melting on the surface right away,” said Margit Schwikowski, an environmental chemist at <a href="https://www.psi.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Scherrer Institute</a> in Switzerland.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-surface-melting-on-corbassiere-glacier">Rapid surface melting on Corbassière glacier</h2>



<p>The experts determined that melting on the glacier's surface likely penetrated the glacier layers below and carried away the aerosol ions. "This melting rendered the core unusable in the team’s research, and other attempts to core the glacier had the same result. The valuable information stored in the ice was destroyed," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Schwikowski has joined a team of other experts in an effort to preserve cores from the last remaining glaciers. Led by the <a href="https://www.ice-memory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Memory Foundation</a>, the goal of the project is to obtain ice cores from 20 endangered glaciers around the world in 20 years and collect them in a global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-has-a-history-of-rapid-and-unexpected-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate archive</a>.</p>



<p>“Glaciers are retreating worldwide, and we may find similar issues at other sites,” said Schwikowski. She added that even at the highest altitudes in the Alps, "glaciers are on the verge of becoming unsuitable as natural paleo-archives."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the Corbassière Glacier</h2>



<p>The Corbassière Glacier is a captivating natural feature located in the Swiss Alps, part of the canton of Valais. This glacier stretches over approximately 9 kilometers, making it one of the significant glaciers in the region. It originates from the Grand Combin, an imposing mountain massif that reaches heights of over 4,300 meters, contributing greatly to the glacier's nourishment through snow and ice accumulation.</p>



<p>A distinct feature of the Corbassière Glacier is its accessibility and the dramatic scenery it offers, which attracts many hikers and nature enthusiasts. One of the most notable attractions near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is the Corbassière footbridge, a 210-meter long suspension bridge that provides stunning views of the glacier and the surrounding peaks. </p>



<p>This bridge not only enhances the experience for visitors but also serves as a crucial observation point for scientists studying glacier dynamics and the effects of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Swiss Alps&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Swiss <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-in-the-alps-could-soon-be-cut-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alps</a> are a majestic and expansive mountain range that stretches across the southern part of Switzerland, forming a part of the greater Alpine region that spreads across several countries in Europe. </p>



<p>Renowned for their stunning beauty and formidable peaks, the Swiss Alps are not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol of Switzerland, epitomizing its identity as a nation of scenic landscapes and outdoor adventure.</p>



<p>The region is famous for its dramatic scenery, including towering mountains, pristine lakes, and picturesque valleys. Among these peaks are some of the highest in Europe, such as the Dufourspitze, part of the Monte Rosa massif, which is the highest point in Switzerland. </p>



<p>The Matterhorn, perhaps the most iconic of all Swiss mountains, is celebrated for its unique, pyramid-like shape and is a magnet for climbers and tourists alike.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Corbassière glacier: Earth's climate archives are melting away

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust streaming from Lago Colhué Huapi, a shallow endorheic lake located in the Chubut Province in southern Argentina.</p>



<p>"Strong northwesterly winds often race down the eastern side of the Andes Mountains and whip across the central Patagonian Desert. In the process, they sometimes lift dust from Argentina’s drying Lago Colhué Huapi, fueling intense dust storms," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Lago Colhué Huapi is a particularly rich source of dust because the shallow lake regularly grows and shrinks with variations in the flow of the Senguer River and the pace of evaporation. When lake water levels are low, as they were when MODIS captured this image, fine-grained, lightweight particles are easily transported by the wind."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-activity-from-lago-colhue-huapi">Dust activity from Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust storms</a> in this region are most common during the summer months from December to March. There are 15 to 30 dust storms in a typical year. </p>



<p>"Dust storms are frequent and persistent enough in this area that they have exposed an open-air archaeological site along the lake’s edge," said NASA.</p>



<p>"The Puesto Roberts 1 site, located in an old floodplain on the southeast side of Lago Colhué Huapi, was first identified in 2019 when archaeologists noticed that winds had exposed a five-centimeter layer of sandy loam soil littered with stone tools and the bones of a wild species of llama called guanaco."</p>



<p>"Archaeologists identified 427 artifacts at the site - including stone cutting blades, milling tools, scrapers, and egg-shaped bola stones used for hunting - spread across 15 square meters, according to a 2022 study led by Heidi Hammond, an archaeologist at the National University of the Patagonia San Juan Bosco."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lago-colhue-huapi">More about Lago Colhué Huapi</h2>



<p>This lake is an interesting geographical feature primarily because it acts as a seasonal sink for the Senguerr River, which in turn gathers waters from various smaller streams in the region.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Due to its shallow nature, the size of Lago Colhué Huapi can vary significantly with the seasons and the amount of water it receives from its sources. During times of drought or reduced rainfall, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-pushing-lakes-to-their-boiling-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> can shrink considerably, affecting the local ecosystem and the wildlife that depends on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate">Climate</h3>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by a semi-arid climate, which influences the type of vegetation and animal life that can thrive in the area. Despite the harsh conditions, the region around Lago Colhué Huapi supports a variety of bird species, making it a site of interest for birdwatchers and naturalists.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges">Environmental challenges </h3>



<p>In recent years, Lago Colhué Huapi has faced environmental challenges, including the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which has led to lower water levels and increased salinity. These changes pose threats to the lake's ecological balance and the species that inhabit its waters and shores. The situation at Lago Colhué Huapi serves as a reminder of the broader environmental issues facing water bodies in arid and semi-arid regions around the world.</p>



<p>The image was captured on March 29, 2024 by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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Dust streams from Lago Colhué Huapi in Argentina 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



<p>-----</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

Suspicious,Man,Listening,A,Woman,Talking,In,Winter,In,The

<p>Have you felt that sinking feeling when another crisis hits, and leaders seem clueless about how to actually change people's behavior? We know changing how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-is-the-transition-to-sustainable-behavior-so-difficult/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">people think and act</a> is vital, but the usual tactics never seem to work. </p>



<p>Professor Dolores Albarracín from the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a> has news for us: there's a science to this, and we've been doing it all wrong.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencing-people">Influencing people</h2>



<p>This research challenges a lot of our deeply held assumptions about how to influence people. For example, spending time and effort on changing what people believe often has surprisingly little impact on how they actually behave. </p>



<p>It turns out that focusing on practical aspects, like building new habits and removing obstacles that get in people's way, is much more effective.</p>



<p>The implications here are massive. This isn't just a debate about whether people get vaccinated or choose greener options. It's about fundamentally shifting how policymakers and communities approach problems. It gives us a powerful evidence-based set of tools to create real change in people's lives. If that sounds exciting, keep reading!</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-behavior-works">How behavior works</h2>



<p>To change how people <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gen-xs-attitude-toward-evolution-has-changed-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behave</a>, we need to understand two key types of factors that influence them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-determinants">Individual determinants</h3>



<p>These are the internal building blocks that shape each person's actions. They include things like what someone already knows about a topic, the attitudes and beliefs they've formed, and the practical skills they possess (or the ones they might need to learn).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-structural-determinants">Social-structural determinants</h3>



<p>These are the external forces and systems that surround us, creating the context in which we live. They consist of legal frameworks and policies that restrict or encourage certain behaviors, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-social-media-use-makes-teens-more-likely-to-start-smoking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social pressure</a> to conform to what others do (norms), and whether essential resources for change are readily accessible (like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insurance-prescribing-healthy-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthcare</a>, education, or supportive communities).</p>



<p>To grasp the interplay, think of individual factors as the ingredients a person brings to the table – their knowledge, mindset, and abilities. The social-structural factors are akin to the kitchen itself – the tools available, the rules they must follow, and the broader environment that either supports or hinders their efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educating-to-change-behavior">Educating to change behavior</h2>



<p>Let's break down the different ways we can target people's individual thoughts and motivations, and how those efforts translate into actual results. Researchers classify the impact of these strategies as "negligible," "small," "medium," or "large" when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/online-avatars-sway-our-morals-through-social-influence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influencing behavior</a>:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-factors">Individual Factors</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Negligible Effect:</strong> Trying to influence people through broader knowledge, general attitudes, or teaching generic skills shows shockingly little effect on their actions. In other words, facts alone or vague "awareness campaigns" are unlikely to make much of a dent.</li>



<li><strong>Small-Medium Effect:</strong> Strategies focused on shaping people's attitudes toward a specific behavior (like thinking recycling is "good") and helping them develop specific skills for that behavior demonstrate some impact, but it's limited.</li>



<li><strong>Large Effect:</strong> Helping people form strong habits around a behavior has the biggest payoff. This means finding ways to make the desired action automatic and routine. Similarly, fostering deep associations between a behavior and concepts like "good" or "bad" can be extremely powerful.</li>
</ul>



<p>This is a critical insight for anyone trying to encourage change. The emphasis shouldn't be on making people simply know more, or hoping they'll feel a certain way. It's about embedding actions into everyday life and forging strong mental links that guide decision-making.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-laws-to-change-behavior">Laws to change behavior</h2>



<p>Let's look at the external systems and influences that can motivate (or demotivate) behavior. As with individual factors, researchers have measured the impact of different strategies as "negligible," "small," "medium," or "large":</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-structural-factors">Social-structural factors</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Negligible effect:</strong> Surprisingly, top-down approaches like imposing laws and regulations or trying to boost trust in institutions have very little influence on people's actions. This means that threats of punishment or making a government agency seem more trustworthy won't magically change people's choices.</li>



<li><strong>Small effect:</strong> Using social pressure via norms ("what everyone else is doing") and offering incentives (like rewards) can have some effect, but it's fairly limited.</li>



<li><strong>Large effect:</strong> Providing direct support networks and removing barriers to accessing essential resources has the most significant impact when it comes to shifting behavior. This could look like peer support groups for people trying to improve their health or making it easy and affordable to access preventative healthcare.</li>
</ul>



<p>Instead of coercion or trying to control what's inside people's heads, the biggest potential for change lies in shaping the environment around them. Support systems and easy access to what's needed create an environment where the desired behavior becomes the most natural and supported choice.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-we-change-people-s-behavior">How do we change people's behavior?</h2>



<p>The old mindset, whether applied to individuals or society, focuses on knowledge and coercion. Think of the endless warnings and information dumps coupled with the assumption that punishment will scare people into compliance. However, this new research tells us that approach is largely ineffective.</p>



<p>What truly works is a fundamental shift. Instead of fixating on what people believe, we need to prioritize:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-automatic-routines">Creating automatic routines </h3>



<p>Help people integrate desired actions into their daily lives to the point where it becomes second nature.  When we repeatedly perform an action, it creates and strengthens connections in our brains, making it increasingly easier to do with less conscious thought. Think of it like creating a well-worn path that you naturally follow.</p>



<p>The less we have to actively debate whether to do something, the more likely we are to do it without resistance. If exercising or eating healthy is automatic, we don't have to battle internal arguments or willpower.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-long-does-it-take-to-form-a-habit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Habits</a> become interwoven with how we see ourselves. A person whose daily routine includes physical activity starts to think of themselves as someone who exercises, making the behavior part of their core identity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fostering-supportive-communities">Fostering supportive communities</h3>



<p>Humans are social creatures, and seeing others consistently demonstrate a desired behavior makes it feel more achievable and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-magic-number-of-people-needed-for-social-change-to-catch-on/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">socially acceptable</a>. This normalizes the behavior, making it seem like the natural thing to do.</p>



<p>Knowing others expect us to act a certain way provides positive social pressure. Supportive groups can offer encouragement, celebrate successes, and help navigate setbacks.</p>



<p>Community members become resources for problem-solving, sharing tips and strategies that have worked, and providing expertise or assistance with overcoming challenges.</p>



<p>The sense of belonging and connection fosters feelings of acceptance and encouragement. This combats isolation and builds resilience so people are less likely to give up in the face of setbacks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-removing-barriers">Removing barriers</h3>



<p>Even if someone knows why a behavior is important and wants to change, practical obstacles can completely derail their efforts. It's about what's possible, not just what's ideal.</p>



<p>People operate within existing systems and structures that may make adopting new behaviors extremely difficult. Think of food deserts, lack of transportation, or complicated healthcare systems.</p>



<p>For many people, tangible changes in their environment will have a far greater impact than trying to change what they think or feel. This approach empowers positive action even if immediate shifts in mindset don't happen.</p>



<p>The key is identifying the specific roadblocks people face and designing interventions that dismantle them. This levels the playing field, making it possible for people to act in line with their intentions regardless of their individual circumstances.</p>



<p>Let's imagine the possibilities this approach unlocks:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Quitting smoking programs:</strong> Rather than bombard smokers with grim statistics, they'd focus on the nitty-gritty of establishing new routines and stress management techniques.</li>



<li><strong>Climate initiatives:</strong> Forget endless guilt trips about carbon footprints. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-impact-labeling-has-a-strong-influence-on-food-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green choices</a> would become the easiest, most convenient default option for transportation, energy, and daily life.</li>



<li><strong>Healthcare systems:</strong> Healthy living would be accessible and affordable for everyone, from regular checkups to nutritious food options, regardless of income or insurance status.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-positive-behavior-change">The power of positive behavior change</h2>



<p>This research isn't about making us cynical. It's about getting smarter. No more "common sense" approaches that never pan out. Instead, we've got an evidence-based roadmap. </p>



<p>“Before this study, analyses of behavior change efforts were limited to one domain, whether that was environmental science or public health. By looking at research across domains, we now have a clearer picture of how to encourage behavior change and make a difference in people’s lives,” says Professor Albarracín.</p>



<p>“Our research provides a map for what might be effective even for behaviors nobody has studied. Just like masking because a critical behavior during the pandemic but we had no research on masking, a broad empirical study of intervention efficacy can guide future efforts for an array of behaviors we have not directly studied but that need to be promoted during a crisis.”</p>



<p>Ultimately, this is about understanding that changing the world starts with understanding the actual mechanics of how we humans work. And now, we have a much better manual.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-024-00305-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Reviews Psychology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Science behind predicting and changing human behavior

Have you felt that sinking feeling when another crisis hits,...

<p>Star Wars ignites a sense of awe and wonder, from those first sweeping shots of starships to the clash of ignited lightsabers. But beneath the veneer of science fiction lies a surprising connection to the chemistry that governs our own world. This connection was explored in a recent study led by Professor Alex Baker of the <a href="https://warwick.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Warwick</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-war-s-power-of-force-and-chemistry">Star War's power of force (and chemistry)</h2>



<p>Spaceships in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-wars-terms-have-deeply-permeated-the-english-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star Wars</a> don't merely glide through the vacuum of space – they blast off with fiery propulsion. "By igniting fuels with oxygen in the engine of a rocket you can produce huge amounts of thrust," said Professor Baker. This mirrors the real-world science of rocketry, where controlled explosions propel vehicles into the cosmos.</p>



<p>On the Star Wars battlefield, the power of chemistry is equally evident. The iconic thermal detonators of Imperial stormtroopers provide a window into the destructive potential of reactive elements. </p>



<p>"Baradium nitrate can be found in every Imperial stormtrooper's kit, in their thermal detonators, and also as star ship fuel," noted Professor Baker. Though baradium itself is fictional, its explosive power finds parallels in real-world compounds containing nitrogen and other volatile elements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cryogenics-in-star-wars">Cryogenics in Star Wars</h2>



<p>The shocking scene of Han Solo frozen in carbonite introduces a concept surprisingly grounded in reality. Cryogenics, the science of extremely low temperatures, plays a vital role in modern scientific endeavors. </p>



<p>"Liquid nitrogen and solid carbon dioxide are common examples of cryogens which can be used to freeze objects," explained Professor Baker. </p>



<p>While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/may-fourthstar-wars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star Wars</a> takes the concept a step further with human preservation, the underlying principle of using extreme cold to alter the state of matter has real applications in everything from food storage to cutting-edge chemistry and medical research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightsabers-where-physics-and-chemistry-collide">Lightsabers: Where physics and chemistry collide</h2>



<p>Lightsabers are arguably the most iconic weapon in science fiction. Their seemingly impossible blades of pure energy capture the imagination. While the technology to create a true lightsaber remains elusive, the vibrant colors seen on-screen could be rooted in fundamental scientific principles.</p>



<p>At the heart of a lightsaber's color lies the behavior of electrons within atoms. When an atom absorbs energy, its electrons can jump to higher energy levels – a state known as excitation. This is an unstable condition, and as the electrons return to their original energy levels, they release the excess energy in the form of light.</p>



<p>The specific color of light emitted by an excited atom depends entirely on the element involved. Each element possesses a unique configuration of electrons, leading to distinctive energy gaps between electron levels. When these electrons transition between levels, they release light with a very specific wavelength, which our eyes perceive as a unique color.</p>



<p>In the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-planetary-system-that-resembles-tatooine-from-star-wars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star Wars</a> universe, a lightsaber's color likely stems from a fictional crystal or substance at its core. This substance energizes its constituent elements, causing them to emit light of a characteristic color. Different crystals or focusing mechanisms could potentially lead to the variety of lightsaber colors observed in the Jedi and Sith orders.</p>



<p>Beyond mere color, Professor Baker hints at the deeper physics at play. "Atomically, bright blue and violet lights are highly energetic… Red light is less energetic," noted Professor Baker. This suggests that the color of a lightsaber isn't just about aesthetics; it could reveal aspects of the weapon's power and the underlying technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-wars-a-gateway-to-scientific-wonder">Star Wars: A gateway to scientific wonder</h2>



<p>While Star Wars might exist in the realm of fantastical storytelling, its enduring popularity lies in elements of chemistry that resonate with our own world. The spaceships that traverse the galaxy, the seemingly impossible weapons, and even the advanced medical techniques on display all subtly suggest that the power of science knows few bounds.</p>



<p>The advanced chemistry of Star Wars often takes familiar scientific concepts and stretches them to their limits. Hyperdrives push the idea of faster-than-light travel. Blasters and lightsabers turn energy into destructive forces. Advanced medical droids perform seemingly miraculous procedures. These concepts, though currently beyond our grasp, spark a compelling "what if?" in the mind of the viewer.</p>



<p>Perhaps most importantly, Star Wars fosters a sense of boundless possibility. It reminds us that the universe is vast and filled with wonders waiting to be discovered. This inspiration can drive a deeper interest in fields like chemistry, physics, and engineering. Today's young fans of Star Wars might very well become the pioneers who push the boundaries of space travel, energy technology, and medical innovation in the future.</p>



<p>The true allure of Star Wars lies in its ability to blur the lines between fiction and potential. It kindles a spirit of exploration and reinforces the notion that the scientific imagination is a powerful force for shaping the world around us.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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May the 4th be with you: Chemistry of Star Wars revealed

Star Wars ignites a sense of awe and wonder, from...

<p>The rapid decline of many iconic animal species due to habitat loss presents one of the most critical challenges in modern conservation. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, an organization typically associated with space exploration, has emerged as a valuable partner in the fight to save endangered animals. </p>



<p>By utilizing cutting-edge satellite technology, NASA provides vital data on endangered wildlife habitats, informing and driving conservation strategies around the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiger-conservation-nasa-maps-suitable-habitat">Tiger conservation: NASA maps suitable habitat</h2>



<p>Tigers, once widespread across Asia, have lost a staggering 93% of their historical range. However, a recent NASA-backed study paints a more optimistic picture. </p>



<p>Combining Earth observation data with extensive field research, the NASA wildlife <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-could-be-key-to-prevent-animal-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> study revealed significant tracts of "empty forest" that still offer suitable tiger habitat. This finding suggests that if these areas are protected and managed effectively, the potential for tiger range expansion could be substantial.</p>



<p>"There's still a lot more room for tigers in the world than even tiger experts thought," explained Eric Sanderson, a conservationist at the <a href="https://www.nybg.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York Botanical Garden</a> and lead author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jaguar-conservation-priority-zones-by-nasa">Jaguar conservation: Priority zones by NASA</h2>



<p>In South America, jaguars face a similar crisis of shrinking territories, having lost roughly half of their original range. The Gran Chaco, the second-largest forest in South America, is a particularly crucial habitat for these elusive predators. By analyzing NASA satellite imagery and land-use data, scientists have mapped out priority conservation areas for jaguars within the Gran Chaco. </p>



<p>Disturbingly, over a third of these core habitats lack sufficient protection, leaving them vulnerable to deforestation and development. This data empowers conservationists to advocate for stronger legal safeguards in the most vital areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elephant-conservation-habitat-preferences-to-mitigate-conflict">Elephant conservation: Habitat preferences to mitigate conflict</h2>



<p>African savanna elephants, now classified as endangered, struggle with the relentless expansion of human settlements into their native range. A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iss-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> study offers insights into elephant habitat preferences, particularly in less protected zones where conflict of with humans is more likely. The researchers found that elephants consistently favor dense forests, especially near waterways. </p>



<p>Unfortunately, these same areas are often targeted for tourism infrastructure. Armed with this knowledge, conservationists and land managers can work together to identify areas where development poses less risk to elephant populations, striking a balance between economic needs and conservation goals. </p>



<p>The experts can also strategically prioritize the protection of the dense forest habitats that elephants rely on for survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-a-technological-powerhouse-for-conservation">NASA: A technological powerhouse for conservation</h2>



<p>The use of satellite data in wildlife conservation is a rapidly growing field. NASA's vast satellite network and expertise provide unprecedented opportunities to monitor endangered animals and their habitats in real-time. </p>



<p>"Satellites observe vast areas of Earth's surface on daily to weekly schedules," said Keith Gaddis, ecological conservation program manager at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> headquarters in Washington. "That helps scientists monitor habitats that would be logistically challenging and time-consuming to survey from the ground - crucial for animals like tigers that roam large territories."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-wildlife-conservation-by-nasa">Future directions for wildlife conservation by NASA</h2>



<p>Habitat loss is a major threat to wildlife around the world. Conservationists have traditionally relied on ground surveys to track animals and assess their environment. But this can be slow, expensive, and logistically challenging, especially for wide-ranging species or vast ecosystems.</p>



<p>This is where NASA is stepping in as a surprising hero for endangered animals. Their sophisticated satellites are providing a game-changing perspective on animal populations and their habitats.</p>



<p>Here's how NASA's technological advancements are revolutionizing wildlife conservation:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-detail-and-scope">Unprecedented detail and scope </h3>



<p>NASA satellites can observe massive areas of land in incredible detail. This allows conservationists to monitor vast ecosystems and track animal movements across huge distances, providing a much more comprehensive picture than traditional ground surveys.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-near-real-time-data">Near real-time data</h3>



<p>Gone are the days of waiting weeks or months for data analysis. New satellite technology allows for near real-time data collection and analysis. This means conservationists can respond to threats to animal populations or their habitats much faster and more effectively.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-warning-system">Early warning system</h3>



<p>By tracking changes in vegetation health, deforestation patterns, and human activity, satellites can serve as an early warning system for conservationists. This allows them to identify potential threats before they become serious problems for endangered species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeted-conservation-efforts">Targeted conservation efforts</h3>



<p>The detailed data collected by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-rocks-nasa-dart-asteroid-deflection-mission-may-impact-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> satellites allows conservation experts to pinpoint exactly where endangered animals are located and what areas of their habitat are most critical for their survival. This empowers them to focus their conservation efforts on the areas that will have the biggest impact.</p>



<p>The future of wildlife conservation is becoming increasingly hi-tech. As NASA's satellite capabilities continue to develop, conservationists will have access to even more powerful tools to protect endangered species. This collaboration between space exploration technology and animal conservation holds immense promise for the future of our planet's incredible biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-you-can-get-involved">How you can get involved</h2>



<p>Consider the following ways to get involved:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support">Support</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Targeted donations:</strong> Instead of simply donating to a general cause, research organizations dedicated to protecting specific endangered species or ecosystems that align with your concerns. Effective organizations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) often have focused campaigns and projects for which your contribution can have a direct impact.</li>



<li><strong>Beyond money:</strong> Consider volunteering your time or skills. Many conservation organizations need help with administrative work, fundraising, field research, or public outreach, offering a chance to make a tangible difference.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raise-awareness">Raise awareness</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>The power of your voice:</strong> Share articles, research findings, and success stories about endangered species conservation within your social circles. Frame the issue in a way that connects with your friends and family, sparking genuine interest and a sense of urgency.</li>



<li><strong>Fact-based advocacy:</strong> Stay informed about threats to endangered species, legislative efforts to protect them, and the work of reputable conservation organizations. Share reliable information, counter misinformation, and encourage your network to make informed decisions as consumers and voters.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-make-informed-choices">Make informed choices</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Sustainable consumption:</strong> Research the environmental impact of your everyday purchases (food, clothing, household goods). Choose products with minimal packaging, produced with sustainable practices, and certified as fair trade or "wildlife-friendly" whenever possible.</li>



<li><strong>Scrutinize business practices:</strong> Support businesses with a proven commitment to reducing pollution, promoting responsible resource use, and reinvesting in conservation efforts. Let companies know that their environmental track record matters to you as a consumer.</li>



<li><strong>Reduce, reuse, recycle:</strong> This classic mantra remains vital. Minimize consumption, repair and repurpose what you can, and properly recycle everything else. These small actions collectively protect vital habitats for endangered species.</li>
</ul>



<p>By working together, we can help ensure a future where these magnificent creatures continue to thrive.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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NASA is tracking endangered animal habitats from space

The rapid decline of many iconic animal species due to...


<div class="vdb_player vdb_591c9e3c9efa894c3c6e150b58d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49"><script type="text/javascript" src="//delivery.vidible.tv/jsonp/pid=591c9e3c9efa894c3c6e150b/vid=592ddc225091f01e67825cd5/58d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49.js"></script></div>
<p>This video features Sara Peel, Director of Watershed Projects for the Wabash River Enhancement Corporation, describing some of the challenges faced by communities in the Greater Lafayette Region of Indiana (e.g. sewer overflows, water quality issues, and access to the river) and how the organization is using engaging government and community partners to address these challenges.</p>
<p>This nonprofit agency (www.wabashriver.net), formed by 3 local governments (Lafayette, W. Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co.) along with Purdue University, sees its goal as working to enhance the quality of life in the Wabash River Corridor by providing sustainable opportunities to improve health, recreation, education, economic development, and environmental management.</p>


Urban Waters Voices: Sara Peel