<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. </p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. </p>



<p>This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-10-2024-at-9-04-am-edt">Update -- May 10, 2024 at 9:04 AM EDT</h2>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noaa-issues-first-severe-geomagnetic-storm-alert-since-2005">NOAA issues first "Severe Geomagnetic Storm" alert since 2005</h2>



<p>The U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, and the Space Weather Prediction Center have reported that solar activity reached high levels over the past 24 hours. </p>



<p>This activity prompted the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center</a> to issue a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch earlier today, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA region 3664, which spans an impressive 16 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3664</a> was the primary source of X-ray activity, producing an <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dr2BIlDGDk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X1.1/2b flare (R3/Strong)</a> at 5:44 PM UTC on May 9 and an X3.9 flare (R3) at 6:31 AM UTC on May 10, 2024. </p>



<p>Both flares were accompanied by strong radio bursts, Castelli-U signatures, Type II and IV radio sweeps, and Tenflares.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-issues-caused-on-earth-by-impacts">Potential issues caused on Earth by impacts</h3>



<p>The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as Alabama in the the southern U.S., down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">CMEs expected to impact Earth today and through the weekend</h3>



<p>The flares generated halo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejection (CME)</a> signatures, which are expected to contribute to a train of at least five CMEs headed towards Earth. </p>



<p>Initial arrival is likely between late May 10 and early May 11. The numerous events along the Sun-Earth line have complicated the modeling process, increasing uncertainty in the arrival timing of individual events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar activity forecast: High to very high levels</h3>



<p>Solar activity is expected to remain at high to very high levels from May 10 to May 12, with M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) to X-class flares (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">R3/Strong</a>) anticipated, primarily due to the flare potential of Region 3664.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Energetic particle activity and forecast</h3>



<p>The greater than 10 MeV proton flux remained slightly enhanced following strong flare activity from Region 3664 but below the S1 (Minor) threshold. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was at normal to moderate levels. </p>



<p>The proton flux is likely to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels from May 10 to May 12 due to the location and flare potential of Region 3664. The electron flux is expected to remain at normal to moderate levels during this period.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind conditions and forecast</h3>



<p>Nominal solar wind conditions prevailed throughout much of the period, with a minor perturbation observed in the magnetic field after 5:30 PM UTC on May 9. </p>



<p>Solar wind speeds decreased from initial readings near 450 km/s to between 400-425 km/s, total field strength ranged 1-7 nT, and the Bz component varied +3/-6 nT. The phi angle transitioned from positive to variable after 3:00 AM UTC on May 10.</p>



<p>A weakly enhanced solar wind environment associated with CME activity is expected through most of May 10. Stronger disturbances are anticipated from May 11 through much of May 12 due to the expected arrival of a series of halo CMEs associated with activity from Region 3664 between May 8 and May 10.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geomagnetic field activity and forecast</h3>



<p>The geomagnetic field was quiet to unsettled over the past 24 hours. Periods of active conditions and G1 (Minor) storming are likely on May 10 with the possible early arrival of a series of CMEs (from May 8-10). </p>



<p>The bulk of the incoming CME(s) is expected to arrive early on May 11, with periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) geomagnetic storming expected and periods of G3-G4 (Strong-Severe) storms likely. </p>



<p>Periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) storms are likely on May 12 due to an enhanced solar wind environment following the passage of the May 8-10 CMEs.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-braces-for-impact-from-another-solar-storm">Earth braces for impact from another solar storm</h2>



<p>In summary, as the Sun continues to showcase its immense power through high levels of solar activity, Earth prepares for the potential impacts of incoming CMEs.</p>



<p>While the timing of these events remains fairly certain, the magnitude of their effects on our planet's geomagnetic field is still a subject of speculation.</p>



<p>Regardless of the outcome, this period of heightened solar activity serves as a reminder of the intricate relationship between our star and the technology we rely on daily.</p>



<p>As we monitor the developments in the coming days, it is crucial to remain vigilant and prepared for any challenges that may arise from this cosmic dance between the Sun and Earth.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-9-2024-at-8-24-pm-edt">Update -- May 9, 2024 at 8:24 PM EDT</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Very high solar activity, multiple CMEs to impact Earth</h3>



<p>Solar activity has reached very high levels, with background flux at or near M1.0. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3664</a> has continued to exhibit growth and has produced two R3 (Strong) and multiple R1 (Minor) events. </p>



<p>This activity prompted the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center to issue a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch earlier today, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>The largest events, an X2.2 flare at 09/0913 UTC and an X1.1 at 09/1744 UTC, were accompanied by Type-II and IV radio sweeps, and complex radio burst signatures were observed across discrete frequencies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs)</h3>



<p>A halo CME associated with the X2.2 flare at 09/0913 UTC from Region 3664 is Earth-directed, with arrival likely on May 11, 2024. Another halo CME, associated with the X1.1 flare at 09/1744 UTC, is undergoing modeling as of the time of this writing.</p>



<p>At present, four halo CMEs (associated with flare activity from Region 3664 over May 8 and May 9, 2024) and a CME associated with a filament eruption (from May 8, 2024) are expected to arrive beginning late on May 10th, with the bulk of geomagnetic impacts predicted on May 11th. </p>



<p>The aforementioned CME associated with the X1.1 flare at 09/1744 UTC will likely add to this count upon completion of analysis, making a total of five CMEs likely to impact Earth this weekend.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-issues-from-the-cme-impacts">Potential issues from the CME impacts</h3>



<p>The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as the southern states, down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar activity forecast</h3>



<p>Solar activity is expected to persist at high to very high levels over May 10-12, with M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) expected and X-class flares (R3/Strong) likely, due to the flare potential of Region 3664.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Energetic particle summary and forecast</h3>



<p>The greater than 10 MeV proton flux became slightly enhanced after 09/0600 UTC, following strong flare activity from Region 3664, but remained below 1 pfu. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was at normal to moderate levels.</p>



<p>There is a chance for the greater than 10 MeV proton flux to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels over May 10-12, 2024 due to the location and flare potential of Region 3664. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux is expected to be at normal to moderate levels over 10-12 May.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind summary and forecast</h3>



<p>Nominal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar wind</a> conditions prevailed throughout much of the period, with a minor perturbation observed in the magnetic field after 09/1730 UTC. </p>



<p>Solar wind speeds decreased from initial readings near 450 km/s to between 400-425 km/s, total field strength ranged 1-7 nT, and the Bz component varied +3/-5 nT. The phi angle was positive.</p>



<p>A weakly enhanced solar wind environment associated with CME activity is expected through most of may 10, 2024. A stronger disturbance is expected in the early hours of May 11 through much of May 12 due to the anticipated arrival of a series of halo CMEs associated with activity from Region 3664 over May 8-9, 2024.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geospace summary and forecast</h3>



<p>The geomagnetic field was quiet.</p>



<p>Periods of active conditions and G1 (Minor) storming are likely on May 10, 2024 with the possible early arrival of a series of CMEs (from May 8-9, 2024). </p>



<p>The bulk of the incoming CME(s) is expected to arrive early on May 11, with periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) geomagnetic storming expected, and periods of G3-G4 (Strong-Severe) storms likely. </p>



<p>Periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) storms are likely on May 12 due to an enhanced solar wind environment following the passage of the May 8-9 CMEs.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds. </p>



<p>-----</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-9-2024-at-5-24-pm-edt">Update -- May 9, 2024 at 5:24 PM EDT</h2>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-cluster-16-times-the-size-of-earth-sparks-concern">Sunspot cluster 16 times the size of Earth sparks concern</h2>



<p>On Thursday, May 9, 2024, the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center issued a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>This highly unusual occurrence is attributed to at least five earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed over the past few days.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-strong-flares-detected">Multiple strong flares detected</h3>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA region 3664, which spans an impressive 16 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impact-on-earth">Potential impact on Earth</h3>



<p>The CMEs are expected to arrive as early as midday Friday, May 10, 2024, and persist through Sunday, May 12, 2024.</p>



<p>The potential impact of these geomagnetic disturbances on Earth's magnetic field and technological infrastructure is significant, warranting the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Severe (G4)</a> Geomagnetic Storm Watch.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-occurrence-in-current-solar-cycle">Rare occurrence in current solar cycle</h3>



<p>Since the beginning of the current solar cycle in December 2019, only three Severe geomagnetic storms have been observed.</p>



<p>The most recent G4 (Severe) storm occurred on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-solar-storm-will-generate-auroras-as-far-south-as-alabama/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">March 23, 2024</a>, while the last G5 (Extreme) event, known as the <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Halloween Storms</a>, took place in October 2003.</p>



<p>The G5 storm notably caused power outages in Sweden and damaged transformers in South Africa, underscoring the potential consequences of such powerful geomagnetic disturbances.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-storm">Preparing for the storm</h3>



<p>As the anticipated arrival of the CMEs approaches, scientists, government agencies, and the general public are advised to stay informed about the latest developments and any potential impacts on communication systems, power grids, and satellite operations.</p>



<p>Taking necessary precautions and having contingency plans in place can help mitigate the risks associated with severe geomagnetic storms.</p>



<p>While rare, the Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch serves as a reminder of the dynamic and powerful nature of our Sun and its far-reaching effects on Earth.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

NOAA Warning: "Severe Geomagnetic Storm" to impact Earth starting today

Update -- May 10, 2024 at 9:04 AM EDT NOAA...

<p>Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-black-holes-and-quasars-grew-faster-than-their-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, never to return? These mysterious cosmic monsters are places where gravity bends the rules of the universe, trapping even light in their clutches. At the edge of a black hole lies a boundary called the event horizon – a point of no return. But what does it really look like to cross this threshold? Thanks to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s incredible new visualization, we can now take that terrifying plunge... without the actual danger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-event-horizon">Event horizon</h2>



<p>The event horizon is the defining boundary of a black hole, marking the point beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It separates the black hole from the rest of the universe and acts as a one-way door. Crossing this threshold means being trapped forever in a realm of intense gravity.</p>



<p>In physics terms, the event horizon represents the surface surrounding a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. The radius of this surface is known as the Schwarzschild radius for non-rotating black holes and depends on the black hole’s mass. Within this region, gravitational forces are so strong that even time itself slows down, a phenomenon called gravitational time dilation.</p>



<p>But what lies beyond the event horizon? At the very core of a black hole lies the singularity, where density becomes infinite and the laws of physics as we know them cease to operate. The intense gravitational forces stretch objects falling toward this singularity into long, thin shapes - a process called spaghettification.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supercomputer-simulation-for-black-hole-visualization">Supercomputer simulation for black hole visualization</h2>



<p>The creation of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> visualizations involved a dedicated team. Leading the team was Dr. Jeremy Schnittman, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The experts relied on the immense computational power of the Discover supercomputer. The supercomputer is housed at NASA's Center for Climate Simulation.</p>



<p>This extraordinary computing muscle was necessary because simulating the behavior of matter and energy under the influence of a black hole's incredibly strong gravity requires extremely complex calculations. “People often ask about this, and simulating these difficult-to-imagine processes helps me connect the mathematics of relativity to actual consequences in the real universe,” said Schnittman.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-you-fall-in">What happens when you fall in?</h2>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>NASA's simulation presents two distinct scenarios: crossing the event horizon, which determines your ultimate fate, or narrowly escaping the black hole's immense gravitational pull. As you approach the black hole, the profound effects of Einstein's theory of relativity become strikingly evident. </p>



<p>Light emitted by surrounding stars and the swirling accretion disk (a region of superheated gas around the black hole) undergoes severe warping and distortion. The closer you venture, the faster you are propelled, ultimately reaching speeds close to that of light.</p>
</blockquote>



<p>If you cross the event horizon, there is no possibility of return. From the perspective of a distant observer, time would appear to slow down for you to the point where you seem frozen in place, never fully crossing. However, from your own perspective, the end would come swiftly. </p>



<p>"Once the camera crosses the horizon, its destruction due to the extreme gravitational forces is just 12.8 seconds away," explained Schnittman. These tidal forces would cause an extreme stretching effect on any object.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="gn0lsftefk-3610576-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>The alternative scenario, while intense, doesn't end in your demise. If you manage to orbit very close to the event horizon and escape, you would experience extreme time dilation. Your journey might seem like a matter of hours from your perspective, but those far from the black hole's influence would have experienced a much longer passage of time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-black-hole-visualization">Significance of black hole visualization</h2>



<p>Black holes may hold a captivating presence in science fiction, but visualizations like NASA's serve a crucial role in furthering our understanding of the very real and intricate scientific principles that govern these cosmic phenomena. </p>



<p>These simulations provide a valuable tool for making Einstein's theory of relativity more concrete. They transform abstract concepts into a comprehensible experience. Remarkably, the visualizations show the profound effects that black holes have on their surroundings. This includes the warping of spacetime and the distortion of light.</p>



<p>The immense public fascination with black holes is understandable – their existence pushes the boundaries of our current knowledge and challenges our perception of reality. It's no wonder that these captivating objects were featured prominently in the film '"Interstellar."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiencing-black-hole-virtually">Experiencing black hole virtually</h2>



<p>NASA's black hole visualization represents a remarkable leap in our ability to comprehend the awe-inspiring power of these cosmic giants. It provides an unprecedented opportunity to safely delve into the boundaries of known physics, offering us a virtual journey to the extremes of the universe. </p>



<p>Through these simulations, we can witness firsthand how gravity distorts spacetime. The images fundamentally alter our understanding of the laws that govern our reality. The visualizations reveal how light warps and time bends. They show how matter behaves in the presence of a black hole's immense gravitational pull.</p>



<p>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</p>



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What would it be like to fall into a black hole?

Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked...

<p>The astonishing diversity of worlds beyond our solar system is consistently revealed with the discovery of new exoplanets. In a recent finding, scientists have encountered a rocky <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-do-we-know-about-possible-earth-like-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a> where extreme gravitational forces create a landscape of extraordinary volcanism. The world of volcanic exoplanets sheds light on the powerful interplay between planets and their host stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-for-exoplanets">The search for exoplanets</h2>



<p>Our solar system is just a tiny neighborhood in a vast and mysterious galaxy.&nbsp;For decades,&nbsp;astronomers have been searching for planets beyond our sun,&nbsp;worlds known as exoplanets,&nbsp;that could harbor environments unlike anything found here on Earth.&nbsp;These distant worlds offer a unique opportunity to understand the incredible diversity of planetary systems that exist in the universe.</p>



<p>One of the key tools in this ongoing hunt is NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Launched in 2018, TESS is specifically designed to identify exoplanets orbiting stars that are relatively close and bright. The focus on nearby stars allows scientists to gather more detailed data about these exoplanets, potentially revealing characteristics like their size, composition, and even the presence of atmospheres.</p>



<p>TESS works by monitoring the brightness of stars over time.&nbsp;When a planet passes directly in front of its host star from our perspective,&nbsp;the star's light dims slightly for a brief period.&nbsp;This dimming event,&nbsp;called a transit,&nbsp;allows scientists to detect the presence of the planet and estimate its size based on the amount of starlight blocked.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-volcanic-exoplanet-toi-6713-01">Discovery of volcanic exoplanet TOI-6713.01</h2>



<p>Astrophysicist Stephen Kane of <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> made an unexpected discovery while studying the star system HD 104067. Initially known to contain a giant planet, data from TESS revealed the presence of not just one but two additional rocky planets orbiting the star. </p>



<p>One of these newly discovered planets, TOI-6713.01, is a rocky world similar to Earth but 30% larger. It is characterized by intense volcanic activity due to gravitational forces from neighboring planets. This brings the total planetary count in the HD 104067 system to three, providing new insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-detects-signs-of-life-on-exoplanet-k2-18b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanetary</a> environments.</p>



<p>The newly identified planet, designated TOI-6713.01, is particularly intriguing. While 30% larger than Earth, its scorching surface temperature of 2,600 degrees Kelvin places it in a league of its own. Such intense heat is largely due to tidal forces exerted by its neighboring planets. These gravitational interactions force TOI-6713.01 into an eccentric orbit, creating immense pressure that leads to continuous volcanic eruptions.</p>



<p>This exoplanet's volcanic activity gives TOI-6713.01 a distinctive appearance, with its molten lava surface glowing red-hot, resembling a fiery ember from space. The discovery of this planet provides scientists with a rare opportunity to study the impact of tidal forces on planetary geology and climate, expanding our understanding of how gravitational interactions shape planetary environments in distant star systems.</p>



<p>"This terrestrial planet possesses a level of volcanic activity comparable to a hyperactive version of Jupiter’s moon Io,” noted UC Riverside astrophysicist Stephen Kane.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-tidal-forces-in-volcanic-exoplanet">Role of tidal forces in volcanic exoplanet</h2>



<p>Io, the most volcanically active body in our solar system, has relentless eruptions fueled by gravitational interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-use-exoplanet-hunter-to-study-jupiters-winds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter</a> and its other moons. Jupiter's strong gravitational pull, combined with the gravitational influence of its other moons, forces Io into an elliptical orbit. This orbit creates continuous tidal flexing, resulting in intense internal heating and driving the ceaseless volcanic activity on Io’s surface.</p>



<p>Similarly, TOI-6713.01 is subjected to extreme tidal forces due to its proximity to the host star and gravitational interactions with neighboring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. Its larger planetary neighbors distort its orbit, pulling it into an eccentric path around the star. This eccentric orbit causes intense internal heating due to the gravitational pull of the star. The continuous squeezing and stretching from these tidal forces generate significant energy that drives the planet's explosive volcanism.</p>



<p>As a result, TOI-6713.01 has a scorching surface temperature of 2,600 degrees Kelvin, with molten lava erupting frequently across its surface. The extreme gravitational interactions make TOI-6713.01 glow red-hot, creating a fiery appearance visible from space. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



<p>"This discovery expands our understanding of the limits of energy input into a terrestrial planet and showcases the potential consequences," said Kane. His team aims to determine the mass and density of TOI-6713.01, providing insights into the scale of its volcanic processes. </p>



<p>This research highlights how tidal forces can dramatically shape planetary environments. The discovery of TOI-6713.01 emphasizes the dynamic range of planetary systems within our galaxy. </p>



<p>As research continues, scientists will continue to discover extraordinary worlds. These findings will push the boundaries of our understanding of cosmic forces and planetary evolution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad3820" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astronomical Journal</a></em>.</p>



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Volcanic exoplanet glows with red-hot molten lava

The astonishing diversity of worlds beyond our solar system is...

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<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the </span><a href="https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Zuckerman Institute</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> describes an interdisciplinary study that is focused on the brain and its capacity to seek out new information. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Professor and neuroscientist Jacqueline Gottlieb teamed up with Professor Michael Woodford in Columbia University&#8217;s Department of Economics to investigate what motivates the brain to dedicate its attention to certain things. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For their investigation, the researchers combined mathematical models used in Economics with brain-monitoring techniques used in Neuroscience.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The study is published in the journal </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nature Human Behavior</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: Zuckerman Institute</span></i></p>

What motivates the brain to focus on certain things?