<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Earth Observatory features Tropical Storm Francine moving across the Gulf of Mexico on the afternoon of September 10, 2024. </p>



<p>Just hours after the photo was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-21 satellite, the storm intensified into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-hurricanes-are-intensifying-faster-due-to-climate-change/">hurricane</a> strength.</p>



<p>By September 11, Francine had become a Category 2 hurricane, reaching wind speeds of 100 miles per hour. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storms-fueled-by-rising-ocean-temperatures">Storms fueled by rising ocean temperatures</h2>



<p>“Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are a fair predictor of the readiness of the ocean to fuel and sustain storms. Meteorologists generally agree that SSTs should be above 82 degrees Fahrenheit to sustain and intensify hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153309/francine-bears-down-on-louisiana" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.</p>



<p>“During the time of Francine’s development on September 8 to 10, temperatures in the southwestern Gulf were several degrees above that threshold and slightly above the 2003-2014 average for those dates, according to data from the Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MUR SST) project.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-hurricane-francine">Impacts of Hurricane Francine</h2>



<p>Louisiana was hit hardest by Francine, with coastal areas experiencing life-threatening storm surges up to 10 feet, heavy rainfall, and significant flooding. In Terrebonne Parish, where Francine made landfall, more than 200,000 residents lost power.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Southern regions of Texas also experienced heavy rainfall and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>. Despite some weakening as Francine moved inland, Mississippi and other parts of the Gulf Coast still experienced flash flooding and strong winds as the system degraded into a tropical depression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2024-atlantic-hurricane-season">2024 Atlantic hurricane season</h2>



<p>The 2024 Atlantic hurricane season has been notably active, but with an unusual break in activity leading up to Hurricane Francine.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-start-for-storms">Early start for storms</h3>



<p>The season officially began on June 1, 2024. By early September, there had been five named storms, including three hurricanes, with one reaching Category 5 status - Hurricane Beryl in July.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Beryl set an early-season record as it intensified rapidly due to exceptionally warm sea surface <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-calm">Surprising calm</h3>



<p>While the early part of the season saw significant activity, including Beryl's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-causes-the-rapid-intensification-of-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explosive growth</a>, the basin has experienced a surprising calm since mid-August. </p>



<p>From August 12 to September 3, there was no tropical activity, marking the quietest stretch in over 50 years. Experts attribute this inactivity to several factors, including cooling waters in parts of the Atlantic and shifts in atmospheric patterns over Africa that disrupted storm formation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-ahead">What's ahead</h3>



<p>Looking ahead, forecasts are cautious but not pessimistic. Despite the quiet period, researchers still expect more activity, with potential for further storm development through September.</p>



<p>Predictions are pointing to up to 14 named storms - seven hurricanes, and three major hurricanes - by the end of the 2024 season.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hurricanes-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-nbsp">Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The location of the Gulf of Mexico makes it a hotspot for hurricane development and landfall. Warm sea surface temperatures, especially in late summer and early fall, provide the energy needed for these storms to grow in intensity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When atmospheric conditions such as low wind shear and high moisture are favorable, hurricanes can rapidly intensify, becoming major threats to coastal regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-time-for-preparation-nbsp">Little time for preparation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Mexico's geography also means that hurricanes have a relatively short distance to travel before making landfall, often allowing little time for preparation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Communities in coastal states like Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are frequently in the path of these storms.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastating-impacts">Devastating impacts</h3>



<p>Over the years, hurricanes like Katrina, Harvey, and Ida have highlighted the devastating impacts, from storm surges and flooding to wind damage and disruption of infrastructure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Due to the Gulf's importance as an economic hub, especially for oil production and shipping, hurricanes can also have significant economic repercussions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The region's vulnerability to hurricanes is compounded by climate change, which has led to warmer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-ocean-heating-signals-alarm-for-a-3c-warmer-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> and more intense storms. </p>



<p>Predictions suggest that while the overall number of hurricanes may not increase, the number of major hurricanes (Category 3 and above) could rise. This will make the Gulf Coast an even more dangerous area during hurricane season, which typically lasts from June to November.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Hurricane Francine makes landfall in Louisiana 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features an incredible new image of the Crab Nebula in bright neon colors. </p>



<p>“The unusual image was produced by combining data from telescopes spanning nearly the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. </p>



<p>Colored in red, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) provided information about the nebula gathered in the radio regime.</p>



<p>NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope took infrared images, which appear yellow, while the NASA/ESA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-captures-another-cosmic-masterpiece-in-galaxy-ngc-2217/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope provided images made in optical wavelengths, colored in green.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Blue colors represent ultraviolet observations made by ESA’s XMM-Newton telescope, and the purple colors are X-ray radiation data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-about-the-crab-nebula-nbsp">About the Crab Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Crab Nebula, located in the constellation Taurus, contains the remnants of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova explosion</a> first observed on Earth in 1054 AD. This explosion was recorded by Chinese astronomers and possibly by Native American rock art.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The nebula spans about 11 light-years across and lies approximately 6,500 light-years away from Earth. It is one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-crab-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studied objects</a> in the sky, largely due to its status as a bright and dynamic supernova remnant.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crab-pulsar">The Crab Pulsar</h2>



<p>The Crab Nebula contains a pulsar at its center, which is a rapidly rotating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slow-spinning-neutron-star-completely-defies-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron star</a> that emits pulses of radiation. This pulsar, known as the Crab Pulsar, spins about 30 times per second and is a significant source of gamma rays and other forms of high-energy radiation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The nebula itself is a complex structure of filaments and synchrotron radiation. The filaments are remnants of the original star's outer layers, while the synchrotron radiation emerges from electrons spiraling in the magnetic fields produced by the pulsar.</p>



<p>“Surrounding the pulsar lies a mix of material; some of it was originally expelled from the star before it went supernova, and the rest was ejected during the explosion itself,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Fast-moving winds of particles fly off from the neutron star, energizing the dust and gas around it. These different layers and intricacies of the nebula can be observed in all of the different wavelengths of light.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crab-nebula-observation-nbsp">Crab Nebula observation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Throughout its history, the Crab Nebula has provided critical insights into the processes of stellar death, the behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pulsars-are-helping-astronomers-pinpoint-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsars</a>, and the mechanics of supernova remnants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Its continuous observation has revealed changes over time, such as the expansion of its filaments and variations in its brightness, offering a dynamic laboratory for astrophysical studies.</p>



<p>Overall, the Crab Nebula is a highly energetic and object, providing valuable insights into the processes following a supernova explosion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-nebulae">Fascinating facts about nebulae</h2>



<p>Nebulae are some of the most breathtaking and intriguing structures in the universe. They are vast clouds of gas and dust, often considered stellar nurseries where new stars are born. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-of-nebulae">Colors of nebulae </h3>



<p>One of the most fascinating aspects of nebulae is their ability to glow in different colors. This occurs because they either reflect the light of nearby stars or emit light due to the ionization of gases within them, particularly hydrogen. </p>



<p>Some nebulae, like the famous Orion Nebula, are visible to the naked eye and serve as one of the nearest regions of active star formation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae">Planetary nebulae </h3>



<p>Stars are born in dense regions of nebulae, and when they die, some will expel their outer layers, creating stunning structures known as planetary nebulae. The colorful clouds left behind can shine brightly for thousands of years. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-size">Massive size</h3>



<p>Another amazing fact is that some nebulae are so vast that light can take years to travel from one side to the other, stretching across hundreds of light-years.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-remnants">Star remnants </h3>



<p>Perhaps even more mind-boggling is the fact that nebulae are the remnants of previous generations of stars. Supernova explosions of massive stars can create these glowing clouds of gas and dust, seeding the cosmos with the elements necessary for the formation of new stars and planets.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Dubner (IAFE, CONICET-University of Buenos Aires) et al.; A. Loll et al.; T. Temim et al.; F. Seward et al.; VLA/NRAO/AUI/NSF; Chandra/CXC; Spitzer/JPL-Caltech; XMM-Newton/ESA; and Hubble/STScI</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Crab Nebula: The brilliant remains of a massive star explosion

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the European Space Agency features wildfires in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. These fires have been some of the most devastating in recent history.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on September 9, 2024. “The infrared signal acquired by the mission’s multispectral instrument allows the extent of the burned areas to be seen and highlights where the fires were still active on the date of acquisition,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brazil-fires-of-2024">Brazil fires of 2024</h2>



<p>2024 has shaped up to be one of Brazil's most intense fire seasons. The country is facing its worst drought since national measurements began, which has fueled a surge in wildfires across critical regions like the Amazon, the Pantanal wetlands, and the Cerrado savanna.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-amazon">The Amazon</h3>



<p>By September 2024, Brazil had already recorded nearly 160,000 fires - the highest number since 2010. In the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/">Amazon</a>, the first half of the year saw the most wildfires in 20 years, with fire activity up by 40% compared to previous record years.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-deforestation-nbsp">Climate change and deforestation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Climate change and human-driven deforestation are worsening the situation. The combination of extreme drought, slash-and-burn agriculture, and the ongoing degradation of forests has created ideal conditions for fire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a> to spread uncontrollably. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-in-the-pantanal-nbsp">Fires in the Pantanal&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Regions like the Pantanal have been especially hard-hit, with large portions of the biome burned earlier than usual, long before the peak of fire season.</p>



<p>The fires have significantly impacted the fragile ecosystem of the Pantanal, which is one of the world’s largest tropical wetlands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Between August 1 and 27, over 3,800 fires were recorded in the Pantanal, marking an alarming increase compared to the previous year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These fires have led to severe damage to local wildlife, with hundreds of animals, including jaguars and anteaters, suffering from burns. Firefighters have been mobilized, but the scale of the fires and the vast, difficult-to-access areas have made containment efforts challenging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irreversible-impacts-on-biodiversity">Irreversible impacts on biodiversity</h2>



<p>Furthermore, the fires have released toxic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoke</a> that has spread across Brazil, affecting cities as far as São Paulo and Brasília. The use of satellite imagery from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has been crucial in monitoring the active fires and the extent of burned areas. </p>



<p>Environmentalists are warning that the destruction of native vegetation and animal habitats could have long-term, irreversible effects on the region’s biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-wildfires">Climate change and wildfires</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-attribute-extreme-heat-and-wildfires-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> and wildfires are deeply interconnected. As the Earth's climate warms due to the increase in greenhouse gases, many regions around the world are experiencing hotter, drier conditions. </p>



<p>These changes create the perfect environment for wildfires to ignite and spread. Warmer temperatures dry out vegetation, making forests and grasslands more flammable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When a spark - whether from a lightning strike, a human activity, or another source - hits this dry vegetation, fires can erupt rapidly and become difficult to control.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-fire-seasons">Longer fire seasons</h3>



<p>In addition, changing weather patterns have led to longer fire seasons in many parts of the world. Areas that were once too wet or cool to experience frequent fires are now seeing them more often.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, the Arctic and subarctic regions, including parts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-in-siberia-are-a-growing-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Siberia</a> and Alaska, have experienced unusually intense wildfires in recent years, partly due to warming temperatures and thawing permafrost.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-severity">Fire severity</h3>



<p>Climate change also affects the severity of fires. Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to more extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, which can generate lightning and ignite fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, prolonged droughts caused by changing rainfall patterns make forests more susceptible to large, destructive wildfires. Once a fire starts, the hot, dry conditions fuel its rapid spread, often overwhelming firefighting efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinforcing-feedback-loop">Reinforcing feedback loop</h2>



<p>The aftermath of wildfires further exacerbates climate change. When forests burn, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide stored in trees and soil into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This creates a feedback loop, where more fires lead to more carbon emissions, which in turn accelerate climate change, making future fires more likely and more intense. As climate change continues to progress, wildfires are expected to become more frequent, larger, and more destructive across many parts of the world.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Brazil's devastating 2024 fire season rages on

<p>Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured on by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."</p>



<p>"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. </p>



<p>Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.</p>



<p>One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. </p>



<p>Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. </p>



<p>These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. </p>



<p>This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. </p>



<p>Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



<p>Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. </p>



<p>However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from NASA Webb Images features an extraordinary view of Uranus, the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system. </p>



<p>The photo reveals the rings, moons, and extreme seasons of the ice giant Uranus in unprecedented detail.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-north-polar-cap-nbsp">Dynamic north polar cap&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“The Webb image exquisitely captures Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap, including the bright, white, inner cap and the dark lane in the bottom of the polar cap,” noted NASA.</p>



<p>Unlike Earth, where polar ice caps are formed by the freezing of water, Uranus's polar caps are thought to be primarily composed of a dense concentration of haze in the atmosphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The polar cap's haze is likely composed of methane particles. Methane in Uranus's atmosphere condenses into ice particles, which then create a thick haze that scatters sunlight, giving the polar cap its distinct bright appearance in visible and infrared light.</p>



<p>The polar cap is dynamic and changes over time. It becomes more prominent during the summer season of each pole. As Uranus moves along its orbit, the cap's appearance transforms, with the haze becoming thicker and brighter when the pole is in continuous sunlight.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-zeta-ring-nbsp">The Zeta ring&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The inner and outer rings of Uranus are visible in the image, including Zeta - the innermost ring which is the faintest and most difficult to observe.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photo-of-uranus-and-its-rings-and-moons-captured-by-the-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rings of Uranus</a> are primarily composed of narrow bands of particles, likely made of water ice mixed with a dark material. These rings are distinct from those of Saturn in that they are much darker and narrower.</p>



<p>The faintness and characteristics of the Zeta ring make it a subject of interest in studies related to the dynamics and composition of planetary ring systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moons-of-uranus-nbsp">Moons of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/multimedia/images/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Webb</a> photo also features nine of the planet’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-four-uranus-moons-may-have-oceans-that-are-miles-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a>, which appear as blue dots surrounding the rings. </p>



<p>“Clockwise starting at 2 o’clock, they are: Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet, and Perdita. The orbits of these moons share the 98-degree tilt of their parent planet relative to the plane of the solar system,” noted NASA.</p>



<p>Uranus has 27 known moons, and they are divided into three main groups based on their orbits: the inner moons, the major moons, and the irregular moons.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-moon-ariel-may-have-a-hidden-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a> of Uranus are unique because they are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, rather than being named after figures from classical mythology, as is common for the moons of other planets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ice-giant-uranus-nbsp">The ice giant Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Uranus is classified as an "ice giant" because, unlike the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, which are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, Uranus has a significant proportion of "ices" in its composition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In astronomical terms, ices refer to volatile substances like water, ammonia, and methane, which exist in solid or liquid forms at the low temperatures found in the outer solar system.</p>



<p>Uranus has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, but beneath that, it contains a large, dense mantle composed of these ices, along with rock and other heavier elements.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-rain-may-be-common-on-giant-icy-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice giant</a> differentiates Uranus (and Neptune, the other ice giant) from the larger gas giants, emphasizing the different chemical compositions and internal structures of these planets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-uranus-nbsp">Climate of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Uranus has a unique and extreme climate, largely influenced by its unusual tilt, which causes the planet to rotate almost on its side. This tilt leads to extreme seasonal variations, with each pole experiencing 42 years of continuous sunlight followed by 42 years of darkness.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Even though it is closer to the sun than Neptune, Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system, with temperatures plunging to as low as -224°C (-371°F). The reason for this is not fully understood, but it might be due to an internal heat distribution anomaly.</p>



<p>Despite these frigid conditions, Uranus experiences intense weather patterns, including powerful storms and winds that can reach speeds of up to 900 kilometers per hour. These winds blow in the same direction as the planet’s rotation and are some of the fastest in the solar system.</p>



<p>Storms on Uranus are driven by its internal heat and the interaction of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-is-more-gassy-less-icy-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric gases</a>. Observations have shown that these storms can be quite large, sometimes comparable in size to the Earth, and can last for several years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The planet’s extreme axial tilt also means that the storms and weather patterns are highly variable, depending on the season. During equinoxes, when the Sun is directly over the equator, Uranus exhibits more storm activity compared to when the poles are pointed towards the Sun or away from it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-uranus">Observations of Uranus</h2>



<p>“One day on Uranus is about 17 hours, so the planet’s rotation is relatively quick. This makes it supremely difficult for observatories with a sharp eye like Webb to capture one simple image of the entire planet - storms and other atmospheric features, and the planet’s moons, move visibly within minutes,” explained NASA.</p>



<p>“This image combines several longer and shorter exposures of this dynamic system to correct for those slight changes throughout the observing time.”</p>



<p>The first recorded observations of Uranus were made by John Flamsteed on December 13, 1690. However, Flamsteed mistakenly identified the planet as a star, which he named “34 Tauri."&nbsp;</p>



<p>It wasn't until March 13, 1781, that Uranus was officially identified as a planet by William Herschel. He initially thought he had discovered a comet, but further observations and calculations by other astronomers confirmed that it was a new planet, making Uranus the first planet discovered in modern history with the aid of a telescope.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The ice giant Uranus in stunning detail

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Webb Images features...

<p>Have you ever paused to consider the hidden world of insect communication? For over 30 years, a scientist named Rex Cocroft has dedicated his career to understanding this fascinating arena. </p>



<p>With a background in music and biology, Cocroft's work has been recognized across the globe, earning him a feature in a BBC documentary series and even inspiring fellow researchers to name a new species of treehoppers, Cladonota rex, in his honor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treehoppers-communicate-using-vibrations">Treehoppers communicate using vibrations</h2>



<p>Treehoppers are tiny insects that inhabit every continent except Antarctica. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small creatures</a> have advanced communication systems that are as intriguing as they are mysterious. </p>



<p>The insects communicate by sending vibrations through a plant’s leaves and stem, almost like a silent symphony that humans cannot detect.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sending-messages-through-vibrations">Sending messages through vibrations</h2>



<p>"Treehoppers have vibration sensors that detect when their legs move up and down, and they are extremely sensitive to that kind of motion," explained Cocroft, who is a biologist at the <a href="https://missouri.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Missouri</a>.</p>



<p>These vibrations work much like our sense of sound, allowing treehoppers to convey messages and signals. But remember, what we perceive as silence, is a robust conversation for treehoppers.</p>



<p>Cocroft uses unique sensors that function like guitar amplifiers. "Piezoelectric materials produce an electrical current when under mechanical stress," he noted. </p>



<p>So, by using a piezo disk, the vibrations become an electrical signal that can be amplified, allowing him to tune into the chat between the bugs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treehoppers-diverse-way-of-communicating">Treehoppers' diverse way of communicating</h2>



<p>Treehoppers <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-complex-biochemical-communication-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> by vibrating different parts of their bodies, which transmits vibrations via their legs to the plant stem. </p>



<p>Interestingly, these creatures can also mimic cicadas by creating a clicking sound, and some can even create song-like sounds that vary in pitch, tone, and volume.</p>



<p>"Treehoppers typically have several different types of signals in their repertoire, and they are good at distinguishing between those and responding appropriately," explained Cocroft. It might not be what we usually associate with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-insects-are-severely-impacted-by-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> sounds, but the mechanics of producing and transmitting these sounds are unique.</p>



<p>"With more than 3,000 species of treehoppers worldwide, every species has different songs, so you don’t know what you’re going to hear until you begin to listen," said Cocroft.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-musician-turned-biologist">Musician turned biologist</h2>



<p>Having been drawn to the piano during his high school days, Cocroft initially pursued a degree in music in college. </p>



<p>But the call of biology, a childhood passion, was too strong for him to ignore. After a stint as a research assistant at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Cocroft's interest in animal communication took flight, a journey that led him to the fascinating world of treehoppers. </p>



<p>"Communication is such a key part of the behavior of any animal,” said Cocroft, who embodies a unique blend of passion, curiosity, and dedication.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-for-survival">Communication for survival</h2>



<p>One might wonder, what evolutionary advantage does such complex communication provide to treehoppers? These small insects are not just engaging in idle chatter; their communication is essential for survival and reproduction. </p>



<p>Through vibrational signals, treehoppers can relay alarms about potential predators, coordinate collective movements, and even engage in mating duets, where males and females signal back and forth to evaluate compatibility. </p>



<p>Such intricate layers of communication have likely evolved to ensure that treehoppers can efficiently interact with their environment and make adaptive decisions critical for their biodiversity. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-insect-communication">Secrets of insect communication</h2>



<p>Reflecting on decades of research, Cocroft is optimistic about the future of studying insect communication. </p>



<p>With advancing technology, researchers are poised to uncover even more secrets about how treehoppers and other insects communicate. </p>



<p>Innovations in sensor technology and computational analysis promise to deepen the understanding of vibrational ecology and its implications across <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-day-using-technology-to-protect-our-natural-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>. </p>



<p>Cocroft envisions a future where these insights could impact agriculture, conservation, and even robotics, by emulating the efficient communication systems found in nature. </p>



<p>"We are just scratching the surface of what these tiny creatures can teach us about communication and adaptation."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-sounds-of-treehoppers">Subtle sounds of treehoppers </h2>



<p>As we appreciate the subtle sounds of treehoppers, we witness the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nighttime-buzz-insect-activity-increases-by-31-4-at-night/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boundless wonders</a> that nature has to offer.</p>



<p>For over 30 years, Cocroft has studied these insects and their unique communication strategies, bringing closer to us a world that's often overlooked. </p>



<p>And even as we marvel at these discoveries, it's clear that there's still much left to be understood. "I’ve always liked the exploration side of natural history, and there’s a lot we can still discover about how insects like treehoppers communicate," said Cocroft.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Treehoppers secretly communicate by making plants vibrate

Have you ever paused to consider the hidden world of...

<p>Global methane emissions have continued to rise at an alarming rate despite international efforts to curb them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More than 150 countries have pledged to reduce methane emissions by 30% by the end of this decade, yet new research reveals that in the past five years, methane emissions have surged faster than ever before.</p>



<p>In a perspective article published on September 10 in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad6463" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Research Letters</em></a>, alongside data in Earth System Science Data, researchers warned that the current trend “cannot continue if we are to maintain a habitable climate.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Both papers were part of the <a href="https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Carbon Project</a>, led by <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> scientist Rob Jackson, which tracks global greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-trajectory-of-rising-methane-rates-nbsp">Extreme trajectory of rising methane rates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The data reveals that atmospheric methane levels are now more than 2.6 times higher than pre-industrial levels, marking the highest concentration in at least 800,000 years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Methane <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-emissions-are-greatly-underestimated-by-the-epa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emission rates</a> are currently rising along the most extreme trajectory predicted by climate scientists. This trend could lead to global warming of more than 3 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit) by the end of the century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Right now, the goals of the Global Methane Pledge seem as distant as a desert oasis,” said Jackson, who is the Michelle and Kevin Douglas Provostial Professor at Stanford's Doerr School of Sustainability. “We all hope they aren’t a mirage.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spike-in-methane-emission-rates">Spike in methane emission rates</h2>



<p>Methane, though short-lived compared to carbon dioxide, is a potent greenhouse gas. During its first 20 years in the atmosphere, methane traps heat nearly 90 times more effectively than carbon dioxide, making it a critical target in efforts to limit global warming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite increased attention on methane reduction, total emissions have surged by 61 million tons - or about 20% - over the past two decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This spike has been primarily driven by increases in coal mining, oil and gas production, livestock farming, and decomposing organic waste in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landfills-emit-exorbitant-amount-methane-into-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">landfills</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-disparities-in-methane-emissions-nbsp">Regional disparities in methane emissions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Marielle Saunois of <a href="https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Université Paris-Saclay</a>, lead author of the Earth System Science Data paper, emphasized the regional disparities in methane emissions.</p>



<p>“Only the European Union and possibly Australia appear to have decreased methane emissions from human activities over the past two decades. The largest regional increases have come from China and southeast Asia.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-from-human-activities-nbsp">Methane from human activities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In 2020, the most recent year for complete data, around 400 million tons - or 65% - of global methane emissions were linked to human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agriculture-higher-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agriculture</a> and waste management together contributed two-thirds of these emissions, while the fossil fuel industry was responsible for the remainder. The researchers found that methane emissions from human sources have continued to rise through at least 2023.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-emissions-of-nitrogen-oxides">Reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides</h2>



<p>A particularly sharp increase in atmospheric methane was recorded in 2020, with 42 million tons added - double the average annual increase during the 2010s and more than six times the increase seen during the early 2000s.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pandemic lockdowns in 2020 temporarily reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), pollutants that typically degrade methane in the atmosphere. This reduction in NOx emissions contributed to the methane buildup.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We’re still trying to understand the full effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-lockdowns-had-unexpected-impacts-on-wildlife-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID lockdowns</a> on the global methane budget,” Jackson explained. “COVID changed nearly everything - from fossil fuel use to emissions of other gasses that alter the lifetime of methane in the atmosphere.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-influence-of-humans-on-methane-rates">Growing influence of humans on methane rates</h2>



<p>In their most recent assessment, Global Carbon Project scientists revised how they classify methane sources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Previously, all methane from wetlands, lakes, and rivers was considered natural. However, the latest methane budget accounts for the growing influence of human activities on these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For example, human-made reservoirs contribute an estimated 30 million tons of methane annually, as submerged organic material decays and releases the gas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Emissions from reservoirs behind dams are as much a direct human source as methane emissions from a cow or an oil and gas field,” noted Jackson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threat-to-global-climate-goals-nbsp">Threat to global climate goals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers estimate that about one-third of methane emissions from wetlands and freshwater sources in recent years have been influenced by human factors, such as agricultural runoff, wastewater, land use changes, and rising temperatures.</p>



<p>The continued rise in methane emissions poses a significant threat to global climate goals. As extreme weather events and heat waves become more frequent, the consequences of this trend are becoming increasingly clear.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The world has reached the threshold of 1.5C increases in global average surface temperature, and is only beginning to experience the full consequences,” noted the study authors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-action-is-needed">Urgent action is needed </h2>



<p>Addressing this challenge will require global efforts to reduce methane emissions at their source. This includes implementing measures such as leak detection in the fossil fuel industry, improved waste management, and changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-detect-methane-emission-from-cow-burps/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> farming practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Without urgent and concerted action, methane emissions will continue to drive global temperatures beyond critical thresholds, threatening the planet's habitability.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Rising methane emissions threaten Earth's habitability

Global methane emissions have continued to rise at an alarming...

<p>When Ilber Manavbasi practices a challenging piano riff, he doesn’t just focus on hitting the right notes. He pushes himself to rehearse under a variety of different conditions.</p>



<p>Manavbasi is a graduate student researcher in the <a href="https://beckman.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology</a> at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.</p>



<p>“I practice in diverse conditions and contexts. I practice hungry, tired, angry, and happy. I practice different songs at different speeds and sometimes with different pianos,” said Manavbasi. "It’s the variety of practice that makes me a better performer.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variety-improves-learning-nbsp">Variety improves learning&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Manavbasi's approach reflects findings from recent research he and his colleagues conducted at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, suggesting that variety in practice might also improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a>, particularly in older adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101829" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Intelligence</em></a>, demonstrated that engaging in diverse practice activities, rather than repetitive drills, helped older adults learn a new working memory task more effectively. </p>



<p>The research highlights the potential of varied cognitive training in maintaining mental sharpness as we age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varied-practice-and-mental-skills">Varied practice and mental skills</h2>



<p>“People often think that the best way to get better at something is to simply practice it over and over again, but robust skill learning is actually supported by variation in practice,” said lead investigator Elizabeth A. L. Stine-Morrow, a researcher at the Beckman Institute.</p>



<p>“While the importance of diversity in practice has been well established in the area of motor learning, our study demonstrated that this principle applies to the development of mental skills as well.”</p>



<p>The concept of varied practice isn't new. In 1978, a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/003151257804600201" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> by Kerr and Booth showed that children who practiced tossing a beanbag from different distances were more accurate than those who practiced from a fixed distance.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-more-diverse-approach-to-learning-nbsp">A more diverse approach to learning&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Similar patterns have been observed in athletics and academics - world-class athletes often have early exposure to multiple sports, and Nobel laureates frequently have experience outside their main field of study.</p>



<p>This led Stine-Morrow to wonder how varied practice might apply to cognitive training. Could a more diverse approach to learning improve mental performance, particularly in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/working-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">working memory</a>?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers focused on working memory, the ability to hold one piece of information in mind while engaging in another task.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We chose working memory because it is a core ability needed to engage with reality and construct knowledge,” Stine-Morrow said. “It underpins language comprehension, reasoning, problem-solving, and many sorts of everyday cognition.”</p>



<p>Because working memory often declines with age, the researchers recruited 90 local participants between the ages of 60 and 87. They began the study by assessing each participant’s working memory through a reading span task, which tested their ability to remember information while reading unrelated sentences.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variety-of-practice-methods-for-learning">Variety of practice methods for learning</h2>



<p>Participants were asked to read and comprehend sentences like, “Headwear worn by royalty is called a crown,” or “An animal with orange and black stripes is a zebra,” and then recall a series of letters presented alongside each sentence.</p>



<p>After this initial assessment, participants underwent four weeks of cognitive training. For the first two weeks, they trained using one of four different practice methods. </p>



<p>The various methods included practicing the reading span task itself, learning a new working memory activity, engaging in multiple working memory activities, or completing a control task unrelated to working memory. </p>



<p>During the last two weeks, all of the participants practiced a variation of the reading span task.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-training-variety-improves-learning-nbsp">Training variety improves learning&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results were clear: those who engaged in a variety of practice, using multiple working memory activities, showed the most improvement on the final reading span test, outperforming participants who only practiced the same task throughout.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the mixed practice group didn’t start off as the top performers. “They needed to work for it,” Stine-Morrow said. “Mixed practice did not directly lead to better performance; it led to better learning. That group was the slowest to improve on the reading span task, but they ultimately reached the highest peak.”</p>



<p>One possible explanation for this is the principle of mutualism, where related abilities improve together. Varied practice may have triggered mutual growth among different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-instrument-cognitive-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive skills</a>, leading to more substantial improvements over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-effects-of-varied-cognitive-training">The effects of varied cognitive training</h2>



<p>“With this study, we have demonstrated the broad principle of mutualism through the small lens of how it applies to working memory,” Stine-Morrow explained. “If you scale up this principle and combine it with different kinds of skills, that could demonstrate broader effects.”</p>



<p>The study was conducted remotely, with participants using home computers or iPads provided by the research team due to COVID-19 restrictions. Despite the challenges of fitting these activities into their daily lives, participants were eager to engage with the tasks.</p>



<p>“We are grateful to the folks in the Chambana community who support our research, especially in this case, where they had to fit these activities into their lives over the course of four weeks,” Stine-Morrow said. “Most people thought the activities were challenging, but fun, and treated them as a game they wanted to win.”</p>



<p>This study provides early evidence that varied cognitive training could be an effective tool for improving working memory and mental acuity in older adults, offering a hopeful strategy for maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-for-the-aging-brain-mediterranean-diet-protects-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive health</a> as we age.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

When it comes to practice and learning, variety is key

When Ilber Manavbasi practices a challenging piano riff, he doesn’t...

<p></p>
<div class="vdb_player vdb_58e3ebce955a315103d39bd158d96b98cd4fed198a0d2a49" data-placeholder="//img.vidible.tv/prod/2017-08/11/598e2e8ac214e37938946b48/598e2ea9c8b4d72ae7c05e56_o_A_v2.jpg?w=1440&amp;h=900">
<script src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" type="text/javascript"></script></div>
<p><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">How different parts of the world recover from drought Last week, </span><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recovering-drought-damage-permanent/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">we told you</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> about how recovering from drought is far more complicated than it simply starting to rain again. Today’s </span><b>Video of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> comes from the </span><a href="https://www.utah.edu/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">University of Utah</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and takes a closer look at how long different ecosystems take to bounce back. While some areas of the world can recover from drought in less than six months, other can take up to 2 years.</span></p>
<p>Wet conditions, such as those that slammed California after its long drought, hastened recovery. Dry conditions and temperature extremes, lengthened recovery. Location mattered as well. In general, most areas of the world are able to recover from a drought in less than six months.</p>
<p>Here are five of those droughts and how they are thought to have changed the world. 1. The drought that prompted the spread of humanity DNA research suggests a series of megadroughts between 135,000 and 75,000 years ago may have been responsible for the first migrations of early humans out of Africa.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rory Arnold</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Source: </span></i><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Paul Gabrielsen/</span></i><a href="https://www.utah.edu/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">University of Utah</span></i></a></p>