<p>The pharynx is situated directly after the mouth and nose and lies right before the esophagus.</p>
<h2>Formation and Orientation</h2>
<h3>The pharynx is divided into three separate sections.</h3>
<p>The nasopharynx is the first part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and the base of the skull. The pharyngeal tonsils are located on the back wall of the nasopharynx. This portion of the pharynx is connected to the middle easr by the Eustachian tubes. The nasopharynx is linked to the nasal cavities by choanae. On its outerwalls, there are triangle shaped pharyngeal ostia and the torus tubarius. There are two folds that come from this opening; the salpingopharyngeal fold and the salpingopalatine fold. The salpingopharyngeal fild contains the calpingopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopalatine fold is a small fold containing the levator veli palatine muscle and stretched from the torus to the palate.</p>
<p>The oropharynx also known as the mesopharynx, is from the uvula to the hyoid bone. It opens to the mouth while through the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, the tonsil is introduced. The outer wall holds the bases of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula while the opposing wall is made of the tonsil and its components, the top wallis made up of the soft palate and the uvula. The epiglottis is the part on the pharynx that separates food and air as it travels to take it to its respective tube (epiglottis or trachea).</p>
<p>The laryngopharynx is also known as the hypopharynx and connects the throat to the epiglottis. It is the part that introduces the epiglottis two separate pathways. The laryngopharynx continues all the way thtough the esophagus on the posterior wall. This part of the pharynx has three major parts; the pyriform sinus, postcricoid area and the posterior pharyngeal wall.</p>
<h3>Function</h3>
<p>The pharynx allows for food and drink holding nutritional value to begin its journey through the digestive tract by permitting it into the esophagus while also helping in respiration to deliver the air to the trachea. The pharynx also allows for an equalization of air pressure on the eardrum membrane.</p>
<p>Image Caption: Pharynx. Credit: Arcadian/Wikipedia</p>


What is Pharynx?

<p>A remarkable study led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> proposes a dramatic shift in our understanding of human evolution. The research suggests that interspecies <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-change-their-schedules-to-adapt-to-city-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">competition</a>, rather than climate alone, significantly shaped the evolutionary trajectory of early humans.</p>



<p>Interspecies competition is a form of interaction where individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem, such as food, space, or light. This type of competition can occur when resources are limited, leading to a struggle for survival among the competing species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-vs-interspecies-competition">Climate vs. interspecies competition</h2>



<p>Traditionally, researchers have viewed climate change as the primary driver of the emergence and extinction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earliest-hominins-migrating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominin</a> species. This view is consistent with the patterns observed in most vertebrates. </p>



<p>However, this new research indicates a crucial detail: for hominins - a group that includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthal-genes-still-influence-modern-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern humans</a> and our extinct relatives - competition between species was a crucial factor. This competition significantly influenced our evolutionary history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimal-interspecies-competition">Minimal interspecies competition</h2>



<p>The study reveals that over five million years, competition was fundamental to "speciation," the emergence of new species in hominins.</p>



<p>"We have been ignoring the way competition between species has shaped our own evolutionary tree. The effect of climate on hominin species is only part of the story," explained Dr. Laura van Holstein, a biological anthropologist at <a href="https://www.clare.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clare College</a>.</p>



<p>Using Bayesian modeling and phylogenetic analyses, van Holstein and her team demonstrated a key finding. Like in other vertebrates, most hominin species emerged when interspecies competition for resources was minimal. </p>



<p>This pattern, where speciation rates increase and then plateau before extinction rates rise, is consistent across many mammalian groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-evolutionary-trends">Unique evolutionary trends</h2>



<p>However, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baleen-whales-rewriting-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-largest-animals-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary pattern</a> of our own genus, Homo, is strikingly different. "The more species of Homo there were, the higher the rate of speciation," noted Dr. van Holstein. </p>



<p>"This suggests that competition between species actually resulted in the appearance of even more new species - a complete reversal of the trend seen in almost all other vertebrates."</p>



<p>This unique pattern of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-may-be-the-biggest-roadblock-to-solving-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> in Homo is paralleled only by certain beetle species that inhabit islands. In these isolated ecosystems, unusual evolutionary trends can emerge.</p>



<p>"The patterns of evolution we see across species of Homo that led directly to modern humans is closer to those of island-dwelling beetles than other primates, or even any other mammal," said Dr. van Holstein.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-records-and-beyond">Fossil records and beyond</h2>



<p>Dr. van Holstein created a new database which tracked each time an example of a species was found and dated in the hominin fossil record - including around 385 occurences.</p>



<p>This comprehensive data allowed the researchers to reconsider the start and end dates for most known hominin species, totaling 17. </p>



<p>Such an approach helps counteract the inherent limitations of fossil records. These records may not always capture the earliest or latest members of a species, due to geological and climatic factors affecting fossilization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interspecies-competition-coexistence-and-adaptation">Interspecies competition, coexistence, and adaptation</h2>



<p>Dr. van Holstein's findings suggest a new perspective. Some species previously thought to have evolved through "anagenesis" may have actually "budded." This indicates a branching off from an existing species rather than a linear evolution. </p>



<p>This realization implies a greater level of coexistence among hominin species. It also indicates heightened interspecies competition - more than previously acknowledged. Additionally, the study underscores the role of technology in the evolution of the genus <em>Homo</em>.</p>



<p>For example, early hominins like <em>Paranthropus</em> evolved physiologically to adapt, developing features like robust teeth. In contrast, <em>Homo</em> species adopted tools, fire, and intensive hunting techniques.</p>



<p>These advancements enabled the latter species to rapidly exploit new ecological niches, bypassing the need for significant physiological changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-of-interspecies-competition">A legacy of interspecies competition</h2>



<p>Ultimately, these findings underscore the complexity of interspecies competition, human evolution and the unique evolutionary path taken by our ancestors. </p>



<p>"These results show that, although it has been conventionally ignored, competition played an important role in human evolution overall," said Dr. van Holstein. "Perhaps most interestingly, in our own genus it played a role unlike that across any other vertebrate lineage known so far."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02390-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a></em></em>.</p>



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Human evolution was shaped by interspecies competition

A remarkable study led by researchers at the University of...

<p>A new study reveals that children subjected to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-can-cause-muscle-decline-adult-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maltreatment</a> are three times more likely to be hospitalized for substance abuse disorders by the time they turn 40. This highlights the devastating long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-child-maltreatment-types">Child maltreatment types</h2>



<p>Child maltreatment refers to any behavior or action that harms or threatens to harm a child's physical, psychological, or emotional health and development. It generally includes four main types:</p>



<ol>
<li><strong>Physical abuse:</strong> Causing physical harm through hitting, shaking, burning, or other means.</li>



<li><strong>Emotional abuse:</strong> Causing emotional or psychological harm through behaviors like verbal abuse, intimidation, or neglect.</li>



<li><strong>Sexual abuse:</strong> Involving a child in sexual acts or exposing them to inappropriate sexual material.</li>



<li><strong>Neglect:</strong> Failing to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and education.</li>
</ol>



<p>These forms of maltreatment can have long-lasting effects on a child's well-being and development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-child-maltreatment-linked-to-substance-abuse">Child maltreatment linked to substance abuse</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed data from over 6,000 individuals born between 1981 and 1983. Of these, 609 experienced at least one reported or substantiated incident of child maltreatment. </p>



<p>This group was significantly more likely to suffer from alcohol or substance use disorders requiring hospitalization. The study categorized maltreatment into physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. </p>



<p>"Most of the previous research into childhood adversity and alcohol and substance use disorders has focused on physical and sexual abuse. We particularly wanted to know whether emotional abuse and neglect are as strongly associated with subsequent alcohol and substance use disorders," explained study lead author Dr. Claudia Bull, of the <a href="https://qcmhr.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research</a>.</p>



<p>"As we suspected, the odds of hospital admission for alcohol and substance use disorders are comparable across all subtypes of abuse and neglect in childhood.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-child-maltreatment-severe-outcomes">Child maltreatment severe outcomes</h2>



<p>Emotional abuse and neglect, often overlooked compared to physical and sexual abuse, pose equivalent long-term risks for developing substance abuse disorders. These non-physical forms of maltreatment can deeply impact emotional health, leading to similar outcomes in terms of substance abuse in later life.</p>



<p>Research shows a clear pattern: the frequency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-psychotic-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maltreatment</a> reports correlates directly with the increased probability of hospital admissions for substance abuse as adults. </p>



<p>This suggests that repeated exposure to maltreatment intensifies the risk of severe outcomes, highlighting the cumulative effect of continuous abuse or neglect on an individual's life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-of-resulting-disorders">Nature of resulting disorders</h2>



<p>Sexual abuse emerged as the most significant risk factor for developing an alcohol use disorder. Individuals with histories of sexual abuse are notably more likely to struggle with alcohol dependency, indicating a specific traumatic impact that may drive survivors toward alcohol as a coping mechanism.</p>



<p>Emotional abuse, on the other hand, was identified as the primary risk factor for substance use disorders. This suggests that the psychological scars left by emotional abuse might make individuals more susceptible to using drugs as a form of self-medication, attempting to manage their unresolved emotional pain.</p>



<p>Specifically, those who were neglected as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-abuse-trends-much-higher-in-people-who-experienced-childhood-trauma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a> were about 2.88 times more likely to be hospitalized for alcohol-related issues. The risk was nearly the same for those who suffered emotional abuse and slightly less for those who experienced physical abuse.</p>



<p>For substance use disorders, the risk increased even more for those with a history of neglect, making them 3.10 times more likely to require hospitalization. Those who faced physical abuse had a 2.85 times higher risk, while sexual abuse led to a 2.52 times higher risk. </p>



<p>Emotional abuse resulted in a 2.47 times greater likelihood of hospitalization for substance use issues. These findings highlight how various forms of child <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-could-triple-the-risk-of-headache-disorders-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maltreatment</a> can lead to serious health problems in adulthood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>This study paints a stark picture of how trauma in childhood creates severe vulnerabilities that can manifest decades later in the form of substance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-abuse-cellular-imprints/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abuse</a>. This emphasizes the critical need for:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-intervention">Early intervention</h3>



<p>It is crucial to identify and address child maltreatment early to diminish the future risk of substance abuse. Intervening as soon as maltreatment is detected can significantly alter a child's developmental trajectory, potentially reducing the likelihood of later substance use disorders.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trauma-informed-treatment">Trauma-informed treatment</h3>



<p>Treatment plans for addiction must incorporate an understanding of the link between childhood trauma and subsequent substance abuse. By adopting trauma-informed care approaches, healthcare providers can offer more effective support that directly addresses the root causes of addiction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-awareness">Increased awareness</h3>



<p>Elevating awareness among parents, healthcare workers, and the broader public about the deep and enduring effects of child maltreatment is essential. Understanding maltreatment risks is vital for community health and preventative strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-impacts-of-child-maltreatment">Additional impacts of child maltreatment</h2>



<p>Child maltreatment can lead to a wide range of long-term effects in adults beyond the risk of substance abuse disorders. These effects span psychological, physical, and social domains:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-impact">Psychological impact</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Mental health disorders:</strong> Adults who experienced child maltreatment often have a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and bipolar disorder.</li>



<li><strong>Emotional difficulties:</strong> Issues like low self-esteem, difficulty trusting others, and emotional dysregulation are common.</li>



<li><strong>Cognitive effects:</strong> There may be impairments in attention, decision-making abilities, and executive functioning.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health-issues">Physical health issues</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Chronic conditions:</strong> Increased risk of developing chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune diseases.</li>



<li><strong>Neurological problems:</strong> The stress of early abuse can affect brain development, potentially leading to neurological issues later in life.</li>



<li><strong>Somatization:</strong> Experiencing physical symptoms that stem from psychological distress is more frequent among those who were maltreated as children.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-behavioral-consequences">Social and behavioral consequences</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Relationship problems:</strong> Difficulties in forming and maintaining healthy relationships, including increased rates of divorce and family conflict.</li>



<li><strong>Educational and occupational impact:</strong> Higher likelihood of academic struggles and lower educational attainment, which can affect career opportunities and stability.</li>



<li><strong>Increased risk of victimization:</strong> Adults with a history of child maltreatment are more likely to experience further victimization, including domestic violence and sexual assault.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parenting-challenges">Parenting challenges</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Intergenerational transmission of abuse:</strong> Those maltreated as children are at a greater risk of adopting similar behaviors, perpetuating the cycle of abuse.</li>



<li><strong>Attachment issues:</strong> Difficulties in forming secure attachments with their own children, which can impact the child’s emotional and psychological development.</li>
</ul>



<p>These findings underscore the urgent need to prevent child maltreatment and provide effective support to those who have experienced it. By understanding the devastating consequences of childhood trauma, we can take focused action to help individuals heal.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.16479" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Addiction</a></em>.</p>



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Child maltreatment triples the risk of substance use

A new study reveals that children subjected to maltreatment are...

<p>We often think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-unnoticed-and-underappreciated-world-of-ecosystem-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a> in terms of what we can see – the plants, the animals, the landscape. But there's a hidden dimension to our natural world: sound. From the calls of birds to the whisper of wind through the trees, soundscapes are a vital part of healthy ecosystems. New research reveals a surprising truth: invasive plants are altering the soundscapes, and the consequences could be far-reaching.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environment-soundscapes">Environment soundscapes</h2>



<p>The soundtrack of an environment is referred to as its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soundscape</a>. Imagine it as the collective voice of a specific area, comprising all the sounds you can hear: the calls of animals, the rustle of leaves, the pattering of rain, and even the distant, almost imperceptible hum of human activity. </p>



<p>A soundscape does more than fill the background; it forms a dynamic communication network that threads through the ecosystem. Each component of the soundscape plays a crucial role. </p>



<p>Animal calls, for instance, are not just mere sounds but are vital for the survival and reproductive success of species. They can signal territory boundaries, warn of predators, or even lead mates to each other. </p>



<p>Plant sounds can indicate the presence of animal activity or changes in wind patterns. They offer cues about weather conditions or environmental disturbances.</p>



<p>Similarly, the sound of water — from raindrops hitting the ground to streams flowing over rocks — adds another layer of information. It reflects the health and dynamics of the hydrological aspects of the ecosystem. Even the subtle sounds generated by human activities can influence animal behaviors and ecological processes.</p>



<p>Together, these sounds create a rich, ever-changing symphony that reveals the ecological narrative of an area. By listening to and analyzing these soundscapes, researchers can gain insights into the unseen interactions and health of ecosystems. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-listening-for-ecosystem-clues">Listening for ecosystem clues</h2>



<p>A team of researchers at Virginia Tech, led by Grace O'Malley and Gabrielle Ripa, is listening closely to these sonic signatures to better understand hidden changes within our environments. </p>



<p>Their innovative approach is part of a growing field called soundscape ecology, where scientists study the relationships between <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/top-5-strangest-animal-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sounds</a> and the overall health of an ecosystem.</p>



<p>"It's kind of a new way of thinking, in terms of thinking about the ecosystem as a whole instead of about this frog species or this bird species," said O’Malley. "Think about it across all taxonomic levels."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-plants-alter-ecosystem-sounds">Invasive plants alter ecosystem sounds</h2>



<p>Invasive plants don't simply change what we see; they can dramatically alter the acoustic environment of an ecosystem. To understand this impact, the researchers ventured into areas heavily affected by invasive plants. They strategically placed recording devices and then compared the soundscapes to locations where native habitats were being restored.</p>



<p>The results were striking. "I was surprised that we were able to observe differences between the two habitats in such a short amount of time," said O'Malley. "The invasive plants may actually be changing the soundscape."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-invasive-plants-change-the-soundtrack">How invasive plants change the soundtrack</h2>



<p>The research team is currently exploring precisely how invasive species disrupt the acoustic world. Here are a few key mechanisms they're investigating:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Altering sound travel:</strong>&nbsp;Dense thickets formed by invasive plants can physically change the way sound waves move through an environment. This could interfere with essential communications between animals.</li>



<li><strong>Muffling native voices:</strong>&nbsp;Invasive plants often outcompete and displace native species. This means the calls, chirps, and other sounds of these native animals disappear from the soundscape, reducing its complexity and potential information flow.</li>



<li><strong>Introducing new noises:</strong>&nbsp;Some invasive plants produce their own distinct sounds, whether through the way their leaves rustle in the wind or other unique auditory signatures. These add unfamiliar and potentially disruptive sounds to the acoustic mix.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research">Ongoing research </h2>



<p>This fascinating research is still in its early stages. "It’s a call to other scientists that this is something that we think could be going on," said Ripa. "We offer suggestions as to what we think could be reasons why invasive plants might be impacting soundscapes and some potential mechanisms that maybe we should be looking into.”</p>



<p>While a lot remains to be explored, the researchers believe that soundscapes could become a kind of early warning system for spotting ecological change – all we need to do is listen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contributing-to-invasive-plants-and-soundscape">Contributing to invasive plants and soundscape</h2>



<ol>
<li><strong>Notice the soundscapes around you:</strong> The next time you go for a walk, close your eyes for a moment and tune in to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sounds</a> you hear. This can be as simple as noticing the different birdsong patterns in your own neighborhood.</li>



<li><strong>Join a citizen science project:</strong> Apps and websites like eBird (for bird calls) allow you to record and share data, helping scientists track changes over time and geography.</li>



<li><strong>Support invasive plant control:</strong> Look for volunteer opportunities in your local parks, or make sure your own garden is full of native species.</li>
</ol>



<p>"This project has been exciting, inspiring, and above all else, fun," said study co-author Professor Meryl Mims. "Sound is an integral part of how we and other organisms experience and understand our surroundings."</p>



<p>By deciphering the sonic code of nature, we may have a powerful new tool for protecting biodiversity and keeping our wild places healthy. The next time you hear rustling leaves or a bird's song, remember that you are tapping into a vast symphony of life – one that's constantly changing and worth listening to.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2729" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a></em>.</p>



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Invasive plants alter the soundscape of ecosystems

We often think of ecosystems in terms of what we...

<p>The North Pacific Ocean serves as a vast, natural laboratory for understanding the complex ecology of salmon, a crucial species both ecologically and economically. Recent research from the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a> has greatly enhanced our understanding of salmon migration behavior at sea.</p>



<p>This study integrates decades of international research on salmon, offering new insights into their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-migrating-towards-poles-escape-warming-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> patterns and temperature preferences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supermap-for-salmon-migration">Supermap for salmon migration</h2>



<p>Since the 1950s, various countries and agencies have conducted high seas salmon surveys. However, never before have these individual studies been amalgamated into a single, comprehensive database.</p>



<p>This large-scale integration allows for an unprecedented overview of the marine stages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-hatchery-salmon-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon life</a> cycles. </p>



<p>"This is a portion of the salmon life cycle that arguably gets overlooked, at least in terms of the grand investment in salmon research," said Curry Cunningham, an assistant professor at UAF's College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences. </p>



<p>Professor Cunningham also shared his personal connection to the subject. "As someone who always wondered where all these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-commercial-fish-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> went when they left Bristol Bay, seeing that pattern come to life was so satisfying."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salmon-hotspots-and-migration">Salmon hotspots and migration</h2>



<p>The compiled data includes over 44,000 gear hauls across the North Pacific, capturing more than 14 million salmon. This ocean-based data contrasts sharply with the more commonly studied river habitats, providing a broader perspective on salmon ecology.</p>



<p>Through detailed mapping, the researchers have pinpointed key areas where different salmon species congregate.</p>



<p>Notably, the maps reveal a gathering hotspot for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-chinook-salmon-almost-extinct-due-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinook salmon</a> in the Bering Sea. They also track the migration routes of maturing sockeye from the North Pacific and Gulf of Alaska towards the Alaska Peninsula, navigating through passes into the Bering Sea throughout the spring and summer months.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-tolerance-and-migration">Temperature tolerance and migration</h2>



<p>"It’s not as if all these salmon are going to some party in the middle of the Pacific. This gives us a broad look at where they go," explained Joe Langan, the study's lead author and a postdoctoral fellow at UAF during the project.</p>



<p>This comprehensive mapping of salmon not only clarifies migration paths but also sheds light on the varying temperature tolerances among species. </p>



<p>For instance, sockeye and chum salmon thrive in temperatures just a few degrees above freezing, whereas coho and steelhead avoid the coldest waters. Chinook and pink salmon occupy the middle range of these temperature extremes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-salmon-in-a-warming-world">Future of salmon in a warming world</h2>



<p>These findings hold particular significance in the current context of climate change, highlighting the critical role of temperature tolerances in shaping how different salmon species might adapt to increasingly warming waters. </p>



<p>As global temperatures rise, aquatic ecosystems experience significant shifts, which in turn affect the habitat ranges and migration patterns of marine species. Salmon, with their varied migration and temperature preferences, serve as a prime example of how climatic changes can drive evolutionary and migratory adaptations.</p>



<p>Understanding the specific temperature ranges that different salmon species can tolerate provides essential insights into predicting their responses to environmental changes. </p>



<p>For instance, species thriving in cooler waters may face challenges as these areas warm, potentially pushing them to seek colder, deeper, or more northern waters, altering their traditional migration routes and times. </p>



<p>Conversely, species with higher temperature tolerances might expand their range, encountering new competitors and predators, which could impact their survival and reproduction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The research involved meticulous examination of historical data, some of which dated back to the 1950s. This required the retrieval of long-forgotten reports from various sources. Additionally, it involved their standardization and integration into a coherent dataset.</p>



<p>Skip McKinnell, a retired expert from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and a veteran of early high seas surveys, described the process as "more of a search and rescue mission rather than convincing anyone to provide their data."</p>



<p>The collective efforts of these researchers have transformed the once scattered and isolated studies into a robust resource that enhances our understanding of salmon migration and overall ecology on a global scale.</p>



<p>Moreover, this research documents the fascinating life cycle of these important fish. It equips scientists and policymakers with the knowledge necessary to better protect them in a rapidly changing world.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/faf.12825" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fish and Fisheries</a></em></em>.</p>



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Salmon migration routes discovered using historical data

The North Pacific Ocean serves as a vast, natural laboratory...

<p>Laptops are banned from checked luggage on flights for a good reason: their lithium-ion batteries, acting as the device's power source, pose a significant fire risk due to the highly reactive nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-based-battery-may-ultimately-replace-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lithium</a>. </p>



<p>This same reactivity makes lithium an excellent choice for batteries, especially those used in electric vehicles and for storing energy from renewable sources like solar and wind. As a crucial element in the transition to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-could-be-powered-entirely-by-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green energy</a>, lithium's demand has surged dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-alternative-sources-of-lithium">Finding alternative sources of lithium</h2>



<p>While a vast amount of research has already been done to understand traditional sources of lithium, such as pegmatites and volcanic clays, the quest to identify additional, economically viable, and environmentally safe sources is ongoing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In this context, researchers from <a href="https://online.wvu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Virginia University</a> are investigating alternative sources of lithium, specifically looking at whether remnants of past industrial activities, like mine tailings or drill cuttings, could be tapped without creating new waste.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demand-for-lithium-as-a-natural-resource-nbsp">Demand for lithium as a natural resource&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“In order to meet the technological needs of the energy transition, batteries of all scales, particularly those that power <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/direct-evidence-electric-vehicles-measurably-reduce-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electric vehicles</a>, have become increasingly important. </p>



<p>Lithium-ion batteries are in wide use at present, and continued research to improve them has been a focus of energy engineering. This, in turn, has greatly increased the demand for lithium (Li) as a natural resource,” the authors wrote. </p>



<p>While the primary ores of Li (pegmatite, salar brine, and volcanic-associated clay) are generally well-understood, it would be desirable to identify additional Li sources that could be safely and economically exploited. </p>



<p>Using material from previous industrial operations (e.g., mine tailings or drill cuttings) as a source of additional Li would be attractive as it would generate little or no new waste material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-between-lithium-and-sulfur-rich-pyrite">Connection between lithium and sulfur-rich pyrite</h2>



<p>To identify alternative lithium sources, the experts analyzed 15 sedimentary rock samples from the middle-Devonian period found in the Appalachian basin. Surprisingly, these samples showed significant lithium content within pyrite minerals in shale.</p>



<p>This connection between lithium and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predict-gold-concentrations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sulfur-rich pyrite</a> - colloquially known as “fool’s gold” -  opens new avenues for research, particularly as the scientific community explores the potential of lithium-sulfur batteries as alternatives to the current lithium-ion options. </p>



<p>“I am trying to understand how lithium and pyrite could be associated with one another,” said lead author Shailee Bhattacharya, a doctoral student in sedimentary geochemistry at the <a href="https://shikhasharma.faculty.wvu.edu/isobiogem-lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IsoBioGeM Lab</a>. </p>



<p>This inquiry into organic-rich shale may reveal a higher potential for lithium recovery due to the unique interaction between lithium and pyrite.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shale-deposits-could-serve-as-a-source-of-lithium-nbsp">Shale deposits could serve as a source of lithium&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, Bhattacharya cautions that while the findings are promising, they are specific to the samples studied and further research is needed to determine if these results can be generalized to other regions. </p>



<p>Nonetheless, this research suggests that certain shale deposits could serve as a new source of lithium, potentially eliminating the need for new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mining-negatively-affects-fish-populations-across-north-america/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining</a> operations. </p>



<p>“We can talk about sustainable energy without using a lot of energy resources,” Bhattacharya said, highlighting the dual benefits of this approach in reducing environmental impact and enhancing sustainability in lithium sourcing.</p>



<p>“This study suggests the possibility that some Li may be sequestered in pyrite in organic-rich shales. As pyrite is a common mineral in the Appalachian Basin, this has implications for exploiting shale pyrite in the Devonian sequence if the Li proves economically extractable. Drill cuttings from past and current oil and gas operations are a ready material upon which to test the feasibility of this concept,” the authors concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-lithium-sources">More about lithium sources</h2>



<p>Lithium is primarily sourced from two types of deposits: spodumene-rich hard rock formations and lithium-rich brines.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hard-rock-mining">Hard rock mining</h3>



<p>Hard rock lithium mining involves traditional mining techniques to extract spodumene, a lithium-bearing mineral.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This method is prevalent in countries like Australia, which is one of the largest producers of lithium through hard rock mining. The extracted spodumene is then processed to produce lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lithium-brine-extraction">Lithium brine extraction</h3>



<p>On the other hand, lithium brine extraction occurs in salt flats where lithium-rich brine waters are pumped to the surface and left to evaporate in ponds, a process that can take several months.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This method is more cost-effective compared to hard rock mining and is extensively used in South America, especially in Chile and Argentina. These salt flats, often located in arid regions like the Atacama Desert, hold vast reserves of lithium in their underground pools.</p>



<p>Lithium can also be found in geothermal brines, hectorite clay deposits, and oilfield brines, but these sources are less common and currently less commercially viable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The WVU research will be presented at the upcoming <a href="https://www.egu24.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2024</a>.</p>



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"Fool’s gold" may actually be valuable as an energy source for tech devices

Laptops are banned from checked luggage on flights for a...

<p>Have you ever wondered what would happen if a bumblebee fell into a puddle on a rainy day? You might picture them valiantly swimming to the edge…but the truth might surprise you. Scientists from <a href="https://www.uoguelph.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Guelph</a> have published a remarkable study suggesting that some bumblebee queens might have the ability to survive underwater for several days.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-and-their-essential-roles">Bumblebees and their essential roles</h2>



<p>Before we explore their surprising underwater talents, let's take a moment to appreciate bumblebees for who they truly are: vital members of our ecosystem. Unlike honeybees that live in large colonies, bumblebees tend to live in smaller groups, often with just a single queen bee and a handful of workers. </p>



<p>Additionally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-an-incredible-sense-of-smell-to-find-their-way-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> are incredibly busy and efficient pollinators. As they flit from flower to flower, bumblebees aren't simply collecting nectar for a sweet treat. Their fuzzy bodies pick up pollen grains from one flower, and when they visit another flower, some of those pollen grains rub off, fertilizing the plant and allowing it to reproduce. </p>



<p>This process, called pollination, is essential for the health and diversity of plant life. In fact, around a third of the food we eat relies on pollinators like bumblebees to bring their magic touch.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-faced-by-bumblebees">Challenges faced by bumblebees </h2>



<p>Unfortunately, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/queen-bumblebees-are-emerging-too-early-from-hibernation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> are facing some serious challenges. The widespread use of pesticides harms these important insects, and the loss of natural habitats due to development reduces the places where they can build their nests and find food. </p>



<p>Climate change is causing more extreme weather events, including flooding. This disrupts the nesting and hibernation areas of many insects that live in the soil, including bumblebees. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accidental-survival-of-bumblebees-underwater">Accidental survival of bumblebees underwater</h2>



<p>The researchers in this study were initially interested in how pesticides in the soil affected hibernating bumblebees. However, their work took an unexpected turn, leading to this astonishing discovery.</p>



<p>Dr. Sabrina Rondeau, who led the study, accidentally left hibernating bumblebee queens exposed to water in her lab. She expected a disastrous outcome but was amazed to find most of the bees survived. </p>



<p>This surprising observation led to a more in-depth experiment to see just how long bumblebees might live underwater. "I've been studying bumblebees for a very long time. I've talked about it to a lot of people and no one knew that this was a possibility," said Dr Rondeau.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-bumblebee-endurance-underwater">Testing bumblebee endurance underwater</h2>



<p>In their study, scientists investigated the survival capabilities of 143 queen bumblebees by subjecting them to different lengths of submersion underwater. The durations ranged from just a few hours to an entire week. </p>



<p>This experiment aimed to test how well these bees could withstand extended periods in water, a situation they might encounter more frequently due to climate change-induced flooding.</p>



<p>The results of the experiment were quite remarkable. Over 80% of the queen bumblebees that were submerged for a week did not merely survive the ordeal; they also remained vigorous and healthy for a considerable period afterward. </p>



<p>Specifically, these bees continued to show normal activity and survival rates up to eight weeks after they were returned to dry conditions. This finding highlights an unexpected resilience among the queen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/european-bumblebees-face-extinction-as-their-habitats-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a>, suggesting that they possess a robust ability to adapt to extreme environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-bumblebee-s-underwater-survival">Significance of bumblebee's underwater survival</h2>



<p>"This is incredibly encouraging news for the future of these crucial pollinators," said Dr. Rondeau. Still, the study brings up intriguing questions for future research. </p>



<p>Could this trait help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/californias-bumble-bees-are-vanishing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> cope with the effects of climate change? Do other bumblebee species share this underwater resilience? And how exactly do bumblebees do this?</p>



<p>Bumblebees play an essential role in our ecosystems, acting as pollinators for a variety of plants, including many crops humans rely on for food. Their health and survival are closely tied to our own agricultural and ecological success. </p>



<p>Thus, their ability to withstand environmental stressors not only highlights their resilience but also underscores the importance of taking action to ensure their continued survival.</p>



<p>This fascinating discovery reminds us of the incredible ways animals adapt to their environment, something we might need to keep in mind as the climate shifts. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-our-buzzing-allies">Supporting our buzzing allies</h2>



<p>The recent discovery of queen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/queen-bumblebees-resting-hibernation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a>' ability to survive underwater highlights the remarkable adaptability of animals in the face of environmental changes. Their survival is directly linked to our ecosystems and agricultural success. Here's how we can support them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-for-pollinators">Planting for pollinators</h3>



<p>One of the simplest yet most effective ways to aid bees is by cultivating bee-friendly habitats. Planting wildflowers and native plants in our gardens provides bees with the necessary nutrients they derive from nectar and pollen. Such environments not only support their nutritional needs but also offer safe havens against environmental stresses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-pesticide-impact">Reducing pesticide impact</h3>



<p>Pesticides pose a significant threat to bees and other pollinators. These chemicals, often used in agricultural and residential settings, can be lethal to bee populations. By adopting natural pest control methods and advocating for policies that restrict pesticide use, we can help mitigate these risks. </p>



<p>romoting organic farming techniques and encouraging local communities to reduce pesticide use can significantly enhance the safety of bee habitats. These efforts help create healthier environments for these essential pollinators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-more-about-bees">Learning more about bees</h3>



<p>Increasing public awareness about the importance of bees and the challenges they face is crucial for their protection. Education can lead to better protective measures and policies. Community initiatives like gardening projects, local pesticide bans, and educational programs can drive significant change. </p>



<p>Learning more about bees and sharing this knowledge helps cultivate a community committed to supporting and sustaining these essential pollinators.</p>



<p>The discovery of bumblebees' underwater survival ability is more than just a scientific curiosity; it serves as a call to action. By taking steps to protect these vital creatures, we can ensure their survival and the health of our global ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0609" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Can bumblebees hold their breath and survive underwater?

Have you ever wondered what would happen if a bumblebee...

<p>Land subsidence, often overlooked as a significant urban <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-billion-people-are-threatened-by-land-subsidence/">hazard</a>, is gaining increased attention due to compelling new research led by an international team of scientists.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By examining satellite data mapping land movement across China with unprecedented accuracy and consistency, the experts found that of the 82 Chinese cities analyzed, 45 percent are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-sinking-cities-land-subsidence-on-the-east-coast/">sinking</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-future-land-subsidence-nbsp">Predicting future land subsidence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While consistently measuring subsidence is highly important, this is just the starting point for more comprehensive investigations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In order to predict future subsidence, models should take into consideration all drivers, including human activities and climate change, particularly focusing on how they might change over time. </p>



<p>Such an approach is based on the assumption that subsidence is a complex issue influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-subsidence-across-china">Land subsidence across China</h2>



<p>The scientists evaluated land subsidence across 82 cities from China, with a collective population of nearly 700 million people. The analysis revealed that 45% of these urban areas are sinking, with 16% experiencing a significant subsidence rate of more than 10mm per year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This phenomenon has broad implications, affecting roughly 270 million urban residents, nearly 70 million of whom are subject to rapid subsidence rates. Notable hotspots for this phenomenon include the densely populated cities of Beijing and Tianjin.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-subsidence-and-sea-level-rise-nbsp">Land subsidence and sea-level rise&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The repercussions of land subsidence are particularly severe in coastal regions where the compounding effects of sinking land and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-sinking-cities-land-subsidence-on-the-east-coast/">sea-level rise</a> pose substantial risks. For instance, the sinking of sea defenses was a major reason why Hurricane Katrina’s flooding brought such devastation and fatalities to New Orleans in 2005.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Similarly, Shanghai has experienced up to three meters of subsidence over the past century and faces ongoing challenges. The researchers project that, combined with sea-level rise, the urban area in China below sea level could triple by 2120, potentially affecting between 55 to 128 million residents.</p>



<p>“Subsidence jeopardizes the structural integrity of buildings and critical infrastructure and exacerbates the impacts of climate change in terms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-flooding-will-soon-be-common-in-the-u-s/">flooding</a>, particularly in coastal cities where it reinforces sea-level rise,” said Robert Nicholls, a climate scientist at the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a>, who was not involved in the study. Thus, there is an urgent need for robust urban planning and infrastructure resilience strategies to mitigate these risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-profound-effect-of-human-activity">The profound effect of human activity</h2>



<p>The primary drivers of land subsidence in China include extensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pumping-too-much-groundwater-affects-earths-spin/">groundwater</a> withdrawal, urban development, and the natural geological conditions that predispose certain areas to sink.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The profound effect of human activity is evident from historical precedents set by cities like Osaka and Tokyo, where substantial mitigation of subsidence was achieved by regulating groundwater extraction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In these cities, groundwater withdrawal was stopped in the 1970s and city subsidence has greatly reduced or even ceased, proving that this is a highly effective mitigation strategy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-actionable-strategies-are-urgently-needed">Actionable strategies are urgently needed</h2>



<p>In a commentary to the research article, Nicholls and Manoochehr Shirzaei, a researcher at <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> and the <a href="https://unu.edu/inweh" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations University for Water, Environment, and Health</a>, Ontario call for a national, and indeed global, response to address this issue comprehensively.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts advocate for a shift from mere measurement of subsidence to the development of actionable strategies that involve city planners and policymakers to tackle the underlying causes and manage the consequences effectively.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This collaborative approach is crucial for enhancing the resilience of cities, particularly those in coastal and susceptible regions, to address the related challenges of subsidence and climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-land-subsidence-nbsp">Causes of land subsidence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The most common cause of subsidence is the removal of groundwater from aquifers. When water is pumped out, the empty spaces in the aquifer collapse, causing the ground above to sink. Here are some other causes of land subsidence:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-compaction-of-sediments">Natural compaction of sediments</h3>



<p>Over time, sediment layers can naturally compact under their own weight, especially if the sediments are loose or contain a lot of water. This process can cause the ground to settle and lower.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mining-activities">Mining activities</h3>



<p>The extraction of minerals, oil, and gas can lead to subsidence. When these resources are removed from the Earth, the voids left can cause the surface to collapse.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drainage-of-organic-soils">Drainage of organic soils</h3>



<p>In areas with a high organic content in the soil, such as peat, drainage for agriculture or development can cause the soil to shrink and compress, leading to subsidence.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thawing-permafrost">Thawing permafrost</h3>



<p>In polar regions, permafrost thaw can lead to subsidence. When frozen ground thaws, it loses volume and stability, causing the ground above to sink.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-activity">Tectonic activity</h3>



<p>Although less common, subsidence can also occur due to geological changes such as faulting or the gradual bending of the Earth’s crust.</p>



<p>Each of these factors can operate individually or in combination, depending on the geographical and geological conditions of an area.</p>



<p>Both the <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4366" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> and the <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9986" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">commentary</a> are published in the journal <em>Science.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Half of China's cities are sinking due to humans and climate change

Land subsidence, often overlooked as a significant urban hazard, is...

<p>Rivers across the United States are under severe threat from extensive pollution and weakened protections, according to a a recent report led by the <a href="https://www.americanrivers.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Rivers Association</a>.</p>



<p>The experts found that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-disrupting-the-seasonal-flow-of-rivers/">rivers</a> of New Mexico, including the Rio Grande, Gila, San Juan, and Pecos - which are vital to over 85% of the state's population - stand out as the most endangered in the nation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-american-rivers-and-dangerous-pollution-nbsp">American rivers and dangerous pollution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Scientists attribute the vulnerability of seasonally flowing rivers to a loophole in the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/Vision">2022 Clean Water Act</a> amendments, which fail to protect these rivers from the runoff of wastewater treatment plants, mines, and industrial sites.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As a result, American rivers that millions depend on for drinking water are at risk of becoming dangerously polluted, posing serious health risks and disrupting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshwater-ecosystems-filter-pollution/">ecosystems</a>. Among the rivers facing the gravest dangers are the Tijuana River in California and the Santa Cruz River in Arizona.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“All water is connected. We cannot allow pollution anywhere without risk to the rivers we rely on for our drinking water,” said Tom Kiernan, President and CEO of the American Rivers. “Our leaders must hold polluters accountable and strengthen the Clean Water Act to safeguard our health and communities.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-protection-for-seasonally-flowing-rivers-nbsp">No protection for seasonally flowing rivers&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Supreme Court's 2022 decision removed protections for rivers that only flow seasonally, primarily during periods of higher precipitation in the fall and winter. This decision disproportionately affects arid states like New Mexico, where rivers flow primarily during the rainy season or from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-heatwaves-deplete-the-water-supply-in-the-western-us/">snowmelt</a>.</p>



<p>“These rulings fly in the face of established science and ignore the value that small streams and wetlands have to their broader watersheds, communities, and economies, particularly in places with dry climates like New Mexico,” the report authors wrote.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These waterways not only supply clean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/">drinking water</a> and irrigation but also support rich cultural traditions and diverse habitats essential for fish and wildlife, thus playing a critical role in both the environment and the lives of nearly 87% of New Mexicans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-catastrophic-effects-of-river-pollution-nbsp">Catastrophic effects of river pollution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Furthermore, pollution in these endangered rivers can have broader, catastrophic effects, extending even to major rivers like the Rio Grande, which sustains around six million people and countless wildlife species. The pollution in the Tijuana River, which has been problematic for decades, exemplifies the transboundary nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/">river pollution</a>, affecting communities in both Mexico and the United States.</p>



<p>The situation is compounded by large-scale projects like the Yazoo Backwater Pumps in Mississippi, which threaten over 200,000 acres of waterfowl habitat by draining wetlands essential for migratory birds. Known as the 'Zombie Project,' this initiative, originally designed to control flooding, now represents a significant ecological misstep.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-rollback-of-the-clean-water-act">Ongoing rollback of the Clean Water Act</h2>



<p>Additionally, the Santa Cruz River, once a vibrant desert oasis, faces renewed threats from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-worlds-climate-driven-water-crisis/">water scarcity</a> and pollution after only recently beginning to recover.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The ongoing rollback of the Clean Water Act's protections poses further challenges to its revitalization, prompting American Rivers to urge the Biden administration and legislators to reinforce protections for these critical ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact-of-polluted-waterways-nbsp">Human impact of polluted waterways&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A recent survey by the <a href="https://riversarelife.com/">Rivers are Life</a> coalition highlights the human impact, with 86% of respondents indicating that polluted waterways adversely affect their health. “I believe that addressing the pollution of waterways starts with awareness and education, and encouraging people to collectively take action,” said Chris Keefer, the co-founder of Rivers are Life.</p>



<p>“Our hope is that in learning about just how important rivers are to our communities globally, we can all take action to protect these vital waterways and recognize them as the lifeblood of our planet.”</p>



<p>This widespread call to action underscores the urgency of addressing river pollution not just as an environmental issue but as a critical component of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-environmental-and-public-health-benefits-of-solar-power/">public health</a> and community sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-endangered-american-rivers-nbsp">Most endangered American rivers&nbsp;</h2>



<p>1. Rivers of New Mexico</p>



<p>2. Big Sunflower and Yazoo Rivers, Mississippi</p>



<p>3. Duck River, Tennessee</p>



<p>4. Santa Cruz River, Arizona</p>



<p>5. Little Pee Dee River, South Carolina and North Carolina&nbsp;</p>



<p>6. Farmington River, Connecticut and Massachusetts</p>



<p>7. Trinity River, California</p>



<p>8. Kobuk River, Alaska</p>



<p>9. Tijuana River, California</p>



<p>10. Blackwater River, West Virginia&nbsp;</p>



<p>The full report from the American Rivers Association can be found <a href="https://www.americanrivers.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Report_NewMexico_Final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



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Iconic American rivers are threatened by severe pollution

Rivers across the United States are under severe threat from...

<p>Since the 1930s, the <a href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/">Old Farmers' Almanac</a> has been publishing names for the full moons, drawing from what were termed “Indian” names that have since become widely recognized and utilized. </p>



<p>The full moon of April is often called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a>, a name attributed to the herb moss pink or creeping phlox - also known as moss phlox, mountain phlox, and creeping phlox - which is native to the eastern United States and one of spring's earliest widespread flowers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Other names for this April moon include the “Sprouting Grass Moon,” the “Egg Moon,” and the “Fish Moon,” the latter being used by coastal tribes to mark the time when shad fish move upstream to spawn.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-return-of-navigable-waterways">The return of navigable waterways</h2>



<p>Moreover, the names "Breaking Ice Moon" (Algonquin) and "Moon When the Streams Are Again Navigable" (Dakota) capture the thawing of ice and the return of navigable waterways typical of early spring. The "Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs" (Tlingit) and "Moon of the Red Grass Appearing" (Oglala) highlight the imminent surge in plant life as spring progresses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reemergence-of-life-in-april">The reemergence of life in April</h2>



<p>Additional names reflect the reemergence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/">wildlife</a> during this season, such as the "Moon When the Ducks Come Back" (Lakota), "Moon When the Geese Lay Eggs" (Dakota), and "Frog Moon" (Cree), each indicating the return or increased activity of these species.</p>



<p>Similarly, the "Sucker Moon" (Anishinaabe) marks the period for harvesting sucker fish, which migrate to streams or shallow lake areas to spawn. According to cultural lore, during this time, the sucker fish returns from the spirit world to cleanse the waterways and the life within them. </p>



<p>This name is sometimes used for the February Moon as well, to honor the sucker fish's role in sustaining the Anishinaabe people through the winter by providing a crucial food source.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-observances-and-april-s-full-moon">Cultural observances and April's full moon </h2>



<p>This moon also corresponds with significant cultural and religious observances in various parts of the world. It aligns with the Jewish festival of Pesach, or Passover, which in 2024 will begin at sundown on April 22 and conclude at nightfall on April 30. The celebration starts in the middle of the Hebrew month of Nisan, with the Seder feasts taking place on the first two nights.</p>



<p>In the Hindu lunisolar calendar, which varies by region, this full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tonights-worm-moon-marks-the-beginning-of-spring/">moon</a> typically coincides with Hanuman Jayanti, the celebration of the birth of Lord Hanuman.</p>



<p>For Buddhists in Sri Lanka, this full moon is known as Bak Poya and commemorates the Buddha's visit to Sri Lanka, where he averted a war by settling a dispute between chiefs.</p>



<p>This lunar event falls near the middle of Shawwāl, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar, and during the third month of the Chinese Year of the Dragon.</p>



<p>In light of these diverse celebrations, people all over the world&nbsp; are encouraged to wear festive celestial attire in honor of the full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/">moon</a>. It’s a time to enjoy the burgeoning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-has-arrived-in-the-northern-hemisphere/">spring</a>, acknowledge these various cultural celebrations, set an extra seat at the table in a spirit of inclusivity, and importantly, strive for peace and not war.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-april-s-full-moon">More about April's full moon</h2>



<p>April’s full moon will reach its brightest point at 7:49 P.M. on Tuesday, April 23. Astronomically, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a> signifies the time when the moon is fully illuminated by the sun as seen from Earth, appearing fully round.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Like Earth, the Moon has a day side and a night side, which change as the Moon rotates,” explained <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a>. “The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark, but how much we are able to see of that illuminated half changes as the Moon travels through its orbit.”</p>



<p>The timing of the full moon varies slightly due to the lunar cycle averaging about 29.5 days. This leads to some variation in the date and time of the full moon each month. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrological-significance-of-the-pink-moon">Astrological significance of the Pink Moon</h2>



<p>In 2024, the Pink Moon falls on April 25th, during the sun’s transit through Taurus. This placement is quite significant astrologically for several reasons:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Taurus Sun Scorpio Moon opposition</h3>



<p>The Pink Moon will be in the opposite sign of Scorpio, creating a full moon in Scorpio. This opposition highlights the balance between Taurus and Scorpio themes - material security and stability versus emotional depth and transformation. It’s a potent time for delving into psychological matters, addressing issues of trust, and managing resources in relationships.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intensity and transformation</h3>



<p>Scorpio is a sign associated with intensity, depth, transformation, and the unseen. A full moon in Scorpio can bring to the surface deep-seated emotions and hidden truths. This is a powerful time for healing, as it provides an opportunity to confront and release old wounds, secrets, or things that have been repressed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Financial and emotional investments</h3>



<p>Given Taurus’s influence on possessions and Scorpio’s on investments and shared resources, this full moon could highlight issues around finances, particularly what is owned individually versus jointly. It can prompt decisions about investments, loans, inheritances, or other financial matters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhanced intuition</h3>



<p>Scorpio’s watery, intuitive energy combined with the illuminating power of the full moon can enhance psychic abilities and deepen intuitive insights. This period may be particularly potent for those who practice divination or other metaphysical activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Transformation and rebirth</h3>



<p>Scorpio is the sign of death and rebirth, so this full moon might signal a time of significant personal transformation. It can be an excellent period for ending unhealthy patterns or relationships and for beginning anew with a fresh perspective or renewed purpose.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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April's ‘Pink Moon’ signifies the reemergence of life 

Since the 1930s, the Old Farmers' Almanac has been publishing...

<p>Astronomers have employed a novel approach with NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to uncover a largely unseen population of smaller <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-molecules-discovered-on-an-asteroid-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> in our solar system. </p>



<p>By sifting through a vast archive of images captured by Hubble over a span of 19 years, the researchers have identified an impressive 1,701 asteroid trails, with 1,031 of these asteroids being previously uncatalogued.</p>



<p>The study was led by Pablo García Martín of the <a href="https://www.uam.es/uam/en/inicio" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Autonomous University of Madrid</a>, Spain, and co-authored by Bruno Merín of the <a href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESAC" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Astronomy Centre</a>, also in Madrid, Spain. Together, they have uncovered new data on the formation and evolution of the asteroid belt. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-citizen-scientists-hunting-asteroids-with-ai">Citizen scientists hunting asteroids with AI</h2>



<p>This cosmic treasure hunt was made possible by the collaborative efforts of professional scientists and a dedicated group of volunteers from around the world, known as "citizen scientists." </p>



<p>The researchers combined the volunteers' identifications with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-and-machine-learning-enhance-airplane-performance-and-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a> algorithm to efficiently detect the asteroids in the Hubble images.</p>



<p>"We are getting deeper into seeing the smaller population of main belt asteroids. We were surprised with seeing such a large number of candidate objects," said lead author Pablo García Martín. </p>



<p>"There was some hint of this population existing, but now we are confirming it with a random asteroid population sample obtained using the whole Hubble archive. This is important for providing insights into the evolutionary models of our solar system," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-asteroid-formation-and-evolution">Insights into asteroid formation and evolution</h2>



<p>The large, random sample of asteroids discovered in this study offers new insights into the formation and evolution of the asteroid belt. </p>



<p>The abundance of small asteroids supports the idea that they are fragments of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psyche-asteroid-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-and-nasa-is-sending-a-space-probe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larger asteroids</a> that have collided and broken apart over billions of years, like smashed pottery. </p>



<p>This finding challenges an alternative theory suggesting that these smaller fragments formed as such billions of years ago.</p>



<p>"Collisions would have a certain signature that we can use to test the current main belt population," said co-author Bruno Merín.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-unique-vantage-point-for-asteroid-hunting">Hubble's unique vantage point for asteroid hunting</h2>



<p>Hubble's fast orbit around the Earth allows it to capture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-lucy-discovers-two-asteroids-instead-of-one-during-dinkinesh-flyby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wandering asteroids</a> through their telltale trails in the telescope's exposures. </p>



<p>As viewed from an Earth-based telescope, an asteroid leaves a streak across the picture. Asteroids essentially "photobomb" Hubble exposures by appearing as unmistakable, curved trails in the photographs.</p>



<p>By knowing the position of Hubble during the observation and measuring the curvature of the streaks, scientists can determine the distances to the asteroids and estimate the shapes of their orbits. </p>



<p>The faintest asteroids in the survey are roughly one forty-millionth the brightness of the faintest star that can be seen by the human eye.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-cosmic-exploration">Collaborative cosmic exploration</h2>



<p>The Hubble Asteroid Hunter, a citizen-science project launched in 2019, was a collaborative effort between researchers, engineers, and the Zooniverse platform. </p>



<p>A total of 11,482 citizen-science volunteers provided nearly 2 million identifications, which were then used to train an automated algorithm based on artificial intelligence to identify asteroids. This pioneering approach may be effectively applied to other datasets in the future.</p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-new-quasi-moon-will-stick-around-for-hundreds-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asteroid positions</a> change with time, and therefore you cannot find them just by entering coordinates, because at different times, they might not be there," said Merín. "As astronomers we don't have time to go looking through all the asteroid images. So we got the idea to collaborate with over 10,000 citizen-science volunteers to peruse the huge Hubble archives."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-and-the-future-of-asteroid-discovery">Hubble and the future of asteroid discovery</h2>



<p>The project will next explore the streaks of previously unknown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-sheds-new-light-on-mysterious-asteroid-phaethon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> to characterize their orbits and study their properties, such as rotation periods. </p>



<p>However, because most of these asteroid streaks were captured by Hubble many years ago, it is not possible to follow them up now to determine their orbits.</p>



<p>In summary, the fascinating study led by Pablo García Martín and Bruno Merín demonstrates the immense potential of collaborative efforts between professional scientists, citizen scientists, and advanced technologies in uncovering new insights into our solar system. </p>



<p>By harnessing the power of the <a href="https://hubblesite.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a>'s vast archive, the dedication of thousands of volunteers, and the efficiency of machine learning algorithms, the researchers have unveiled a hidden population of asteroids, providing new data on the formation and evolution of the asteroid belt. </p>



<p>This innovative approach paves the way for future discoveries and highlights the importance of continued exploration and collaboration in our quest to understand the cosmic landscape that surrounds us.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the&nbsp;journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.aanda.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></em>.</p>



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Beautiful photo of galaxy UGC 12158 gets photobombed by an asteroid

Astronomers have employed a novel approach with NASA's Hubble Space...

<p>Researchers from the University of Vienna recently discovered that complex leaf vein networks, a feature prevalent in modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-true-survivors-flowering-plants-lived-through-the-dinosaur-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering plants</a>, actually originated much earlier than previously believed. </p>



<p>The research, published in the journal <em>New Phytologist</em>, highlights the fossilized plant <em>Furcula granulifer</em>. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/plant-encyclopedia/pteridophytes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seed fern</a>, from the Late Triassic period around 201 million years ago, exhibited advanced venation patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rediscovery-of-a-triassic-plant-revolutionizes-understanding">Rediscovery of a triassic plant revolutionizes understanding</h2>



<p>The team, led by palaeobotanists Mario Coiro and Leyla Seyfullah, utilized novel methods and concepts to re-examine historical collections at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>. </p>



<p>Subsequently, they collaborated with colleagues from the <a href="https://www.nrm.se/en/16.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swedish Museum of Natural History</a> in Stockholm and the <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University</a> in Jerusalem.</p>



<p>Mario Coiro explains the significance of their findings, saying, "Within old collections, using new techniques, we identified a plant that displayed a unique set of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-leaf-diversity-shape-plant-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">leaf</a> characteristics, akin to those of flowering plants, but without their evolutionary success."</p>



<p>Consequently, this plant, <em>Furcula granulifer</em>, once thought to be an early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-investigate-the-mysterious-origin-of-flowering-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering plant</a>, belongs instead to the now-extinct group of seed ferns</p>



<p>"The fossil leaves of <em>Furcula granulifer</em> show a net-like hierarchical veining typical of most plants today. This discovery indicates that such efficient photosynthetic structures have evolved multiple times throughout Earth's history," adds Leyla Seyfullah.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-leaf-vein-networks">Significance of leaf vein networks</h2>



<p>The presence of intricate leaf veins in plants is crucial for efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-finally-decoded-the-process-of-photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> and carbon dioxide fixation. </p>



<p>Consequently, flowering plants, or angiosperms, which dominate today's ecosystems, evolved this feature between 145 and 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. </p>



<p>This development significantly contributed to the diversification and success of other life forms, including mammals, insects, and birds.</p>



<p>The study suggests that <em>Furcula granulifer</em> exhibited similar venation patterns to <a href="https://www.earth.com/plant-encyclopedia/angiosperms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">angiosperms</a>. However, it had less vein density, which limited its photosynthetic efficiency compared to later flowering plants.</p>



<p>The team employed a combination of traditional microscopy and cutting-edge Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy to analyze both old and newly collected material. They concluded that <em>Furcula</em>'s similarities to angiosperms are a result of convergent evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-evolutionary-failures">Understanding evolutionary failures</h2>



<p>The research further identifies that <em>Furcula granulifer</em> and its relatives represent an evolutionary dead end. They went extinct during the Jurassic period without achieving the diversity seen in angiosperms.</p>



<p>Another group, the Gigantopteridales, also represents a similar failed evolutionary attempt during the Permian period.</p>



<p>"These natural experiments offer us a window into understanding the real reasons behind the success of flowering plants, which likely stems from the evolution of multiple traits rather than a single key innovation," Seyfullah explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-modern-science-discovered-ancient-leaf-vein-networks">How modern science discovered ancient leaf vein networks</h2>



<p>In summary, this research led by palaeontologists from the University of Vienna has transformed our understanding of leaf evolution. </p>



<p>By combining traditional and novel methods, they have unraveled a century-old mystery, revealing that the net-like leaf veining characteristic of modern flowering plants evolved much earlier than previously thought in the now-extinct seed fern <em>Furcula granulifer</em>. </p>



<p>This discovery highlights the complexity of plant evolution and the importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">convergent evolution</a> in shaping the world we see today. </p>



<p>The study also identifies failed attempts at efficient leaf design during the Triassic and Permian periods, suggesting that the success of flowering plants lies in the evolution of multiple traits rather than a single key innovation. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the mysteries of nature's design, this research serves as a testament to the power of scientific inquiry and the endless wonders waiting to be discovered in the fossil record.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.19726" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a></em></em>.</p>



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Plants had complex leaf vein networks 200 million years ago

Researchers from the University of Vienna recently discovered that complex...

<p>Major transformations are occurring within Arctic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal</a> ecosystems, which are warming at a faster rate than the rest of the planet. </p>



<p>Recent findings from the <a href="https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/">University of California, Irvine</a>, detailed in three pivotal studies, underscore the significant environmental shifts prompted by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-forests-are-being-transformed-by-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. </p>



<p>The research, led by PhD candidate Jinhyuk Kim and Professor James Randerson, suggests that ecosystems at high latitudes are becoming increasingly unstable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-ignite-change-across-ecosystems">Wildfires ignite change across ecosystems</h2>



<p>The study was focused on the forests of Canada and Alaska. The researchers found that wildfires are intensifying photosynthesis rates. This phenomenon arises as fast-growing deciduous plants like willow and aspen replace the slower-growing black spruce forests destroyed by fire. </p>



<p>"We’re seeing higher levels of photosynthesis that persist for decades after fire,” explained Kim. “Instead of the evergreen conifer forest coming back right away, in some regions, we see a long-term replacement of these forests with faster-growing species."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-consequences-of-wildfires">Complex consequences of wildfires</h2>



<p>While increased photosynthesis might suggest a greater removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the reality is much more complex. </p>



<p>“But because you’ve combusted the carbon stored in the plants and their organic soils, even the increase in photosynthesis we observe doesn’t necessarily translate into more carbon storage in the long run," explained Kim. </p>



<p>"The increasing trends in wildfire have significant implications for forest species composition and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ecosystems-are-endangered-by-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> function but likely negatively affect the land carbon sink." </p>



<p>"This is why it’s important to study how the changing landscape from wildfire and warming influences different aspects of land carbon cycling."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-changes-in-arctic-and-boreal-ecosystems">Tracking changes in Arctic and boreal ecosystems </h2>



<p>To track changes in photosynthesis, Kim’s team utilized data from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 satellites. These satellites measure plant fluorescence - a novel method that provides a global view of photosynthesis rates.</p>



<p>“We also have this long land cover time series from Landsat, and we can look at how fires are changing the land plant cover and then tie it to changes in the solar-induced fluorescence signal," said Kim.</p>



<p>"We find that wildfires are changing the land cover, which, in turn, can enhance the seasonality of carbon fluxes at large spatial scales.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-shrubbery-signals-warmer-winters">Shifting shrubbery signals warmer winters</h2>



<p>In another study led by Allison Welch, a PhD candidate in the lab of Professor Claudia Czimczik, researchers explored plant expansion across the Arctic ecosystem. </p>



<p>"With increasing temperatures and wildfire activity, we’re seeing increased growth of bigger, deciduous shrubs,” noted Welch. </p>



<p>Her team found that alder shrubs, in particular, are thriving, significantly boosting vegetation productivity at their study sites. Moreover, these changes come with critical implications for permafrost. </p>



<p>"We reported a decrease in the thickness of the organic layer at our tundra sites," said Welch. "Shallower organic layers mean less insulation for the underlying Arctic permafrost, which carries vast reserves of frozen organic matter that, if thawed, may release planet-warming gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-clues-about-ecosystem-changes">Chemical clues about ecosystem changes </h2>



<p>Under the guidance of Professor Alex Guenther, PhD candidate Hui Wang conducted a third study. The research was focused on an unexpected rise in emissions of isoprene - an important molecule that influences local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> through its effects on ozone, aerosols, and methane levels.</p>



<p>“This change will indirectly change the climate,” said Wang. He noted that rising temperatures have prompted plants to release more isoprene.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapidly-changing-arctic-ecosystem">Rapidly changing Arctic ecosystem </h2>



<p>These studies collectively highlight a rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-geese-have-a-large-impact-on-arctic-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> ecosystem that is transforming at a faster rate than previously anticipated. Claudia Czimczik, a co-author on Welch’s paper, emphasized the urgent need for attention.</p>



<p>"These three studies are examples of how the Arctic is changing more rapidly than previously expected. Increasing wildfire activity, via its effect on vegetation composition, has the potential to accelerate permafrost thaw beyond the rates we expected from changing climate," said Czimczik.</p>



<p>Kim concluded with a reflection on the broader implications of the research. "We can see the environment is unstable, and that there are complex interactions from not only the changing plant communities but the responses of those plants to the rapidly changing climate." </p>



<p>"These have consequences for the environment and the overall Earth system, so it’s something important that we need to understand better.”</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <em><em>Global Change Biology</em></em>.</p>



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Arctic and boreal ecosystems are becoming increasingly unstable

Major transformations are occurring within Arctic and boreal ecosystems, which...