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View,Of,The,Device,Of,An,Oil,Drilling,Rig

<p>Earth's surface bears the visible scars of human activities, from greenhouse gas emissions to deforestation. However, the impact of human intervention extends far beyond what meets the eye, reaching hundreds of meters to several kilometers beneath the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-model-reveals-the-evolution-of-the-earths-surface/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's surface</a> into Earth's deep subsurface. </p>



<p>This hidden realm, often overlooked, is now the subject of disturbing research by hydrology experts. Jennifer McIntosh, a professor in the University of Arizona's <a href="https://has.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences</a>, and her colleagues have delved into the ways humans influence Earth's deep subsurface. </p>



<p>"We looked at how the rates of fluid production with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oil-and-gas-production-linked-to-77-billion-in-annual-health-care-costs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oil and gas</a> compare to natural background circulation of water and showed how humans have made a big impact on the circulation of fluids in the subsurface," McIntosh explained.</p>



<p>In a paper published in the journal <em>Earth's Future</em>, they shed light on the significant impact of human activities on the circulation of fluids in this subterranean zone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Deciphering the hidden world in motion beneath our feet</h2>



<p>The study, led by Grant Ferguson, also from the UArizona, compared the rates of fluid production from oil and gas extraction to the natural background circulation of water. </p>



<p>The findings reveal that human-induced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-internal-jet-stream-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fluid fluxes</a> surpass the natural flow, and they are projected to increase further with proposed strategies for combating climate change.</p>



<p>These strategies include geologic carbon sequestration, geothermal energy production, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fools-gold-may-be-a-valuable-source-of-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lithium extraction</a> from underground mineral-rich brine. </p>



<p>"Responsible management of the subsurface is central to any hope for a green transition, sustainable future and keeping warming below a few degrees," emphasizes Peter Reiners, a professor in the <a href="https://www.geo.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UArizona Department of Geosciences</a> and a co-author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-subsurface-fluid-fluxes">Earth's subsurface fluid fluxes</h2>



<p>These fluxes transport water, gases, and other substances through the subsurface, influencing everything from groundwater resources to geothermal energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Types of subsurface fluid fluxes</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Groundwater flow</h4>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater flow</a> represents the movement of water through porous and fractured rock formations. This flow occurs due to pressure gradients and the force of gravity, allowing water to move from areas of high hydraulic head to areas of low hydraulic head. Groundwater flow plays a vital role in the hydrologic cycle, recharging aquifers and sustaining surface water bodies.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Hydrocarbon migration</h4>



<p>Subsurface fluid fluxes also include the migration of hydrocarbons, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-orphaned-oil-and-gas-wells-litter-the-world-and-must-be-cleaned-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oil and natural gas</a>. These fluids originate from organic-rich source rocks and migrate through permeable rock layers until they encounter traps or seals. Understanding hydrocarbon migration is essential for oil and gas exploration and production.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Geothermal fluid circulation</h4>



<p>In regions with high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-water-could-be-a-great-source-of-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geothermal gradients</a>, subsurface fluids can circulate through fractures and permeable rock formations, absorbing heat from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-ancient-ocean-floor-surrounds-the-earths-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's interior</a>. This heated fluid can then rise to the surface, creating hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles. Geothermal fluid circulation is a key factor in the development of geothermal energy resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Importance of Earth's subsurface fluid fluxes</h2>



<p>Subsurface fluid fluxes have far-reaching impacts on various aspects of our planet. They influence the availability and quality of groundwater resources, which are essential for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial activities. </p>



<p>Additionally, these fluxes play a crucial role in the formation and distribution of mineral resources, such as ore deposits and petroleum accumulations.</p>



<p>Moreover, subsurface fluid fluxes contribute to the transport and cycling of chemical elements and compounds within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-molten-rock-layer-discovered-under-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's crust</a>. </p>



<p>This process has implications for geochemical cycles, rock-water interactions, and the evolution of subsurface environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Human intervention in Earth's fluid dynamics</h2>



<p>In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oil and natural gas</a> production, saline water from the deep subsurface is extracted alongside the targeted resources. This ancient water, often millions of years old, acquires its salinity from the evaporation of ancient seawater or reactions with rocks and minerals. </p>



<p>To maintain reservoir pressures and enhance oil recovery, near-surface water is added to the extracted saline water, and the blended mixture is reinjected into the subsurface, creating a continuous cycle of fluid production and reinjection.</p>



<p>Similar processes occur in lithium extraction, geothermal energy production, and geologic carbon sequestration, where leftover saline water is reinjected into the underground. </p>



<p>"We show that the fluid injection rates or recharge rates from those oil and gas activities is greater than what naturally occurs," states McIntosh.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rewriting Earth's history through subsurface geology</h2>



<p>Using existing data from various sources, the research team found that current fluid movement rates induced by human activities surpass those that occurred before human intervention. </p>



<p>As carbon capture, sequestration, and lithium extraction intensify, the researchers also predicted how these activities might be recorded in Earth's geological record.</p>



<p>Moreover, human activities have the potential to alter not only the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-geysers-the-worlds-largest-geothermal-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep subsurface fluids</a> but also the microbes that inhabit those depths. </p>



<p>Fluid movements can modify <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-in-the-extreme-microbial-activity-discovered-in-old-faithful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial environments</a> through changes in water chemistry or by introducing new microbial communities from Earth's surface to the underground. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-fracking-surged/">Hydraulic fracturing</a>, for example, can trigger sudden blooms of microbial activity in previously dormant deep rock formations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Earth's subsurface is still mostly a mystery</h2>



<p>Despite the significance of these findings, many unknowns remain about Earth's deep subsurface and the extent of human impact on this hidden realm. </p>



<p>"We need to use the deep subsurface as part of the solution for the climate crisis," emphasizes McIntosh. "Yet, we know more about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surface of Mars</a> than we do about water, rocks and life deep beneath our feet."</p>



<p>Continued research and exploration of this enigmatic zone are crucial for understanding the full scope of human influence on our planet and developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-zero-waste-a-global-commitment-to-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable strategies</a> for addressing the climate crisis. </p>



<p>While we strive to mitigate the visible effects of human activities on Earth's surface, we must not overlook the hidden impact that extends deep into the subsurface.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-what-lies-beneath">Protecting what lies beneath</h2>



<p>As we continue to explore and utilize Earth's deep subsurface in our efforts to combat climate change, we must remain mindful of the hidden impact our actions have on this enigmatic realm. </p>



<p>By studying the fluid dynamics, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-increases-threat-antimicrobial-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial communities</a>, and geological record beneath our feet, we can develop a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between human activities and the subterranean world. </p>



<p>This knowledge will be crucial in guiding our strategies for a sustainable future, ensuring that our solutions do not create unforeseen consequences in the depths below. </p>



<p>As we navigate the challenges of the climate crisis, we must approach the subsurface with a spirit of curiosity, responsibility, and respect, recognizing that the key to our success may lie in the mysteries that await us in Earth's hidden depths.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024EF004496" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Human activities also greatly harm Earth’s subsurface, not just the landmass

Earth's surface bears the visible scars of human activities, from...

<p>Rivers are not just pathways for water; they are dynamic forces that reshape the landscapes they traverse. Meandering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-look-to-mars-to-help-clarify-how-river-paths-change-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a> carve intricate patterns into the Earth as they journey from mountainous regions to the sea, forming valleys, canyons, floodplains, and deltas. </p>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> have delved into the factors that influence how meandering rivers migrate across landscapes. The findings challenge some established theories and provide new insights into river behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>“Meandering rivers move gradually across the floodplains, and this river movement presents socioeconomic risks along river corridors and regulates terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. Experimental and field studies suggest that fluvial sediment supply can exert a primary control on lateral migration rates of rivers,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“However, we lack an understanding of the relative importance of environmental boundary conditions, such as floodplain vegetation and sediment supply, in setting the pace of river meandering across different environmental settings.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-forces-shaping-meandering-rivers">The forces shaping meandering rivers</h2>



<p>The study was focused on two primary forces that affect the bends in meandering rivers: "bar push" and "bank pull."</p>



<p>Bar push occurs when sediment deposits inside a bend, pushing the river outward. Conversely, bank pull involves erosion on the opposite bank, which further exaggerates the bend. </p>



<p>Interestingly, the research suggests that sediment load - the amount of debris and minerals carried by rivers - plays a more significant role in this outward push than previously thought.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-trend-in-meandering-rivers">Global trend in meandering rivers </h2>



<p>Evan Greenberg, the lead researcher and a doctoral geography student, along with his advisor Professor Vamsi Ganti, compiled a comprehensive dataset covering 139 <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-lena-river-delta-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meandering</a> rivers worldwide. The team analyzed satellite imagery to observe how the paths of these rivers have shifted over time. </p>



<p>"We find a global-scale trend between the amount of sediment that rivers carry and how quickly they’re migrating, across all variables," explained Greenberg.</p>



<p>The analysis revealed that rivers laden with more sediment tend to migrate faster, a significant finding given that many of the world’s major waterways are meandering types. </p>



<p>These river migration patterns are crucial for effective environmental management and urban planning, especially as these waterways affect millions of people living in nearby floodplains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegetation-s-role-in-stabilizing-rivers">Vegetation's role in stabilizing rivers</h2>



<p>Contrary to earlier studies that emphasized the stabilizing effects of vegetation, this new research shows that while vegetation does slow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-profiles-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> migration, its impact is less significant than previously estimated.</p>



<p>Unvegetated rivers with higher sediment loads were found to migrate up to four times faster than those with similar dimensions but more vegetation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamics-of-meandering-river-patterns">The dynamics of meandering river patterns</h2>



<p>The interaction of bar push and bank pull creates the characteristic meandering pattern of these rivers. </p>



<p>"You can’t have one dominate the other in a meandering river," said Professor Ganti. He further noted the importance of a balanced interaction between these forces to prevent the transformation of meandering rivers into braided rivers, which can happen if the sediment supply is insufficient.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dams-and-river-migration-a-unique-case-study">Dams and river migration: A unique case study</h2>



<p>The examination of rivers near <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-caused-unprecedented-changes-to-rivers/">dams</a> provided an interesting case study within the research. Dams trap sediment but don't usually affect the vegetation, providing unique conditions to study how sediment load influences river migration. </p>



<p>The observations showed that downstream from dams, where rivers are sediment-starved, migration rates decrease notably.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-changes-and-managing-risks">Predicting changes and managing risks</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the researchers plan to extend their analysis to more rivers and varied river types. The goal is to develop a model that predicts river migration through different landscapes, from their sources to their mouths. </p>



<p>This model could prove essential in predicting changes in river behavior due to environmental changes, such as sea-level rise, increased extreme weather events, and shifts in land use, which might lead to increased sediment loads.</p>



<p>In conclusion, understanding how meandering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-action-for-rivers-lifelines-of-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a> move is more than an academic pursuit— it's crucial for managing the risks associated with riverbank migration. </p>



<p>"More sediment means that rivers can do more stuff," said Professor Ganti, highlighting the dynamic and ever-changing nature of these fascinating systems. </p>



<p>This ongoing research into river dynamics will aid in the development of strategies to cope with future changes in these mighty rivers.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X24001079" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><u>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</u></a></em>.</p>



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Study reveals new insights into the dynamics of meandering rivers

Rivers are not just pathways for water; they are dynamic...

Resistant,Bacteria,And,Superbug,Organism,Or,Mrsa,Medical,Healthcare,Concept

<p>The world is in trouble – have you ever considered that it's not just rising temperatures and natural disasters we need to worry about? <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clima</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">t</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">e change</a> has a sinister accomplice: antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and together, they're a dangerous pair. </p>



<p>AMR refers to the increasingly worrisome trend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolving to resist the very drugs designed to kill them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-drastic-impacts">Climate change drastic impacts</h2>



<p>Climate change is known as the threat multiplier for AMR. It has widespread effects that are making our superbug problem significantly worse. Here's how climate change is linked to antimicrobial resistance:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-warmer-world-means-more-illness">A warmer world means more illness</h3>



<p>Many disease-causing bacteria and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-soil-microbes-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> have historically been limited by geography. Cooler temperatures prevented them from spreading extensively. Climate change disrupts these barriers. </p>



<p>Warmer temperatures allow these pathogens to survive further north or south of their original ranges, and at higher altitudes. </p>



<p>This means that diseases once confined to specific regions could emerge in new areas, posing risks to populations that may not have prior immunity or established medical protocols for treatment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stressed-ecosystems-breed-superbugs">Stressed ecosystems breed superbugs</h3>



<p>Disrupted water systems caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-has-increased-seasonal-insect-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> events, such as floods or droughts, can lead to contamination with sewage, agricultural runoff, or other sources carrying drug-resistant microbes. </p>



<p>This contaminated water can then spread these microbes to humans, animals, and crops, increasing the risk of infection and disease. </p>



<p>Additionally, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cowspiracy-film-review/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal agriculture</a> practices, often driven by the need to adapt to extreme weather, can lead to overcrowding or unsanitary conditions. </p>



<p>This creates a breeding ground for drug-resistant microbes to evolve and spread rapidly within animal populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-infections-more-antibiotics-more-resistance">More infections, more antibiotics, more resistance</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iss-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate</a> change disrupts ecosystems and weather patterns, leading to several consequences that can increase the spread of diseases caused by various microbes. Warmer temperatures, for example, can allow microbes that thrive in warmer environments to expand their geographic range. </p>



<p>Additionally, extreme weather events like floods and droughts can disrupt water systems and sanitation infrastructure, creating ideal breeding grounds for microbes. These factors contribute to a rise in the number of infections and outbreaks of diseases.</p>



<p>The natural response to this increase in illnesses is often an increased reliance on antibiotics, powerful drugs that target and kill specific microbes. However, this increased use of antibiotics creates a selective pressure on the microbial populations. </p>



<p>As with any population under pressure, some microbes will develop adaptations that allow them to survive antibiotic exposure. These adaptations are the mechanisms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-increasing-enterococci-looming-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic resistance</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-effects-of-climate-change-on-antimicrobial-resistance">Real-world effects of climate change on antimicrobial resistance</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate</a> change is about subtle shifts at the microbial level that are already having serious impacts on our health. The examples below are a snapshot of what could become a widespread crisis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria">Bacteria</h3>



<p>Bacteria like&nbsp;<em>Campylobacter</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Salmonella</em>, responsible for a significant number of food poisoning cases, are flourishing in warming water. Water systems in homes, food processing, and the environment at large are becoming more hospitable.</p>



<p>Contaminated water means these bacteria spread more easily. They can end up on fresh produce, in meat and poultry during processing, and even in drinking water. The warmer the water, the more these bacteria multiply, increasing our risk of getting sick.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungus">Fungus</h3>



<p><em>Candida auris</em>, previously not a major issue for humans, has emerged as a serious threat. One reason is its newfound ability to tolerate warmer and saltier conditions, likely an adaptation driven by the environment changing due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-the-impact-of-climate-change-at-the-national-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change.</p>



<p>This fungus is highly drug-resistant and can cause severe infections, particularly in already-sick patients. As the world warms and coastal areas change, this fungus could become much more common, posing risks to hospitals and people with weakened immune systems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-threat">World threat</h3>



<p>Regions with rising average temperatures are also seeing more infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of&nbsp;<em>E.coli</em>. This correlation, if seen elsewhere in the world, would mean serious trouble. Infections that were once easy to treat may become a major health challenge.</p>



<p>“Climate change compromises the ecological and environmental integrity of living systems and enables pathogens to increasingly cause disease. The impact on water systems, food-producing animals and crops threatens global food supply," explained Professor Sabiha Essack, South African Research Chair in Antibiotic Resistance and One Health at the Antimicrobial Research Unit, <a href="https://ww3.ukzn.ac.za" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a>. </p>



<p>"Human activities associated with population growth and transport, together with climate change increases antibiotic resistance and the spread of waterborne and vector- borne diseases of humans, animals and plants,” Essack concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-ice-from-climate-change-drives-antimicrobial-resistance">Melting ice from climate change drives antimicrobial resistance</h2>



<p>Professor Essack's research raises a critical point: as our planet warms, sea levels are rising at unprecedented rates. This isn't just a threat to coastal communities; it also unlocks a hidden danger – the thawing of permafrost. </p>



<p>Permafrost is permanently frozen ground, mostly in the Arctic regions, that has been like a giant natural deep freezer for millennia.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-from-melting-permafrost-pose-great-risk-to-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melting permafrost</a> releases previously frozen soil, organic matter, and even trapped organisms. These organisms, including ancient microbes, have been entombed for vast stretches of time. </p>



<p>Some of these microbes may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, genes they never needed in their frozen state but which could now pose a serious threat.</p>



<p>The released microbes and their antibiotic resistance genes can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-deadly-microbes-travel-around-the-world-so-quickly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">travel far and wide</a>. Ocean currents can carry them across vast distances, potentially introducing them to new ecosystems. </p>



<p>Even ships can act as unintentional transporters, carrying microbes in ballast water (water taken on board to ensure stability) that is then released in different ports.</p>



<p>The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes from permafrost adds another layer of complexity to the already concerning issue of AMR. </p>



<p>These ancient microbes may have unique resistance mechanisms, posing new challenges for our existing antibiotics. This further emphasizes the need for international collaboration and research to address this evolving threat.</p>



<p>While rising sea levels grab headlines, the hidden consequences of permafrost thaw are a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of our planet. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/38-trillion-dollars-per-year-economic-losses-expected-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate</a> change disrupts these delicate natural systems, and the consequences can be far-reaching and long-lasting.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-halting-climate-change-and-antimicrobial-resistance">Halting climate change and antimicrobial resistance</h2>



<p>Climate change alone is bad enough, but how we respond to it exacerbates the AMR crisis. Population growth, increased travel, and shifts in agriculture in response to disasters lead to more disease transmission and inappropriate use of antibiotics.</p>



<p>"Climate change has facilitated movement and proliferation of AMR. To deal with this threat, we will need unequivocal political leadership and commitment; strong global and local policy frameworks and governance; evidence-based, innovative 'One Health' solutions, and implementation research to adapt successful interventions to country contexts," explains Prof Essack.</p>



<p>“These partnerships must include a wide range of societal interests that will suspend interests of individual sectors for the public good. Initiatives that aim to make progress in climate change or AMR should join forces and highlight each other to make clear their mutual benefits," she concluded.</p>



<p>It sounds dire, but it doesn't mean we're powerless. Calling on our leaders to prioritize climate action and support the "One Health" approach (which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health) are crucial steps.</p>



<p>Dealing with both climate change and antibiotic resistance isn't going to be easy, but it's time we all woke up to this interconnected threat. Understanding the problem is the first step toward finding those smart, innovative solutions we need.</p>



<p>The study is part of <em>ESCMID Global Congress (formerly ECCMID) Barcelona, 27-30 April</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Climate change fuels the rise of global antimicrobial resistance

The world is in trouble – have you ever considered...

<p>Artificial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-artificial-sweeteners-safe-the-debate-is-heating-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sweeteners</a> are appealing to those who want a sweet taste without the calories or health concerns associated with sugar. Yet, emerging research continues to uncover potential gut harm caused by sugar substitutes, such as neotame. </p>



<p>A new study from Anglia Ruskin University (<a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARU</a>) sheds light on neotame, a relatively newer artificial sweetener, and its shocking effects on the gut.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-neotame-wrecks-havoc-on-the-gut-microbiome">How neotame wrecks havoc on the gut microbiome</h2>



<p>According to the research, neotame directly harms the gut's protective lining and changes the behavior of good gut bacteria. This can weaken the gut barrier and disrupt the gut microbiome. These changes affect digestion, immune health, and can lead to various health problems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neotame-s-impact-on-epithelial-cells-in-the-gut">Neotame's impact on epithelial cells in the gut</h3>



<p>Research indicates that neotame has the capacity to directly induce cell death in the epithelial cells that line your intestinal walls. The exact mechanism by which this occurs is still being investigated but might involve the disruption of essential cellular functions.</p>



<p>The epithelial lining of the gut plays a crucial role in maintaining a physical barrier between the contents of your digestive tract and your internal systems. </p>



<p>This barrier is essential for both nutrient absorption and for protecting your body from harmful toxins, pathogens, and other substances found within the gut. Neotame's ability to kill these cells directly undermines the integrity of this barrier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neotame-s-disruption-of-gut-microbes">Neotame's disruption of gut microbes</h3>



<p>Your gut is home to trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria like <em>E.coli</em> and <em>E. faecalis</em>. In a healthy state, many of these bacteria contribute to digestive processes and play a role in immune system support. However, exposure to neotame appears to induce negative changes in these bacteria.</p>



<p>Neotame can cause normally beneficial gut bacteria to become harmful. This includes increased adherence (sticking) to the gut wall, the ability to invade the gut lining, and the potential to break through the gut barrier and enter the bloodstream.</p>



<p>If harmful bacteria escape the confines of the gut and reach the bloodstream, this can cause sepsis - a life-threatening condition where the body has an extreme inflammatory response to infection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-a-neotame-compromised-gut">Consequences of a Neotame compromised gut</h2>



<p>Your gut is often called the "second brain." It's home to trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as your gut microbiome, that have a profound influence on your overall well-being. Here's what might happen when neotame disrupts your delicate gut ecosystem:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs">Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)</h3>



<p>As discussed, damage to the gut barrier can lead to increased intestinal permeability (often called "leaky gut"). This allows unwanted substances to pass through the gut lining and into the body, potentially triggering inflammation and immune responses that exacerbate IBS symptoms.</p>



<p>Research suggests that people with IBS often have altered gut microbiota compared to healthy individuals. An imbalance between beneficial and harmful gut bacteria can contribute to digestive distress, including abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sepsis">Sepsis</h3>



<p>A compromised gut barrier allows harmful bacteria to potentially escape from the digestive tract and enter the bloodstream. This translocation of bacteria can trigger a severe systemic inflammatory response known as sepsis.</p>



<p>Sepsis is a medical emergency. When not promptly treated, it can progress to septic shock, leading to multiple organ failure and death.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-and-inflammatory-disorders">Metabolic and inflammatory disorders</h3>



<p>The gut microbiome plays a significant role in regulating various metabolic processes, including energy harvesting from food and blood sugar control. An altered gut microbiome can contribute to metabolic dysregulation, leading to issues such as insulin resistance (a precursor to type 2 diabetes).</p>



<p>Disruptions in the gut microbiome from neotame can promote low-grade, chronic inflammation throughout the body. This sustained inflammation is a key contributor to the development of numerous chronic health conditions, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and possibly even some forms of cancer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neotame-s-place-among-other-artificial-sweeteners">Neotame's place among other artificial sweeteners</h2>



<p>This isn't the first time artificial sweeteners have been under scrutiny. “There is now growing awareness of the health impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-sweeteners-obesity-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sweeteners</a> such as saccharin, sucralose and aspartame, with our own previous work demonstrating the problems they can cause to the wall of the intestine and the damage to the ‘good bacteria’ which form in our gut," said study senior author Dr. Havovi Chichger.</p>



<p>For people struggling with weight control, diabetes, or glucose intolerance, artificial sweeteners can be a tool. But the research on neotame and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-sweetener-has-been-linked-to-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sweeteners</a> paints a complex picture. While they reduce sugar intake, the long-term consequences of their effect on the gut remain a significant health concern.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-things-to-consider">Things to consider </h2>



<p>Before using any artificial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-sweeteners-linked-to-increased-risk-of-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sweetener</a>, consider the following:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moderation-is-key">Moderation is key</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Small amounts if needed:</strong>&nbsp;If you decide to incorporate artificial sweeteners into your diet, it's crucial to do so with extreme caution. Using them sparingly minimizes potential exposure and reduces the risk of negative effects on gut health.</li>



<li><strong>Retraining your palate:</strong>&nbsp;Our taste preferences are adaptable. Gradually reducing your intake of artificial sweeteners and highly sweetened foods allows your taste buds to adjust. Over time, you'll appreciate and enjoy the subtle sweetness of naturally occurring sugars found in fruits, vegetables, and some dairy products.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-read-food-labels">Read food labels</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ingredient awareness:</strong>&nbsp;Scrutinize ingredient lists carefully. Artificial sweeteners like neotame, sucralose, aspartame, and others can appear in a surprising variety of products, including diet drinks, processed snacks, chewing gum, and even seemingly "healthy" bars or beverages.</li>



<li><strong>Hidden names:</strong>&nbsp;Artificial sweeteners can go by many names. Be vigilant in spotting them on food labels to make more informed choices about what you consume.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-alternatives">Natural alternatives</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Stevia and monk fruit:</strong>&nbsp;These plant-derived sweeteners have little to no impact on blood sugar levels, making them potentially safer options. However, some individuals may find they have an aftertaste or digestive sensitivities to them.</li>



<li><strong>Use with caution:</strong>&nbsp;Even natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-sweeteners-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sweeteners</a> shouldn't be consumed in excess. The goal is to reduce your overall reliance on overly sweet flavors and to appreciate the inherent sweetness of whole foods.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talk-to-your-doctor">Talk to your doctor</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Personalized advice:</strong>&nbsp;Seeking guidance from your doctor or a registered dietitian is essential, especially if you have underlying health conditions like diabetes or any digestive issues.</li>



<li><strong>Individualized approach:</strong>&nbsp;They can help you develop a dietary plan that addresses your specific needs and concerns while taking into account potential risks associated with artificial sweeteners.</li>
</ul>



<p>The evolving understanding of the complex relationship between artificial sweeteners like neotame and gut health underscores the value of a whole-foods based diet. This recent research on neotame is another reminder that what we put into our bodies has far-reaching effects beyond simple taste and metabolism. </p>



<p>Prioritizing healthy, unprocessed foods is the best way to support your gut microbiome and your overall well-being for the long term.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1366409/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Nutrition</a></em>.</p>



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Artificial sweetener neotame has shocking effects on gut health

Artificial sweeteners are appealing to those who want a sweet...

<p>Ever felt like that 30-minute workout dragged on like an agonizingly slow scene in a bad movie?  It’s not your imagination. Turns out, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> can warp your sense of time. A new study adds an exciting twist to the story.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-and-time-perception">Exercise and time perception</h2>



<p>A recent study found that our internal sense of time stretches out or slows down for many individuals during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-achieve-greater-benefits-from-exercise-with-less-effort/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>. This feeling is more pronounced during exercise than when we're at rest, either before or after a workout.</p>



<p>The study is innovative because it looks specifically at how time perception changes during the kind of intense, self-regulated exercise that mimics real-life athletic competition. Previous research often used fixed-intensity exercise protocols, which weren't as reflective of the dynamic nature of sports or competitive workouts. This makes the findings more applicable to those situations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-einstein-was-right-time-nbsp-is-nbsp-relative">Einstein was right – Time&nbsp;<em>is</em>&nbsp;relative</h2>



<p>Albert Einstein was a brilliant physicist who revolutionized our understanding of time and space. His theory of relativity suggests that the passage of time isn't absolute, but instead depends on the observer's frame of reference and the influence of gravity.</p>



<p>Einstein's thought experiment illustrated the subjective nature of time. A moment can seem to last forever in unpleasant situations, while time seems to rush by when we're engaged in enjoyable experiences. </p>



<p>This workout study demonstrates that physical exertion can distort our perception of time, making it feel slower than usual.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-exercise-change-the-time-speed">How does exercise change the time speed?</h2>



<p>Scientists are still figuring out the exact details of how several factors interact to distort time perception during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-significantly-lowers-heart-disease-risk-by-reducing-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>. It's a complex question with no simple answer yet. They propose the following theories: </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-1-the-brain-gets-overloaded">Theory 1: The brain gets overloaded</h3>



<p>During exercise, your brain receives a massive surge of information from your body. That means a lot to process for your brain's attention and control centers.</p>



<p>Your brain has to monitor your breathing rate, adjust your heart rate, coordinate complex muscle movements, and manage any feelings of pain or fatigue. All this effort could divert your brain's resources away from its usual time-tracking mechanisms. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-2-it-s-all-about-the-chemicals">Theory 2: It's all about the chemicals</h3>



<p>Physical exertion triggers significant changes in your body's chemistry. A rush of hormones and neurotransmitters floods your system.</p>



<p>These are the brain's chemical messengers. Exercise increases the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, endorphins, and adrenaline, which impact mood, arousal, and focus.</p>



<p>This change in brain chemistry could also affect areas related to our perception of time. It's like those chemicals change the "clock speed" of how your brain is operating, which could make time feel like it's moving faster or slower.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-competition-affect-time-perception-in-exercise">Does competition affect time perception in exercise?</h2>



<p>The study distinguishes itself by investigating a crucial question: Does the presence of competition alter how we perceive time during exercise? Previous research hadn't fully explored this aspect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-all-types-proven-to-ease-depression-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> psychology.</p>



<p>To test this, the researchers recruited a group of moderately to highly active individuals. Participants engaged in cycling trials on specialized stationary bikes designed to simulate a competitive race environment. The trials varied in condition: some were solo rides, while others involved either a non-responsive virtual competitor or a virtual opponent who actively changed pace throughout the race.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, the findings showed that the presence of virtual competitors had little to no impact on the participants' perception of time. This suggests that the primary factor influencing time distortion is the act of physical exertion itself, rather than the psychological pressure or excitement of a competitive setting.</p>



<p>“The take home message for this study is that our perception of time is indeed impacted by exercise,” said study author <a href="https://www.canterbury.ac.uk/people/andrew-edwards" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andrew Mark Edwards</a>, a professor and Head of School for Psychology &amp; Life Sciences at <a href="https://www.canterbury.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canterbury Christ Church University</a>.</p>



<p>“This could be useful information in terms of accurately pacing sport and exercise activities such as devising strategies to mitigate periods where time appears to drag and can be demotivating."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-this-mean-for-daily-workouts">What does this mean for daily workouts?</h2>



<p>Most people who exercise regularly have experienced those moments where time seems to crawl, especially during challenging parts of a workout. This feeling of time slowing down can be incredibly demotivating and make it tempting to cut a workout short.</p>



<p>The key findings of this study could pave the way for new strategies to help both athletes and everyday gym-goers overcome this mental hurdle. The goal is to develop strategies specifically designed to combat those periods where our perception of time becomes distorted, making exercise feel less enjoyable and harder to sustain.</p>



<p>Intuitively, you might assume that the harder a workout feels, the more time would seem to drag. However, this study offers a surprising insight: there doesn't appear to be a direct relationship between your subjective rating of exertion (how intensely you're working out) and how much time seems to slow down. This means that even during less intense periods of exercise, your perception of time can still become warped.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>"This was a study of recreationally active participants in only one mode of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-exercise-reduces-the-risk-of-premature-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> so the results ought to be considered in the context of that activity/population," Edwards explained. "More work is required to see if this is widely applicable." The team will explore this further with different types of athletes and exercise.</p>



<p>Beyond the workout world, this research might even be useful when folks are using exercise as therapy. "The main strands of the work are to see how we can motivate people to engage with exercise and avoid/mitigate negative associations with time appearing to move slowly," said Edwards.</p>



<p>Sweat sessions bend your mind in more ways than one. If your workouts feel tortuously long sometimes, you're not alone. Hopefully, this research will help us come up with ways to make exercise more enjoyable.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/brb3.3471" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brain and Behavior</a></em>.</p>



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Slow motion: Exercise changes our perception of time

Ever felt like that 30-minute workout dragged on like an...

<p>Life in the wilds of the Yukon is a relentless test of survival. For the red squirrels that inhabit this territory, danger lurks around every corner - freezing temperatures, scarce resources, and hungry predators. So how do <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-flying-squirrel-spotted-after-more-than-four-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">squirrels</a> manage the traumas? </p>



<p>Why do some squirrels live longer, healthier lives than others? Scientists are discovering fascinating answers that even have implications for our understanding of human stress and resilience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-traumas-shorter-squirrel-lives">Early traumas, shorter squirrel lives</h2>



<p>Lauren Petrullo, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>, is deeply involved in studying the survival factors of red squirrels. Her recent study highlights a significant finding: young red squirrels that encounter numerous traumas during their first year typically experience a reduction in their adult lifespan. </p>



<p>Specifically, in the challenging conditions of the Yukon, such early life stress leads to an average lifespan reduction of at least 14 percent. This research underscores the critical impact of early developmental conditions on the longevity of these animals.</p>



<p>"The ecosystem red squirrels inhabit in this region is unique. Every three to seven years, their favorite food – seed from cones of white spruce trees – is produced in superabundance during what we call a food boom," Petrullo said.</p>



<p>"We found that these booms, even though rare, can interrupt the biological embedding of early-life adversity. If a squirrel had a harsh first year of life, if they were lucky enough to experience a food boom in their second year of life, they lived just as long – if not longer – in spite of early-life adversity."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-food-boom">What is a food boom?</h2>



<p>A food boom is a sudden and significant increase in the availability of food resources within an animal's environment. There are multiple causes behind food booms. Some food sources experience cyclical booms and busts. For example, trees that produce nuts or seeds might only have huge yields every few years.</p>



<p>Additionally, favorable weather conditions can lead to increased plant growth, insect populations, or other food sources for animals. The removal of a predator or the introduction of a new prey species can disrupt the balance and make more food available for some animals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-boom-benefits">Food boom benefits</h2>



<p>Even with a rough beginning, plentiful food sources can repair damage caused by early-life stress in animals. The research shows that squirrels who had difficult early lives, and later experienced a surge in food availability,  had lifespans comparable to (or even exceeding) squirrels who never had to experience hardship. </p>



<p>This implies that the benefits of a food boom extend beyond simple nutrition. A possible explanation is that abundant food favorably alters the animal's surroundings by decreasing the need for competition and ultimately improving chances of survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"Our findings in red squirrels echo what we know about how early-life adversity can shorten adult lifespan in humans and other primates," said Petrullo. </p>



<p>The main takeaway from this research is the concept of resilience. Similar to squirrels, individuals vary in their ability to cope with the lingering effects of early life trauma. The study proposes that later positive experiences are significant in determining the extent to which early stress affects an individual.</p>



<p>Squirrels are often subjects in laboratory studies due to their physiological similarities to humans. However, Lauren Petrullo emphasizes the value of studying these animals in their natural surroundings. This approach provides a clearer view of how stress, resilience, and environmental factors interact dynamically outside the controlled conditions of a lab.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-a-new-challenge-to-squirrel-trauma">Climate change: A new challenge to squirrel trauma</h2>



<p>The survival strategies of red squirrels, particularly their reliance on periodic food booms, have developed to thrive within a specific climatic context. Unfortunately, the escalating issue of global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-are-squirrels-adapting-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> poses a significant threat to these patterns. </p>



<p>Rising temperatures have the potential to disrupt the timing and abundance of these crucial food booms. If these natural events become less frequent or less predictable, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-affects-ground-squirrels-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">squirrels</a> that encounter significant challenges early in life may find themselves even more vulnerable to the adverse effects of their harsh environments. This could result in increased mortality rates and impact the overall population stability of the species.</p>



<p>"As food boom patterns begin to change, the pathways that connect early-life experiences and lifespan may change as well, potentially offering important insight into how animals may adapt to increasingly challenging environments," said Petrullo.</p>



<p>This research isn't just about squirrels and their trauma. It's a captivating story about survival, where even in harsh conditions, there's always hope. Just like a lucky food boom can alter a squirrel's fate, our own paths might hold life-changing opportunities. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to study these resilient creatures, we may not only discover the secrets to their success, but also gain valuable insights to enhance our own well-being.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2681" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Early trauma cuts life short for squirrels, but this can be reversed

Life in the wilds of the Yukon is a relentless...

<p>As our planet warms and urban areas expand, the threat of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue is escalating, reaching regions previously untouched by these dangerous illnesses. </p>



<p>Now, with over half of the global population at risk, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tick-mosquito-borne-disease-spreading/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a> have quickly become a critical concern worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-spread-of-disease-vectors">The global spread of disease vectors</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mosquitoes-find-tasty-humans-from-hundreds-of-meters-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mosquitoes</a>, the primary vectors for diseases like malaria and dengue, are finding suitable habitats far beyond their traditional tropical and subtropical locales. This expansion is due in part to longer and hotter seasons that allow mosquito larvae to survive and thrive in new areas. </p>



<p>As these insects invade places like northern Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia, local populations face increased risks - often in areas where people lack immunity and public health systems are unprepared.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-front-lines-of-research">Insights from the front lines of research</h2>



<p>At the upcoming ESCMID Global Congress in Barcelona, <a href="https://www.icrea.cat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICREA</a> Professor Rachel Lowe will present her latest findings on this issue. </p>



<p>Professor Lowe, who leads the global health resilience group at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center in Spain, will discuss the dramatic shifts in vector-borne disease patterns and the essential role of enhanced surveillance and early warning systems.</p>



<p>"Droughts and floods linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-great-for-mosquitoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> can lead to greater transmission of the virus, with stored water providing additional mosquito breeding sites," noted Professor Lowe. Her research in the Caribbean shows that extreme climate conditions such as drought followed by excessive rainfall can significantly increase the likelihood of dengue outbreaks. </p>



<p>These findings underscore the need for comprehensive assessments of vector-borne disease risks and preparedness for future outbreaks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rise-of-dengue">The rise of dengue</h2>



<p>Dengue, which is spread by day-biting mosquitoes, has dramatically increased in spread and frequency. </p>



<p>Since 2000, the most hospitable years for dengue transmission have facilitated the mosquito's invasion into 13 European countries, including France, Italy, and Spain, with local disease outbreaks reported as recently as 2023.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the number of global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dengue-fever-modified-mosquitoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dengue</a> cases reported surged from 500,000 in 2000 to over five million in 2019. This makes dengue the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-projecting-future-mosquito-disease-outbreaks">Projecting future mosquito disease outbreaks</h2>



<p>The data suggests a daunting future if current trends continue. With <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-dengue-fever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a> and population growth proceeding unchecked, projections are increasingly alarming. They indicate that up to 4.7 billion additional people could be at risk of contracting malaria and dengue by the end of the century.</p>



<p>On the other hand, if global warming is limited to an ambitious goal of a 1°C increase, the number of people at risk could be significantly reduced, although it would still be substantial.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-el-nino-in-mosquito-disease-outbreaks">The role of el niño in mosquito disease outbreaks </h2>



<p>El Niño events, which occur every 2-7 years, exacerbate these issues by creating hotter and wetter conditions that are ideal for mosquito breeding.</p>



<p>Professor Lowe highlights the direct link between these climatic fluctuations and disease outbreaks. Specifically, the Zika pandemic in Brazil, which emerged during an El Niño phase in 2015, was a direct result of climate conditions.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the current strength of El Niño suggests that these challenging conditions are likely to continue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-mosquito-borne-diseases">Climate change and mosquito-borne diseases</h2>



<p>Professor Lowe stresses the urgency of addressing climate change to mitigate the spread of these diseases. "With climate change seeming so difficult to address, we can expect to see more cases and possibly deaths from diseases such as dengue and malaria across mainland Europe." </p>



<p>Therefore, proactive measures, including robust surveillance systems and early interventions, are crucial to preventing outbreaks.</p>



<p>Researchers are now using advanced technologies to better anticipate disease outbreaks. These technologies include supercomputers, drones for identifying breeding sites, and community-based reporting systems to direct resources effectively.</p>



<p>"By analyzing weather patterns and gathering information from local communities and health officials, we are hoping to give communities time to prepare and protect themselves," said Professor Lowe. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-united-efforts-are-needed">United efforts are needed </h2>



<p>Ultimately, the most effective strategy to reduce the risk of disease spread is to dramatically curb emissions and address the root causes of climate change.</p>



<p>As mosquito-borne diseases expand their reach, the need for global cooperation and innovative solutions has never been greater. </p>



<p>Through informed research, proactive planning, and international collaboration, we can help to shield vulnerable populations from these escalating health threats.</p>



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Mosquito-borne diseases are a growing threat in a warming world

As our planet warms and urban areas expand, the threat...

<p>The mating strategies of squid are determined by their date of birth, according to a recent study from the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/index.html">University of Tokyo</a>. The research sheds new light on the reproductive tactics of male spear squids.</p>



<p>While humans might consider how their birth date influences personality or destiny, for these marine creatures, the timing of birth crucially influences their approach to mating.</p>



<p>"Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are discontinuous phenotypes associated with reproduction, observed in males of many species," wrote the study authors. "Typically, large males adopt a tactic of competing with rivals for mating, while small males adopt a tactic of stealing fertilization opportunities from the large males."</p>



<p>"The ‘birth date hypothesis,' proposing that the date of birth influences the determination of each male's reproductive tactic, has been tested only in teleost fish to date."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-date-with-destiny">A date with destiny</h2>



<p>Scientifically known as Heterololigo bleekeri, spear squids adopt one of two mating strategies. Males born earlier in the breeding season grow larger and become "consorts," aggressively competing with rivals to mate and protect females during egg-laying. </p>



<p>On the other hand, males that hatch later in the season are typically smaller when they start reproducing and choose a "sneaker" tactic. These squids deposit their sperm on the outside of a female near where she lays her eggs - hoping to fertilize them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unchanging-nature-of-squid-mating-tactics">The unchanging nature of squid mating tactics</h2>



<p>The experts discovered that once a male squid's mating tactic is set by his birth date, it remains unchanged throughout his life. </p>



<p>This pattern is so robust that even if an early-born squid could theoretically adopt the sneaker strategy during the early breeding season due to size, he would instead delay his maturation to grow sufficiently large to become a consort. </p>



<p>"The presence of large immature males appears to support this (i.e. these immature males may have been delaying their maturation in a non-reproductive state as a tactic to become a successful consort later in the season)," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>This all-or-nothing approach to mating tactics is remarkably consistent, with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-created-a-transparent-squid-allowing-them-to-see-inside-while-its-still-alive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">squids</a> born around early July displaying a fifty-fifty chance of adopting either strategy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-and-commercial-ramifications">Ecological and commercial ramifications</h2>



<p>Professor Yoko Iwata of the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute at the University of Tokyo explained the significance of these findings. "The hatching date determines the whole life trajectory in this species. The difference in hatch date means that the squid experience different environmental conditions in early life, which may influence their growth trajectory." </p>



<p>She further elaborated on the potential repercussions of environmental changes, such as ocean heat waves, on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/squid-have-unexpected-camouflage-ability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">squid</a> sizes and their mating tactics, which could significantly impact commercial fishing yields.</p>



<p>The research is notable as it extends the "birth date hypothesis" to aquatic invertebrates, suggesting its broader applicability across more animal species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">New insights into squid growth rates</h2>



<p>The team analyzed more than 350 specimens collected between 2020 and 2023, sourced directly or from commercial catches. The results challenge previous beliefs about the growth rates among different squid mating types.</p>



<p>Although environmental factors like water temperature are well-known to influence squid development, the researchers discovered surprisingly little variation in the early life growth rates of consorts and sneakers.</p>



<p>This discovery raises new questions about the factors influencing the growth and reproduction of male spear squids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The significance of statoliths in squid research</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the researchers will turn their attention to the statolith, a key structure within the squid that documents daily growth in a manner akin to tree rings. </p>



<p>By analyzing microelements within the statolith, experts can determine the age of squids as well as the environmental conditions they encountered during various life stages.</p>



<p>Professor Iwata expressed excitement about the potential implications of their findings. "I am interested in the evolution of animal survival and reproduction strategies, or life history; and also phenotypic plasticity, that is, how individuals respond to environmental changes. Spear squid provide an ideal model for studying the impact of environmental and ecological conditions on life history."</p>



<p>The research will further illuminate how early life conditions affect squid mating tactics and provide deeper insights into how other marine species adapt to environmental changes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0156" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.</p>



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Squid mating tactics are determined by birth date

The mating strategies of squid are determined by their date...

<p>Space is a never-ending source of fascination for us Earthlings. From the twinkle of stars to swirling galaxies, there's always something new to discover. Scientists at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> recently announced the discovery of a new space molecule in the dust clouds where stars are born.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-molecules-in-space">Molecules in space</h2>



<p>Space is not just an empty void; it's filled with diverse chemical compounds. It contains simple life-essential molecules like water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Additionally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-map-the-dark-chemistry-of-outer-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a> harbors more complex organic molecules, some similar to industrial solvents.</p>



<p>The interactions of compounds in the interstellar medium are intriguing. They transform in ways that may reveal how life's building blocks originated. Interestingly, these processes could provide clues about the emergence of life itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-experts-hunt-for-new-molecule">Space experts hunt for new molecule</h2>



<p>A research team at MIT, led by Professor Brett McGuire, is actively studying the molecular composition of the vast interstellar clouds where stars and planetary systems form. This work aims to answer fundamental questions about the chemical processes that occur during these formative stages. </p>



<p>"Our group tries to understand what molecules are present in regions of <a href="https://phys.org/tags/space/">space</a> where stars and solar systems will eventually take shape," explained Zachary T.P. Fried, a graduate student in the McGuire group and the lead author of the publication. </p>



<p>"This allows us to piece together how chemistry evolves alongside the process of star and planet formation. We do this by looking at the rotational spectra of molecules, the unique patterns of light they give off as they tumble end-over-end in space."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectral-signature">Spectral signature</h2>



<p>Understanding chemical environments at early stages is essential. The molecules in these environments affect the properties of forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-organic-molecules-discovered-surrounding-newborn-star-iras-23385/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a> and their ability to support life. </p>



<p>The MIT team uses powerful telescopes to observe electromagnetic radiation from deep space molecules. Each molecule interacts with light uniquely, creating a distinct spectral signature. This signature helps identify the molecule.</p>



<p>The research process begins by selecting a target molecule. Scientists analyze the molecule in a laboratory setting to precisely determine its spectral signature. They then use telescopes to scan star-forming regions, searching for a match between the laboratory-derived signature and the telescopic observations. A positive match confirms the presence of the target molecule within the distant interstellar cloud.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2-methoxyethanol">2-methoxyethanol</h2>



<p>In 2023, an AI-driven computer program played a key role in astronomical research. It identified a molecule called 2-methoxyethanol as a promising target for observation. This molecule is a complex organic compound, not commonly found in everyday products.</p>



<p>"There are a number of 'methoxy' molecules in space, like dimethyl ether, methoxymethanol, ethyl methyl ether, and methyl formate, but 2-methoxyethanol would be the largest and most complex ever seen," said Fried.</p>



<p>After collaborating with global scientists, the MIT team predicted the molecule's spectral signature. They then embarked on an intensive search effort. To detect the faint signals emitted by molecules in distant space, they utilized the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), a state-of-the-art international observatory located in Chile's high-altitude Atacama Desert. </p>



<p>ALMA's exceptional sensitivity and resolution allow astronomers to probe the depths of the universe in search of even the most subtle molecular emissions. The team meticulously analyzed the vast dataset generated by ALMA, searching for the specific spectral pattern associated with 2-methoxyethanol.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Ultimately, we observed 25 rotational lines of 2-methoxyethanol that lined up with the <a href="https://phys.org/tags/molecular+signal/">molecular signal</a> observed toward NGC 6334I (the barcode matched), thus resulting in a secure detection of 2-methoxyethanol in this source," said Fried. </p>



<p>"This allowed us to then derive physical parameters of the molecule toward NGC 6334I, such as its abundance and excitation temperature. It also enabled an investigation of the possible chemical formation pathways from known interstellar precursors."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-new-space-molecule">Significance of new space molecule</h2>



<p>The vast clouds of gas and dust where stars are born act as complex chemical environments. Within these clouds, a diverse array of molecules exist, ranging from simple compounds to larger, more intricate structures. </p>



<p>These molecules represent the fundamental building blocks from which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-a-galaxy-12-billion-light-years-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>, asteroids, and potentially even the precursors to life can form. The presence of increasingly complex molecules within these regions suggests a wider range of possibilities for the types of environments that can develop within emerging planetary systems.</p>



<p>The discovery of 2-methoxyethanol, a relatively large and complex organic molecule, highlights the surprising chemical processes that can occur in the seemingly harsh conditions of deep space. This discovery suggests that even in the coldest depths of the cosmos, the conditions exist to create molecules of significant complexity.</p>



<p>"Continued observations of large molecules and subsequent derivations of their abundances allows us to advance our knowledge of how efficiently large molecules can form and by which specific reactions they may be produced," said Fried.</p>



<p>"Additionally, since we detected this molecule in NGC 6334I but not in IRAS 16293-2422B, we were presented with a unique opportunity to look into how the differing physical conditions of these two sources may be affecting the chemistry that can occur."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad37ff" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></em>.</p>



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New molecule detected in space where stars are born

Space is a never-ending source of fascination for us Earthlings....

<p>Did you know that the very space station orbiting miles above our heads is helping us better understand how our planet's climate is changing? It might sound surprising, but the International Space Station (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS</a>) isn't just about exploring the cosmos – it's about protecting our home planet too.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iss-climate-data-collection">ISS climate data collection</h2>



<p>Climate change is a pressing issue impacting every corner of the globe. From experiencing increasingly scorching summers to witnessing unpredictable and often destructive weather patterns, the consequences are undeniable. To effectively prepare communities for these ongoing shifts, scientists require a wealth of accurate data. </p>



<p>The International Space Station, with its unique vantage point, plays a critical role in climate data collection. Orbiting Earth at high speeds, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-iss-is-contaminated-with-a-disturbing-amount-of-harmful-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS</a> effectively performs regular flybys of nearly the entire planet. </p>



<p>This exceptional position allows its suite of instruments to continuously gather information from various locations, both day and night. The data collected by the ISS is proving invaluable in furthering our understanding of climate change and its effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iss-climate-toolkit">ISS climate toolkit</h2>



<p>Let's explore some of ISS's instruments – it's like a space toolbox made to measure our changing planet:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecostress-the-plant-stress-detector-nbsp">ECOSTRESS: The plant stress-detector&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) operates similarly to a giant thermometer, but instead of measuring air temperature, it measures the temperature of plants themselves. </p>



<p>This allows scientists to identify areas where vegetation is facing stress due to excessive heat or insufficient water. This information is crucial for understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-initiates-ambitious-plan-to-bring-iss-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change impacts vital ecosystems like rainforests.</p>



<p>Climate change presents a complex global challenge. ECOSTRESS enables scientists to directly observe how ecosystems are responding to these ongoing changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tsis-keeping-an-eye-on-the-sun-nbsp">TSIS: Keeping an eye on the sun&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Sun acts as Earth's primary energy source, constantly bathing our planet in radiation. Even minor fluctuations in this energy output can have significant consequences for our climate. The Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) meticulously tracks the Sun's energy emissions. </p>



<p>This instrument functions like a highly precise monitor, continuously measuring the total amount of solar energy reaching Earth (Total Solar Irradiance) and the distribution of that energy across various wavelengths (Spectral Solar Irradiance). </p>



<p>By meticulously monitoring these values, scientists can gain valuable insights into how changes in solar activity might influence Earth's climate system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gedi-forests-in-focus-nbsp">GEDI: Forests in focus&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Forests play a critical role in maintaining a healthy climate for our planet. They act as massive carbon sinks, absorbing significant quantities of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. </p>



<p>The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) utilizes cutting-edge laser technology to create incredibly detailed three-dimensional maps of Earth's forests. This advanced technology allows scientists to precisely measure various forest characteristics, including the total volume of vegetation and the overall distribution of trees across a landscape. </p>



<p>This information is invaluable for tracking the amount of carbon stored within forests. This helps scientists understand how these vital ecosystems are changing in response to climate pressures. By monitoring these changes, we can develop more effective strategies for protecting and managing our precious forests.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emit-unmasking-methane-nbsp">EMIT: Unmasking methane&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Methane, while less abundant than carbon dioxide, is a far more potent greenhouse gas, significantly contributing to global warming. The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) instrument possesses the remarkable ability to detect and pinpoint methane leaks from space. </p>



<p>This technological breakthrough is revolutionizing how we track and identify methane emission sources. The pinpoint accuracy that EMIT provides allows us to locate the sources of methane release, enabling targeted efforts to limit the impact of these emissions. </p>



<p>EMIT's technology represents a significant leap forward in our ability to locate methane sources and take the necessary steps to mitigate these emissions worldwide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oco-3-carbon-dioxide-detective-nbsp">OCO-3: Carbon dioxide detective&nbsp;</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/video/iss-rapidscat-monitoring-earth-from-the-space-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS</a>'s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) instrument is specifically designed to track carbon dioxide, a major driver of climate change. OCO-3 operates with exceptional precision, continuously monitoring and measuring the global distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide. </p>



<p>This detailed information functions like a powerful magnifying glass, allowing scientists to pinpoint areas with particularly high concentrations of carbon dioxide. This newfound ability to visualize and track these "hotspots" of carbon dioxide emissions is proving invaluable in supporting international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>By identifying specific emission sources, OCO-3 data empowers nations to develop more targeted strategies for curbing carbon dioxide pollution.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sage-iii-iss-monitoring-the-atmosphere-s-layers-nbsp">SAGE III-ISS: Monitoring the atmosphere's layers&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Our planet's atmosphere acts as a protective shield, safeguarding us from harmful solar radiation and regulating Earth's temperature. </p>



<p>To better understand how human activities and natural phenomena affect this vital shield, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III-ISS (SAGE III-<a href="https://www.earth.com/video/iss-rapidscat-starts-measuring-earth-wind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS</a>) meticulously analyzes the intricate layers of Earth's atmosphere. </p>



<p>This instrument measures the concentration and distribution of various gases and tiny particles, known as aerosols, within each atmospheric layer. By monitoring these components, scientists gain valuable insights into how factors like pollutants impact the composition of the atmosphere. </p>



<p>The data collected by SAGE III-ISS plays a crucial role in improving the accuracy of climate models. These models rely on precise information about atmospheric composition and behavior to effectively simulate future climate scenarios. </p>



<p>With the data provided by SAGE III-ISS, scientists can refine these models, leading to more accurate predictions and a deeper understanding of the complex interactions within our planet's climate system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-iss-is-essential-in-the-fight-against-climate-change">The ISS is essential in the fight against climate change </h2>



<p>As evident, the ISS plays a far more active role than simply observing Earth from afar. It serves as a vital platform for gathering the comprehensive climate data that scientists urgently need to address climate change. </p>



<p>By analyzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-initiates-ambitious-plan-to-bring-iss-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISS's</a> rich data set, scientists are equipped to develop innovative solutions for mitigating the effects of our warming planet.</p>



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Data from the ISS helps us monitor climate change

Did you know that the very space station orbiting miles...

<p>Wildfires in Siberia are a global concern, as their increasing frequency is predicted to impact the climate, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, health, and economies far beyond their immediate vicinity. A new study highlights the far-reaching consequences of these natural disasters.</p>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.hokudai.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a>, the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, and <a href="https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyushu University</a> used advanced global climate models to analyze the potential impacts of wildfires in Siberia, and the results paint a striking picture. </p>



<p>The experts utilized the MIROC5 - a sophisticated modeling system - along with other predictive tools to actively simulate the broader effects of Siberian fires under current and future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> scenarios.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-s-unexpected-response">Climate's unexpected response</h2>



<p>The simulations revealed that the increased intensity of wildfires in Siberia could lead to significant atmospheric changes, notably a cooling effect across the northern hemisphere. This phenomenon is largely due to the aerosols, or tiny air pollution particles, emitted by the fires which can reflect sunlight away from the earth's surface. </p>



<p>Professor Teppei Yasunari, a key member of the research team, explained: "Our modeling reveals a cooling effect broadly across the northern hemisphere and worsened air quality in extensive downwind regions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-of-wildfires-in-siberia">Health implications of wildfires in Siberia </h2>



<p>The aerosols released during these wildfires not only affect the climate but also degrade air quality, leading to serious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> implications.</p>



<p>The researchers predict a dramatic increase in air pollution, especially under the most extreme wildfire scenarios. This pollution impacts not only Siberia but also vast areas of East Asia, which lie downwind from these fires.</p>



<p>The degraded air quality may cause an increase in premature deaths, respiratory problems, and other health issues. This could translate into health-related costs that potentially reach up to 10 billion US dollars annually.</p>



<p>"Our results suggest that increased efforts are needed to limit the effects of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/wildfires-in-siberia-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Siberian wildfires</a> somehow to prevent excess deaths, respiratory and other illnesses, and economic losses because it is hard to prevent the occurrence of Siberian wildfires in such large areas," said Professor Yasunari.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-costs-of-siberia-wildfires">Economic costs of Siberia wildfires</h2>



<p>Beyond health, the economic impacts are also profound. The study suggests that the direct costs associated with increased mortality due to air pollution are substantial. </p>



<p>Additionally, the indirect costs, such as loss of productivity due to illness and reduced educational opportunities, could significantly amplify these figures.</p>



<p>The findings underscore the necessity for more refined models to better quantify and mitigate these impacts. </p>



<p>"Our findings send a critical message about the broad effect of increased particulate matter due to massive wildfires in the atmosphere on climate and air quality, which will become ever more significant as the worldwide changes due to global warming proceed," said Professor Yasunari.</p>



<p>The research not only sheds light on the urgent need for global attention to Siberian wildfires but also calls for international cooperation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fire-suppression-methods-increase-the-severity-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire management</a> and mitigation strategies to safeguard public health and protect the global economy from the potentially devastating effects of these increasing natural disasters. </p>



<p>To better understand and address the extensive consequences of wildfires on a global scale, the time to act is now.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about wildfires in Siberia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Siberian wildfires typically occur during the region's dry and warm summer months. Siberia, known for its vast and remote forested areas, is particularly vulnerable to wildfires due to a combination of factors, including rising temperatures and dry conditions, which are often linked to climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Far-reaching impacts&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The impact of Siberian wildfires is extensive, affecting not only local flora and fauna but also contributing to air quality issues over a wide area, including neighboring countries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The smoke from these fires can travel thousands of kilometers, affecting atmospheric conditions and climate patterns on a global scale. For instance, the dense smoke can reduce visibility and impact air quality, posing health risks to populations even in distant areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-management">Fire management</h3>



<p>Efforts to combat and manage these fires are challenged by the sheer scale and remoteness of the affected areas. The Russian government and local authorities often struggle with limited resources and logistical difficulties in accessing these regions.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental threat</h3>



<p>Moreover, the frequency and intensity of these fires have been increasing, prompting concerns about long-term environmental damage, including the release of stored carbon from Siberian peatlands, which exacerbates global warming.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF004129" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em></em>.</p>



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Wildfires in Siberia are a growing global threat

Wildfires in Siberia are a global concern, as their increasing...

The,Human,Eye,With,The,Image,Of,The,Brain,In

<p>Working memory plays a pivotal role in our day-to-day functions. It's an essential brain skill that helps us manage and process information while engaging in activities, without losing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-focus-with-so-many-distractions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">focus</a>. </p>



<p>For instance, working memory allows us to remember to buy more dishwasher soap while we're busy loading the dishwasher and to keep track of other future necessities.</p>



<p>Researchers have long understood the significant variability in working memory across individuals but have struggled to pinpoint the reasons behind these differences. </p>



<p>Taking an innovative approach to studying this dilemma, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a>, including Matthew Robinson and Lauren Garner, conducted an experiment that examined whether pupil dilation could be a reliable indicator of working memory capacity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pupil-dilation-and-working-memory">Understanding pupil dilation and working memory</h2>



<p>In a recent study, it was discovered that pupil size could tell us more than just how much light is entering the eye. </p>



<p>Typically, pupils dilate in low-light conditions to improve vision. However, this study revealed that pupils also dilate in response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cognitive-stimulation-at-work-helps-prevent-memory-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> tasks requiring concentration.</p>



<p>The study involved 179 undergraduate students who underwent a series of working memory tests. While they attempted these tasks, an eye-tracker, similar to devices used during routine eye exams, continuously measured their pupil dilation. The findings were quite revealing. </p>



<p>"We found that people who more intensely and consistently paid attention, as evidenced by greater <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traumatic-experiences-can-be-detected-in-the-eyes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pupil dilation</a>, performed better on memory tasks," explained Robinson.</p>



<p>"The highest-performing participants not only had larger overall pupil dilations but were also more discerning about the information they needed to remember," he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-pupil-dilation-correlates-to-performance">How pupil dilation correlates to performance</h2>



<p>The correlation between pupil size and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-students-learn-is-key-to-helping-them-succeed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">task performance</a> could have broader implications. </p>



<p>For instance, Matthew Robison noted that, "The lowest performers on the tasks showed less pupil dilation. For the highest-performing participants, their pupil dilations were both larger overall and the individuals were more discerning about the information they were asked to recall."</p>



<p>This research highlights a fascinating aspect of how our bodies respond to mental exertion and could lead to more personalized approaches in educational and professional settings to enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-smaller-brain-size/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive performance</a>.</p>



<p>The study, published in the peer-reviewed journal <em>Attention, Perception &amp; Psychophysics</em>, provides valuable insights into the physiological underpinnings of working memory. </p>



<p>"This is exciting research because it adds another valuable piece of the puzzle to our understanding of why working <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-multivitamins-slow-cognitive-aging-and-improve-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory</a> varies between individuals," Robison concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Exploring the intricacies of working memory</h2>



<p>Working memory enables us to hold and manipulate information in our minds for short periods, allowing us to perform complex tasks, solve problems, and make decisions. Without working memory, we would struggle to navigate the world around us effectively.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Components</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-phonological-loop">The phonological loop</h4>



<p>This component handles auditory information, such as speech and sound.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-visuospatial-sketchpad">The visuospatial sketchpad</h4>



<p>This component processes visual and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial information</a>, such as images and locations.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-central-executive">The central executive</h4>



<p>This component acts as a control center, allocating attention and coordinating the activities of the other components.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-episodic-buffer">The episodic buffer</h4>



<p>This component integrates information from the other components and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wasabi-linked-to-substantial-boost-in-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term memory</a>, creating a unified representation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Capacity</h3>



<p>Working memory has a limited capacity, typically allowing us to hold and manipulate between three and seven items at a time. This capacity varies among individuals and can be influenced by factors such as age, training, and cognitive impairments. </p>



<p>Researchers have developed various tests and tasks to measure working memory capacity, such as the n-back task and the complex span task.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Importance in everyday life</h3>



<p>Working memory plays a vital role in numerous everyday activities, such as:</p>



<ul>
<li>Following instructions and directions<br></li>



<li>Engaging in conversations and maintaining the flow of dialogue<br></li>



<li>Reading comprehension and language processing<br></li>



<li>Performing mental calculations and problem-solving<br></li>



<li>Multitasking and switching between different tasks</li>
</ul>



<p>Deficits in working memory can lead to difficulties in these areas, impacting an individual's academic performance, work efficiency, and social interactions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhancement strategies</h3>



<p>While working memory capacity is largely determined by genetic factors, research suggests that certain strategies and interventions can help improve its efficiency:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Chunking</strong>: Grouping information into meaningful units to reduce the number of items to be remembered.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Rehearsal</strong>: Repeating information mentally or aloud to maintain it in working memory.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Visualization</strong>: Creating mental images or diagrams to represent information visually.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Mindfulness and meditation</strong>: Practicing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-protects-against-work-stress-burnout/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mindfulness</a> and meditation techniques to improve focus and attention.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Cognitive training</strong>: Engaging in targeted exercises and activities designed to challenge and strengthen working memory</li>
</ul>



<p>By understanding the intricacies of working memory and employing these strategies, individuals can optimize their cognitive performance and enhance their ability to navigate the demands of daily life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pupil-dilation-working-memory-and-future-implications">Pupil dilation, working memory, and future implications</h2>



<p>In summary, this study has revealed a fascinating connection between pupil dilation and working memory performance. By measuring participants' pupils during cognitive tasks, the researchers discovered that individuals with greater pupil dilation and sensitivity consistently outperformed those with less dilation. </p>



<p>This finding enhances our understanding of the factors influencing working memory variation and paves the way for future research into the neural mechanisms underlying this critical cognitive skill. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to explore the complexities of the brain's executive functions, studies like this one bring us closer to developing targeted interventions and strategies to support individuals struggling with working memory, ultimately unlocking the full potential of the human mind.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13414-024-02853-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Attention Perception &amp; Psychophysics</a></em></p>



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Pupils enlarge when the brain's working memory is focused on a task

Working memory plays a pivotal role in our day-to-day functions....

Date	Citation Page	Title
06/14/1976	41 FR 24062 24067	Endangered Status for 159 Taxa of Animals; 41 FR 24062 24067
09/26/1975	40 FR 44392 44333	CITES: Proposed Endangered Status for 216 Species on Convention Appendix I; 40 FR 44392 44333