<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Shasta Lake, which has reached near-full capacity for the second consecutive year in 2024. Following similarly high levels in spring 2023, this marks a significant recovery from the severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadrought-in-the-western-u-s-is-the-worst-in-at-least-1200-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and reduced water levels experienced from 2019 to 2022.</p>



<p>The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite captured this image of Shasta Lake on May 7, 2024, showing the reservoir at 96 percent of its total capacity, which is 114 percent of the average for that date. By contrast, an image from Landsat 9 in April of 2022 showed the lake at only 39 percent capacity, with the year's maximum reaching just 40 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-shasta-lake-nbsp">Transformation of Shasta Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The turnaround began in early 2023, driven by heavy rains and substantial runoff from an above-average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> in the mountains. By May 29, 2023, the reservoir had filled to 98 percent of its capacity, erasing the visible "bathtub ring" that had marked its perimeter in previous years.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water levels</a> at Shasta Lake began to rise significantly again by mid-January 2024 due to persistent storms, leading to higher levels at the start of 2024 than in the previous year. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abundance-of-rainfall">Abundance of rainfall</h2>



<p>By mid-February 2024, the reservoir was considered excessively full for the season. In an effort to accommodate more inflow and reduce flood risks, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation increased water discharges to up to seven times the winter baseline rate.</p>



<p>The abundance of rainfall in early 2024 also benefited other state reservoirs like Lake Oroville, which reached full capacity for a second year. Despite ongoing water releases, it held 128 percent of its average capacity in early May 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-gains-nbsp">Groundwater gains&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater</a>, which typically makes up 40 percent of California's water supply and up to 60 percent in dry years, also saw improvements. The California Department of Water Resources reported a net gain of 4.1 million acre-feet in managed groundwater recharge during the last water year (October 2022 through September 2023), marking the first annual increase since 2019.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the department estimates it would require five consecutive above-average water years to recover from the deficits of the past two decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-shasta-lake">More about Shasta Lake</h2>



<p>Shasta Lake, located in Northern California, is the largest reservoir in the state. It was created by the damming of the Sacramento River with the construction of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-strategy-fish-species-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shasta Dam</a> in the 1940s. This massive lake is a popular destination for a variety of recreational activities including fishing, boating, and water skiing.</p>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by scenic landscapes, including the Shasta-Trinity National Forest which is a popular destination for hiking, camping, and exploring diverse wildlife and natural beauty. The area is also known for its geological significance, featuring a variety of volcanic features and the nearby Mount Shasta, a prominent volcanic peak.</p>



<p>Additionally, Shasta Lake plays a crucial role in water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control in California. Its capacity and strategic location make it integral to the Central Valley Project, which manages the water resources of the region for agricultural, urban, and environmental uses.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Shasta Lake is full for the second consecutive year

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke from fires around the Canadian community of Fort Nelson and streaming east into Alberta on May 11, 2024.</p>



<p>Canada is currently facing an intense start to its wildland fire season, following a severe season last year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By mid-May, parts of British Columbia were already shrouded in smoke from early and aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, a phenomenon typically seen much later in the summer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-observations-of-canada-fires">Satellite observations of Canada fires</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional observations by NASA's Terra satellite and others showed the smoke plume rising several kilometers into the air and spreading into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, where it raised air quality concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-fueled-by-dry-conditions-and-high-winds">Fires fueled by dry conditions and high winds</h2>



<p>One particularly dangerous fire, which ignited on May 10, rapidly expanded southeast of Fort Nelson and a nearby First Nation community, threatening around 3,400 residents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dry conditions and high winds from a passing cold front fueled the blaze, prompting immediate evacuation orders for the area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cliff Chapman, British Columbia’s Wildfire Service Director of Provincial Operations, advised against travel near Fort Nelson due to the fire's severe intensity and rapid spread.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holdover-fires-in-canada">Holdover fires in Canada</h2>



<p>To the north, several other fires consumed tens of thousands of hectares. Some of these were "holdover" fires, which persisted under the snow throughout the winter and rekindled in the spring, fed by vegetation dried from ongoing severe drought conditions as per the North American Drought Monitor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-emissions">Carbon emissions</h2>



<p>This year's fire intensity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> in British Columbia are notably high, with Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, reporting over 5 megatons of carbon emissions from the province's wildfires by mid-May - marking the highest May emissions in 22 years. </p>



<p>Parrington's assessments, part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, utilize data from the Global Fire Assimilation System, which incorporates MODIS fire observations from NASA's satellites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-fires-in-2023">Canada fires in 2023</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 wildfire season</a> in Canada was particularly intense and significant due to a combination of factors including climate conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts</a>. </p>



<p>Throughout the season, Canada experienced an unusually high number of wildfires, which affected vast areas across the country, particularly in regions like British Columbia and Alberta.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conditions-nbsp">Challenging conditions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These fires were fueled by a combination of dry weather, higher than average temperatures, and strong winds, creating challenging conditions for firefighting efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



<p>The smoke from the wildfires had a profound impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, not only in Canada but also in parts of the United States, leading to health advisories and concerns over air pollution. The fires prompted widespread evacuations and significant damage to properties and ecosystems. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The season highlighted the growing concerns over climate change as a driving force behind the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Canadian government and local authorities were actively engaged in firefighting and mitigation efforts, but the scale of the fires called for an increased focus on long-term strategies for fire prevention and forest management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wildfires-on-human-health">Impact of wildfires on human health</h2>



<p>Wildfires have a significant impact on human health, affecting both physical and mental well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p>The most immediate health issue is the inhalation of smoke, which contains a mix of harmful gases and fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and other chronic lung conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked to cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>Beyond physical health, wildfires can also have a profound effect on mental health. The stress and trauma of experiencing a wildfire, losing property, or being displaced can lead to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the recovery and rebuilding process can be lengthy and stressful, further impacting mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-challenges-nbsp">Additional challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>People in affected areas often face challenges with water and food safety due to contamination from fire-related chemicals and debris. The destruction of infrastructure can also limit access to medical care and health services, exacerbating all these health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Overall, the impact of wildfires on human health is complex and can be long-lasting, necessitating both immediate and long-term public health interventions to support affected communities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Canada's fire season is off to an intense start

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features severe flooding in downtown Porto Alegre, the capital city of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Nearly two million people have been affected by the historic floods. More than 100 people were killed and 140 are still missing. </p>



<p>Floodwaters inundated the historic district, forced the closure of the international airport, affected major stadiums, and rendered several highways unusable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upheaval-across-rio-grande-do-sul">Upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul</h2>



<p>Severe weather systems, characterized by strong winds and heavy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-will-wreak-havoc-on-mountain-ranges-as-warming-climate-turns-snow-to-rain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>, impacted Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil's southernmost state, beginning on April 27, 2024. In a matter of days, some regions recorded over 300 millimeters (approximately 12 inches) of rain, resulting in rivers overflowing their banks and causing extensive, destructive flooding throughout the area.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> has led to significant upheaval across Rio Grande do Sul. According to the state's civil defense agency, over 160,000 individuals have been displaced, and there have been numerous fatalities. </p>



<p>The state, a key hub for the production and export of soy, rice, wheat, and meat, has seen considerable agricultural damage. Disruptions to grain exports are anticipated due to the impact on silos, storage facilities, transportation networks, and ports.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-storms-in-rio-grande-do-sul-nbsp">Intense storms in Rio Grande do Sul&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil's National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) attributes the extreme weather to the weakening El Niño phenomenon, which influenced cold fronts to move towards Rio Grande do Sul and increased atmospheric instability over the area. </p>



<p>Additionally, unusually warm waters in the South Atlantic Ocean elevated humidity levels, intensifying the storms through the convergence of warm, moist air from the Amazon and cooler southern air.</p>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> event aligns with broader climatic changes anticipated for the region, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Sixth Assessment Report. </p>



<p>Projections indicate significant increases in annual precipitation totals and extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> events by 2050, based on simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-6) and incorporating findings from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies' GISS ModelE.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-events-nbsp">Extreme weather events&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brazil experiences a wide variety of extreme weather events due to its vast size and diverse ecosystems. Droughts are a significant issue, especially in the Northeast and parts of the Southeast, affecting water supplies, agriculture, and energy production.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conversely, the rainy season brings floods that can inundate large regions, including the Amazon basin and densely populated urban areas like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where inadequate drainage systems often lead to severe waterlogging.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landslide-predictions-could-become-94-percent-more-accurate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landslides</a> are another common consequence of heavy rains, posing risks in hilly cities such as Rio de Janeiro. As global temperatures rise, heatwaves have become more frequent and intense, particularly in urban centers where the heat island effect can amplify high temperatures.</p>



<p>The ongoing impact of climate change is likely to increase both the frequency and severity of these extreme weather events across Brazil, highlighting the need for enhanced disaster preparedness and adaptive strategies to mitigate future risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-porto-alegre-nbsp">Porto Alegre&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Porto Alegre is known for its rich cultural heritage and strong European influence, reflecting the diverse immigrant populations that have settled there, including Germans, Italians, and Portuguese. The city combines a bustling urban atmosphere with charming old architecture and expansive public parks, making it a vibrant center for culture, politics, and commerce in the region.</p>



<p>Porto Alegre hosts numerous cultural events, such as the annual Porto Alegre Book Fair, one of the largest book fairs in Brazil, and it's renowned for its lively arts scene, including theaters, museums, and galleries. The city is also a significant educational hub, home to several universities and research institutions, contributing to its reputation as a center of intellectual and academic activity.</p>



<p>Economically, Porto Alegre is an important trade and service center. It has a diverse economy with strong sectors in commerce, services, and manufacturing. The city serves as a critical transportation and logistics hub due to its strategic location near the Mercosur (Southern Common Market) capitals, enhancing its role in regional trade.</p>



<p>Despite its urban advancements, Porto Alegre is also known for its environmental initiatives, including extensive recycling programs and a high number of green spaces, which are integrated into the urban landscape and offer residents and visitors alike a respite from the bustling city life.</p>



<p>The image of flooding in Porto Alegre was captured on May 8, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Historic flooding in Rio Grande do Sul

<p>"I am deeply committed to human spaceflight," he continued. "I'm dedicated to the Starliner program, and I am passionate about the team that has built her." Viewers couldn't believe what they were hearing. This man had practically lived in the sky up to this point!  PhotoCredit: Christopher Ferguson / Twitter</p>

Dedicated

3d,Abstract,Illustration,Of,Colorful,Human,Brain

<p>Colors are an integral part of our daily lives, from the vibrant red of a ripe strawberry to the deep brown of a child's eyes. However, have you ever stopped to wonder how our brains process the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-we-see-the-world-based-on-what-we-expect-to-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory information</a> that allows us to perceive these colors? </p>



<p>A recent study by neuroscientists at <a href="https://www.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a> has shed new light on this fascinating topic, identifying for the first time the brain-cell circuitry in fruit flies that converts raw sensory signals into color perceptions.</p>



<p>Led by Dr. Rudy Behnia, a principal investigator at Columbia's Zuckerman Institute, the research team published their intriguing findings in the prestigious journal <em>Nature Neuroscience</em>. </p>



<p>"Many of us take for granted the rich colors we see every day," said Dr. Behnia, the corresponding author on the paper. "But those colors do not exist outside of our brains."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-s-role-in-color-perception">Brain's role in color perception</h2>



<p>As Dr. Behnia explains, colors are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-changes-with-our-walking-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perceptions</a> that the brain constructs as it makes sense of the longer and shorter wavelengths of light detected by the eyes. </p>



<p>This process of turning sensory signals into perceptions about the world is crucial for the survival and well-being of organisms.</p>



<p>"To ask how we perceive the world seems like a simple question, but answering it is a challenge," added Dr. Behnia. "My hope is that our efforts to uncover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-retinal-cells-explain-complex-color-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural principles</a> underlying color perception will help us better understand how brains extract the features in the environment that are important for making it through each day."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-hue-selective-neurons">Discovering hue-selective neurons</h2>



<p>In their study, the research team discovered specific networks of neurons, a type of brain cell, in fruit flies that respond selectively to various hues. </p>



<p>Hue denotes the perceived colors associated with specific wavelengths, or combinations of wavelengths of light, which themselves are not inherently colorful. These hue-selective neurons lie within the optic lobe, the brain area responsible for vision.</p>



<p>The neurons respond to hues that people would perceive as violet, as well as others that correspond to ultraviolet wavelengths, which are not detectable by humans. </p>



<p>Detecting UV hues is important for the survival of some creatures, such as bees and perhaps fruit flies, as many plants possess ultraviolet patterns that can help guide insects to pollen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neural-mechanisms-behind-hue-selectivity">Neural mechanisms behind hue selectivity</h2>



<p>While scientists had previously reported finding neurons in animals' brains that respond selectively to different colors or hues, no one had been able to trace the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotions-sensory-perception-brain-fascinating-interplay/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural mechanisms</a> making this hue selectivity possible. This is where the recent availability of a fly-brain connectome proved invaluable.</p>



<p>The connectome, an intricate map detailing how some 130,000 neurons and 50 million synapses in a fruit-fly's poppy seed-sized brain are interconnected, served as a reference for the researchers. </p>



<p>Using their observations of brain cells, they developed a diagram they suspected represents the neuronal circuitry behind hue selectivity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mathematical-models-and-recurrent-connectivity">Mathematical models and recurrent connectivity</h2>



<p>To better understand the complexities of these brain cells and their interconnections, the scientists portrayed the circuits as mathematical models, simulating and probing the circuits' activities and capabilities.</p>



<p>"The mathematical models serve as tools that enable us to better understand something as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">messy and complex</a> as all of these brain cells and their interconnections," said Dr. Matthias Christenson, a co-first author on the paper and a former member of Dr. Behnia's lab. "With the models, we can work to make sense of all of this complexity."</p>



<p>The modeling not only revealed that these circuits can host activity required for hue selectivity but also pointed to a type of cell-to-cell interconnectivity, known as recurrence, without which hue-selectivity cannot happen. In a neural circuitry with recurrence, outputs of the circuit circle back in to become inputs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confirming-the-role-of-recurrent-connectivity">Confirming the role of recurrent connectivity</h2>



<p>To further validate their findings, the researchers conducted an additional experiment. "When we used a genetic technique to disrupt part of this recurrent connectivity in the brains of fruit flies, the neurons that previously showed hue-selective activity lost that property," said Dr. Álvaro Sanz-Diez, a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Behnia's lab and the other co-first author of the paper. "This reinforced our confidence that we really had discovered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-perception-speed-varies-greatly-among-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain circuitry</a> involved in color perception."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-understanding-color-perception">Implications of understanding color perception</h2>



<p>This research by Dr. Behnia and her team has provided new insights into how the brain's wiring enables the construction of a perceptual representation of color. </p>



<p>"Now we know a little more about how the brain's wiring makes it possible to build a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-sense-of-smell-can-change-the-colors-we-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perceptual representation</a> of color," said Dr. Behnia. "My hope is that our new findings can help explain how brains produce all kinds of perceptions, among them color, sound and taste."</p>



<p>This study advances our understanding of color perception and paves the way for future research into the neural mechanisms behind other sensory perceptions. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the brain, we move closer to comprehending the complex processes that shape our experience of the world around us.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01640-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural Neuroscience</a></em>.</p>



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How the brain turns light waves into rich colors and experiences

Colors are an integral part of our daily lives, from...

Quantum,Tunnel:,A,Voyage,Through,Molecular,Symmetry

<p>In the fascinating realm of quantum physics, particles seem to defy the laws of classical mechanics, exhibiting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mind-bending phenomena</a> that challenge our understanding of the universe. One such phenomenon is quantum tunneling.</p>



<p>In quantum tunnels, particles appear to move faster than the speed of light, seemingly breaking the fundamental rules set by Einstein's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theory of relativity</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-time-in-the-quantum-world">Redefining time in the quantum world</h2>



<p>However, a group of physicists from <a href="https://www.tu-darmstadt.de/index.en.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TU Darmstadt</a> has proposed a new method to measure the time it takes for particles to tunnel, suggesting that previous experiments may have been inaccurate.</p>



<p>Patrik Schach and Enno Giese, physicists from TU Darmstadt, have published their groundbreaking experiment design in the prestigious journal <em>Science Advances</em>. </p>



<p>Their approach aims to redefine the concept of "time" for a tunneling particle, taking into account the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum nature</a> of the phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-step-understanding-quantum-tunnels">First step: Understanding quantum tunnels</h2>



<p>Quantum tunneling is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where a particle, such as an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intense-quantum-light-generates-weird-electron-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electron</a>, passes through a potential energy barrier that it classically cannot surmount. </p>



<p>In classical physics, if a particle doesn't have enough energy to overcome a barrier, it will simply bounce back or stop. </p>



<p>However, in quantum mechanics, particles exhibit wave-like properties, and there is a probability that the particle can "tunnel" through the barrier, even if it lacks the energy to cross it classically.</p>



<p>Here are some key points to understand about quantum tunnels:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wave-particle-duality">Wave-particle duality</h3>



<p>Particles in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bridging-quantum-classical-physics-nanoparticle-entanglement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a> possess both wave and particle properties. The wave nature of particles allows them to exhibit behaviors that are not possible in classical physics.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-tunnels-and-probability">Quantum tunnels and probability</h3>



<p>The probability of a particle tunneling through a barrier depends on factors such as the barrier's width and height, and the particle's energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-conservation">Energy conservation</h3>



<p>Quantum tunneling does not violate the law of energy conservation. The particle does not gain or lose energy while tunneling. Instead, it appears on the other side of the barrier with the same energy it had before.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-for-quantum-tunnels">Applications for quantum tunnels</h3>



<p>Quantum tunneling has numerous practical applications, including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which allows scientists to image surfaces at the atomic level, and flash memory drives that use quantum tunneling to store and access data.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radioactive-decay">Radioactive decay</h3>



<p>Quantum tunneling also plays a role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-fifth-force-of-nature-subatomic-particles-are-defying-the-laws-of-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radioactive decay</a>, where particles escape the nucleus of an atom despite not having enough energy to overcome the nuclear potential barrier.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-nature-of-particles">Dual nature of particles</h2>



<p>According to quantum physics, small particles such as atoms or light particles possess a dual nature, behaving like both particles and waves depending on the experiment. </p>



<p>As mentioned previously, quantum tunneling highlights the wave nature of particles, where a "wave packet" rolls towards an energy barrier, and a small portion of it penetrates the barrier, resulting in a probability that the particle will appear on the other side.</p>



<p>"But the particle does not follow a path in the classical sense," objects Enno Giese. "It is impossible to say exactly where the particle is at a particular time. This makes it difficult to make statements about the time required to get from A to B."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-particles-as-clocks">Using particles as clocks</h2>



<p>Inspired by Albert Einstein's quote, "Time is what you read off a clock," Schach and Giese propose using the tunneling particle itself as a clock, with a second non-tunneling particle serving as a reference. </p>



<p>By comparing these two natural clocks, they aim to determine whether time elapses slower, faster, or equally fast during quantum tunneling.</p>



<p>The researchers suggest using atoms as clocks, taking advantage of the oscillating energy levels within them. By addressing an atom with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intense-quantum-light-generates-weird-electron-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laser pulse</a>, its levels initially oscillate in sync, starting the atomic clock. </p>



<p>During tunneling, the rhythm shifts slightly, and a second laser pulse causes the two internal waves of the atom to interfere. Detecting this interference allows for precise measurement of the elapsed time.</p>



<p>"The clock that is tunneled is slightly older than the other," says Patrik Schach, contradicting experiments that attributed superluminal speed to tunneling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Pushing the boundaries of experimental physics</h2>



<p>While the proposed experiment can be carried out with today's technology, it presents a significant challenge for experimenters. The time difference to be measured is extremely short, around 10-26 seconds. </p>



<p>To overcome this, the researchers suggest using clouds of atoms as clocks instead of individual atoms and amplifying the effect by artificially increasing the clock frequencies.</p>



<p>"We are currently discussing this idea with experimental colleagues and are in contact with our project partners," adds Giese. The possibility of a team deciding to carry out this exciting experiment in the near future is quite real.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-how-time-works-in-quantum-tunnels">Understanding how time works in quantum tunnels</h2>



<p>In summary, Patrik Schach and Enno Giese's experiment design challenges our understanding of time and particle behavior in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graviton-like-particle-observed-in-quantum-material-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum realm</a>. </p>



<p>By proposing a new method to measure the time it takes for particles to tunnel, they are questioning previous assumptions about superluminal speeds and presenting new avenues for exploring the mysteries of quantum physics. </p>



<p>As they collaborate with experimental colleagues and project partners, the possibility of conducting this exciting experiment draws closer, promising to unlock the secrets of the quantum universe and pave the way for a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of reality.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl6078" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Quantum tunnels allow particles to break the light-speed barrier

In the fascinating realm of quantum physics, particles seem to...

<p>Photon-number distributions of various light sources have been studied extensively, but little is known about the statistical distribution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massless-dirac-electrons-seen-moving-in-four-dimensions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> emitted under the effect of intense quantum light. </p>



<p>However, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (<a href="https://mpl.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPL</a>) and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (<a href="https://www.fau.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAU</a>) have made a discovery that highlights this phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-electron-emission-from-quantum-light">Studying electron emission from quantum light</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Nature Physics</em>, the study led by Prof. Maria Chekhova at MPL and Prof. Peter Hommelhoff at FAU reveals extreme and highly unusual statistical events in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-electron-dancing-allowed-new-molecular-design-rules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electron-number</a> distributions obtained when nanometer-sized metal needle tips are illuminated with ultrashort pulses of bright quantum light. </p>



<p>These findings prove that the number of electrons is influenced by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-leap-making-light-waves-stand-still-photonic-crystals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light statistics</a> and contribute to a deeper understanding of the process of electron emission, which could help further improve electron microscopes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-electron-emission">Understanding electron emission</h2>



<p>Electron emission is the process by which electrons are released from a material, typically a metal or semiconductor, into a vacuum or another medium. There are several types of electron emission, each with its own unique characteristics and underlying mechanisms. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermionic-emission">Thermionic emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Occurs when a material is heated to high temperatures, causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/attosecond-electron-freeze-frame-of-liquid-water-seen-for-the-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> to gain enough energy to overcome the work function and escape the surface.</li>



<li>Commonly used in vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), and electron microscopes.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photoelectric-emission">Photoelectric emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Happens when a material absorbs photons (light particles) with sufficient energy to overcome the work function, causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> to be ejected from the surface.</li>



<li>The basis for photoelectric sensors, solar cells, and photomultiplier tubes.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-emission">Field emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Involves applying a strong external electric field to a material, which narrows the potential barrier and allows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-vibrating-atoms-tune-single-electron-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> to tunnel through the barrier and escape the surface.</li>



<li>Used in field emission displays, electron microscopes, and vacuum microelectronics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secondary-electron-emission">Secondary electron emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>Occurs when a material is bombarded with high-energy particles (e.g., electrons or ions), causing the emission of low-energy secondary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrons</a> from the surface.</li>



<li>Important in electron multipliers, photomultiplier tubes, and scanning electron microscopes.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-schottky-emission">Schottky emission</h3>



<ul>
<li>A combination of thermionic and field emission, where an external electric field lowers the work function, making it easier for electrons to escape the surface at lower temperatures.</li>



<li>Used in high-brightness electron sources and vacuum microelectronics.</li>
</ul>



<p>The study of electron emission is crucial for understanding the behavior of materials under various conditions and for developing advanced technologies such as electron microscopes, vacuum electronics, and energy conversion devices. </p>



<p>By manipulating the factors that influence electron emission, researchers can design materials and devices with specific electronic properties tailored to various applications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-needle-tips-electrons-and-quantum-light">Needle tips, electrons, and quantum light </h2>



<p>In this collaborative project, the researchers illuminate nanometer-sized metal needle tips with pulses of classical light and quantum light. They then detect the electrons released from the metal and study their statistical properties.</p>



<p>When classical light is used, the electrons follow a Poissonian distribution, meaning that each electron is emitted independently of the others. This results in only slight variations in the number of electrons emitted from pulse to pulse.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-squeezed-vacuum-quantum-light">'Bright squeezed vacuum' quantum light</h2>



<p>By switching to a quantum light source called <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/electrons_optical-setup_bright-squeezed-vacuum_credit-Tanya-Chekhova_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bright squeezed vacuum</a>, which exhibits strong photon-number fluctuations, the researchers demonstrated that the statistics of photons can be transferred to electrons. </p>



<p>Using this technique, they measured extreme statistical events with up to 65 electrons from a single light pulse, with an average value of 0.27 electrons per pulse.</p>



<p>To put this into perspective, if the electrons followed a Poissonian distribution, the probability of such an event -- an outlier exceeding the mean by a factor of 240 -- would be as low as 10-128. </p>



<p>By changing the number of modes of the squeezed vacuum, the scientists could tailor the electron-number distribution on demand.</p>



<p>"Our results show that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secure-quantum-communication-one-step-closer-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photon statistics</a> are imprinted from the driving light onto the emitted electrons, opening the door to new sensor devices and strong-field optics with quantum light and electrons," says Maria Chekhova, research group leader at MPL.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raisin-muffins-and-electron-distributions">Raisin muffins and electron distributions</h2>



<p>Jonas Heimerl, an FAU Ph.D. student, explains the dimensions of this discovery using an everyday example. </p>



<p>"If you spread raisins on muffins, the probability of finding a certain number of raisins in the muffin follows a Poisson distribution. Let us assume that there is an average (mean) of two raisins per muffin," Heimerl pontificated. </p>



<p>"It may therefore happen that there are no raisins or five raisins in the muffin, but in most cases, there will be two. However, the probability of getting more than 50 raisins is impossible with a Poisson distribution," he explained.</p>



<p>In contrast, the multi-electron events observed in these experiments were like finding 480 raisins in a single muffin -- a discovery that would undoubtedly delight any raisin lover.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-light-opens-doors-to-tech-innovation">Quantum light opens doors to tech innovation</h2>



<p>In summary, this research from MPL and FAU has unveiled the surprising influence of quantum light on electron emission. </p>



<p>By illuminating nanometer-sized metal needle tips with bright squeezed vacuum, they have demonstrated that the statistical properties of photons can be imprinted onto electrons, leading to extreme and highly unusual electron-number distributions.</p>



<p>This discovery deepens our understanding of the fundamental processes governing electron emission and opens doors to exciting possibilities for the development of new sensor devices, advancements in electron microscopy, and the exploration of strong-field optics with quantum light and electrons.</p>



<p>As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the quantum world, these findings serve as a testament to the power of innovative research and the potential for quantum phenomena to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02472-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Intense quantum light generates ‘weird’ electron behavior

Photon-number distributions of various light sources have been studied extensively,...

The,Soul,Nebula,(ic,1848,,Sh2-199),,Deep,Space,Object,In

<p>NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has identified a cosmic cocktail of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-the-building-blocks-of-life-form/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life-building chemicals</a>, compound organic molecules (COMs) surrounding two young protostars, IRAS 2A and <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/biggest-block_protostar-IRAS-23385_compound-organic-molecules_deep-space_webb-NASA_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IRAS 23385</a>. </p>



<p>These ingredients, which include ethanol, acetic acid, and other complex organic molecules (COMs), could potentially be the building blocks for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trappist-1-has-seven-earth-like-planets-that-may-support-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable worlds</a>.</p>



<p>The findings, published by an international team of astronomers led by Will Rocha of <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leiden University</a> in the Netherlands, shed light on the long-standing question of the origin of COMs in space. </p>



<p>"The detection of COMs in ices suggests that solid-phase chemical reactions on the surfaces of cold dust grains can build <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex kinds of molecules</a>," said Rocha.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-complex-organic-molecules-coms">Understanding complex organic molecules (COMs)</h2>



<p>Complex organic molecules, or COMs, are carbon-based compounds that contain six or more atoms, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. These molecules play a crucial role in the formation of life as we know it.</p>



<p>Scientists believe that COMs form on the surfaces of cold <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroids-were-formed-in-cold-regions-of-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust grains in space</a> through solid-phase chemical reactions. </p>



<p>The presence of COMs in space raises exciting questions about the potential for life to emerge on other planets and the role these molecules may have played in the origin of life on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-space-journey-of-complex-organic-molecules">Deep space journey of complex organic molecules</h2>



<p>The discovery of COMs in ices has significant implications for understanding the origins of even larger molecules in space. </p>



<p>As these dust grains come together to form comets and asteroids, the COMs hitch a ride on these celestial bodies. When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bouncing-comets-could-deliver-lifes-building-blocks-to-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comets and asteroids</a> collide with planets, they deliver these essential building blocks of life to the planetary surfaces.</p>



<p>"All of these molecules can become part of comets and asteroids and eventually new planetary systems when the icy material is transported inward to the planet-forming disk as the protostellar system evolves," explained Ewine van Dishoeck of Leiden University, one of the coordinators of the science program.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formic-acid-and-other-simple-molecules-detected">Formic acid and other simple molecules detected</h2>



<p>In addition to the complex organic molecules, the science team also detected simpler compounds, including formic acid, methane, formaldehyde, and sulfur dioxide. </p>



<p>Formic acid, known for causing the burning sensation of an ant sting, and sulfur-containing compounds like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sulfur-may-have-played-key-role-origin-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sulfur dioxide</a> are thought to have played a crucial role in driving metabolic reactions on early Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iras-2a-is-a-window-into-our-solar-system-s-past">IRAS 2A is a window into our solar system's past</h2>



<p>Of particular interest is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/biggest-block_protostar-IRAS-2A_compound-organic-molecules_deep-space_graphic-analysis_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-mass protostar IRAS 2A</a>, which may be similar to the early stages of our own solar system. </p>



<p>The chemicals identified around this protostar could provide insights into the development of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-sparking-energy-source-found-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic neighborhood</a> and the delivery of life-sustaining ingredients to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origin-of-life-on-earth-may-have-been-found-in-ancient-hot-springs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early Earth</a>.</p>



<p>"We look forward to following this astrochemical trail step-by-step with more Webb data in the coming years," said van Dishoeck, highlighting the importance of continued research in this field.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncovering-the-chemicals-that-shaped-life-on-earth">Uncovering the chemicals that shaped life on Earth</h2>



<p>As the James Webb Space Telescope continues to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos, its stunning discoveries, like the detection of complex organic molecules around protostars IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385, bring us closer to understanding the origins of life in the universe. </p>



<p>These findings not only shed light on the chemical processes that occur in the early stages of star and planet formation but also hint at the possibility of life-sustaining ingredients being delivered to planets like our own. </p>



<p>As astronomers eagerly await further data from the Webb telescope, we stand on the brink of unlocking the secrets of our cosmic origins and answering the profound question of whether we are alone in this vast and wondrous universe.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.aanda.org/component/article?access=doi&amp;doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202348427" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Biggest known space cloud of life-building complex chemicals discovered

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has identified a cosmic cocktail...

<p>The largest solar storm in more than a decade struck Earth over the weekend of May 10-12, 2024. Many of us enjoyed colorful auroras that lit up Earth's protective atmosphere, while spacecraft endured incredibly strong solar winds and electromagnetic radiation buffeting them.</p>



<p>The ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (<a href="https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SOHO</a>), positioned between the sun and Earth, caught the entire solar storm outburst on camera. </p>



<p>The video shows the sun spewing out clouds of particles, with an extremely large burst sent to Earth on May 11, 2024. <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/soho_solar-storms_eruption-video_1big.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter and Venus appear</a> as bright spots on the left and right.</p>



<p>SOHO's LASCO instrument, a coronagraph made up of a telescope with a disk blocking the center of view, took this video. By blocking out the direct light coming from the sun, the instrument can see light from the surrounding corona.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="4F7sAr4Sxu-3627050-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-solar-storms">Understanding solar storms</h2>



<p>Solar storms are massive eruptions on the sun that release a tremendous amount of energy in the form of solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar wind. These phenomena can have significant effects on Earth and human technology. Here are some key points about solar storms:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-flares">Solar flares</h3>



<p>These are sudden, intense bursts of radiation that occur when magnetic energy built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released. They can cause radio blackouts and disrupt satellite communications.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coronal-mass-ejections-cmes">Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)</h3>



<p>CMEs are huge explosions of plasma and magnetic fields from the sun's corona. They can carry billions of tons of solar material and travel at speeds up to several million miles per hour.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-wind">Solar wind</h3>



<p>The sun continuously emits a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. During a solar storm, the speed and density of the solar wind can significantly increase.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-storms">Geomagnetic storms</h3>



<p>When the charged particles from a solar storm reach Earth, they can interact with our planet's magnetic field, causing geomagnetic storms. These can lead to beautiful auroras but can also disrupt power grids and satellite operations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-technology">Impact on technology</h3>



<p>Solar storms can affect GPS navigation, high-frequency radio communication, and satellite operations. In severe cases, they can even cause power outages on Earth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-cycle">Solar cycle</h3>



<p>The frequency and intensity of solar storms vary over an approximately 11-year cycle, known as the solar cycle. The most recent solar cycle, Solar Cycle 25, began in December 2019.</p>



<p>Monitoring solar activity is crucial for predicting and mitigating the potential impacts of solar storms on Earth and our technology. Spacecraft like SOHO play a vital role in this effort.</p>



<p>Video Credit: SOHO (ESA &amp; NASA)</p>



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SOHO satellite captures amazing video of the recent solar storm

The largest solar storm in more than a decade struck...

<p>When the Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope (TRAPPIST) at Chile's La Silla Observatory unveiled two rocky planets in the TRAPPIST-1 solar system in 2016, it marked the beginning of a significant astronomical discovery. Further scrutiny in 2017 added five more planets to this tally. </p>



<p>The excitement around this discovery was not just about the number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-planet-discovered-with-an-ocean-not-far-from-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a> but their potential to harbor liquid water -- up to four of these planets are ideally situated from their star to support this life-sustaining liquid.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trappist-1-s-habitability">TRAPPIST-1's habitability</h2>



<p>The interest in TRAPPIST-1 has hardly waned, as the presence of seven <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-earth-like-planet-discovered-in-big-dipper-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth-like planets</a> within a single system presents a rare opportunity to explore numerous questions concerning the habitability of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-earth-sized-exoplanet-covered-in-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a>. </p>



<p>These planets orbit a red dwarf star, known for its powerful flares, which raises crucial questions about the ability of such stars to sustain planetary atmospheres.</p>



<p>Recent research, which will appear in the Planetary Science Journal and is currently accessible via the preprint server arXiv, delves into these concerns. </p>



<p>The study, titled "The Implications of Thermal Hydrodynamic Atmospheric Escape on the TRAPPIST-1 Planets," was spearheaded by Megan Gialluca, a graduate student in the Astronomy and Astrobiology Program at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-m-dwarfs">Challenges of M dwarfs</h2>



<p>M dwarfs, such as TRAPPIST-1, are the most common type of star in the Milky Way. They frequently host terrestrial planets, making them a focal point for the search for habitable worlds. Despite their abundance, M dwarfs present significant challenges for the habitability of their surrounding planets.</p>



<p>One major issue is that M dwarfs emit powerful flares. These flares can dramatically increase the star's brightness within minutes, which can strip away planetary atmospheres or alter their composition. </p>



<p>Another challenge is the location of TRAPPIST-1 systems habitable zones. These zones are so close to the star that planets within them are likely to be tidally locked. </p>



<p>Tidal locking means one side of the planet always faces the star, experiencing continual daylight and heat, while the other side remains in perpetual darkness and cold. This can create extreme atmospheric conditions, making it difficult for life as we know it to thrive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observational-tools">Observational tools</h2>



<p>The ability to study such phenomena is crucial. "As M dwarfs are the most common stars in our local stellar neighborhood, whether their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-stars-shape-planetary-systems-like-ours-with-ultraviolet-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary systems</a> can harbor life is a key question in astrobiology that may be amenable to observational tests in the near term," the researchers explain. </p>



<p>They note the potential of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) to provide detailed atmospheric characterizations. Additionally, future telescopes like the European Extremely Large Telescope and the Giant Magellan Telescope are expected to advance our understanding of TRAPPIST-1 system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-habitability">Implications for habitability</h2>



<p>The research conducted simulations of early atmospheres for each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jwst-provides-new-insights-into-a-distant-star-and-its-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TRAPPIST-1 planet</a>, considering various initial water amounts and levels of stellar radiation. </p>



<p>The findings suggest a grim outlook for the planets closest to the star, with likely desiccation occurring unless they began with exceptionally high water contents. </p>



<p>Conversely, the outer planets, specifically T1-e, f, g, and h, show potential for retaining some of their water, making them particularly intriguing subjects for further study due to their placement within the habitable zone.</p>



<p>The team's simulations reveal, "We find the interior planets T1-b, c, and d are likely desiccated for all but the largest initial water contents (&gt;60, 50, and 30 TO, respectively) and are at the greatest risk of complete atmospheric loss due to their proximity to the host star." </p>



<p>Despite the bleak outlook for these inner <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-earth-discovered-in-the-habitable-zone-of-its-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>, there's a silver lining for T1-c, which could retain significant atmospheric oxygen, a potential indicator of biological processes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-search-for-life-in-trappist-1">Search for life in TRAPPIST-1</h2>



<p>The TRAPPIST-1 system continues to be a high-priority target for observations, which are crucial to understanding the potential for life on these distant worlds. </p>



<p>"These conclusions motivate follow-up observations to search for the presence of water vapor or oxygen on T1-c and future observations of the outer planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system, which may possess substantial water," conclude the authors. </p>



<p>Through these continued efforts, we may soon discover whether these distant planets could indeed support life, bringing us closer to answering the profound question of our solitude or company in the universe.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.02401" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Planetary Science Journal</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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TRAPPIST-1 has seven Earth-like planets that may support life

When the Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope (TRAPPIST) at...

Vegan,Leather,Shoes,From,Mushroom,Mycelium,And,Samples,Of,Vegan

<p>The fashion world is buzzing about a new material that's changing the game: mushroom leather. Made from mycelium, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eco-friendly-vegan-leather-could-transform-the-fashion-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovative textile</a> is taking the industry by storm, offering a sustainable and stylish alternative to traditional leather. </p>



<p>But it's not just about looking good -- this fungal fashion movement is about embracing a more eco-conscious and cruelty-free approach to clothing production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-mycelium">Understanding mycelium</h2>



<p>What makes mushroom leather so remarkable? It all starts with mycelium, the thread-like, dense cellular structure that forms the vegetative <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/understanding-fungi-characteristics-and-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">part of a fungus</a>. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mycocrete-new-material-made-of-fungi-hopes-to-replace-concrete-in-construction-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> consists of a network of fine white filaments called hyphae. These hyphae can penetrate various substrates, including soil, wood, and organic matter. It is the main growth structure of fungi, playing a crucial role in nutrient absorption and decomposition. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function-and-ecological-role">Function and ecological role</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-engage-in-more-conversations-after-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> serves as the primary mode of nutrient absorption for fungi. It breaks down complex organic materials into simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb and utilize. </p>



<p>It also plays a vital role in ecosystems as a decomposer, breaking down dead organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the soil. This process is essential for soil health and plant growth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbiosis-and-applications">Symbiosis and applications</h3>



<p>Some fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants through mycelium. One example is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a>, which form mutualistic associations with plant roots, enhancing the plant's nutrient uptake while receiving carbohydrates in return.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/a-beginners-guide-to-mycology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> has various applications, including in agriculture (as a natural fertilizer), medicine (antibiotics and other drugs), environmental cleanup (bioremediation), and now textiles (mushroom leather). It is also being explored for use in sustainable materials, such as biodegradable packaging and building materials.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-as-the-backbone-of-mushroom-leather">Mycelium as the backbone of mushroom leather</h2>



<p>Scientists and designers have discovered that this humble organism can be harnessed to create a material that closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-fashion-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional</a> leather in texture, durability, and versatility.</p>



<p>Unlike animal leather, which requires intensive processing and generates harmful waste products, mycelium leather is cultivated through a natural process. </p>



<p>By growing mycelium on agricultural waste or other organic matter, it can grow into sheets that can be tanned, dyed, and transformed into a variety of fashion products.</p>



<p>"As our world searches for sustainable alternatives to traditional materials, there has been growing interest in using living organisms to produce biodegradable material substitutes with low environmental impact -- such as mycelium leather, which is an eco-friendly leather alternative," explains lead author of the study Assia Crawford, of the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a> in the United States.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-traditional-leather">Environmental impact of traditional leather</h2>



<p>Traditional leather production significantly harms the environment. Raising livestock for leather involves deforestation, water pollution, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions. The process also requires large amounts of water and land, contributing to further environmental degradation. </p>



<p>Synthetic leather alternatives, derived from petroleum-based products, are not without issues. These alternatives involve extracting fossil fuels, which has its own set of environmental costs, including pollution and long-term degradation.</p>



<p>In contrast, mycelium leather presents a much more sustainable option. It does not need large tracts of land, reducing the pressure on natural habitats and forests. </p>



<p>Mycelium leather production also requires less water, addressing one of the significant issues associated with traditional leather. The energy required to produce mycelium leather is lower, making the process more efficient and less harmful. </p>



<p>Moreover, the production process of mycelium leather generates fewer harmful byproducts, contributing to a cleaner, more sustainable manufacturing method. This makes mycelium leather a promising alternative that can help reduce the environmental impact of the fashion industry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-mycelium-leather">Evolution of mycelium leather</h2>



<p>The development of mycelium leather has been a journey of innovation and experimentation.&nbsp;Researchers have been exploring different cultivation methods,&nbsp;refining the texture and quality of the material,&nbsp;and experimenting with various applications in fashion and design.</p>



<p>Early pioneers in this field focused on growing mycelium on solid substrates like agricultural waste.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;newer techniques have emerged,&nbsp;such as submerged fermentation,&nbsp;which allows for greater control over the growth process and produces a more uniform material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-fashion-is-fungal">Future of fashion is fungal</h2>



<p>The possibilities for the new leather are endless.&nbsp;From high-end luxury brands to sustainable startups,&nbsp;designers are embracing this versatile material to create a wide range of products.&nbsp;We're seeing mycelium leather used in everything from shoes and handbags to jackets and upholstery.</p>



<p>But the impact of mycelium leather extends beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-fast-fashion-jeans-bad-for-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fashion</a> industry.&nbsp;Its potential applications span various sectors, including automotive interiors,&nbsp;furniture,&nbsp;and even construction materials.&nbsp;This versatile and sustainable material could pave the way for a more eco-conscious future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-leather-challenges-and-opportunities">Mycelium leather challenges and opportunities</h2>



<p>While the future of mycelium leather looks bright,&nbsp;there are still challenges to overcome.&nbsp;Scaling up production to meet growing demand remains a key hurdle.&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;ensuring consistency in quality and texture across different batches of mycelium leather is an ongoing challenge.</p>



<p>However,&nbsp;as research and development continue,&nbsp;these challenges are being addressed.&nbsp;New technologies and techniques are emerging to streamline production and improve the overall quality of mycelium leather.</p>



<p>As consumers become more aware of the environmental and ethical impact of their fashion choices,&nbsp;the demand for sustainable and cruelty-free alternatives is on the rise.&nbsp;The newly developed leather from fungus offers a compelling solution,&nbsp;combining style and sustainability in a way that benefits both the planet and its inhabitants.</p>



<p>So,&nbsp;the next time you're updating your wardrobe,&nbsp;consider opting for a mycelium leather accessory or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fragrance-releasing-fabric-gym-clothes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">garment</a>.&nbsp;By supporting this innovative and eco-friendly material,&nbsp;you're not just making a fashion statement – you're contributing to a more sustainable and compassionate future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/research-directions-biotechnology-design/article/growing-mycelium-leather-a-paste-substrate-approach-with-posttreatments/8B0BAD4C1481BDE26583408B4FAA9D13" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research Directions: Biotechnology Design</a></em>.</p>



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'Mushroom leather' is quickly becoming the latest eco-friendly fashion trend

The fashion world is buzzing about a new material that's...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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<p>&#8220;I want to share with you a difficult and personal decision I have had to make,&#8221; astronaut Christopher Ferguson (right) said on Twitter on October 7, 2020. &#8220;I have chosen to step aside as commander of the crewed flight test scheduled for next year.&#8221;   Photo Credit: NASA</p>


Astronaut Christopher Ferguson

<p>But, due to software and hardware failures, Boeing was already a year behind schedule. To catch up to the brainiacs at SpaceX, engineers needed to work overtime to bring their spacecraft up to the quality necessary to reach space. There could be no flaws in the plan. But then Commander Christopher Ferguson made an announcement.  Photo Credit: NASA</p>