<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission view of Tutuila, a tropical island in the American Samoa archipelago.</p>



<p>American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of five main islands and two atolls. The largest and most populous island is Tutuila, where Pago Pago, the capital city, is situated.</p>



<p>The eastern part of the chain of islands forms the American Samoa, while the western part forms the independent state of Samoa.</p>



<p>Tutuila Island is known for its rugged terrain, lush landscapes, and deep harbors. It's the economic and political center of American Samoa, with the majority of the population residing here. The island's geography features volcanic peaks, with Mount Alava and Matafao Peak being the highest points, offering stunning views and rich biodiversity.</p>



<p>American Samoa as a whole has a unique blend of American and Samoan culture. The territory maintains traditional Samoan customs, making it a fascinating place for cultural studies. The economy primarily revolves around fishing and the services sector, with canned tuna being a significant export.</p>



<p>The National Park of American Samoa, partly located on Tutuila, helps preserve the tropical rainforests, coral reefs, and Samoan culture. This park is unique because it's one of the only national parks in the United States that's leased rather than owned by the government, reflecting the strong communal land traditions of Samoa.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</em></p>



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Tutuila in the American Samoa archipelago 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the summit crater of Mount Erebus peeking through the clouds. Erebus is the southernmost active volcano on Earth and the second-highest volcano in Antarctica.</p>



<p>Mount Erebus is situated on Ross Island in the Ross Sea. It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus.</p>



<p>It stands at an elevation of about 3,794 meters (12,448 feet). It's a stratovolcano, characterized by a conical shape and layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.</p>



<p>Mount Erebus is known for its persistent lava lake, which is visible in the image. "The lake has been active since at least 1972 and is one of only a few long-lived lava lakes on Earth. It constantly churns and occasionally spews bombs of molten rock in Strombolian eruptions," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Geologists want to learn why an active lava lake has persisted here for so long. Recent research suggests one reason could be the magma’s low water content, which makes it less volatile as it approaches the surface."</p>



<p>Due to its unique features, Mount Erebus is an important site for scientific research. Researchers study its geology, unique gas emissions, and microbial life in its extreme environment.</p>



<p>However, the harsh Antarctic climate and its remote location make it a challenging environment for research. Additionally, its volcanic activity poses risks.</p>



<p>The image was captured on November 25,2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</em></p>



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Mount Erebus breaks through the clouds

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, and its surroundings. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on February 21, 2023.</p>



<p>"Situated some 50 km south of the North Korean border, the metropolitan area of Seoul appears as the grey area in the center of the image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Han River runs through the city, and to the right of the image it can be seen partly covered by ice. It is one of the biggest rivers in the Korean peninsula. It flows westward through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, named so because of the yellowish sand that colours its water."</p>



<p>"Seoul is surrounded by forested mountains, which appear brown in this wintery image. Bukhansan National Park lies just north of the city. The park is like an island, acting as a big green lung for the surrounding urban environment."</p>



<p>The population of Seoul is over 9 million people, and the metropolitan area, which includes neighboring cities like Incheon and Gyeonggi Province, is one of the most populous in the world.</p>



<p>Seoul is a city where ancient traditions meet cutting-edge technology. It is known for its vibrant cultural scene, extensive history, and rapid economic development. The city's skyline is a blend of modern skyscrapers and traditional palaces like Gyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung, showcasing its rich heritage.</p>



<p>Seoul is a hub for education, with several top-ranked universities and research institutes. The city also thrives in technology and innovation - home to global companies like Samsung and LG. Street markets like Myeongdong and Insadong offer a taste of local life and traditional crafts, while districts like Gangnam are famous for their upscale shopping and entertainment.</p>



<p>Seoul's green spaces, like Namsan Park and the Han River Park, provide a refuge from the urban hustle. The city's blend of history, culture, technology, and nature makes it a unique and dynamic metropolis, attracting millions of visitors each year.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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The city of Seoul, South Korea 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of the city of Bentiu in South Sudan.</p>



<p>"The country has always experienced a degree of seasonal flooding, which normally recedes in the dry season. However, four consecutive years of incessant flooding have submerged villages, farmlands and roads. In 2023, flood waters reached almost 2 meters in some places," said ESA.</p>



<p>"This false-color image, captured in January 2023, clearly shows the extent of the flooded areas around Bentiu. Information from the mission’s near-infrared channel was used to process this image so water bodies appear in dark blue or black. Sediment in the waters is bright blue, while the vibrant shades of red, mainly bordering rivers, denote vegetation."</p>



<p>According to ESA, the yellowish area in the center of the image is the city of Bentiu - standing out like an island surrounded by floods.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"From Bentiu, the Bahr el-Ghazal River meanders through the inundated floodplain in a northeasterly direction. It can be traced in black in the right of the image flowing through Lake No into the White Nile," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Fed by the White Nile, the large, swampy area running from the centre of the image to the bottom right is the Sudd. It is a network of channels, lakes and swamps and one of Africa’s largest floodplains, providing watering and feeding grounds for many endemic mammals and birds, as well as for large populations of migratory species."</p>



<p>Bentiu is known for its significance in the oil industry. It's the capital of Unity State, an area rich in oil fields, making it a crucial economic hub for South Sudan. However, this wealth in natural resources has also made Bentiu a focal point of conflict, particularly during the South Sudanese Civil War.</p>



<p>The city's history has been shaped by its strategic importance in the region. It has seen significant development in the oil sector, but this has been marred by political and ethnic conflicts. These conflicts have often resulted in severe humanitarian crises, affecting the local population with issues like displacement and shortages of basic necessities.</p>



<p>Despite its challenges, Bentiu is a key player in South Sudan's economy and its future development. The city's role in the oil industry cannot be overstated, and efforts are ongoing to stabilize the region and improve living conditions for its residents.</p>



<p>The city's demographics are diverse, reflecting the ethnic variety of South Sudan, but this diversity has also been a source of tension at times. Efforts towards peace and reconciliation in Bentiu and the wider Unity State are crucial for the long-term stability and prosperity of South Sudan.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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The city of Bentiu in South Sudan

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska. With a size of approximately 1,680 square miles, Malaspina is the world’s largest piedmont glacier. It covers an area larger than the state of Rhode Island.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"To human eyes, glacial ice typically looks white tinged with blue. But in this false-color satellite image, the rippled ice of Alaska’s Malaspina Glacier appears more fiery than frosty," said NASA.</p>



<p>"In this configuration, watery features are displayed in reds, oranges, and yellows; vegetation appears green; and rock is shown in shades of blue."</p>



<p>A piedmont glacier forms when steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, where they spread out into bulbous, lobate shapes. Malaspina is fed by the Seward Ice Field and other smaller glaciers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite its size, it's relatively thin for a glacier of its magnitude, averaging only about 600 meters (2,000 feet) in thickness.</p>



<p>The Malaspina Glacier is a classic example of a glacier experiencing significant retreat and thinning due to climate change. This has raised concerns about its long-term stability and the broader implications for sea-level rise.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The glacier's meltwater contributes to the Gulf of Alaska, and its changes are closely monitored by scientists.</p>



<p>Most of the Malaspina Glacier is located within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Its visually striking nature, including crevasses and moraines, makes it a subject of interest not only for scientists but also for photographers and nature enthusiasts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image was captured on October 27, 2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</em></p>



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Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska 

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151929/indonesian-fires-return-in-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Moon peeking over Earth's horizon. The image was captured as the International Space Station was orbiting over Iraq. </p>



<p>"Taken at an oblique angle from an altitude of 406 kilometers (252 miles), the photo has a perspective that highlights Earth’s atmospheric limb, or the edge of the atmosphere," says NASA.</p>



<p>"The blue-toned haze that fades into the darkness of space is the mesosphere, which reaches an altitude of about 80 kilometers (50 miles). Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. Although this layer is part of Earth’s atmosphere, it is commonly considered part of outer space."</p>



<p>According to NASA, the Moon is about 405,500 kilometers (251,000 miles) away from Earth at its furthest point, or apogee.</p>



<p>"Below the wispy clouds in the middle of the view is Lake Assad, a Euphrates River reservoir in northern Syria," notes NASA.</p>



<p>"Lake Assad is Syria’s largest lake and a primary source of the region’s drinking and irrigation water. The Tabqa Dam, which created the lake, is the largest hydroelectric dam in the country."</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</em></p>



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The Moon peeks over Earth's horizon

Nice,Green,Forest,Landscape,In,The,City

<p>Recent research has uncovered a remarkable connection between our living environment and the biological processes that govern aging. The study reveals that exposure to green spaces, such as parks and trees, can significantly slow down the rate at which our cells age, offering profound implications for public health and urban planning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenery-and-cellular-aging">Greenery and cellular aging </h2>



<p>Telomeres, the structures located at the ends of each cell's chromosomes, play a critical role in cellular aging. They function akin to the plastic tips on shoelaces, safeguarding DNA from unraveling. The length of telomeres is a key indicator of a cell's ability to replicate. </p>



<p>Over time, as telomeres shorten, cells reach a point where they can no longer divide, leading to cell death. This process is a fundamental aspect of the natural aging progression.</p>



<p>The study discovered that individuals residing in neighborhoods abundant in greenery possessed longer telomeres. Aaron Hipp, a co-author of the study and a professor at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State</a>, emphasizes the impact of external factors on the rate of telomere degradation. He notes, "A longer telomere is usually a younger telomere, or a more protective, helpful telomere. It is protecting that cell from the ageing process.”</p>



<p>Green spaces impact the aging process by encouraging physical activity and foster community interaction, both of which contribute to better health outcomes. Additionally, neighborhoods rich in greenery tend to have cooler temperatures, enhanced flood resistance, and lower pollution levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-and-challenges">Limitations and challenges</h2>



<p>Despite the positive findings, Hipp points out that participants living in green spaces plagued by pollution and segregation did not exhibit longer telomeres compared to less green communities. This underscores the necessity of addressing broader societal issues to ensure equitable access to the health benefits of green spaces.</p>



<p>The research involved examining medical records and survey responses from over 7,800 individuals participating in a national survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study correlated these data with census information to estimate neighborhood greenery levels, revealing a significant association between increased green space and reduced cellular aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexities-of-green-spaces-and-aging">Complexities of green spaces and aging</h2>



<p>Scott Ogletree, another researcher involved in the study, highlights the complexities in the relationship between human health and environmental factors. He notes that adverse neighborhood conditions, such as low income or segregation, can diminish the positive effects of green spaces on health.</p>



<p>The study also suggests that the timing of green space exposure in a person's life might influence its impact on health. This raises important questions about the optimal timing and duration of exposure to green spaces for maximum health benefits.</p>



<p>Peter James, an environmental epidemiologist from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard</a> not involved in the study, commends the novel approach of using telomere length as a health biomarker. This offers a unique perspective on the health benefits associated with green spaces.</p>



<p>In summary, the study's findings highlight the profound impact of our living environment on the biological mechanisms of aging. It underscores the importance of integrating green spaces into urban planning and addressing socioeconomic disparities to ensure that the health benefits of greenery are accessible to all. </p>



<p>The connection between green spaces and cellular aging opens new avenues for research and public health initiatives, offering hope for healthier, longer lives through enhanced environmental design.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-benefits-of-green-spaces-on-aging">More benefits of green spaces on aging</h2>



<p>As discussed above, green spaces actively benefit human health in various significant ways. They reduce stress levels, improve mental health, and enhance physical wellbeing. Let's explore some other key impacts that green space has on human health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-mental-health">Improving mental health</h3>



<p>Green spaces provide a tranquil environment that significantly lowers stress levels. Studies show that spending time in parks or near trees can decrease cortisol, a stress hormone, leading to improved mental health. Natural settings also offer therapeutic benefits, helping to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-improve-physical-health">Green spaces improve physical health</h3>



<p>Regular access to green spaces encourages physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or cycling. This increased activity contributes to better cardiovascular health, reduced obesity rates, and overall improved physical fitness. It also lowers the risk of chronic diseases like hypertension and type 2 diabetes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-air-quality">Improving air quality</h3>



<p>Trees and plants in green spaces act as natural air filters, absorbing pollutants and providing cleaner air. This is particularly beneficial in urban areas where air quality is often compromised. Cleaner air reduces the incidence of respiratory conditions like asthma.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-promote-social-interaction">Green spaces promote social interaction</h3>



<p>Parks serve as communal areas where people can gather, socialize, and engage in community activities. This social interaction fosters a sense of community and belonging, which is crucial for mental wellbeing.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-cognitive-function">Enhancing cognitive function</h3>



<p>Exposure to natural environments has been shown to improve cognitive function, particularly in children. It can enhance concentration, increase attention span, and even boost academic performance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-reducing-noise-pollution">Green spaces reducing noise pollution</h3>



<p>Greenery can act as buffer zones that reduce the impact of urban noise pollution. Trees and plants absorb sound, creating quieter and more peaceful environments that contribute to overall wellbeing.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-immune-function">Improving immune function</h3>



<p>Regular exposure to green spaces can boost the immune system. The natural environment exposes individuals to a diverse range of microorganisms, which can help build a stronger immune response.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encouraging-healing-and-recovery">Encouraging healing and recovery</h3>



<p>Patients with views of green spaces from their hospital rooms often experience faster recovery times and require less pain medication. The soothing effect of nature facilitates physical and emotional healing.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-quality-of-life">Enhancing quality of life</h3>



<p>Green spaces provide accessible areas for people to exercise, socialize, and engage with their community, which is vital for maintaining physical health and mental acuity in older age.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-urban-heat-islands">Mitigating urban heat islands</h3>



<p>Green spaces help to cool urban areas, mitigating the 'heat island' effect common in cities. This not only makes cities more comfortable during hot weather but also reduces the energy needed for cooling buildings.</p>



<p>In summary, green spaces play a crucial role in promoting holistic human health, benefiting both mental and physical aspects, and enhancing the overall quality of life in urban environments.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723060795?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of the Total Environment</a>.</em></p>



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Living in 'greener' areas slows the cellular aging process

Recent research has uncovered a remarkable connection between our living...

Planet,Earth,Against,The,Backdrop,Of,A,Giant,Sun,,The

<p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>), a key division of the National Weather Service, is currently keeping a close eye on the Sun following several significant solar events. These events have led to concerns about a strong geomagnetic storm, prompting the issuance of a Geomagnetic Storm Watch.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-november-28-solar-flare-and-cme">November 28 solar flare and CME</h2>



<p>On November 27 and 28, the Sun experienced several coronal mass ejections (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a>), which are massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. These CMEs have triggered a flurry of activities and observations by space weather experts.</p>



<p>A notable solar flare was detected on November 28 at 2:50pm EST. This event originated from Region 3500, a moderately complex sunspot group located near the Sun's central meridian. The flare was associated with the fourth full halo CME observed during this period.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the fourth CME is moving at an accelerated pace compared to the previous ones. This increase in speed is attributed to the earlier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a> clearing a path through the solar wind. It is anticipated that this CME will merge with two of the three earlier CMEs, with an expected arrival at Earth between the night of November 30 and December 1.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-from-geomagnetic-storm">Impact from geomagnetic storm</h2>



<p>SWPC forecasters are vigilantly monitoring the situation using NOAA’s <a href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/current-satellite-missions/currently-flying/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DSCOVR satellite</a>, which provides real-time data on solar winds. This information is crucial for understanding the strength and timing of the anticipated geomagnetic storm.</p>



<p>Geomagnetic storms are known to affect infrastructure both in near-Earth orbit and on the Earth's surface. These impacts can include disruptions to communications, the electric power grid, navigation systems, radio frequencies, and satellite operations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Such storms</a> are a significant concern for industries and services reliant on these technologies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-auroral-activity-expected">High auroral activity expected</h2>



<p>An interesting and visually stunning consequence of geomagnetic storms is the aurora, commonly known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern or Southern Lights</a>. This storm has the potential to drive the aurora further south from its usual position above the polar regions. </p>



<p>If weather conditions are favorable, auroras may be visible across the U.S. Northern Tier and upper Midwest from Illinois to Oregon. Residents in these areas are encouraged to check NOAA’s latest <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora forecast</a> for the best chance of witnessing this natural phenomenon.</p>



<p>NOAA's SWPC continues to monitor these solar events closely, providing updates and forecasts. As the situation evolves, they will offer guidance on the potential impacts of the geomagnetic storm. The public and relevant industries are advised to stay informed and prepared for any disruptions that may occur.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-geomagnetic-storms">More about geomagnetic storms</h2>



<p>As discussed above, geomagnetic storms represent disturbances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetosphere</a>, caused by solar wind shocks or the interactions of the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field. These storms, often originating from the Sun's activities like solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), have profound effects on Earth's magnetic environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-the-sun-to-the-earth">Journey from the Sun to the Earth</h3>



<p>The story of a geomagnetic storm begins with the Sun. Solar flares, intense bursts of radiation, and CMEs, large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-the-very-first-time-a-spacecraft-has-touched-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar corona</a>, play pivotal roles. These phenomena release huge quantities of particles into space, which can reach Earth and interact with its magnetic field, triggering a geomagnetic storm.</p>



<p>After their eruption, solar particles and electromagnetic waves travel through space, taking approximately 1-3 days to reach Earth. The speed and intensity of these particles vary, depending on the strength of the solar event.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-with-earth-s-magnetosphere">Interaction with Earth's magnetosphere</h3>



<p>Upon arrival, these charged particles collide with Earth's magnetosphere, the region of space controlled by Earth's magnetic field. This collision causes complex changes and disturbances in the magnetosphere, leading to a geomagnetic storm. These storms have a range of impacts, from beautiful auroras to potential disruptions in technology.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras">Auroras</h4>



<p>The most visible and striking effect is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-captivated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora</a>, known as the Northern and Southern Lights. These displays of colors occur when charged particles collide with gases in Earth's atmosphere, resulting in mesmerizing light shows typically seen near the polar regions.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-disruptions">Technological disruptions</h4>



<p>More significantly, geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite operations, affecting communication and GPS systems. They can induce currents in long conductors, impacting power grids and potentially causing widespread blackouts.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-spacecraft-and-satellites">Impact on spacecraft and satellites</h4>



<p>Satellites and spacecraft, exposed to increased radiation, face the risk of damage or malfunction during these storms. This risk necessitates careful monitoring and protective measures in space missions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-storm-forecasting">Geomagnetic storm forecasting</h3>



<p>Organizations like NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center actively monitor the Sun and forecast geomagnetic storms. They use satellites like the DSCOVR to track solar winds and provide early warnings, helping mitigate potential impacts on technology and infrastructure.</p>



<p>In summary, geomagnetic storms, while a source of natural wonder, remind us of our planet's vulnerability to solar activities. Understanding and monitoring these storms not only provide insights into our space environment but also help us prepare for and mitigate their effects on our increasingly technology-dependent world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-auroras">More about auroras</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, auroras, often called the Northern or Southern Lights, are a natural light display predominantly seen in the Earth's polar regions. They occur when the Earth's magnetosphere gets disturbed by the solar wind, a stream of particles coming from the Sun. This disturbance generates bright and colorful lights in the sky, forming auroras.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-auroras-form">How auroras form</h3>



<p>The formation of auroras begins with the emission of particles from the Sun's atmosphere. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, travel towards Earth carried by the solar wind. Upon reaching Earth, these charged particles interact with the magnetic field and are funneled towards the polar regions.</p>



<p>As these particles collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere, they excite atoms and molecules, causing them to light up. Oxygen and nitrogen, the main constituents of our atmosphere, play a key role in the coloration of auroras. Oxygen emits green and red lights, while nitrogen produces blue and purple hues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-auroras">Types of auroras</h3>



<p>Auroras come in various forms, each unique and breathtaking:</p>



<p>Aurora Borealis - Also known as the Northern Lights, these are visible in the northern hemisphere's high-latitude regions like Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia.</p>



<p>Aurora Australis - Known as the Southern Lights, these are seen in the southern hemisphere in places like Antarctica, Chile, and Australia.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-auroras">Viewing auroras</h3>



<p>For the best aurora viewing experience, one should head to high-latitude regions during the winter months. Dark, clear nights away from city lights provide optimal conditions. The intensity of auroral displays can vary, influenced by the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-scientific-significance">Cultural and scientific significance</h3>



<p>Auroras have captivated human imagination for centuries, inspiring myths and folklore. Cultures across the globe have interpreted these lights in various ways, often attributing them to gods or spirits.</p>



<p>In modern times, studying auroras is crucial for understanding the Earth's magnetosphere and its interaction with solar wind. This research is vital for protecting satellites and communication systems from solar storms.</p>



<p>In summary, auroras are a stunning natural phenomenon, offering a vivid display of Earth's dynamic interaction with the Sun. Their beauty and complexity continue to intrigue both scientists and enthusiasts, making them a bucket-list item for travelers and a subject of ongoing scientific research.</p>



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Strong solar flares prompt "Geomagnetic Storm Warning" from NOAA

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction...

<p>A recent study from Japan has revealed that owning a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mischievous-dogs-experts-reveal-the-top-ten-naughtiest-breeds/">dog</a> can significantly reduce the risk of developing dementia in old age. The experts found that dog owners over the age of 65 were 40 percent less likely to develop dementia.</p>



<p>The study marks the first scientific establishment of a clear link between dog ownership and a lowered risk of dementia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research wad focused on nearly 12,000 residents in Tokyo aged 65 and older. It was conducted over four years by the <a href="https://www.tmig.or.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology</a>. </p>



<p>The experts compared the mental health of older adults who were current dog owners, previous owners, and those who never owned a dog.</p>



<p>The researchers meticulously accounted for various factors including gender, marital status, education, income, health history, and exercise habits, regardless of pet ownership. The average age of the participants was 74.2 years, with 51.5% being female.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regular-exercise-and-social-interaction-nbsp">Regular exercise and social interaction&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr Yu Taniguchi, the lead author of the study, noted that individuals who owned a dog had therefore exercised, making new connections with people as they walked their pets.</p>



<p>“Having a dog enabled owners to habitually take exercise and avoid social isolation and these were the two key factors in people having a much lower risk of developing dementia,” explained Dr. Taniguchi.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protective-effects">Protective effects</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers found that the protective effects against dementia were still present in dog owners who did not regularly exercise or engage socially, though to a lesser extent than those who did.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Having a dog effectively requires people to get into the habit of physical activity and that makes it much more likely that they will then have interactions and socialize with other people,” said Dr. Taniguchi.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-and-dementia-nbsp">Cats and dementia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers also investigated the relationship between owning cats and dementia. They determined that cat ownership was not effective for preventing dementia</p>



<p>This is due to the fact that owners do not walk their cats and they do not bring people together socially in the way that dogs do, said Dr. Taniguchi, who has a Jack Russell terrier.</p>



<p>He added that he was not surprised by the group’s findings, as earlier research had identified the potential health benefits of pets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frailty-and-disability-nbsp">Frailty and disability&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Prior research has already hinted at the health benefits of dog ownership, including reduced frailty in old age and delayed onset of disabilities and death</p>



<p>"Although some previous study reported no-significant association of pet ownership with mortality, systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that dog ownership is associated with lower risk of death over the long term," wrote Dr. Taniguchi and his co-authors.</p>



<p>"Our previous study revealed that older adults who had owned a dog and/or cat had lower risk of incident frailty, with dog owners at baseline showing 0.81 times the likelihood of developing incident frailty than never dog owners during 2-year follow-up period."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improved-well-being-nbsp">Improved well-being&nbsp;</h2>



<p>During the coronavirus pandemic, dog owners also reported better well-being than those without pets, likely due to increased exercise and social opportunities.</p>



<p>"Dog care might contribute to the maintenance of physical activity, including having an exercise habit, and social participation even in the face of restrictions to interactions such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic," wrote the researchers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the December edition of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221133552300356X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Preventive Medicine Reports</em></a>.</p>



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Dog owners are much less likely to develop dementia

A recent study from Japan has revealed that owning a...

Trendy,Superfood,Mushroom,Coffee,Is,Pouring,In,Green,Cup,On

<p>In recent years, the wellness industry has witnessed the rise of a captivating trend: mushroom coffee. This innovative beverage fuses traditional coffee with powdered <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/an-introduction-to-gourmet-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicinal mushrooms</a> like chaga, reishi, or lion’s mane, leading to its burgeoning popularity. </p>



<p>The surge in popularity of mushroom coffee is supported by claims of numerous health benefits, ranging from reducing inflammation and fatigue to boosting mental clarity and immunity. But what truly lies behind the buzz of mushroom coffee? Is it merely a fad, or are there tangible health benefits?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lure-of-medicinal-mushrooms">The lure of medicinal mushrooms</h2>



<p>For centuries, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826851/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicinal mushrooms</a> have been integral to traditional medicine, particularly in Eastern cultures. Known for their unique bioactive compounds, these fungi are celebrated for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. Seamlessly integrating these into coffee, a daily staple for many, seems an ingenious way to enhance its health benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-mushroom-coffee">The science behind mushroom coffee</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anti-inflammatory-properties">Anti-inflammatory properties</h3>



<p>Mushrooms like chaga and reishi contain compounds that may help reduce inflammation, potentially benefiting individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions or autoimmune diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-and-fatigue-reduction">Energy and Fatigue Reduction</h3>



<p>Offering a more balanced and sustained energy boost, mushroom coffee can be attributed to the adaptogenic nature of certain mushrooms, helping the body resist stressors and combat fatigue.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system">Immune system</h3>



<p>Renowned for their immune-boosting effects, mushrooms like reishi are packed with beta-glucans that enhance the body’s immune response.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-benefits-from-mushroom-coffee">Mental benefits from mushroom coffee</h3>



<p>Lion’s mane mushroom, in particular, has shown potential in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/edible-mushrooms-boost-nerve-growth-and-enhance-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supporting brain health</a>, believed to stimulate the production of nerve growth factors and aid in cognitive function and mental clarity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gastrointestinal-health">Gastrointestinal Health</h3>



<p>Mushroom coffee is also claimed to be gentler on the stomach and digestive system, potentially benefiting those who experience acidity or discomfort from regular coffee.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://shop.earth.com/products/portable-coffee-maker?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/EarthShop_coffee-maker_300x250-banner.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-1924591"/></a></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-the-mushroom-coffee-skepticism">Navigating the mushroom coffee skepticism</h2>



<p>Despite these enticing benefits, skepticism remains among health experts and dietitians about the efficacy of mushroom coffee compared to consuming fresh or cooked <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/common-types-of-backyard-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mushrooms</a>. Concerns about nutrient retention in powder form and the comparative impact of consuming mushrooms in different forms are areas of ongoing research.</p>



<p>While the safety of medicinal mushrooms has been established over centuries, the specific research on mushroom coffee is limited. There's a lack of comprehensive studies to determine the optimal dosage and potential interactions with medications, which remains a crucial area for scientific exploration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrition-of-fresh-mushrooms-in-coffee">Nutrition of fresh mushrooms in coffee</h2>



<p>The discussion about mushroom coffee inevitably brings us to the value of fresh mushrooms and their nutritional profile. While mushroom coffee offers the convenience and novelty of integrating medicinal mushrooms into a daily routine, understanding the benefits of consuming these mushrooms in their fresh form is crucial.</p>



<p>Fresh mushrooms are a powerhouse of nutrition. They are known for their rich content of essential nutrients, which are partly reduced when processed into powder form for mushroom coffee. Here are some key nutritional benefits of fresh mushrooms:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fiber-content">Fiber Content</h3>



<p>Fresh mushrooms are an excellent source of dietary fiber, crucial for maintaining gut health. Fiber aids in digestion, promotes a feeling of fullness, and can help in regulating blood sugar levels.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-b-vitamins">B Vitamins</h3>



<p>Mushrooms are rich in B vitamins like riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), and pantothenic acid (B5). These vitamins play vital roles in energy production, brain function, and skin health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selenium">Selenium</h3>



<p>This essential mineral, found abundantly in mushrooms, acts as a powerful antioxidant. It supports the immune system, plays a key role in thyroid hormone metabolism, and may help in protecting against cancer and heart diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potassium">Potassium</h3>



<p>Important for muscle and nerve function, potassium also helps to regulate blood pressure. Mushrooms are a good source of this vital mineral.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antioxidants">Antioxidants</h3>



<p>Fresh mushrooms contain antioxidants like ergothioneine and glutathione which are crucial for protecting the body’s cells from damage caused by free radicals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamin-d">Vitamin D</h3>



<p>Some varieties of mushrooms, especially when exposed to sunlight, are a natural source of Vitamin D, essential for bone health and immune function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-and-amino-acids">Protein and Amino Acids</h3>



<p>Mushrooms provide a decent amount of protein, along with essential amino acids, making them a valuable food for vegetarians and vegans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-in-calories">Low in Calories</h3>



<p>Despite their rich nutrient content, mushrooms are low in calories, making them an excellent food for weight management.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://shop.earth.com/products/portable-coffee-maker?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/EarthShop_coffee-maker_300x250-banner.jpg" alt="EarthShop portable coffee maker" class="wp-image-1924591"/></a></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mushroom-coffee-nutritional-content">Mushroom coffee nutritional content</h2>



<p>In comparison, mushroom coffee, while still beneficial, may have reduced levels of these nutrients due to the processing involved. It should be viewed as a supplement to, rather than a replacement for, the whole mushrooms in a diet. </p>



<p>For those seeking the complete nutritional benefits of mushrooms, incorporating fresh mushrooms into meals is advisable. However, for convenience and a unique health and flavor profile, mushroom coffee, especially when brewed with precision tools like the <a href="https://shop.earth.com/products/portable-coffee-maker?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Portable Coffee Maker</a> from <a href="https://shop.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shop.earth.com</a>, can be a valuable addition to a health-conscious lifestyle.</p>



<p>Mushroom coffee has not only garnered attention for its health claims but also for its appeal to health-conscious consumers and wellness enthusiasts. Celebrity endorsements and Instagrammable packaging from brands like Renude have transformed mushroom coffee from a health choice into a lifestyle statement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-mushroom-coffee">Future of mushroom coffee</h2>



<p>As research evolves, the future of mushroom coffee may see more definitive answers regarding its health benefits and potential risks. Until then, consumers are advised to enjoy mushroom coffee as part of a balanced diet, mindful of the current limitations in research and understanding its potential as just one piece of the wellness puzzle.</p>



<p>In summary, mushroom coffee presents an intriguing amalgamation of traditional coffee culture with the ancient wisdom of medicinal mushrooms. While it offers a promising alternative with potential health benefits, consumers should approach it with informed caution, considering the current research landscape. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the depths of what nature offers, mushroom coffee stands as a testament to our ongoing quest for health and wellness in a cup. Embracing this trend with a balanced approach, including the consumption of fresh mushrooms for their full nutritional benefits, is advisable. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://shop.earth.com/products/portable-coffee-maker?utm_source=earth&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=mushroom_magic&amp;utm_id=mushroom01&amp;utm_term=mushroom+coffee&amp;utm_content=Mushroom+Magic+in+Your+Mug%3A+Unveiling+the+Health+Mystique+of+Mushroom+Coffee" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Portable Coffee Maker</a> from <a href="https://shop.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shop.earth.com</a> further enhances this experience, symbolizing a modern approach to traditional health practices and highlighting the importance of innovation in our dietary choices.</p>



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Mushroom coffee: Unveiling the healthy mystique behind this intriguing brew

In recent years, the wellness industry has witnessed the rise...

<p>In a recent commentary, financial economist Alex de Vries has raised concerns about the significant amount of water consumed by cryptocurrency mining, particularly Bitcoin. This extensive water usage poses a threat to the global water supply, especially in water-scarce regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bitcoin-s-water-consumption">Bitcoin's water consumption</h2>



<p>De Vries, a PhD student at <a href="https://vu.nl/nl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vrije Universiteit</a> Amsterdam, highlights the burgeoning issue of Bitcoin's water footprint. “Many parts of the world are experiencing droughts, and fresh water is becoming an increasing scarce resource,” says de Vries (<a href="https://twitter.com/DigiEconomist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@Digiconomist</a>). “If we continue to use this valuable resource for making useless computations, I think that reality is really painful.”</p>



<p>Historically, the focus on cryptocurrency's environmental impact centered around its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-and-destructive-environmental-impact-of-bitcoin-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electricity consumption</a>. Miners around the world actively compete to solve mathematical equations on the internet when mining Bitcoins, the most popular cryptocurrency. The winners receive a share of Bitcoin's value.</p>



<p>“The right answer emerges every 10 minutes, and the rest of the data, quintillions of them, are computations that serve no further purpose and are therefore immediately discarded,” de Vries says. </p>



<p>In the Bitcoin network, miners collectively generate about 350 quintillion guesses every second of the day, equating to 350 followed by 18 zeros. This process consumes a tremendous amount of <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(21)00083-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computing power</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantifying-the-impact">Quantifying the impact</h2>



<p>During the mining process, large data centers use a significant amount of water to cool their computers. Alex de Vries, drawing on previous research data, estimates that Bitcoin mining in the U.S. consumes about 8.6 to 35.1 gigaliters (GL) of water annually from data centers. </p>



<p>Additionally, coal- and gas-fired power plants, which supply the electricity for these computers, also utilize water to cool down. This water, once used for cooling, evaporates and becomes unavailable for reuse. Similarly, water that evaporates from hydropower plants contributes to the overall water footprint of Bitcoin's power requirements.</p>



<p>De Vries estimates that Bitcoin mining used over 1,600 gigaliters (GL) of water globally in 2021. On average, each transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain consumes 16,000 liters of water, which is about 6.2 million times more than a credit card swipe, or sufficient to fill a backyard swimming pool. De Vries predicts that Bitcoin's water consumption will rise to 2,300 GL by 2023.</p>



<p>"The price of Bitcoin just increased recently and reached its highest point of the year, despite the recent collapse of several cryptocurrency platforms. This will have serious consequences, because the higher the price, the higher the environmental impact,” de Vries explains. </p>



<p>The environmental toll is exacerbated by the fact that these resources are not utilized for productive purposes like artificial intelligence but are instead expended on "useless computations."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-implications">Regional implications</h2>



<p>Countries like Kazakhstan, a major hub for cryptocurrency mining, are already facing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-crisis-could-spiral-out-of-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water shortages</a>. In 2021, Bitcoin transactions in Kazakhstan accounted for 997.9 GL of water, adding to the country's water crisis.</p>



<p>In the U.S., the annual water consumption for Bitcoin mining, from all sources combined, ranges between 93 GL to 120 GL. This is equivalent to the water usage of 300,000 American households or a city like Washington, D.C.</p>



<p>de Vries says. “The most painful thing about cryptocurrency mining is that it uses so much computational power and so much resources, but these resources are not going into creating some kind of model, like artificial intelligence, that you can then use for something else. It's just making useless computations.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-challenge">Addressing the challenge</h2>



<p>De Vries suggests potential solutions, such as modifying Bitcoin mining's software to reduce power and water requirements. He also proposes incorporating renewable energy sources like wind and solar to lessen the water footprint. However, he cautions against diverting limited renewable resources to cryptocurrency mining at the expense of other essential uses.</p>



<p>“But do you really want to spend wind and solar power for crypto? In many countries including the U.S., the amount of renewable energy is limited. Sure you can move some of these renewable energy sources to crypto, but that means something else will be powered with fossil fuels. I’m not sure how much you gain,” he says.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-bitcoin-and-the-future">Water, Bitcoin, and the future</h2>



<p>As Bitcoin's value continues to grow, so does its environmental footprint. De Vries predicts that Bitcoin's water consumption will increase to 2,300 GL by 2023. This growing demand for water in the mining process could further exacerbate the global water crisis, especially in drought-prone areas.</p>



<p>In summary, the revelation of Bitcoin's significant water footprint by Alex de Vries serves as a wake-up call to the environmental implications of cryptocurrency mining. As the world grapples with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-worlds-climate-driven-water-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water scarcity</a>, the need for sustainable and responsible use of resources becomes more pressing. </p>



<p>De Vries's research underscores the importance of reassessing the environmental costs of emerging technologies like Bitcoin and seeking solutions that align with global sustainability goals.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-sustainability/fulltext/S2949-7906(23)00004-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell Reports Sustainability</em></a>.</p>



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One Bitcoin transaction uses as much water as filling a swimming pool

In a recent commentary, financial economist Alex de Vries has...

<p>In recent research conducted at the <a href="https://nin.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience</a>, scientists have made a significant discovery about how our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/">brains</a> process social interactions, such as observing someone else’s actions. </p>



<p>This study suggests that our perception is heavily influenced by our expectations, rather than solely by the visual information we receive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-information-processing-nbsp">Information processing&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Traditionally, it was believed that when we watch someone perform an action, our brain processes the information in a sequential manner.&nbsp;</p>



<p>First, the visual regions of the brain are activated by seeing the action, followed by the activation of parietal and premotor regions involved in performing similar actions ourselves.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This theory, based on studies where subjects observed isolated actions, like picking up a knife, presumed a direct flow of information from sight to action understanding.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>However, the new study challenges this notion about human perception. The research was led by Christian Keysers and Valeria Gazzola at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, along with colleagues Chaoyi Qin, Frederic Michon, and collaborators from the <a href="https://www.jichi.ac.jp/english/">Jichi Medical University</a> in Japan.</p>



<p>The research involved epilepsy patients who participated in intracranial EEG research for medical purposes, providing a unique opportunity to measure brain activity with exceptional precision.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



<p>During the study, participants watched videos of everyday actions, such as making breakfast or folding clothes. The researchers tested two conditions: one where the actions were shown in their natural, predictable sequence, and another where the same actions were presented in a random order.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This experimental design allowed the team to assess how brain regions involved in action observation communicate under different circumstances.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings were groundbreaking. When actions were shown in a predictable sequence, the brain increasingly relied on its motor system to predict what would happen next. Essentially, what we expect to happen next shapes what our brain perceives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“What we would do next, becomes what our brain sees,” explained senior author Christian Keysers. This contrasts sharply with the classical model of information flow from visual to motor areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seeing-what-we-expect-to-see">Seeing what we expect to see</h2>



<p>This shift towards a predictive brain model indicates that our brains are not just passive receivers of sensory input. Instead, they actively generate predictions about what will happen next, and these expectations can suppress the actual sensory input.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This phenomenon allows us to perceive the world as we expect it to be, unless our expectations are violated, prompting us to become aware of the actual sensory input.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study’s findings contribute to a broader understanding within neuroscience about how our brains function. It suggests that we perceive and interact with the world based more on our internal expectations and predictions than on the external stimuli we encounter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This paradigm shift in understanding brain function and human perception opens up new avenues for exploring how we engage with the world around us.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113432" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell Reports</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Human perception: Our brain sees not what we see, but what we expect

In recent research conducted at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience,...

<p>Wine selection can be daunting for many, especially when faced with a plethora of unfamiliar labels. Fortunately, wine apps have made this process easier by allowing users to scan bottle labels and access detailed information and reviews. These wine apps leverage advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to enhance the wine-buying experience, but they can't taste it for you. </p>



<p>However, a new development by a collaborative team from the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> (DTU), the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>, and <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a> is set to revolutionize how these wine algorithms operate by incorporating a crucial new parameter: individual flavor and taste impressions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-wine-selection-with-ai">Revolutionizing wine selection with AI</h2>



<p>Thoranna Bender, a graduate student at DTU, explained, "By feeding an algorithm with data consisting of people's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-improve-flavor-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavor impressions</a>, the algorithm can make more accurate predictions of what kind of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-wildfire-smoke-impact-wine-flavors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wine</a> we individually prefer." This innovative approach was developed under the Pioneer Centre for AI at the University of Copenhagen.</p>



<p>The research involved hosting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warm-summers-and-wet-winters-produce-superior-quality-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wine tastings</a> with 256 participants. These participants were asked to arrange shot-sized cups of different wines on an A3 paper based on perceived similarity in taste. </p>



<p>This spatial arrangement, a method common in consumer tests, was then digitized by photographing the papers. The resulting data, combined with a vast array of wine labels and user reviews provided by Vivino, formed the basis of the newly developed algorithm.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adding-taste-to-the-algorithm">Adding 'taste' to the algorithm</h2>



<p>"The dimension of flavor that we created in the model provides us with information about which wines are similar in taste and which are not. So, for example, I can stand with my favorite bottle of wine and say: I would like to know which wine is most similar to it in taste – or both in taste and price," says Thoranna Bender.</p>



<p>Professor and co-author Serge Belongie from the Department of Computer Science heads the Pioneer Centre for AI at the University of Copenhagen. He adds, "We can see that when the algorithm combines the data from wine labels and reviews with the data from the wine tastings, it makes more accurate predictions of people's wine preferences than when it only uses the traditional types of data in the form of images and text. So, teaching machines to use human sensory experiences results in better algorithms that benefit the user."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multimodal-data-and-the-food-sector">Multimodal data and the food sector</h2>



<p>Belongie further emphasized the growing trend of using multimodal data in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-able-to-predict-if-a-new-song-will-be-a-hit-with-97-accuracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a>, which typically includes a mix of images, text, and sound. The addition of taste and other sensory inputs as data sources is a novel approach with immense potential, particularly in the food sector. </p>



<p>"Understanding taste is essential for healthy, sustainable food production, and the use of AI in this context is still in its infancy," he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-algorithms-can-taste-more-than-wine">Algorithms can 'taste' more than wine</h2>



<p>Thoranna Bender points out that the researchers’ method can easily be transferred to other types of food and drink as well. </p>



<p>Bender expounded, "We’ve chosen wine as a case, but the same method can just as well be applied to beer and coffee. For example, the approach can be used to recommend products and perhaps even food recipes to people. And if we can better understand the taste similarities in food, we can also use it in the healthcare sector to put together meals that meet with the tastes and nutritional needs of patients. It might even be used to develop foods tailored to different taste profiles."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-open-data-and-future-prospects">Open data and future prospects</h2>



<p>The researchers have made their data publicly available on an open server. Bender expressed enthusiasm about the potential collaborations and developments that could stem from this data. She closed by saying, "I've already fielded requests from people who have additional data that they would like to include in our dataset. I think that's really cool."</p>



<p>In summary, this development marks a significant step forward in the integration of AI and human sensory experiences, particularly in the realm of food and beverage. By better understanding individual taste preferences, these advanced algorithms can not only enhance personal enjoyment but also contribute to broader applications in sectors like healthcare and sustainable food production.</p>



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Scientists have trained an AI algorithm to ‘taste’ wine

Wine selection can be daunting for many, especially when faced...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<p>The local government had issued a warning to everyone in the area – which is why the beach wasn’t very busy that day.</p>
<p>It’s another example of why education and awareness are so important! Photo Credit: YouTube/Animal File Facts</p>


Better Safe Than Sorry

It turned out the sea animals were called blue dragon slugs.

They were very toxic and should never be touched. Part of Hunter was terrified that he had found such a creature. The other half was still so curious. Thankfully, he was allowed to use his dad’s phone to learn more. Photo Credit: YouTube/Animal File Facts