Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Quebec, where about 160,000 hectares have burned since the start of the year.



"An unusually intense start to Canada’s wildfire season filled skies with smoke in May 2023. Then, at the beginning of June, scores of new fires raged in the central Canadian province of Quebec, some of which were ignited by lightning," says NASA.



"The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this view of smoke billowing from the fires on June 3. Shortly after the fires started, about 5,000 residents were ordered to evacuate near the city of Sept-Îles in the province’s east."&nbsp;



"As the fires grew, evacuations were extended to an additional 9,000 people in surrounding communities and in western Quebec’s Val-d’Or and Normétal municipalities. As of June 5, more than 150 wildfires were active in Quebec."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Forest fires rage in Quebec

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the west coast of South America. The photo was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station while orbiting over the Atacama Desert and Central Andes Mountains near the border of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.



"Over the Pacific Ocean, marine stratocumulus clouds develop over cold water that rises from the ocean depths as the Peru current (Humboldt current) flows north along the west coast of South America," says NASA. "The coastline is marked by low mountains that are dissected by canyons carved by rivers that flow down the western side of the Andes."



The Atacama Desert receives less than 0.2 inches of rain per year on average. According to NASA, this dry environment provides an ideal setting to conduct Mars analog studies.



"Active and inactive volcanoes comprise the Central Andean Volcanic Arc within the Atacama Desert and Andes Mountains. One of the inactive volcanoes visible in this photo is Bolivia’s Nevado Sajama, which has a maximum elevation of 6,542 meters (21,463 feet). Nevado Sajama and other volcanoes in the region often have glaciers and snow cover due to their high elevation."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The west coast of South America

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Cape Cod peninsula, located in the easternmost portion of Massachusetts. The peninsula extends into the Atlantic Ocean and is a significant feature of the East Coast of the United States.



Cape Cod peninsula is characterized by its beaches, villages, and seafood. It's a popular tourist destination, particularly in the summer months, with people visiting for its beautiful landscapes and unique culture.



Cape Cod consists of 15 towns, including Provincetown, Hyannis, Falmouth, and Chatham. Each town has its own distinctive character and attractions. For example, Provincetown, located at the tip of the peninsula, is known for its vibrant LGBTQ+ scene, while Hyannis is famous as a ferry gateway to the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.



The Cape Cod National Seashore, a national park covering much of the Outer Cape, including the entire east-facing coast, provides opportunities for hiking, biking, and beachgoing.



Historically, Cape Cod was a landmark for early explorers of the Americas. It was among the first places settled by the English in North America in the Pilgrim Fathers' era, and it played a key role in the early history and development of the United States.&nbsp;



Today, the Cape's history is preserved in numerous museums, historic sites, and lighthouses. In addition, a variety of wildlife can be found in the region, such as whales, seals, and many species of birds.



"The variety of ecosystems within Cape Cod National Seashore sustain over 450 species of amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals, including 32 species that are rare or endangered," says NASA. "One of those species is the American oystercatcher, a large shorebird that uses a knife-like bill to eat shellfish."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Cape Cod peninsula in the northeastern United States

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Amundsen Gulf in northern Canada, where ice is typically covered with ice that is fastened to surrounding coastlines. According to NASA, the breakup of this ice tends to be rapid when the melting season arrives in spring.



"Patches of fast ice remained in the eastern part of the gulf in late May, but summer weather will ultimately clear it away as well. The Amundsen Gulf, the western entrance to the Northwest Passage, is usually ice-free by August," says NASA.



Walt Meier, a senior research scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, said that winds play an important role in the breakup of the ice. He noted that an area of low pressure centered south of the gulf prior to the breakup fueled strong easterly winds and large waves that broke up the ice and sent chunks of it drifting west.&nbsp;



This year's spring breakup occurred earlier than usual, which aligns with the overall trend in the Beaufort Sea region in recent decades, noted NASA.



“Over a period of two decades, the Amundsen Gulf had the highest interannual variability of anywhere across the entire Northwest Canadian Arctic,” said Eleanor Wratten, a researcher at Northumbria University and the lead author of an analysis of decades of MODIS observations of fast ice in the Northwest Canadian Arctic.&nbsp;



“We saw the timing of breakup change considerably from one year to the next, but the general pattern looked similar to what you see here. Ice usually remains in the southern bays the longest, with breakup veering toward the strait in the southeastern portion of the gulf.”



The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite on May 30, 2023.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Spring ice breakup in the Amundsen Gulf

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Nova Scotia, where unusually large fires have led to the evacuation of thousands of people. The photograph, which was captured by an astronaut on the International Space Station, shows smoke rising from a fire near the town of Shelburne on May 29, 2023.



"By the morning of May 31, after four days of burning, the fire had scorched 17,000 hectares (66 square miles) near the southern tip of Nova Scotia," says NASA. "It became the largest forest fire in the province’s history, according to CBC Nova Scotia, exceeding the area burned by a fire in Guysborough County over six days in June 1976."



"Fires have burned in Canada for weeks, as the western part of the country experienced a record-breaking streak of hot weather in mid-May."&nbsp;



"Several regions in Canada also had an abnormally dry spring; Nova Scotia received about half of the usual amount of rainfall in April. Authorities classified both the Halifax and Shelburne County fires as uncontrolled on May 31 and expected the fires to grow as dry and windy conditions continued."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Smoke rises from fires in Nova Scotia

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Lake Hamun, a seasonal lake in the Sistan region on the Afghanistan-Iran border. The lake and surrounding wetlands have been shrinking as a result of persistent drought, leading to reduced vegetation and exposed dust. These changes have transformed the basin into a major source of dust storms.



"While dust storms are most common in the summer, they happen year-round as long as the lake is dry and the winds are strong. That was the case on January 12, 2023, when the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite captured this image of dust streaming from the dry lake bed," says NASA.



In January 2023, a team of experts led by UCLA reported that airborne dust has likely increased by 55 percent on a global scale since pre-industrial times. The researchers said this is largely due to more frequent dust storms in Asia and North Africa.&nbsp;



The team estimates that the cooling effect of airborne dust has likely masked about eight percent of the warming caused by greenhouse gases since the preindustrial era.



“Our findings imply that greenhouses gases alone could cause even more climate warming than models currently predict,” said UCLA atmospheric physicist Jasper Kok. “This is of tremendous importance because better predictions can inform better decisions of how to mitigate or adapt to climate change.”



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Lake Hamun is a major source of dust storms

A Tarantula Spider a wild native of the Sonoran Desert. This large brown spider was seen on the Pima Canyon trail in the Catalina Mountains north of Tucson, Arizona. Photo Credit: Charles T Peden

Tarantula Spider

Flat-faced dog breeds like French and English Bulldogs continue to captivate pet owners, despite their susceptibility to severe hereditary diseases. This enduring affection is a paradox that researchers at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE) in Hungary have set out to understand by investigating the psychology and attitudes of dog lovers who remain devoted to flat-faced dogs.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-dog-breeds-that-are-truly-mans-best-friend/">breeds</a>, including Pugs and Boston Terriers, command an extensive following in both the United States and Europe. Yet, flat-faced dogs are predisposed to a variety of health complications. More than half are plagued by respiratory problems, while eye-related issues are a frequent concern.&nbsp;



Childbirth also presents a daunting hurdle, as over 80 percent require Cesarean-sections. Furthermore, their life expectancy is three to four years less than what would typically be expected among dogs of a similar size.&nbsp;



Zsófia Bognár is a PhD student in the ELTE Department of Ethology and the lead author of the study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105948">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</a>. "Previously, we observed that flat-faced breeds are more inclined to form eye contact with humans. We assumed that this trait is appealing to owners. We also considered the possibility that the enthusiasts of these dogs might not be aware of the innate health issues," said Bognár.



<h2 id="h-surprising-results">Surprising results&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers conducted an online survey, where participants were shown 25 pairs of photos featuring dogs looking directly into the camera and dogs looking away. They evaluated not just the respondents' preference for the pictures but also their personality traits, their inclination towards flat-faced dogs, and their awareness of these breeds' health issues. A total of 1,156 individuals participated, and some of the results were surprising.



Contrary to initial expectations, respondents who favored flat-faced breeds showed no discernible pattern in their selection of images, suggesting that the ability of these dogs to make eye contact does not necessarily play a significant role in their popularity. However, those who opted for photos of dogs gazing directly at the camera were found to be sociable, easily able to make friends, and capable of empathizing with the perspectives of others.



One striking observation was the level of awareness regarding the health issues of these breeds among respondents who expressed an affinity for flat-faced dogs. Nearly all (99%) associated flat-faced breeds with breathing difficulties, 90% linked them with dystocia, and 61% associated them with corneal ulceration. Very few associated them with fewer than four health problems, suggesting that the public is largely informed about the health problems that afflict these breeds.



<h2 id="h-fans-of-flat-faced-dogs-share-certain-traits">Fans of flat-faced dogs share certain traits</h2>



The study also unearthed certain characteristics of flat-faced dog enthusiasts. Compared to those indifferent or averse to these breeds, fans of flat-faced dogs were found to be younger, less educated, and generally lacking in professional experience with dogs. Women with children were more likely to be enthusiasts than the neutral group, while those with high emotional empathy, or the ability to deeply sympathize with the suffering of other beings, were more likely to be fans compared to those who disliked flat-faced breeds.



"We expected that one of the main attractiveness of flat-faced dogs lies in their large eyes and that their owners would be delighted when the dogs look at them," said study co-author Eniko Kubinyi. "However, we did not find this to be true, at least not from the photographs. It is also not true that enthusiasts of flat-faced breeds are unaware of the dogs' health problems or are insensitive to their emotions."



"On the other hand, it has been revealed that they are relatively inexperienced dog owners. Thus, it is most likely that they are unaware of the dogs' communication signals, may not necessarily recognize signs of pain, and likely consider health problems as normal breed characteristics.



"For example, a snoring and grunting Bulldog appears cute to them, rather than sick and struggling for breath."



<h2 id="h-health-issues-are-not-a-deterrent">Health issues are not a deterrent&nbsp;</h2>



The study suggests that these enthusiasts' awareness of the health challenges of flat-faced dogs does not serve as a deterrent to their affection. They maintain a strong affinity for these dogs despite understanding the health struggles they could face.&nbsp;



"In many countries, there are awareness campaigns about the health issues of flat-faced breeds. However, the growing popularity of flat-faced dogs suggests that these campaigns are not very effective," said Bognár.



"It is clear that simply listing the health problems does not deter people from purchasing these dogs. Instead, the emphasis should be on highlighting that health issues should not be considered normal or acceptable characteristics because they often cause pain and suffering for the dogs. Dog owners need to be made aware that their choices play a significant role in shaping the health of dog breeds."



This raises vital questions about the way we approach pet ownership and the responsibilities that come with it. The research highlights the importance of educating potential dog owners - not just about the potential health issues that certain breeds face - but also about how to recognize and respond to signs of discomfort or distress in their pets.&nbsp;



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Flat-faced dogs remain wildly popular despite severe health risks

Flat-faced dog breeds like French and English Bulldogs continue to...

North America's smallest falcon, the American Kestrel, has been at the center of a perplexing scientific mystery for some time now. Researchers across the continent have confirmed a worrying decline in kestrel populations, but identifying the exact cause of their disappearance has proved to be a challenging task.&nbsp;



A new study published in the <a href="https://meridian.allenpress.com/rapt">Journal of Raptor Research</a> provides a detailed report on the current status of the American Kestrel across various regions. The authors of this vital research, David M. Bird and John A. Smallwood, highlight the complexity of the issue by pointing out that not all kestrel populations are encountering the same obstacles. Some populations are dwindling, others are stabilizing, and a few groups are even rebounding.



<h2 id="h-much-more-research-is-needed">Much more research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



The investigation suggests that multiple causes may be contributing to the varying trends in different kestrel populations. Importantly, the researchers emphasize the need for a closer examination of the kestrel's life cycle, particularly periods outside the breeding season, which they believe has been understudied.



In their exploration of potential contributing factors, Bird and Smallwood present a range of crucial research pathways. These include examining the impact of the Cooper’s Hawks on kestrel distribution and survival, investigating the effects of habitat degradation in the kestrel's wintering grounds (which often extend beyond U.S. borders), and assessing changes in habitat quality on their breeding grounds.



The experts also recommend examining the impacts of climate change on the availability of prey species for the kestrels, with an emphasis on the importance of grasshoppers as a prey species. Further, the paper calls for research into the possible impacts of rodenticides and pesticides on the health of kestrel populations.



<h2 id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



While some theories regarding the kestrel's decline are put to rest in this study - for instance, the West Nile virus and competition for nesting cavities from European starlings are no longer seen as significant threats - the research shines a light on the broader implications of the falcon's plight. Raptors, including the American Kestrel, serve as bioindicators, reflecting the overall health of the ecosystems they inhabit.



For their investigation, the researchers largely depended on the contribution of citizen scientists. Four types of data spanning 38 to 55 years were analyzed, including the Breeding Bird Survey, Christmas Bird Count, migration data from two sites located along flyways in the east, and nest box monitoring programs.&nbsp;



According to Smallwood, the nest box monitoring programs have "generated an invaluable database that allows us to examine not only population trends but also lots of aspects of kestrel behavior and ecology."



The researchers found that declines in kestrel populations were recorded in 23 of 25 bird <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conservation-efforts-are-not-enough-to-save-antarctic-wildlife/">conservation</a> regions, with the mid-Atlantic region bearing the brunt of this downward trend. Surveys across Canada reflected similarly high rates of decline. Population increases were observed in only three of these conservation regions, including the Chihuahuan Desert.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-kestrel-decline-is-a-wake-up-call">Kestrel decline is a wake-up call&nbsp;</h2>



The intricate interplay of factors causing the decline of the American Kestrel shines a spotlight on the complex realities of conservation. Smallwood emphasizes the gravity of the findings: "The population's marked decline should be a wake-up call. Something is out of kilter across North American ecosystems, and the problem could be much more widespread than for just this remarkable species."



The factors contributing to the kestrel's decline highlight how our actions are impacting wildlife. While no single issue stands as the unequivocal culprit, the cumulative effect of various human activities is making survival increasingly challenging for the American Kestrel.



Despite the stark picture painted by these findings, the experts argue that the scenario is not all doom and gloom. The magnitude of the kestrel's decline may be lessening, meaning extinction is not the only possible outcome. Instead, we might witness a gradual thinning of the kestrel population across the landscape, resulting in fewer sightings of these falcons.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-american-kestrel">More about the American Kestrel&nbsp;</h2>



The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) is the smallest and most common falcon in North America. It's a bird of prey known for its striking plumage and agility in flight.



Despite their small size, American kestrels are known for their boldness. They're capable of taking on prey larger than themselves, and are known to fiercely defend their nests against intruders.



<h3 id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



Kestrels are small compared to other raptors. They typically measure about 9 inches in length, with a wingspan of around 22 inches. They have a slender body and long, narrow wings, and their tail is also long with a notable black band near the end. Males have blue-gray wings, while the wings of females are reddish brown. Both sexes have a distinctive double black stripe on their faces.



<h3 id="h-habitat-and-distribution">Habitat and distribution</h3>



The American Kestrel can be found throughout the Americas, from Alaska and Canada all the way down to the southernmost tip of South America. These birds inhabit a wide range of habitats, including meadows, grasslands, deserts, and even urban and suburban areas. They can often be seen perched on telephone wires or fence posts.



<h3 id="h-behavior-and-diet">Behavior and diet</h3>



Kestrels are carnivorous birds that eat a variety of small animals. Their diet consists of insects, lizards, small mammals, and small birds. They have a keen eyesight and often hover in the air before diving to catch prey on the ground.



<h3 id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



American Kestrels are cavity nesters, often taking over old woodpecker holes or natural tree cavities for their nests, though they'll also use nesting boxes if available. The female lays a clutch of about 4-5 eggs, which both parents help to incubate. The chicks are altricial, meaning they hatch in a helpless state and require parental care.



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Vanishing falcons: The mysterious decline of the American Kestrel

North America's smallest falcon, the American Kestrel, has been at...

A team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/">North Carolina State University</a> has recently identified significant differences in the gut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-have-surprising-gut-microbiome-composition/">microbiome</a> of female southern white rhinos which managed to reproduce successfully in captivity compared to the less successful ones. These findings raise important questions about the role particular types of gut microbes may be playing in limiting captive breeding of this species.



“Our work focuses on the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum), because while it is not yet endangered, species numbers are declining in the wild due to poaching,” said study lead author Christina Burnham, a former graduate student in Animal Sciences at NC&nbsp;State.



“There is a significant population of southern white rhinos under human care in the United States, but there have been challenges in getting many of these animals to reproduce successfully. It is critical we understand why, as the managed rhinos serve as important assurance populations in case wild rhino numbers continue to fall. We wanted to know how the gut microbiome may influence the reproductive ability of these rhinos.”



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



To clarify these issues, the scientists collected multiple fecal samples from eight female southern white rhinos during a period of six months. The examined population consisted of two juveniles, two “subadults” that are no longer nursing but have not yet reached reproductive age, two adults that have managed to reproduce successfully, and two that have not reproduced successfully.



“We wanted to have a robust sample size that would allow us to assess the gut microbiome of females in this species while accounting for age, the time of year and reproductive status,” Burnham explained.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



By extracting and sequencing DNA from the fecal samples, the experts identified the diversity and abundance of bacteria in the gut of the female rhinos. The analysis revealed important differences between animals in each age group, suggesting that microbial communities in the gut microbiome change predictably as the animals grow, reflecting changes in their diet and behavior.



However, the differences in bacterial populations in the reproductively successful versus unsuccessful adults provided clear evidence of the critical role of the microbiome in reproductive processes. The researchers found that reproductively successful females had less diversity in the types of microbial species in their gut microbiome compared to the unsuccessful ones. Moreover, each group of adults was hosting microbial species which have been previously associated with reproductive health.



“One of the microbial families we found at significant levels in reproductively successful adults was&nbsp;Rikenellaceae,” Burnham reported. “This is of interest because&nbsp;Rikenellaceae&nbsp;has previously been theorized to play a role in helping southern white rhinos break down dietary plant compounds – including phytoestrogens that are associated with limiting reproductive success."



“On the other hand, we only saw significant enrichment of&nbsp;Mobiluncus&nbsp;microbes in reproductively&nbsp;unsuccessful&nbsp;adults. Previous work has found that&nbsp;Mobiluncus&nbsp;is associated with a range of reproductive health problems in a variety of non-rhinoceros species.”



<h2 id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



Since in those previous studies, Mobinculus was detected in cervical and vaginal microbiomes, further research is needed to clarify whether this is the case in rhinoceros females too.



“Because this was a longitudinal study, we collected multiple samples from each animal over the course of half a year,” said co-author Erin McKenney, an expert in Applied Ecology at NC State. “And the differences we saw in the gut microbiomes of adult females were consistent over time, which suggests that these differences in microbial communities may be playing an important role in the reproductive health of these animals. That said, we will need to do additional research to determine what that role may be, if any.”



<h2 id="h-more-about-southern-white-rhinos">More about Southern white rhinos&nbsp;</h2>



Out of all five rhino species, the Southern white rhino is the only one that is not classified as endangered. Thanks to extensive conservation efforts, the Southern white rhino is now classified as "near threatened."



<h3 id="h-key-points">Key points</h3>



<h4 id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h4>



Southern white rhinos are the second largest land mammals after elephants. They can grow to be 12-13 feet long and 6 feet tall at the shoulder, and can weigh up to 2.5 tons. They are known for their square-shaped lip, which differentiates them from black rhinos, which have a hooked lip. They have two horns, with the front one typically larger than the other, that can grow up to 5 feet long.



<h4 id="h-habitat-and-distribution">Habitat and distribution</h4>



These rhinos are native to southern Africa. They mainly live in South Africa, but they have also been reintroduced to Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Swaziland. They prefer habitats with plenty of grass for grazing and water holes for wallowing.



<h4 id="h-diet">Diet</h4>



Southern white rhinos are herbivores and primarily eat grass, making them grazers. They use their broad, square-shaped lip to help them eat large quantities of grass.



<h4 id="h-behavior">Behavior</h4>



These animals are generally quite social and live in groups known as "crashes," which typically consist of a female and her calves, though larger groups can sometimes be found. Male southern white rhinos are generally solitary unless there's a female in heat nearby.



<h4 id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h4>



In the early 20th century, southern white rhinos were thought to be extinct, but a small population was discovered in South Africa. Since then, rigorous conservation efforts have helped to increase their numbers. However, they are still threatened by poaching for their horns, which are prized in traditional Asian medicine, and by habitat loss.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Reproductive success of southern white rhinos linked to gut microbiome

A team of researchers led by the North Carolina State...

The tale of the peppered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moths-may-struggle-to-move-in-response-to-climate-change/">moths</a> remains one of the most powerful narratives of evolution's relentless course. These moths faced a life-and-death struggle during the Industrial Revolution in England. The white-bodied moths, once plentiful, became easy pickings for predators as coal smoke blackened the tree bark in urban environments. On the flip side, black-bodied moths, initially a rare sight, prospered and became the dominant variant under the newfound conditions.&nbsp;



This case has long served as a key illustration of how environmental change can guide species evolution. Recently, however, a role reversal has intrigued the scientific community. Could it be possible that species evolution, rather than just being influenced by, actually shapes environmental change?&nbsp;



A new study from the <a href="https://www.uri.edu/">University of Rhode Island</a> lends credibility to this provocative notion, offering robust evidence of this reverse dynamic.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



The study, published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2221691120">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, exposes a fascinating connection between evolutionary change in lizards' leg length and consequent impacts on vegetation growth and spider populations on a selection of small islands in the Bahamas.&nbsp;



The researchers consider this as one of the first demonstrations of evolution-to-environment effects recorded in a real-world setting.



"The idea here is that, in addition to the environment shaping the traits of organisms through evolution, those trait changes should feed back and drive changes in predator-prey relationships and other ecological interactions between species," explained study senior author Professor Jason Kolbe.



He emphasized the importance of understanding these dynamics for predicting species persistence and potential ecological changes.



For two decades, Professor Kolbe and his team have focused on the anole lizards inhabiting a chain of tiny islands in the Bahamas. These islands, numbering around 40, are small enough to allow for comprehensive monitoring of the resident lizards, and sufficiently isolated to prevent inter-island lizard migration, facilitating the formation of distinct populations.



<h2 id="h-previous-observations-were-used-in-the-new-study">Previous observations were used in the new study</h2>



Prior investigations have demonstrated that brown anoles are adept at adapting to the specific characteristics of their vegetative surroundings. In settings where tree and brush limbs are narrower, natural selection favors short-legged lizards, granting them greater agility in predator evasion or prey pursuit.&nbsp;



However, in habitats where plant and tree limbs are thicker, lizards with longer limbs have the upper hand. Scientists have also found that this limb-length trait can evolve swiftly within a few generations in brown anoles.



<h2 id="h-segregation-by-leg-length">Segregation by leg length</h2>



To explore how this evolved trait might reverberate through the ecosystems on these tiny Bahamian islands, the team decided to segregate short- and long-legged lizards on separate islands, then compare the ecological impacts.



Equipped with poles outfitted with tiny dental floss lassos, the team captured hundreds of brown anoles. They gauged the leg length of each lizard, selecting only those with exceptionally short or long limbs, and released the rest. They then populated lizard-free islands with these distinct groups.



The researchers hypothesized that the short-legged lizards, given the predominance of smaller diameter vegetation on the experimental islands, would prove more adept hunters in this environment. They then aimed to determine if the ecological impact of these efficient predators would be noticeable.



Eight months later, the team revisited the islands to observe any ecological disparities between those inhabited by short- and long-legged lizards. The differences were, indeed, striking. Islands with the shorter-legged lizards saw a 41% reduction in web spider populations - a primary food source for brown anoles - compared to the islands with the longer-legged lizards (see image <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/987255">here</a>).&nbsp;



The plant growth also varied significantly due to the short-legged lizards' superior insect herbivore hunting prowess, which allowed plants to thrive. On such islands, buttonwood trees showed twice as much shoot growth as those on islands with the long-legged counterparts.



<h2 id="h-full-feedback-loop-between-ecology-and-evolution">Full feedback loop between ecology and evolution</h2>



The results of the study bring the intricate interaction between ecology and evolution full circle. "These findings help us to close that feedback loop. We knew from previous research that ecological factors shape limb length, and now we show the reciprocal relationship of that evolutionary change on the environment," said Professor Kolbe.



This study signifies a leap forward in understanding the full breadth of interactions between evolution and ecology. It provides invaluable insights into how morphological adaptations - like the limb length in lizards - can exert influence on broader ecological dynamics such as vegetation growth and spider populations. Moreover, it reveals how quick evolutionary changes can have immediate and measurable impacts on the surrounding ecosystem.



<h2 id="h-study-s-outcome-is-crucial-to-making-future-environmental-predictions">Study’s outcome is crucial to making future environmental predictions</h2>



It's important to highlight the pivotal role that this understanding could play in predicting future ecological outcomes, especially at a time when human activities are rapidly accelerating both evolutionary and ecological changes globally. Understanding these feedback loops is crucial to anticipate and manage potential challenges and changes that ecosystems might encounter.



In essence, the narrative of evolution has come full circle with this research. It reinforces the fact that the relationship between evolution and ecology is not one-way, but rather a complex, intertwined interaction.&nbsp;



Just like how the environment can impact species through natural selection and evolution, the evolution of species can, in turn, modify the environment, influencing the dynamics of other species and ecological processes.



As the story of the peppered moth once shed light on how environmental change fuels species evolution, this latest research might soon find its way into textbooks as an example of the reverse - how species evolution, in return, steers environmental change.



<h2 id="h-more-about-environmental-change-and-evolution">More about environmental change and evolution</h2>



Environmental change can significantly influence the evolution of species. This process, referred to as natural selection, is one of the cornerstones of evolutionary biology.



When the environment changes, it can alter the balance of ecosystems and the survival prospects of species. Such changes can include shifts in climate, alterations in landscape, or variations in the availability of resources, like food or water. These changes can make certain traits more beneficial, leading those individuals with these traits to have higher survival and reproduction rates.



For instance, let's consider a hypothetical population of rabbits in an environment that suddenly experiences a colder, longer winter. In this scenario, rabbits with thicker fur will have a survival advantage over those with thinner fur.&nbsp;



Over time, these warmer, thicker-furred rabbits are more likely to survive the harsh winters, and thus more likely to pass on their genes to subsequent generations. As a result, the rabbit population, as a whole, will gradually evolve to have thicker fur.



Similarly, in the case of the peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution, the darkening of tree bark due to soot made the black-bodied moths less visible to predators compared to the white-bodied moths. This camouflage gave the black-bodied moths a survival advantage, leading to their increase in population, while the white-bodied moths dwindled. This is an excellent example of how environmental changes can drive the evolution of a species.



Changes in the environment can also lead to speciation, the process through which new species evolve. For instance, when a population gets divided by a geographical barrier such as a mountain range or a river, different environmental conditions on either side can lead to the evolution of two distinct species from the original population. Over time, the separated populations may evolve unique traits in response to their specific environmental pressures, eventually becoming different species.



In summary, environmental changes can have a profound impact on the evolution of species, shaping their traits and even leading to the emergence of new species. This process of natural selection is a dynamic and ongoing part of life on Earth.



—-



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It's a two-way street between evolution and environmental change

The tale of the peppered moths remains one of the...

In a crucial new study from <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/">Cornell University</a>, scientists have discovered that the microscopic lifeforms known as microbes significantly influence the amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-whales-contribute-to-carbon-capture/">carbon</a> stored in the soil, a discovery that carries profound implications for climate change mitigation and agricultural soil health enhancement.



Microbes, it turns out, are pivotal actors in the soil carbon cycle. The study authors have determined that microbial processes, in fact, are four times more critical to carbon storage than any other process, including biomatter decomposition. This finding is particularly crucial because our planet's soil holds three times more carbon than the atmosphere, acting as a crucial carbon sink in our fight against climate change.



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06042-3">Nature</a>, the research introduces an innovative technique to delve into the intricacies of soil carbon dynamics. The method marries a microbial computer model with data assimilation and machine learning to meticulously analyze big data linked to the carbon cycle.



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



At the heart of the investigation is a measure known as microbial carbon use efficiency. This metric reveals the carbon quantity utilized by microbes for growth versus the amount used for metabolism. Carbon used for growth is sequestered by microbes within their cells and ultimately within the soil.&nbsp;



On the other hand, carbon used for metabolism gets released as a side product in the form of carbon dioxide, contributing to the greenhouse effect. The team concluded that microbial growth plays a more critical role than metabolism in determining the soil's carbon storage.



Study senior author Professor Yiqi Luo emphasized the importance of the findings: "This work reveals that microbial carbon use efficiency is more important than any other factor in determining soil carbon storage."



These newfound insights steer agricultural scientists towards exploring farming management practices that could impact microbial carbon use efficiency, thus enhancing soil health and bolstering food security.&nbsp;



Future studies may aim to boost soil carbon sequestration by microbes and explore how diverse types of microbes and substrates (such as sugar-rich ones) could affect soil carbon storage.



<h2 id="h-new-method-used-to-evaluate-soil-dynamics">New method used to evaluate soil dynamics</h2>



Despite the two centuries of research focusing on soil carbon dynamics, previous studies mostly focused on the carbon quantity entering the soil via leaf litter and roots, and the amount lost to the air as CO2 during organic matter decomposition. "But we are the first group that can evaluate the relative importance of microbial processes versus other processes," said Luo.



In a groundbreaking move that showcases the power of digital agriculture, Luo and his team have devised a novel method to assimilate big data into an earth system computer model using data assimilation and machine learning. The model revealed that the carbon use efficiency of microbe colonies significantly outshines other components evaluated, such as decomposition and carbon inputs.



The innovative process-based model and machine learning approach provide a new avenue for analyzing other types of big data sets.



The study was funded by several entities including the National Science Foundation, the National Key Research and Development Program of China, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-importance-of-soil">More about the importance of soil</h2>



Soil is not just a simple mix of minerals and dead plant material. It's a vibrant, living ecosystem, teeming with life forms ranging from the visible, like insects and worms, to the invisible, like bacteria and fungi. Among the invisible life forms, microbes play a particularly crucial role.



Microbes are microscopic organisms that include bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, viruses, and protozoa. Soil is one of the most diverse habitats on Earth, with estimates of microbial diversity reaching as high as one trillion species.



Microbes form a significant part of the soil food web, a complex network of organisms that transfer energy and nutrients through the soil. They're involved in a wide array of processes that are vital to both soil health and the broader ecosystem.



One of these processes is decomposition. Microbes break down dead plant and animal material, turning organic matter into simpler compounds. This process recycles nutrients back into the soil, making them available for plant uptake.



A particularly vital role of microbes is their contribution to the carbon cycle. By decomposing organic matter, microbes convert the carbon it contains into a form that can be used by plants. They also help sequester carbon in the soil. When microbes consume organic matter, a portion of the carbon is stored within their cells. When they die, this carbon can become part of the soil organic matter, effectively storing it in the soil.



Nitrogen fixation is another key process that some soil microbes perform. Certain bacteria, particularly those that live in symbiosis with legume plants, can take nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form that plants can use. This process is a critical part of the nitrogen cycle and helps maintain soil fertility.



Moreover, soil microbes play a vital role in soil structure. Through their activities, they help create soil aggregates—small clumps of soil particles. These aggregates improve soil's ability to retain water and air, supporting plant growth.



However, soil microbial communities can be sensitive to changes in their environment, including shifts in temperature, moisture, and pH, as well as the introduction of chemicals or pollutants. Agricultural practices such as overuse of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, or practices that lead to soil compaction or erosion, can harm these communities and disrupt the important processes they carry out.



In short, while they might be out of sight, soil microbes are critical for soil health, plant growth, and global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Understanding and preserving these tiny soil inhabitants is crucial for sustainable agriculture and a healthy planet.



—-



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Sequestering carbon in soil is dependent upon microbes

In a crucial new study from Cornell University, scientists have...

Upset,Middle,Aged,Man,With,Alopecia,Looking,At,Mirror,,Hair

Hair loss, a prevalent issue that worsens with age, is akin to the increasing stiffness in our joints. Like joints, our hair follicle stem cells harden over time, impeding their ability to sprout hair. That's the striking finding from a new study on baldness from <a href="https://www.nm.org/">Northwestern Medicine</a>.



Remarkably, the researchers uncovered a way to soften these hair follicle stem cells, thus revitalizing their capacity to produce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-gray-hair-will-soon-be-a-thing-of-the-past/">hair</a>. 



The solution revolves around a tiny RNA molecule known as miR-205. By enhancing the production of miR-205, they found that the stem cells' rigidity diminished, boosting hair growth in the process.



In their groundbreaking study published this week in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.222063512">PNAS</a>, the Northwestern team used genetically modified mice as their subjects. The process was simple but profound.&nbsp;



The researchers tweaked the stem cells genetically to overproduce miR-205. The result was an encouraging surge in hair growth among both young and old mice.



"The hair started to sprout in just 10 days," said Professor Rui Yi. "We are not generating new stem cells here. Rather, we're stimulating the existing ones to grow hair. Often, we have ample stem cells; they just may lack the capability to produce hair."



This research underscores the potential of catalyzing hair growth by adjusting cell mechanics. "Due to the feasibility of delivering microRNA via nanoparticles directly into the skin, we'll next test whether topically applied miR-205 can stimulate hair growth in mice. If that's successful, we'll plan experiments to explore whether this microRNA could potentially promote hair growth in humans," said Professor Yi.



Conducting this study required the use of genetically engineered mouse models. The Northwestern team utilized advanced microscopy tools, such as atomic force microscopy, for measuring the stiffness, and two-photon microscopy for observing cell behaviors in live animals.



The study was a collaborative effort by Northwestern's scientists, including Jingjing Wang, Yuheng Fu, and Kathleen Green.



To read the full, detailed study, please click here: &nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2220635120">MicroRNA-205 promotes hair regeneration by modulating mechanical properties of hair follicle stem cells</a>



<h2 id="h-more-about-baldness">More about baldness</h2>



Baldness, also known as alopecia, typically refers to hair loss from the head or body. The most common form is androgenetic alopecia, or male pattern baldness (MPB), which is usually characterized by hair receding from the lateral sides of the forehead and/or a thinning crown.&nbsp;



Though often associated with men, women can also experience a similar type of hair loss, albeit typically less severe and usually not with the same patterns of baldness as in men. Androgenetic alopecia is often attributed to a combination of genetics and the male hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT).



Hair loss can also be caused by a number of other factors, including various forms of alopecia, such as alopecia areata, a disease in which the body's immune system attacks hair follicles; telogen effluvium, usually due to a physical or emotional shock to the system; and anagen effluvium, typically resulting from treatments like chemotherapy. Other factors that can contribute to hair loss include stress, hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, and underlying health conditions.



There have been numerous attempts to combat hair loss and promote hair growth. Here are a few notable ones:



<h3 id="h-minoxidil-rogaine">Minoxidil (Rogaine)</h3>



Rogaine is an over-the-counter topical medication that is applied to the scalp. It works by prolonging the growth phase of hair follicles, but its exact mechanism is not entirely understood. While some people see modest regrowth or slower hair loss, others may see little effect.



<h3 id="h-finasteride-propecia">Finasteride (Propecia)</h3>



Propecia is a prescription medication in pill form that is primarily used for treating male pattern hair loss. It works by blocking the conversion of testosterone into DHT, which can harm hair follicles.



<h3 id="h-hair-transplant-surgery">Hair transplant surgery</h3>



This surgery involves moving small patches of skin, each with a few hairs, from one part of the scalp to another. It's a more permanent and invasive option than medication.



<h3 id="h-laser-therapy">Laser therapy&nbsp;</h3>



Certain FDA-approved low-level laser devices are marketed to help stimulate hair growth, though their efficacy is a topic of debate.



<h3 id="h-prp-platelet-rich-plasma-therapy">PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) therapy</h3>



This involves injecting your own blood (after it's been centrifuged to concentrate the platelets) into your scalp to stimulate hair growth. The science behind this is still relatively new and results can be variable.



<h3 id="h-stem-cell-therapy">Stem cell therapy</h3>



Stem cell therapy is a newer and promising field of research that is still in experimental stages. It involves using stem cells to generate new hair follicles.



It's important to note that not all treatments work for all individuals, and what works best will often depend on the cause of hair loss, the individual's health status, and other factors. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any treatment for hair loss.



—-



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Finally a cure for baldness? Scientists regrow hair using stem cells

Hair loss, a prevalent issue that worsens with age, is...

Diabetes is currently a major global public health concern, with 537 million adults living with this condition in 2021 worldwide. Although there is a significant genetic risk of developing type 2 diabetes, a new study led by the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/">University of Sydney</a> has found that moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity can substantially lower this risk and protect people from developing the disease.&nbsp;



These findings, which are published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106653">British Journal of Sports Medicine</a>, suggest that higher levels of physical activity should be promoted as a strategy for type 2 diabetes prevention.



The researchers enrolled 59,325 adults from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/">UK Biobank</a> – a large-scale biomedical database and research resource consisting of anonymized genetic, health, and lifestyle information from nearly half a million UK participants – who wore accelerometers at the beginning of the study and were then followed for seven years to assess their health outcomes.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



Although people with a high genetic risk score initially had 2.4 times the risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those with a low genetic risk, the investigation revealed that over an hour of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per day was associated with a 74 percent lower risk of developing this disease when compared with individuals who engaged in less than five minutes of physical activity daily.&nbsp;



This reduction was observed even when other factors, such as genetic risk, were accounted for. Moreover, even participants with a high genetic risk, but who were more physically active, were found to have a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those with a low genetic risk but in the least active category.



According to the experts, moderate-intensity physical activity refers to movements that gets one sweating and slightly out of breath, such as brisk walking or general gardening, while examples of vigorous-intensity physical activity include running, cycling uphill or at a fast pace, aerobic dancing, or heavy gardening such as digging.



<h2 id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study&nbsp;</h2>



As senior author Melody Ding - an epidemiologist and population behavioral scientist at Sydney – argues, although the role of genetics and physical activity in the onset of type 2 diabetes is already well established, until recently most data was self-reported and the evidence that the genetic risk could be offset by physical activity was scarce.



“We are unable to control our genetic risk and family history, but this finding provides promising and positive news that through an active lifestyle, one can ‘fight off’ much of the excessive risk for type 2 diabetes. Our hope is that this study will inform public health and clinical guidelines so that it can help chronic disease prevention for health professionals, organizations, and the public,” she said.



“I am so delighted to share our research results with a broad audience to let people know that physical activity is health-enhancing, especially for people with high genetic risk. If you have a family history of type 2 diabetes, or even if you don’t, today is the day to start being physically active,” concluded lead author Mengyun (Susan) Luo, a doctoral student in Public Health at Sydney.



<h2 id="h-more-about-type-2-diabetes">More about type 2 diabetes&nbsp;</h2>



Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose), your body's primary source of fuel. This condition is also known as adult-onset or non-insulin dependent diabetes. It is the most common form of diabetes, affecting the vast majority of the 400 million people with diabetes worldwide.



In people with type 2 diabetes, the body either resists the effects of insulin - a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into your cells - or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels. This causes high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), which can lead to a variety of health complications if left untreated.



Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include being overweight or obese, leading a sedentary lifestyle, having a family history of diabetes, and age (being over 45 years old). Certain ethnic groups also have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.



Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. However, some people with type 2 diabetes have symptoms so mild that they go unnoticed.



Type 2 diabetes can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, regular exercise, weight loss, and medication or insulin therapy. Regular blood sugar monitoring is important to ensure that the disease is well controlled.



Complications of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes may include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye problems, nerve damage, and foot problems.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Exercise can counteract the genetic risk for diabetes

Diabetes is currently a major global public health concern, with...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Young cougar standing on top of a red sandstone boulder with a southwestern mesa in the background. Photo Credit: MelaniWright

Cougar