Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured on by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. 



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Webb Images features an extraordinary view of Uranus, the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system. 



The photo reveals the rings, moons, and extreme seasons of the ice giant Uranus in unprecedented detail.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-north-polar-cap-nbsp">Dynamic north polar cap&nbsp;</h2>



“The Webb image exquisitely captures Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap, including the bright, white, inner cap and the dark lane in the bottom of the polar cap,” noted NASA.



Unlike Earth, where polar ice caps are formed by the freezing of water, Uranus's polar caps are thought to be primarily composed of a dense concentration of haze in the atmosphere.&nbsp;



The polar cap's haze is likely composed of methane particles. Methane in Uranus's atmosphere condenses into ice particles, which then create a thick haze that scatters sunlight, giving the polar cap its distinct bright appearance in visible and infrared light.



The polar cap is dynamic and changes over time. It becomes more prominent during the summer season of each pole. As Uranus moves along its orbit, the cap's appearance transforms, with the haze becoming thicker and brighter when the pole is in continuous sunlight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-zeta-ring-nbsp">The Zeta ring&nbsp;</h2>



The inner and outer rings of Uranus are visible in the image, including Zeta - the innermost ring which is the faintest and most difficult to observe.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photo-of-uranus-and-its-rings-and-moons-captured-by-the-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rings of Uranus</a> are primarily composed of narrow bands of particles, likely made of water ice mixed with a dark material. These rings are distinct from those of Saturn in that they are much darker and narrower.



The faintness and characteristics of the Zeta ring make it a subject of interest in studies related to the dynamics and composition of planetary ring systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moons-of-uranus-nbsp">Moons of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/multimedia/images/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Webb</a> photo also features nine of the planet’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-four-uranus-moons-may-have-oceans-that-are-miles-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a>, which appear as blue dots surrounding the rings. 



“Clockwise starting at 2 o’clock, they are: Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet, and Perdita. The orbits of these moons share the 98-degree tilt of their parent planet relative to the plane of the solar system,” noted NASA.



Uranus has 27 known moons, and they are divided into three main groups based on their orbits: the inner moons, the major moons, and the irregular moons.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-moon-ariel-may-have-a-hidden-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons</a> of Uranus are unique because they are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, rather than being named after figures from classical mythology, as is common for the moons of other planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ice-giant-uranus-nbsp">The ice giant Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



Uranus is classified as an "ice giant" because, unlike the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, which are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, Uranus has a significant proportion of "ices" in its composition.&nbsp;



In astronomical terms, ices refer to volatile substances like water, ammonia, and methane, which exist in solid or liquid forms at the low temperatures found in the outer solar system.



Uranus has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium, but beneath that, it contains a large, dense mantle composed of these ices, along with rock and other heavier elements.&nbsp;



The term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-rain-may-be-common-on-giant-icy-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice giant</a> differentiates Uranus (and Neptune, the other ice giant) from the larger gas giants, emphasizing the different chemical compositions and internal structures of these planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-of-uranus-nbsp">Climate of Uranus&nbsp;</h2>



Uranus has a unique and extreme climate, largely influenced by its unusual tilt, which causes the planet to rotate almost on its side. This tilt leads to extreme seasonal variations, with each pole experiencing 42 years of continuous sunlight followed by 42 years of darkness.&nbsp;



Even though it is closer to the sun than Neptune, Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system, with temperatures plunging to as low as -224°C (-371°F). The reason for this is not fully understood, but it might be due to an internal heat distribution anomaly.



Despite these frigid conditions, Uranus experiences intense weather patterns, including powerful storms and winds that can reach speeds of up to 900 kilometers per hour. These winds blow in the same direction as the planet’s rotation and are some of the fastest in the solar system.



Storms on Uranus are driven by its internal heat and the interaction of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-is-more-gassy-less-icy-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric gases</a>. Observations have shown that these storms can be quite large, sometimes comparable in size to the Earth, and can last for several years.&nbsp;



The planet’s extreme axial tilt also means that the storms and weather patterns are highly variable, depending on the season. During equinoxes, when the Sun is directly over the equator, Uranus exhibits more storm activity compared to when the poles are pointed towards the Sun or away from it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-uranus">Observations of Uranus</h2>



“One day on Uranus is about 17 hours, so the planet’s rotation is relatively quick. This makes it supremely difficult for observatories with a sharp eye like Webb to capture one simple image of the entire planet - storms and other atmospheric features, and the planet’s moons, move visibly within minutes,” explained NASA.



“This image combines several longer and shorter exposures of this dynamic system to correct for those slight changes throughout the observing time.”



The first recorded observations of Uranus were made by John Flamsteed on December 13, 1690. However, Flamsteed mistakenly identified the planet as a star, which he named “34 Tauri."&nbsp;



It wasn't until March 13, 1781, that Uranus was officially identified as a planet by William Herschel. He initially thought he had discovered a comet, but further observations and calculations by other astronomers confirmed that it was a new planet, making Uranus the first planet discovered in modern history with the aid of a telescope.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI



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The ice giant Uranus in stunning detail

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Webb Images features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. 



The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.



“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.



“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”



According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”



Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;



Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;



In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.



Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;



One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;



Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;



The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;



The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



Finally, the Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study.&nbsp;



These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Southern Ring Nebula, also known as NGC 3132, located about 2,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Vela. This remarkably detailed image was created using data from Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam).



The Southern Ring Nebula is one of the more famous examples of planetary nebulae, often studied for its beauty and valuable insights into the end stages of stellar evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stars-power-the-southern-ring-nebula">Stars power the Southern Ring Nebula </h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> is powered by two central stars in a binary system. The brighter star in visible light is actually a less massive companion, while the fainter, dimmer star is the dying, hot central star that has shed its outer layers to form the nebula. This star is a white dwarf and is responsible for the ionization of the gas in the nebula, causing it to glow.



“The bright star at the center of NGC 3132, while prominent when viewed by NASA’s Webb Telescope in near-infrared light, plays a supporting role in sculpting the surrounding nebula. A second star, barely visible at lower left along one of the bright star’s diffraction spikes, is the nebula’s source. It has ejected at least eight layers of gas and dust over thousands of years,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“But the bright central star visible here has helped ‘stir’ the pot, changing the shape of this planetary nebula’s highly intricate rings by creating turbulence. The pair of stars are locked in a tight orbit, which leads the dimmer star to spray ejected material in a range of directions as they orbit one another, resulting in these jagged rings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-the-southern-ring-nebula-nbsp">Key characteristics of the Southern Ring Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The Southern Ring Nebula displays a complex structure with multiple layers of gas and dust. The outer shells of the nebula consist of hydrogen and other elements that were ejected from the dying star in previous stages of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>.&nbsp;These layers are illuminated by ultraviolet radiation from the central white dwarf.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coloration">Coloration</h3>



The colors seen in the Southern Ring Nebula come from the different gases present. For example, hydrogen emits red light, while oxygen emits blue-green light. These colors help astronomers study the composition and dynamics of the nebula.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-shape">Size and shape</h3>



The nebula spans about half a light-year in diameter. Its intricate, symmetrical structure provides valuable insights into the late stages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-collapse-black-hole-instead-of-supernova-vanish-from-sky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar evolution</a>, especially the processes involved in the shedding of outer layers by dying stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spotlights-from-the-bright-star">Spotlights from the bright star</h2>



ESA noted that hundreds of straight, brightly-lit lines pierce through the rings of gas and dust. “These ‘spotlights’ emanate from the bright star and stream through holes in the nebula like sunlight through gaps in a cloud.



“But not all of the starlight can escape. The density of the central region, set off in teal, is reflected by how transparent or opaque it is. Areas that are a deeper teal indicate that the gas and dust are denser - and light is unable to break free.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



According to ESA, this is not only a crisp image of a planetary nebula - it also shows us objects in the vast distances of space behind it. The transparent red sections of the nebula are filled with distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-have-hearts-and-lungs-that-help-them-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>.



“Look for the bright angled line at the upper left. It is not starlight - it is a faraway galaxy seen edge-on. Distant spirals, of many shapes and colors, also dot the scene. Those that are farthest away - or very dusty - are small and red,” said ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-vela-nbsp">The constellation Vela&nbsp;</h2>



Vela is a southern constellation that represents the sails of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation called Argo Navis, which depicted the ship of the mythological hero Jason and the Argonauts. In the 18th century, Argo Navis was divided into three separate constellations: Vela (the sails), Carina (the keel), and Puppis (the stern).



Vela is notable for containing several interesting astronomical features. One of its most prominent stars is Gamma Velorum, also known as Suhail or Regor, which is a bright, massive star system consisting of multiple stars.&nbsp;



The constellation also hosts the Vela Supernova Remnant, the remains of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> explosion that occurred about 11,000 years ago. This remnant is associated with the Vela Pulsar, a neutron star formed from the supernova explosion, which is one of the brightest pulsars in the sky.



Vela is best observed in the Southern Hemisphere, where it can be seen in the summer months, though it is partially visible in the Northern Hemisphere as well. Its position along the Milky Way makes it a popular region for both amateur and professional astronomers to explore.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI



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Southern Ring Nebula in the constellation Vela 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Harrat Khaybar, one of the largest volcanic fields in Saudi Arabia. This extensive lava field, which covers 5,400 square-miles, was formed by eruptions over the last five million years.



“According to the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program, the volcanic field is still active, and eight lava flows are less than 1,500 years old. The last known eruption was reported in Harrat Khaybar in the 7th century,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



A couple of the youngest volcanic vents in Harrat Khaybar can be seen in this <a href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/152000/152839/harratkhaybar_oli2_20240425_lrg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">image</a>, which was captured by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jabal-qidr-nbsp">Jabal Qidr&nbsp;</h2>



“These volcanoes resulted from different eruptive styles: Jabal Qidr is a stratovolcano (or composite cone); Jabal Abyad is a felsic dome; and Jabal Bayda is a tuff cone,” explained NASA.



“Jabal Qidr, in the northern part of the volcanic field, is built from several generations of dark, basaltic lava flows. Qidr has a 400-meter-diameter summit crater and exhibits the textbook cone shape of a stratovolcano. This is the only stratovolcano in the harrats of western Saudi Arabia.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jabal-abyad-nbsp">Jabal Abyad&nbsp;</h2>



Visible in the center of the image, Jabal Abyad was formed from a more viscous, silica-rich lava classified as rhyolite, noted NASA.



"While Jabal Qidr exhibits the cone shape of a stratovolcano, Jabal Abyad is a lava dome - a rounded mass of thicker, more solidified lava flows. Abyad’s dome reaches over 2,090 meters above sea level, the highest elevation amongst all the surrounding harrats.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jabal-bayda-nbsp">Jabal Bayda&nbsp;</h2>



To the west of Jabal Abyad is Jabal Bayda, a tuff cone <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-aspect-of-volcanic-eruptions-observed-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> with a much larger summit crater measuring 1,400 meters in diameter, stated NASA.



"Tuff cones form from the interaction of rising magma with water. When heated rapidly by lava, water turns to steam and expands violently, fragmenting the lava into plumes of very fine grains of ash.”



In Arabic, abyad and bayda are the masculine and feminine words for “white.” The lighter color of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mount-erebus-breaks-through-the-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> is associated with lava that has high silica content. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-harrat-khaybar-nbsp">More about Harrat Khaybar&nbsp;</h2>



One of the notable features of Harrat Khaybar is its striking contrast between the black basaltic lava fields and white-colored rhyolitic lava domes. This contrast creates a visually stunning terrain, with some areas of the field resembling a lunar or Martian landscape.



Harrat Khaybar is part of a larger series of harrats, or lava fields, which are prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula. The largest of these volcanic fields is Harrat Rahat, which stretches over 20,000 square kilometers.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in Harrat Khaybar began millions of years ago and has continued into relatively recent times, with the last known eruptions occurring several thousand years ago.



The field is also notable for its archaeological sites, including ancient rock art, which provide insights into the early human habitation of the area. 



The harsh environment of Harrat Khaybar has shaped both the natural ecosystem and the human activities throughout its history, making it a place of interest not only for volcanologists but also for archaeologists and ecologists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-in-saudi-arabia">Volcanic activity in Saudi Arabia </h2>



Saudi Arabia, despite being more commonly associated with vast deserts, has a surprising history of volcanic activity.



Volcanic eruptions have occurred over the past few thousand years, with the most recent major eruption occurring in the year 1256. That eruption, from a series of fissures, sent lava flowing towards the city of Medina, but it stopped before reaching the urban area. Historical records document the panic that followed, as people feared the destruction of the city.



While there hasn't been a significant eruption since, there are still signs of geothermal activity, such as hot springs and occasional minor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-music-will-yellowstones-seismic-activity-produce/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic activity</a>. 



Researchers monitor the volcanic fields for any signs of future eruptions, though none are currently expected. Despite the long periods of dormancy, Saudi Arabia's volcanic landscape remains an important part of the country's natural history.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Harrat Khaybar: An active lava field in Saudi Arabia

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Wapiti Fire in central Idaho, which was ignited by lightning on July 24, 2024.&nbsp;



More than a month later, the fire continues to devastate areas across the Boise, Sawtooth, and Salmon-Challis National Forests.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-fire-activity">Explosive fire activity</h2>



In its first month, the Wapiti Fire burned about 9,000 acres. It has now grown twelve times larger, burning more than 108,000 acres.



“Fire activity ramped up in late August, expanding its footprint to over 100,000 acres (400 square kilometers) by early September. The Wapiti fire, as well as the Middle Fork Complex fires burning nearby, have spurred evacuation orders and highway and public lands closures,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153274/wildland-fires-scorch-idaho-wilderness" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



By September 3rd, the Wapiti Fire was 2% contained, with firefighting efforts heavily focused on protecting nearby structures and communities, particularly around Stanley and Lowman.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-behavior-of-the-wapiti-fire-nbsp">Unpredictable behavior of the Wapiti Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The fire's behavior has been unpredictable, intensifying during periods of unstable weather, especially when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thunderstorms</a> with strong winds have passed through. This has made containment difficult and forced the evacuation of multiple areas, including the communities along Idaho Highway 21.&nbsp;



Efforts to manage the fire include using air tankers to drop fire retardant and creating containment lines to prevent further spread. However, the fire continues to threaten homes and critical infrastructure, with many structures already lost. 



Local authorities have emphasized the importance of residents being prepared for evacuation, advising them to gather essential documents and possessions in advance.



The fire has led to the closure of vast sections of national forest land, with restrictions expected to remain in place until at least the end of the year, depending on the fire's progression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensity-of-the-wapiti-fire-nbsp">Intensity of the Wapiti Fire&nbsp;</h2>



According to media reports, the intensity of the Wapiti Fire can be largely attributed to certain types of vegetation in the area that rapidly fuel fire. The main fuel in this case is timber in forests that already have “60-80% tree mortality from insects and disease,” 



To make matters worse, the Wapiti Fire is burning in areas that are difficult to reach. The fire is located in steep and rugged terrain within the Boise National Forest that is challenging for firefighting crews to access. The difficult terrain and limited access routes have greatly complicated firefighting efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-caused-wildfires-nbsp">Lightning-caused wildfires&nbsp;</h2>



Lightning is often responsible for igniting large, destructive fires, particularly in remote and forested areas. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-in-siberia-are-a-growing-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> occur when a lightning strike, typically from dry thunderstorms, ignites dry vegetation like grass, leaves, or trees.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contributing-factors">Contributing factors</h3>



The intensity and frequency of these wildfires are influenced by several factors, including the amount of available dry fuel, the local climate, and the specific characteristics of the lightning strike itself, such as its intensity and duration.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-western-united-states-nbsp">Western United States&nbsp;</h3>



In some regions, like the western United States, lightning is responsible for the majority of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, especially during the summer months when thunderstorms are more common. These fires can spread rapidly, driven by winds and the availability of dry fuel, making them difficult to control.&nbsp;



Lightning-caused wildfires can also lead to the formation of large fire complexes, where multiple fires merge into one, further complicating firefighting efforts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



Interestingly, while lightning-caused wildfires can be destructive, they also play a crucial role in certain ecosystems. These fires can help to clear out dead vegetation, promote new growth, and maintain the health of fire-adapted ecosystems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-fire-weather">The future of fire weather</h2>



The future of fire weather is deeply concerning, as climate change is expected to significantly worsen the conditions that lead to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-climate-paradox">The climate paradox</h2>



As global temperatures rise, the atmosphere will hold more moisture, but paradoxically, many regions will experience more intense and prolonged droughts. This will dry out <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increased-co2-is-making-wildfires-more-severe-and-frequent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>, turning forests and grasslands into tinderboxes ready to ignite.&nbsp;



Additionally, higher temperatures will increase the likelihood of extreme heat waves, which can further desiccate landscapes and create the perfect conditions for fires to spread rapidly and uncontrollably.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-precipitation-patterns-nbsp">Changing precipitation patterns&nbsp;</h3>



Another factor influencing fire weather is changing precipitation patterns. While some areas might experience more rain, others will become drier, with rain increasingly falling in intense, short bursts rather than steady, prolonged periods. This leads to rapid runoff, reducing soil moisture and leaving the ground dry and more susceptible to fire. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wind-events-nbsp">Wind events&nbsp;</h3>



The intensity and frequency of wind events, driven by shifting atmospheric patterns, are also expected to increase, which can fan the flames of wildfires, causing them to spread more quickly and making them harder to control.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-fire-seasons">Extended fire seasons</h3>



In the future, fire seasons will likely become longer, and fires will grow in both size and intensity. Regions that have historically been less prone to wildfires may begin to see more frequent fire events as their climates change.&nbsp;



The combination of these factors will make managing wildfires more challenging, putting greater pressure on firefighting resources and leading to increased risks to human life, property, and ecosystems. 



The future of fire weather is a harsh reminder of the broader impacts of climate change, and the urgent need to adapt to our new reality.



The Wapiti Fire image was captured on August 31, 2024 by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-"></h2>

Wapiti Fire in Idaho: Unpredictable and difficult to contain

Based on the spy gorilla's surveillance, it seems that older, male gorillas sing more than anyone else. They also prefer to produce a "chorus of appreciation" while eating a vegetarian meal, rather than insects.&nbsp; Photo credit: Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images

Chorus of Appreciation

Environmental scientists have stumbled upon a concerning pattern. They have observed that grey reef sharks, typically the loyal residents of coral reefs, are skipping town more frequently and for longer periods. The culprit? Our steadily warming oceans.



The study starts with the ingenious pairing of acoustic receivers on the seabed and satellite remote sensing. 



This dynamic duo has opened up new vistas to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-diversity-hits-66-million-year-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understand shark behavior</a>, particularly during times of high environmental stress. And the sharks are giving us a run for our money as they move from their warm reef habitats to cooler, deeper waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-el-nino-effect">El Niño effect</h2>



The shockwaves of El Niño 2015-2016 are still reverberating, with our grey reef sharks showing behavioral shifts, including lower residency on the reefs up to 16 months after periods of extreme warming.



With forecast models predicting annual bleaching events by 2043, the sharks' decision to seek a retreat spells trouble.



The international team of scientists from <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lancaster University</a> and ZSL monitored shark movements in the Indian Ocean from 2013 to 2020.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-movement-of-reef-sharks-in-a-warming-world">Movement of reef sharks in a warming world</h2>



Dr. David Jacoby, the principal investigator on the project, elaborated on the findings and their implications for the reef <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-sharks-survived-a-drastic-spike-in-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>.



“These results provide some of the first evidence of how reefs change in response to environmental stress, something that is becoming both more extreme and more frequent, is affecting the movement of sharks,” said Dr. Jacoby. 



“Grey reef sharks are a common, resident predator to the reefs of the Indo-Pacific, venturing away from the reef to feed, but many are having to decide whether to escape the stressed reefs.



Faced with a trade-off, sharks must decide whether to leave the relative safety of the reef and expend greater energy to remain cool or stay on a reef in suboptimal conditions but conserve energy, noted Dr. Jacoby.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-grey-reef-sharks">Ecological role of grey reef sharks</h2>



According to Dr. Michael Williamson from ZSL's Institute of Zoology, grey reef sharks are not just inhabitants but vital cogs in the reef ecosystems.



Their movements encode a complex dance between food, safety, and environmental conditions. Absent their nutrient influx from deeper waters, the reef's resilience to environmental stress may be at stake.



But it’s not all doom and gloom. Interestingly, not all the monitored locations saw a decline in habitat use. In fact, certain reefs showed increased shark residency, suggesting that some reefs are more resilient to stress. 



This raises intriguing questions about the factors influencing shark movement decisions, and the specific characteristics of resilient reefs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domino-effect-of-climate-change">Domino effect of climate change </h2>



The conclusion? As climate change flings us into an era of increasing uncertainty and extreme stress events, the ecological role of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepwater-desperation-the-race-to-save-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a> on coral reefs is likely to change. 



The ripple effects of their absence will extend further than we can predict, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of species and trophic interactions that occur on coral reefs.



Climate change is a Pandora’s box, and we’ve only just lifted the lid. As we brace for an unpredictable future, characterized by more frequent and extreme stress events, research like this becomes paramount. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-of-grey-reef-sharks">Conservation of grey reef sharks</h2>



Conserving grey reef sharks and their habitats requires a multi-faceted approach that encompasses science, policy, and community engagement. 



Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent one of the most effective strategies to safeguard these critical habitats, allowing shark populations to thrive amidst the pressures of climate change. 



Collaborative efforts among governments, local communities, and NGOs can foster sustainable fishing practices that minimize bycatch and enhance reef health. 



Furthermore, public awareness campaigns are essential in educating communities about the ecological significance of sharks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-a-connected-web-of-life">Protecting a connected web of life</h2>



“Recent research in the Chagos Archipelago, where we conducted our study, has shown that those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-is-on-the-brink-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reefs</a> that have greater nutrient flows from seabirds have significantly enhanced fish biomass and therefore a higher likelihood to be resilient to multiple stressors,” said Dr Wiliamson. 



“Some of our receivers that were seeing a greater number of sharks residing were also near islands with seabird populations.” As the environmental stress equation becomes increasingly complex, so does our understanding and approach to protecting the invisibly connected web of life below the ocean surface. Grey reef sharks are changing their rhythm, and offering us a chance to change ours.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06707-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



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Reef sharks are abandoning their homes due to ocean warming

Environmental scientists have stumbled upon a concerning pattern. They have...

Records show that koalas, one of Australia's most iconic creatures, are facing a dire situation due to habitat loss. 



The most common destination for these cuddly natives? Not the safe and lush eucalyptus canopies but sadly, veterinary hospitals.



And even worse, most of them are euthanized. This is a bitter reality revealed by a recent study from the University of Queensland (UQ).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-opening-research">Eye-opening research</h2>



PhD candidate Renae Charalambous and her team at UQ’s Faculty of Science have opened our eyes to this grim reality.



The researchers meticulously analyzed over 50,000 records of koala sightings and hospital admissions from 1997 to 2019. The findings are startling, to say the least.



"Diseases like chlamydia make up almost 30 percent of vet hospital admissions," noted Charalambous, painting a picture far from ideal.



As if diseases aren't bad enough, koalas also face numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/culling-is-not-effective-in-preventing-crocodile-attacks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a> due to habitat loss, including canine attacks and motor vehicle strikes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-koalas-diseases-and-habitat-loss">Koalas, diseases, and habitat loss</h2>



The numbers speak volumes. Only a quarter of the koalas admitted to hospitals find their way back to a suitable habitat. Many die before even getting a chance at treatment, and those who make it are often euthanized.



Road accidents contribute to nearly 20 percent of overall admissions. However, koalas struck by vehicles were four times more likely to be found dead than treated by a vet and released, according to the researchers.



"Those that made it to an animal hospital after car strike were almost three times more likely to be euthanized than released,” said Charalambous.



“Seven percent of the koalas admitted to hospital had been attacked by dogs but were twice as likely to be found dead, and if they were taken into care alive, they were twice as likely to be euthanized than released. These are pretty grim statistics so the future for koalas looks bleak.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-risk-population">High-risk population</h2>



The study also sheds light on the more vulnerable subset of the koala population - adults, females, and those infected with chlamydia - who are at a higher risk of being euthanized.



Time seems to be running out for these lovable creatures. The conservation status of koalas was recently updated to "endangered" in Queensland, after estimates showed that their numbers had dwindled by 50% in the last decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silver-lining-saving-koalas-and-their-habitats">Silver lining: Saving koalas and their habitats</h2>



Despite the grave situation, Charalambous believes it's not too late. She emphasizes the importance of understanding these distinctive challenges to formulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protecting-just-0-7-of-land-can-save-many-unique-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effective conservation plans</a> for the east coast koalas.



“This is a great opportunity to holistically address and minimize the threats they face,” said Charalambous. She hopes her research will help decision makers identify intervention strategies to save the remaining koala population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-role-in-koala-habitat-preservation">Community role in koala habitat preservation</h2>



Community engagement plays a vital role in the conservation of koalas. Local residents and volunteers can contribute significantly by participating in awareness campaigns, habitat restoration projects, and reporting koala sightings. 



Collaborative efforts between citizens and conservation organizations not only foster a sense of shared responsibility but also create a comprehensive approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">safeguarding wildlife</a>.



By educating the public on the environmental needs of koalas, especially regarding habitat preservation, communities can work together to mitigate some of the threats faced by these marsupials. 



Initiatives like Koala Spotting Days can encourage citizen science, making people active participants in conservation efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



Future research is essential to develop more effective strategies for koala <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-could-be-key-to-prevent-animal-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>. According to Charalambous, a multifaceted approach is needed to address the various threats koalas encounter.



This could involve studying the long-term impacts of habitat changes on koalas health, the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs, and the genetic diversity within remaining populations. 



Additionally, interdisciplinary research incorporating veterinary science, ecology, and environmental policy will be crucial in crafting adaptive management plans. 



By promoting collaborations across disciplines, scientists can better understand the complexities of koala survival in a rapidly changing environment and work towards sustainable solutions to ensure their future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://brill.com/view/journals/soan/aop/article-10.1163-15685306-bja10220/article-10.1163-15685306-bja10220.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society and Animals</a>.



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Koalas face critical threats from disease and habitat loss

Records show that koalas, one of Australia's most iconic creatures,...

As humans, we often find ourselves navigating through the concrete jungles of our cities, an ecosystem teeming with life and, sadly, litter. 



Among the cans, wrappers, and discarded masks, one particular item stands out, swirling in the urban breeze or ensnared in the skeletal grip of a leafless tree - the ubiquitous plastic bag, now banned in many states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battle-against-plastic">Battle against plastic</h2>



For many of us, plastic bags have become so ingrained in our daily routines that their environmental impact often slips our conscious thought. 



However, the scene is changing, and it's not by chance. Across the United States, a joint effort is underway to reduce - and hopefully eradicate - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-increases-create-identical-plastic-pollution-increase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these pesky pollutants</a>.



This is not just about cleaner streets but healthier beaches, waterways teeming with life, and brighter prospects for marine ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-statewide-plastic-bans-make-their-mark">Statewide plastic bans make their mark</h2>



Statewide bans on plastic bags are helping curb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental destruction</a>, according to a recent scientific analysis. These bans are, quite literally, paying off, and the evidence lies in the numbers.



The tale begins in the tumultuous period of the COVID-19 pandemic, when plastic bags were making an unwelcome comeback. 



Temporary suspensions of the bans led to a doubling of grocery bags collected in <a href="https://oceanconservancy.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean Conservancy</a>'s International Coastal Cleanup (ICC). Not our proudest moment, indeed. However, like the resilient human spirit, the situation took a turn for the better in 2020.



Today, with approximately one-quarter of the US population under statewide bans, there's been a marked decrease - 29 percent, to be precise - in the number of bags collected per volunteer. These stats date from 2022-23, compared to the pre-pandemic era (2013-2019).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-california-takes-the-lead-in-banning-plastic">California takes the lead in banning plastic</h2>



But who kickstarted this chain reaction? California was the pioneer, being the first of eleven states to implement a plastic bag ban back in 2015.



"Plastic bags are well-known to be one of the most deadly types of plastic pollution in our oceans," said Anja Brandon, Ocean Conservancy's director of plastics policy.



Brandon, an environmental engineer, has been instrumental in drafting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/norways-battle-against-plastic-pollution-represents-a-global-plague/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">state</a> and national legislation on plastic pollution. 



"We were really excited to see that with the increase in percentage of Americans who are covered by a strong plastic bag ban, we see less plastic bag pollution within our ICC dataset," she added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treasure-trove-of-data">Treasure trove of data</h2>



The dataset Brandon refers to comes from the ICC, an event that began in 1986. It's supplemented by voluntary cleanup efforts documented via the Clean Swell app or data sheets, all feeding into Ocean Conservancy's marine litter database. 



This is the largest of its kind, a treasure trove of information influencing scientists, conservationists, and policymakers. In fact, it's played a role in shaping legislation in states like California and Florida.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-price-tag-of-convenience">Hidden price tag of convenience</h2>



Why is a plastic bag such a big concern? Let's consider a turtle in the wild. This peaceful creature may mistake a drifting plastic bag for a tasty jellyfish treat. 



"Once they're ingested, they can bunch up and coil inside the stomach or intestines on an animal," explained Brandon. This leads to a myriad of health problems, including inability to feed, blockages, and even changes to buoyancy, impairing the turtle's ability to dive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-need-to-ban-plastic">Global need to ban plastic</h2>



It is essential to understand that this isn't a regional problem. We're grappling with a global quandary. "Every year, 11 million metric tons of plastic enter our oceans - that's over a&nbsp;garbage truck&nbsp;of plastic every single minute," said Brandon.



"I think it's a great reminder that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systemic challenges of&nbsp;plastic&nbsp;pollutio</a>n are not going to solve themselves - we need strong, effective policy interventions, we know what those are, we have the data to support them, we just need more of them."



The upcoming UN plastic treaty talks in South Korea offer a platform to escalate this dialogue towards global solutions and commitments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promoting-plastic-bans">Promoting plastic bans</h2>



We all have a stake in this narrative. The ICC encourages us to play our part in reducing plastic pollution. By participating, we contribute not just to a cleaner environment, but also help gather data that informs vital policies.



So, next time you're about to reach for a plastic bag at your local store, hold back. This small act can make a tangible difference in the health of our oceans and the vibrant life they sustain.



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Plastic bag bans have drastically reduced ocean pollution

As humans, we often find ourselves navigating through the concrete...

Research into one of the most persistent coral predators on the Great Barrier Reef has unveiled a concerning paradox: crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) seem to flourish in the degraded coral reef conditions they help create. 



This new insight into reef ecosystems comes from the work of Professor Maria Byrne from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> and marine science researcher Dr. Kennedy Wolfe. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilient-species-have-the-upper-hand">Resilient species have the upper hand</h2>



The study highlights the complex relationship between coral health and the population dynamics of COTS, offering vital information for conservation efforts.



“This research reinforces our understanding that resilient species have the upper hand when adjusting to altered habitats,” Byrne said. “Unfortunately, in the case of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-is-on-the-brink-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a>, one of these resilient species - the crown-of-thorns starfish - is one of its most persistent coral predators.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-coral-reefs">Threats to coral reefs</h2>



Coral reefs, often dubbed the “rainforests of the sea,” are essential ecosystems that sustain a wide variety of marine life. However, they are under serious threat from a range of stressors, including climate change, pollution, and overfishing.&nbsp;



One of the greatest challenges to coral reefs is outbreaks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crown-of-thorns-starfish-are-natures-ultimate-coral-predators-and-they-are-winning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crown-of-thorns starfish</a>, which can devastate coral populations and accelerate reef degradation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-degraded-reef-hypothesis-nbsp">Degraded reef hypothesis&nbsp;</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106740" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Environmental Research</a>, the study proposes a “degraded reef hypothesis” to better explain how COTS populations persist despite substantial efforts to control them. 



This hypothesis suggests that the very degradation of coral reefs, largely caused by factors like heatwaves and pollution, creates conditions that benefit the juvenile stages of COTS.



As live coral becomes degraded, the rubble habitats that emerge provide a nursery for juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish. This allows them to accumulate and remain hidden, waiting for the coral to begin recovering before emerging as coral-eating adults. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-vicious-cycle-of-reef-degradation">A vicious cycle of reef degradation </h2>



The delayed surges in COTS populations exacerbate coral loss and create a vicious cycle of reef degradation.



“Our previous research has shown that juvenile COTS can wait for just the right moment to emerge in large numbers; sometimes up to six years,” Byrne explained. This ability to bide their time adds to the challenge of managing COTS outbreaks effectively.



The study emphasizes that the same conditions contributing to coral degradation, such as cyclones, heatwaves, and pollution, are favorable for crown-of-thorns starfish.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-degraded-coral-and-starfish-outbreaks">Degraded coral and starfish outbreaks</h2>



The resilience of COTS presents a significant challenge for conservation efforts aimed at restoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/measure-coral-reef-health-water-samples/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral health</a>, as any recovery in coral populations could also fuel new COTS outbreaks.



“Our findings reveal a critical feedback loop in reef ecosystems,” said Wolfe, who began his research career as a PhD student at the University of Sydney. “COTS populations may thrive as coral reefs degrade, leading to further coral loss. This cycle not only threatens corals but also the range of species that depend on healthy reefs for survival.”



According to Byrne, this feedback loop explains repeated outbreaks on the Great Barrier Reef, despite exhaustive management through manual culling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-management-strategies-are-needed">Effective management strategies are needed</h2>



The study underlines the importance of a multifaceted approach to coral reef conservation that not only targets the root causes of degradation but also considers broader ecological interactions.&nbsp;



Effective management strategies must address the resilience of COTS and their ability to exploit weakened coral environments. “These coral predators are a symptom of ongoing environmental impact,” Byrne said.



By gaining a deeper understanding of how coral health and COTS populations interact, conservationists can devise more effective strategies to mitigate the starfish’s impact.&nbsp;



This could involve focusing on habitat restoration projects aimed at strengthening coral resilience, as well as measures to control nutrient runoff and reduce sedimentation that can contribute to reef decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-degradation-and-cots-outbreaks-nbsp">Coral degradation and COTS outbreaks&nbsp;</h2>



The study adds to the extensive research conducted by Byrne and her team, which has greatly improved the understanding of how COTS continue to thrive as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-pest-species-alter-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pest species</a> on the Great Barrier Reef. 



Through continued research and targeted intervention, there is hope that the cycle of coral degradation and COTS outbreaks can be broken, offering a brighter future for the world’s coral reefs.



“In a changing climate, COTS population resilience responds well to, and likely even benefits from, degrading reef condition and environmental stochasticity. From issues stemming from water quality, altered food webs, and reef degradation, the response of COTS is rapid and adaptive,” noted the study authors.&nbsp;



“Management aiming to conserve coral reefs must consider COTS not as a single issue, but as a symptom of ongoing environmental impacts that requires a broad response with knock-on benefits to reef ecosystems and their inhabitants.”



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Crown-of-thorns starfish thrive in degraded coral reefs

Research into one of the most persistent coral predators on...

The impact of urbanization on temperature is well-documented. Cities tend to be warmer than surrounding rural areas, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect.&nbsp;



However, fewer people are aware that urbanization also influences rainfall patterns, creating what is called the urban precipitation anomaly, where urban development significantly alters the amount of rain an area receives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rainfall-in-cities-worldwide-nbsp">Rainfall in cities worldwide&nbsp;</h2>



In a new study published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2311496121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, researchers from the <a href="https://www.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Austin</a> examined rainfall patterns in 1,056 cities worldwide and discovered that over 60% of these cities receive more rainfall than their surrounding rural regions.&nbsp;



In some instances, the difference is substantial. For example, Houston typically gets nearly five inches more rain annually than the surrounding rural areas.



These findings could have serious consequences, particularly with regard to worsening flash <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in densely urbanized regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-rainfall-anomalies-on-a-global-scale">Urban rainfall anomalies on a global scale</h2>



Scientists have known about variations in urban rainfall for decades, but this study is the first to examine the phenomenon on a global scale. Previous research primarily focused on specific cities or isolated storm events, according to study author Xinxin Sui, a PhD student at the Cockrell School of Engineering.&nbsp;



In this study, Sui and her colleagues analyzed satellite and radar precipitation datasets, examining daily rainfall anomalies in these 1,056 cities from 2001 to 2020.



“In general, we found that over 60% of these global cities have more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-rainfall-patterns-impact-plants-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> (than the surrounding countryside),” Sui said. “Then we compared with different climate zones and found that if the local climate is hotter, if it’s wetter, then it may have a larger rainfall anomaly compared to the cities in cooler and dryer places.”



In addition to Houston, other major cities with significant precipitation anomalies include Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, Lagos in Nigeria, and the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metro area in the U.S.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cities-redistribute-water-like-sponges">Cities redistribute water like sponges</h2>



Study co-author Dev Niyogi, a professor at the Jackson School of Geosciences and the Cockrell School of Engineering, explained that urban environments act like sponges, redistributing rain from one area to another.&nbsp;



Niyogi compared this to squeezing a sponge: “If you were to pinch one part of the sponge, you would have water coming down more forcefully from one side,” he said.&nbsp;



“The amount of water you have in the sponge is the same, but because now you have that dynamic sort of squeezing the atmosphere, you have more ability to take the water out from that location.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cities-located-in-valleys-get-less-rainfall">Cities located in valleys get less rainfall</h2>



Interestingly, while most cities receive more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> than rural areas, a few urban regions receive less. This tends to occur in cities located in valleys or lowlands where nearby mountains influence precipitation patterns. 



Cities like Seattle in Washington, Kyoto in Japan, and Jakarta in Indonesia experience this effect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-contributing-to-urban-rainfall0">Factors contributing to urban rainfall0</h2>



Several factors contribute to why most cities see increased rainfall. According to study co-author Liang Yang, a professor at the Jackson School, one key factor is the presence of tall buildings, which can block or slow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-method-developed-to-measure-the-wind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind</a> speeds, causing air to converge toward the city center.&nbsp;



“The buildings further enhance this convergence by slowing the winds, resulting in a stronger upward motion of air. This upward motion promotes the condensation of water vapor and cloud formation, which are critical conditions for producing rainfall and precipitation,” Yang explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-larger-populations-drive-urban-rainfall">Larger populations drive urban rainfall</h2>



The study also found that population size had the strongest correlation with urban rainfall anomalies compared to other factors related to the environment or urbanization.&nbsp;



Larger populations typically result in denser, taller cities, which generate more greenhouse gas emissions and heat, further intensifying the precipitation anomaly, according to Niyogi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-implications-of-the-study">Further implications of the study</h2>



As climate change accelerates, these findings have important implications for urban areas. Yang highlighted how the combination of increased rainfall in cities and the impervious surfaces characteristic of urban environments - such as concrete and asphalt - can create conditions ripe for flash flooding.



“Combining these two factors means we must develop innovative ways to prepare for flash flooding,” Yang said.



In light of the increasing risks, urban planners and policymakers will need to address the growing likelihood of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather events</a>, ensuring that cities are better prepared to handle both excess rainfall and the infrastructure challenges it presents.



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Cities experience more rainfall than surrounding areas

The impact of urbanization on temperature is well-documented. Cities tend...

We've all had that refreshing gulp of beer on a warm summer night or after a long, tiring day at work, but seldom do we associate beer with gut health. 



After all, it's usually the star of social gatherings, not dietary plans. But raise your glasses high and toast to this new and thought-provoking research from Dalian Medical University that reveals beer as not just a social lubricant, but potentially a gut-health enhancer.



The research's beacon, Dr. Jianxin Li, presents beer as more than just a frothy indulgence. He suggests that this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-evidence-that-beer-goggles-are-real-but-liquid-courage-is-definitely-a-thing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-old beverage</a>, often referred to as 'liquid bread', could be providing more than just a welcome chill on a balmy evening.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beer-as-a-historical-delight">Beer as a historical delight</h2>



It's pretty hard to imagine a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brewing-beer-in-space-the-future-of-fermentation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world without beer</a>, and history confirms its long-standing relationship with humanity. Traces of beer consumption date back to around 9,000 years ago in China. 



From ancient Babylonian feasts to present-day festivities, beer's cultural significance is underscores its pivotal role in human civilization. 



It holds an unshakable position as the most consumed alcoholic beverage globally -- only water and tea surpass it.



Interestingly, beer wasn't solely a source of joy as early as the third millennium BC; Babylonians were recording beer recipes on clay tablets. 



The narrative that beer functioned as 'liquid bread' might have more depth than previously thought, with recent research suggesting health benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-beer-the-key-gut-healthy-ingredients">Making beer: The key gut-healthy ingredients</h2>



Making beer starts with four main ingredients: water, malt, hops, and yeast. First, you soak malted barley in hot water to get those sugars out, which is called mashing. 



Then, you boil the sugary liquid -- known as wort -- and toss in some hops to give the beer its unique flavor and aroma. 



After boiling, cool down the wort and move it to a fermenter, where you'll add the yeast. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/old-trick-turns-plant-based-cheese-into-something-that-actually-tastes-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The yeast will munch on the sugars</a>, turning them into alcohol and carbon dioxide, which creates those nice bubbles in the beer.



Once fermentation wraps up, let the beer settle and mature so the flavors can develop and any unwanted bits can drop out.



Finally, you bottle or keg the beer, adding a little extra sugar for natural carbonation, or you can use CO2 for a quicker method. 



The whole journey from grain to glass can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months, depending on the beer style and the brewer's vibe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-gut-health-connects-to-beer">How gut health connects to beer</h2>



The question on everyone's lips: What makes beer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-influence-our-social-behavior-and-sense-of-fairness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a potential ally</a> for gut health? 



Dr. Li's research reveals that beer, rich in vital amino acids, vitamins, trace elements, and bioactive substances, can benefit our gut when consumed in moderation. 



These nutrients, broken down and fermented by our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tool-detects-changes-in-gut-health-to-help-prevent-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut's microbial community</a>, can regulate immunity and overall gut health.



Intriguingly, the study suggests that beer's bacteria can enhance arterial function and immune response, especially in healthy, non-smoking adults. 



So, while you're relishing that cold pint, you might be boosting your body's defenses. Cheers to that!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microecological-magic-of-beer">Microecological magic of beer</h2>



The blessings of beer aren't limited to boosting the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">your gut bacteria</a>. The research advances the concept of beer as a 'microecological modulator.' 



This refers to its capacity to minimize cancer risk, ease <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular issues</a>, and manage metabolic syndrome. 



Several studies confirm these claims, showing that moderate beer consumption can lower heart disease risk, improve circulation, and even help fend off upper respiratory infections.



From heart health to bone health, beer seems to be a gift that keeps on giving. Beer is rich in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-cholesterol-may-increase-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the 'good' cholesterol</a>, and polyphenols, which protect the heart. 



It also contains dietary silicon, supporting bone growth and strength. Some studies even suggest that moderate beer consumption can enhance bone density in older women and lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beer-and-your-microbiome">Beer and your microbiome</h2>



Beer does wonders for your gut's microbiome. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trouble-brewing-for-beer-decline-in-hop-production-causes-beer-shortages-and-bad-taste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Loaded with dietary fiber</a> and some probiotics, it helps maintain your gut's healthy microbial balance. By promoting beneficial bacteria's growth, beer might support overall gut health.



Beyond gut health, beer potentially offers several unexpected health benefits. Compounds in beer, like xanthohumol, have neuroprotective properties that might help preserve cognitive function and lower the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beer-could-help-protect-against-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia and Alzheimer’s disease</a>. 



Beer's high water content makes it a diuretic, helping in kidney function and reducing kidney stones risk. 



In addition, beer contains several B vitamins, including B2, B3, B5, B6, and folate. These are essential for cellular function and energy metabolism, adding another layer to beer’s potential health benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-beer-and-gut-health">Future of beer and gut health</h2>



In sum, the study from <a href="https://english.dmu.edu.cn/Admissions1/International_Student.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dalian Medical University</a> opens up an intriguing dialogue about beer's role in our diets. Could beer become a regular player in discussions on gut health and immune function? 



Dr. Li and his team believe it's a possibility worth exploring. 



Needless to say, moderation is key. While beer offers several health benefits, over-consumption can have negative impact on health.



Always remember, not all beers are created equal. Low or non-alcoholic beers fortified with bioactive substances, like fiber or antioxidants, might provide the most significant health benefits.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1186927/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Nutrition</a>.



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Beer vs. probiotics: How drinking a pint is great for gut health

We've all had that refreshing gulp of beer on a...

Splashes,And,Drops,Of,Liquid,Oil.,Fresh,Olive,Or,Motor

Imagine electrons behaving like ants marching along a single line, clinging to the edge of a surface, unaffected by obstacles in their path. Typically, electrons are more chaotic -- moving in all directions, zero flow, scattering like billiard balls when they encounter an obstacle.



However, in some exotic materials, these charged particles can align themselves to flow in a precise, single-file order along the edges, a phenomenon physicists call an "edge state."



This unique behavior, where electrons flow and glide without friction around obstacles while staying glued to the edges, has now been directly observed in a cloud of ultracold atoms by a brilliant team of physicists. 



Led by Richard Fletcher, assistant professor of physics at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, the team has, for the first time, captured images of this frictionless flow in atoms, a breakthrough that could revolutionize the way we think about energy and data transmission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-electrons-flow-in-the-edge-state">How electrons flow in the edge state</h2>



The concept of edge states isn’t entirely new. Scientists first proposed it in 1980 while trying to explain a phenomenon now known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-superhighway-allows-electronic-devices-to-use-much-less-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum Hall effect</a>. 



In experiments conducted under extreme cold and magnetic fields, researchers observed that electrons didn’t flow uniformly through materials; instead, they accumulated on one side in specific quantum portions.



To make sense of this curious behavior, physicists suggested that these Hall currents were carried by edge states. Under a magnetic field, electrons in the material's current were thought to be deflected to its edges, flowing in a precise pattern. 



However, observing these edge states directly has been a major challenge because they occur at incredibly tiny scales, across fractions of a nanometer, and last for mere <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">femtoseconds</a> -- extremely fleeting and difficult to capture.



Instead of attempting to see electrons in these elusive states, Fletcher and his colleagues at MIT decided to replicate the same physics on a more observable scale. 



They turned their attention to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-quantum-coherence-chemical-reaction-chaos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultracold atoms</a> in a laboratory setting to recreate the behavior of electrons under a magnetic field. 



As Martin Zwierlein, the Thomas A. Frank Professor of Physics at MIT, explains, “In our setup, the same physics occurs in atoms, but over milliseconds and microns, allowing us to take images and observe the atoms’ behavior in real time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-an-ultracold-atomic-playground">Creating an ultracold atomic playground</h2>



The MIT team’s new experiment involved a cloud of about one million sodium atoms, corralled in a carefully controlled laser trap and cooled to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bose-einstein-condensate-bec-rare-form-quantum-matter-created-with-molecules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanokelvin temperatures</a> -- just a fraction above absolute zero. 



The scientists then manipulated the trap to spin the atoms, creating a centrifugal force that balanced with the inward pull of the trap, much like the spinning ride known as the Gravitron in amusement parks.



This delicate balance created a scenario where, from the atoms' perspective, their world appeared flat, even though it was spinning. 



There was also a third force at play: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coriolis effect</a>, which deflected the atoms whenever they tried to move in a straight line. This setup effectively made the atoms behave as if they were electrons moving under a magnetic field.



To introduce an “edge” into this fabricated environment, the researchers used a ring of laser light to form a circular wall around the spinning atoms. 



As they observed the system through high-resolution imaging, they saw that when the atoms encountered the laser ring, they began to flow along its edge in a single direction, much like electrons in an edge state.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-friction-no-problem">No friction, no problem</h2>



The atoms continued this friction-free journey even when obstacles were introduced along their path. The researchers placed a small light -- a sort of "speed bump" -- along the edge of the laser ring. 



Astonishingly, the atoms didn’t scatter or slow down. They glided effortlessly past the obstacle, sticking to their edge-focused flow.



“We intentionally sent in this big, repulsive green blob, and the atoms should have bounced off it,” Fletcher explains. “But instead, they magically found their way around it, returned to the wall, and continued on their merry way.”



This result is significant because it directly mimics how electrons are predicted to behave in similar edge states. 



The team's observations prove that this setup of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trapped-atoms-forced-to-serve-as-transistors-quantum-network/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultracold atoms</a> is a reliable stand-in for studying the behavior of electrons in edge states, which are notoriously difficult to observe directly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-edge-state-atoms-and-future-tech">Edge state atoms and future tech</h2>



Why does this matter? Understanding and controlling edge states in electrons could lead to remarkable advances in technology. 



Imagine materials where electrons move without friction along the edges, transporting energy or data with perfect efficiency, no loss, and no heat generation. 



This could revolutionize electronics, making devices far more energy-efficient and powerful.



"You could imagine making little pieces of a suitable material and putting it inside future devices, so electrons could shuttle along the edges and between different parts of your circuit without any loss,” Fletcher suggests. 



The team’s findings lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at manipulating electrons to achieve this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-levitation-breakthrough-unlocks-gravity-free-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frictionless</a> flow, potentially paving the way for super-efficient electronic devices and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-vibrating-atoms-tune-single-electron-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy systems</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beauty-of-electron-flow-made-visible">Beauty of electron flow, made visible</h2>



Beyond the practical applications, there is also a sense of wonder in seeing something so fleeting and small. 



“To actually see them is quite a special thing because these states occur over femtoseconds, and across fractions of a nanometer, which is incredibly difficult to capture,” says Fletcher. 



“It’s a very clean realization of a very beautiful piece of physics, and we can directly demonstrate the importance and reality of this edge.”



Next, the team plans to introduce more obstacles and interactions into the system, venturing into uncharted territory where the outcomes are still unclear. 



They hope to uncover even more about the fundamental nature of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intense-quantum-light-generates-weird-electron-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elusive states</a> and explore how they might be harnessed in real-world materials and technologies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-questions-than-answers">More questions than answers</h2>



While the team’s results are promising, they also open up many questions. How will these edge states behave in more complex environments? 



Can they be reproduced reliably in various materials, not just ultracold atoms? Could we eventually create real-world materials that leverage these properties on a large scale?



These are the questions that Fletcher and his team will continue to explore. As they probe deeper into the mysteries of edge states, they might just uncover the next big leap in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">material science and technology</a>. 



But for now, we can marvel at this unique glimpse into a world where physics behaves in strange and wonderful ways, right at the edges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02617-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a>.



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'Edge state' atoms: How electrons find their groove in frictionless flow

Imagine electrons behaving like ants marching along a single line,...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

While eating, the gorillas hummed! While there had been stories of the apes &#8220;singing&#8221; before, there was no video evidence to confirm the behavior. There were quite a few quirks within the performance. Photo credit: Mark Davis/Getty Images

Hmmmmmm...

That wasn't the only unique behavior the camera captured, though. One night during mealtime, the spy gorilla recorded something that scientists hadn't seen before. They couldn't believe their eyes...or ears. Photo credit: David S. Bustamante/Soccrates Images/Getty Images