Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Sombrero Galaxy, with its magnificent structure captured in stunning detail by the Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sombrero-galaxy-nbsp">Sombrero Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104, is one of the most intriguing and easily recognizable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> in the night sky, notable for its bright nucleus, large central bulge, and prominent dust lane that gives it a sombrero-like appearance when viewed from Earth. It is located in the constellation Virgo, about 29 million light-years away.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



Its most distinguishing feature is the dark dust lane that encircles the galaxy along its equator, resembling the rim of a sombrero hat. This dust lane is composed of interstellar dust and gas, where new stars are being born.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-type-and-structure">Galaxy type and structure</h3>



The Sombrero Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)a galaxy, indicating it is an unbarred spiral galaxy with a prominent nucleus. However, its large bulge and dust lane also give it characteristics of an elliptical galaxy and a lenticular galaxy, making it a hybrid of sorts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-nucleus">Bright nucleus</h3>



The galaxy has a very bright nucleus, which is thought to house a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/">supermassive black hole</a>. Observations suggest the black hole at its center is one of the most massive known, with an estimated mass of hundreds of millions of solar masses.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-scale">Size and scale</h3>



The Sombrero Galaxy spans about 50,000 light-years in diameter, making it about half the size of our Milky Way. Its halo is also populated with globular clusters, similar to the Milky Way, though the exact number is still a subject of research.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-discovery">Research and discovery</h3>



Due to its unique features and relatively close proximity, the Sombrero Galaxy has been a focus of research and has been extensively studied across various wavelengths, from radio to X-ray. These studies have helped astronomers gain insights into the processes of galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/">formation</a> and evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-expanding-universe-model-nbsp">The expanding universe model&nbsp;</h2>



The expanding universe model is a fundamental concept in cosmology that describes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/">universe</a> as continuously growing in scale over time. This model is based on observations that galaxies are moving away from each other, with their separation increasing as time progresses.&nbsp;



The Sombrero Galaxy was one of the first galaxies to be identified as having a redshift, indicating it is moving away from us, which was an important piece of evidence supporting the expanding universe model. The key aspects of this model include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-law">Hubble's Law</h3>



In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are receding from each other at velocities proportional to their distances. This relationship, known as Hubble's Law, provided the first observational evidence for the expanding universe. It suggests that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it appears to be moving away from us.&nbsp;



This expansion is often described by the analogy of dots on an inflating balloon; as the balloon expands, the dots (representing galaxies) move away from each other.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-bang-theory">Big Bang Theory</h3>



The expanding universe model is a cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began as a singular, extremely hot and dense point approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. This theory explains the creation of all space, time, matter, and energy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-microwave-background-radiation">Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation</h3>



The discovery of the CMB in 1965 provided strong evidence for the Big Bang theory and the expanding universe model. The CMB is the afterglow radiation from the Big Bang, observed as a faint microwave signal pervasive throughout the universe. It is considered a snapshot of the infant universe, showing a time about 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the universe had cooled enough for atoms to form and light to travel freely.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-expansion">Accelerated Expansion</h3>



Observations of distant supernovae in the late 20th century revealed that the universe's expansion is accelerating, not slowing down as previously assumed. This acceleration is attributed to a mysterious force termed "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/">dark energy</a>," which constitutes about 68% of the total energy content of the universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmological-principle">Cosmological Principle</h3>



The model is based on the cosmological principle, which states that on large scales, the universe is homogeneous (uniform in composition) and isotropic (appearing the same in all directions). This principle supports the observation that the expansion of the universe is uniform and not directed outward from a central point.



The expanding universe model has profoundly impacted our understanding of cosmology, leading to further inquiries into the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the ultimate fate of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



"NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy," said ESA.



"As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat."



"At a relatively bright magnitude of +8, M104 is just beyond the limit of naked-eye visibility and is easily seen through small telescopes. The Sombrero lies at the southern edge of the rich Virgo cluster of galaxies and is one of the most massive objects in that group, equivalent to 800 billion suns. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 30 million light-years from Earth."



Image Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The brilliant Sombrero Galaxy hints at an expanding universe 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Montgomery Reef in Western Australia, where one of the world's most significant tidal ranges is displayed. 



Montgomery Reef is a remarkable natural formation located in the Kimberley region. This unique reef system covers an area of more than 300 square kilometers, making it one of the largest inshore reefs in Australia.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-montgomery-reef-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Montgomery Reef&nbsp;</h2>



What makes Montgomery Reef especially fascinating is its dynamic nature; during low tide, the reef dramatically emerges from the ocean, revealing a vast expanse of sandstone islets, seaweed-covered coral, and tidal lagoons.



As the tide falls, water cascades down the sides of the emerging reef, creating temporary waterfalls and exposing a rich ecosystem that includes marine life like turtles, reef sharks, and various species of fish and birds, which can be seen feeding in the shallow pools left by the receding water.&nbsp;



This dynamic interaction between the sea and the reef makes Montgomery Reef a popular destination for tourists, particularly those interested in nature and photography.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-montgomery-reef-nbsp">Structure of Montgomery Reef&nbsp;</h2>



Montgomery Reef's current structure is layered over a flat-topped mesa of dolomite and sandstone formed around 1.8 billion years ago, now covered with marine life, including the coralline algae rhodolith. The reef is adorned with both hard and soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a>, resilient to the extreme tidal temperature fluctuations and prolonged exposure during low tide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-montgomery-reef-wildlife">Montgomery Reef wildlife</h2>



The wildlife on and around Montgomery Reef is incredibly diverse and includes a wide variety of marine and bird species. The reef is home to an array of marine life such as sea turtles, including the hawksbill and green turtles, which use the reef as a feeding ground. Dugongs can often be seen grazing on sea grasses, while various species of sharks and rays patrol the waters.



Additionally, the reef supports a vibrant population of fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, making it a vital habitat in the marine ecosystem. The intertidal zones provide breeding grounds for numerous bird species, including the white-bellied sea eagle and various species of herons and waders.



Montgomery Reef is also significant for its cultural heritage, being part of the traditional sea country of the Dambimangari people, who have a deep spiritual connection to the area. This adds an important cultural dimension to the natural biodiversity of the reef.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-coral-bleaching-event-nbsp">Global coral bleaching event&nbsp;</h2>



Despite their resilience, these corals faced significant stress in 2016 during a global bleaching event that followed a marine heat wave. More recently, in April 2024, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed the fourth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global coral bleaching event</a> on record. 



While Montgomery Reef has yet to show signs of bleaching, NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch suggests that corals in southwestern Western Australia and near the equator are currently more susceptible to bleaching risks.



The mass bleaching event has been confirmed in numerous regions, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a>, the Caribbean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.



Coral bleaching occurs when corals, stressed by elevated sea temperatures, expel the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) that give them color and provide most of their energy. This can lead to coral death if the stress continues for a prolonged period, though recovery is possible if conditions improve relatively quickly.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-to-address-climate-change-nbsp">Urgent need to address climate change&nbsp;</h2>



The widespread nature of this bleaching event has been attributed to unusually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-hit-a-record-high-this-week-with-the-worst-heat-still-to-come/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high sea temperatures</a> and is exacerbated by ongoing climate change.



The impact of such extensive bleaching is profound, affecting not only the biodiversity of coral ecosystems but also the economic and social structures of human communities dependent on these ecosystems for food, tourism, and coastline protection.&nbsp;



NOAA and other scientific bodies are emphasizing the urgent need for global efforts to address climate change and improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-corals-more-resilient-to-climate-change-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral resilience</a> through conservation and restoration initiatives​.



The image was captured on April 29, 2024 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Montgomery Reef: A uniquely dynamic ecosystem

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station.&nbsp;



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. 



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;



The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.



This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;



This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;



The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.



One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. 



This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;



This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Shasta Lake, which has reached near-full capacity for the second consecutive year in 2024. Following similarly high levels in spring 2023, this marks a significant recovery from the severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadrought-in-the-western-u-s-is-the-worst-in-at-least-1200-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and reduced water levels experienced from 2019 to 2022.



The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite captured this image of Shasta Lake on May 7, 2024, showing the reservoir at 96 percent of its total capacity, which is 114 percent of the average for that date. By contrast, an image from Landsat 9 in April of 2022 showed the lake at only 39 percent capacity, with the year's maximum reaching just 40 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-shasta-lake-nbsp">Transformation of Shasta Lake&nbsp;</h2>



The turnaround began in early 2023, driven by heavy rains and substantial runoff from an above-average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> in the mountains. By May 29, 2023, the reservoir had filled to 98 percent of its capacity, erasing the visible "bathtub ring" that had marked its perimeter in previous years.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water levels</a> at Shasta Lake began to rise significantly again by mid-January 2024 due to persistent storms, leading to higher levels at the start of 2024 than in the previous year. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abundance-of-rainfall">Abundance of rainfall</h2>



By mid-February 2024, the reservoir was considered excessively full for the season. In an effort to accommodate more inflow and reduce flood risks, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation increased water discharges to up to seven times the winter baseline rate.



The abundance of rainfall in early 2024 also benefited other state reservoirs like Lake Oroville, which reached full capacity for a second year. Despite ongoing water releases, it held 128 percent of its average capacity in early May 2024.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-gains-nbsp">Groundwater gains&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater</a>, which typically makes up 40 percent of California's water supply and up to 60 percent in dry years, also saw improvements. The California Department of Water Resources reported a net gain of 4.1 million acre-feet in managed groundwater recharge during the last water year (October 2022 through September 2023), marking the first annual increase since 2019.&nbsp;



However, the department estimates it would require five consecutive above-average water years to recover from the deficits of the past two decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-shasta-lake">More about Shasta Lake</h2>



Shasta Lake, located in Northern California, is the largest reservoir in the state. It was created by the damming of the Sacramento River with the construction of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-strategy-fish-species-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shasta Dam</a> in the 1940s. This massive lake is a popular destination for a variety of recreational activities including fishing, boating, and water skiing.



The lake's surroundings are characterized by scenic landscapes, including the Shasta-Trinity National Forest which is a popular destination for hiking, camping, and exploring diverse wildlife and natural beauty. The area is also known for its geological significance, featuring a variety of volcanic features and the nearby Mount Shasta, a prominent volcanic peak.



Additionally, Shasta Lake plays a crucial role in water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control in California. Its capacity and strategic location make it integral to the Central Valley Project, which manages the water resources of the region for agricultural, urban, and environmental uses.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Shasta Lake is full for the second consecutive year

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.



In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. 



"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”



Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.



One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;



In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.



A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;



"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. 



These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;



“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;



“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”



The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Which is a problem for humans because diving too deep underwater may cause blood vessels in the lungs to rupture, often causing death. So how in the world do these superhuman swimmers navigate the ocean like they have gills? Photo Credit: Alexis Rosenfeld/Getty Images

Navigating Like Fish

The human brain is constantly bombarded with a flood of sensory experiences, yet only a few of these experiences become memorable. What determines which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-waves-move-in-opposite-ways-to-make-memories-and-to-remember/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memories</a> stick and which fade away?



A recent study published in Nature Human Behavior by scientists from <a href="https://www.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University</a> provides new insights into this age-old question. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-human-brain-memory">Complexity of human brain memory</h2>



Led by Ilker Yildirim, an assistant professor of psychology, and John Lafferty, the John C. Malone Professor of Statistics and Data Science, the research indicates that the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creating-lasting-memories-damages-dna-brain-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> gives more importance to memories it cannot easily explain or interpret. 



The study proposes that if an experience is difficult to understand or unexpected, the brain is more likely to retain it. This suggests that the brain's ability to explain or predict an event plays a crucial role in determining which experiences become lasting memories.



"The mind prioritizes remembering things that it is not able to explain very well," says Yildirim. "If a scene is predictable and not surprising, it might be ignored."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-memories">Surprising memories</h2>



To illustrate this point, consider a scenario where you encounter a fire hydrant in a remote natural environment. 



The presence of the fire hydrant in such an unexpected setting makes the scene difficult to interpret, and thus, more memorable. 



This suggests that the human brain is wired to pay more attention to and remember unusual or complex experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-ai-with-behavioral-analysis">Combining AI with behavioral analysis</h2>



The study involved developing a computational model to explore the process of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-breathing-impacts-memory-formation-during-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory formation</a> in human brain, focusing on two key steps: the compression of visual signals and their reconstruction. 



The researchers then conducted a series of experiments where participants were shown a rapid sequence of natural images and later asked to recall specific ones.



The findings revealed that images which were harder for the computational model to reconstruct were more likely to be remembered by the participants. 



Moreover, this suggests that the complexity and unpredictability of a visual scene play significant roles in determining its memorability.



"We used an AI model to try to shed light on perception of scenes by people," says Lafferty, who is also the director of the Center for Neurocomputation and Machine Intelligence at the <a href="https://wti.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wu Tsai Institute at Yale</a>. "This understanding could help in the development of more efficient memory systems for AI in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-ai-and-human-brain-memory">Implications for AI and human brain memory</h2>



The insights from this study not only advance our understanding of human memory but also have potential applications in the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-invent-computer-that-operates-just-like-the-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a>.



By mimicking the human brain's approach to memory, AI systems could be designed to prioritize and remember information more efficiently.



Our brains focus on experiences that are difficult to interpret, ensuring that the most significant and potentially useful memories are retained.



This new understanding could pave the way for advancements in both neuroscience and artificial intelligence, offering a deeper appreciation of how we remember and why some memories stand out more than others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-understanding-human-brain-memory">Potential of understanding human brain memory</h2>



Understanding how the human brain forms and retains memories can significantly impact various fields. The potential applications include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhancing educational methods</h3>



Understanding memory mechanisms can lead to the development of personalized learning strategies that make information more memorable. 



Educators can design curricula that leverage memory retention principles, ensuring that complex and unexpected information is presented in an engaging way to enhance student retention.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Improving mental health treatments</h3>



Knowledge of memory formation in human brain can aid in developing therapies for conditions like PTSD, where traumatic memories are overly vivid. Techniques could be devised to help reframe or diminish the impact of these memories. 



Additionally, cognitive rehabilitation programs can be designed for individuals with memory impairments due to injury or disease, using principles derived from this research to strengthen memory retention.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhancing user experience in technology</h3>



Personalized content delivery algorithms can be developed to deliver content that is more likely to be remembered by users, improving engagement and satisfaction. 



Virtual and augmented reality technologies can use principles of memory retention to create more impactful and memorable experiences, whether for entertainment, education, or training purposes.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01870-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How the human brain decides which memories to remember

The human brain is constantly bombarded with a flood of...

By documenting and sampling 75 locations across Alaska’s Brooks Range, researchers have found that dozens of Alaska’s remote streams and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-disrupting-the-seasonal-flow-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a> have turned from crystal clear blue to cloudy orange, likely due to minerals exposed by thawing permafrost.&nbsp;



This significant transformation of Alaska’s rivers could impact drinking water and fisheries in Arctic watersheds as the climate changes, according to a team of experts led by the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Park Service</a> (NPS), the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, and the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-changes-in-alaska-s-rivers">Color changes in Alaska’s rivers</h2>



“The more we flew around, we started noticing more and more orange rivers and streams,” said lead author Jon O’Donnell, an ecologist at the NPS’ Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network. 



“There are certain sites that look almost like a milky orange juice. Those orange streams can be problematic both in terms of being toxic but might also prevent migration of fish to spawning areas.”



O’Donnell first noticed the issue in 2018 when he saw a river that appeared rusty, despite being clear the previous year. He began compiling locations and collecting water samples from the remote region, where helicopters are often the only way to access these rivers and streams. 



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="sMz4krAm5b-3633602-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-river-changes-are-visible-from-space">River changes are visible from space</h2>



“The stained rivers are so big we can see them from space,” said senior author Brett Poulin, an assistant professor of environmental toxicology at UC Davis. “These have to be stained a lot to pick them up from space.” While&nbsp; the staining resembled acid mine drainage, no mines are near the impaired rivers.



One hypothesis is that thawing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-from-melting-permafrost-pose-great-risk-to-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost</a>, which stores minerals, releases metal ores when exposed to water and oxygen, causing acid and metal release. “Chemistry tells us minerals are weathering,” Poulin explained. “Understanding what’s in the water is a fingerprint as to what occurred.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metals-are-changing-the-colors-of-alaska-s-rivers">Metals are changing the colors of Alaska’s rivers</h2>



The affected rivers are on federal lands managed by the <a href="https://www.blm.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bureau of Land Management</a>, <a href="https://www.fws.gov/">Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, and NPS, including Gates of the Arctic and Kobuk Valley national parks. Poulin and Ph.D. candidate Taylor Evinger analyzed initial samples and collected more in August, with additional samples taken in June and July. This year, they will conduct three more sampling trips during the summer.



Some water samples had a pH of 2.3, compared to an average pH of 8, indicating highly acidic conditions that release metals such as iron, zinc, nickel, copper, and cadmium. “We see a lot of different types of metals in these waters,” Evinger said. “One of the most dominant metals is iron. That’s what is causing the color change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-water-changes-nbsp">Implications of the water changes&nbsp;</h2>



While O’Donnell first noticed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-colors-are-shifting-from-blue-to-yellow-and-green/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changes</a> in 2018, satellite images have shown stained waters dating back to 2008. “The issue is slowly propagating from small headwaters into bigger rivers over time,” he said. “When emergent issues or threats come about, we need to be able to understand them.”



The researchers are in the second year of a three-year grant aimed at understanding the water changes across Alaska's rivers, modeling other at-risk areas, and assessing implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drinking water</a> and fisheries.&nbsp;



The problem affects habitat, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-at-risk-climate-change-is-diminishing-global-water-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water quality</a>, and ecological systems, turning healthy areas into degraded habitats with fewer fish and invertebrates. If rural communities rely on these rivers for drinking water, they may eventually need treatment, and local fishing stocks could be impacted.



“There’s a lot of implications,” said O’Donnell. “As the climate continues to warm, we would expect permafrost to continue to thaw and so wherever there are these types of minerals, there’s potential for streams to be turning orange and becoming degraded in terms of water quality.”



More research is needed to understand whether rivers and streams can recover, possibly after cold weather promotes permafrost recovery. “I think there will be a lot more detailed work to follow up to address some of the uncertainties that we currently have,” O’Donnell concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01446-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications: Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



Image Credit: Ken Hill / National Park Service



Video Credit: UC Davis CAES



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Alaska’s rivers are rusting and the changes are visible from space

By documenting and sampling 75 locations across Alaska’s Brooks Range,...

We all know that feeling of being mentally drained, cooped up indoors, staring at screens with the walls closing in. Maybe it's a long workday, a rainy weekend, or just the modern malaise of too much time inside. But what if the solution to better mental health was as simple as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-biodiversity-areas-have-greater-mental-health-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stepping</a> outdoors?



A new survey suggests that spending just 67 minutes outdoors each day can work wonders for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-have-lost-years-of-time-to-poor-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> health. That's roughly the length of a good movie, a solid workout, or even just puttering around in the garden. And the benefits? Think of it as a refresh button for your brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indoors-vs-outdoors-impact-on-mental-health">Indoors vs. outdoors impact on mental health</h2>



Nearly 60% of Americans admit to feeling restless and agitated after spending too much time inside. The average breaking point is about 10.5 hours.



What happens when we’re stuck inside too long? Research reveals the following:



<ul>
<li>Depression: Prolonged indoor time leads 38% of people to report feelings of depression. The lack of sunlight and fresh air can significantly impact our mental state.</li>



<li>Anxiety: About 33% experience increased anxiety. The confinement and lack of physical activity can heighten stress and worry.</li>



<li>Loneliness: Another 32% feel lonely. Being isolated from others can create a sense of disconnection and isolation.</li>
</ul>



The good news is that stepping outside can quickly reverse these negative feelings. The positive effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improves-life-quality-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">being outdoors</a> include:



<ul>
<li>Relaxation: 68% of people say that spending time in nature helps them relax. The sights and sounds of the outdoors can significantly reduce stress levels.</li>



<li>Mood boost: 66% of people report feeling happier and more positive after being outside. Exposure to natural light and fresh air can lift our spirits and improve our mood.</li>



<li>Mental clarity: 64% experience improved mental clarity. Nature provides a calming environment that helps clear our minds and improve cognitive function.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-as-self-care">Nature as self-care</h2>



“From enhanced mood to feelings of relaxation and well-being, there are so many physical and mental benefits that come from breaking through the four walls and <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/camping-and-rv-travel-the-great-american-adventure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exploring open-air adventures</a> and activities,” says <a href="https://rvshare.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RVshare</a>’s CEO Jon Gray.



“During Mental Health Awareness Month in May, we are encouraged to be mindful of how we’re spending our time and factor outdoor experiences into our everyday lives, including our travel plans.”



Fortunately, it seems Americans are catching on to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-residents-better-mental-health-access-green-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits</a> of spending time outdoors. The survey found that:



<ul>
<li>Increased priority: 57% of Americans are now prioritizing outdoor time more than ever before. This shift indicates a growing awareness of the importance of connecting with nature for overall well-being.</li>



<li>Mental health benefits: 59% of respondents say that engaging in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-play-is-a-vital-part-of-a-childs-upbringing-and-parents-play-a-critical-role/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outdoor activities</a> benefits their mental health. The positive impact on mood and mental clarity is becoming widely recognized.</li>



<li>Physical health benefits: 58% of people also report that outdoor activities benefit their physical health. Regular exposure to nature encourages physical activity, which is essential for maintaining good health.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Popular outdoor activities</h2>



The appreciation for the outdoors is not limited to simple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birdwatching-can-significantly-improve-students-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activities</a>. People are embracing a variety of outdoor pursuits. Some of the most popular include:



<ul>
<li>Grilling or cooking outside: 23% of respondents enjoy grilling or cooking outside. This activity combines the pleasures of food with the benefits of being outdoors.</li>



<li>Hiking: 14% of people prefer hiking. This activity allows individuals to explore natural landscapes while getting exercise.</li>



<li>Camping: 11% of respondents find camping to be their preferred outdoor activity. Camping provides an immersive experience in nature, offering both relaxation and adventure.</li>
</ul>



These activities highlight the diverse ways people are incorporating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-walking-quantifiably-improves-brain-health-and-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outdoor time</a> into their lives, recognizing both the mental and physical health benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-shifts">Pandemic shifts</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/financial-losses-during-the-pandemic-took-a-toll-on-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a> has undoubtedly changed how we view travel. Now, it's less about crowded cities and more about wide-open spaces:



<ul>
<li>16%&nbsp;are traveling to more nature-focused destinations.</li>



<li>15%&nbsp;are specifically seeking trips that boost their mental well-being.</li>



<li>67%&nbsp;consider travel itself a form of self-care.</li>
</ul>



Interestingly, road trips are making a comeback, with 57% preferring to drive over flying. This might be because 83% believe the journey is just as important as the destination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-benefits-being-outdoors">Mental health benefits being outdoors</h2>



For those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-forest-bathing-fresh-breath-for-teen-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">venturing outdoors</a>, the benefits are clear and significant. A substantial 36% of people experience a notable reduction in stress when they spend time outside. 



Additionally, 33% report feeling mentally recharged and rejuvenated, highlighting the restorative power of nature on the mind. 



Furthermore, 23% of individuals develop a deeper sense of gratitude for their lives, finding that outdoor experiences help them appreciate their surroundings and personal well-being more profoundly. 



These statistics emphasize the profound positive impact that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-experiences-alter-time-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spending time in nature</a> can have on mental health and overall outlook on life.



“A key takeaway here is that spending time in nature and on the open road while traveling has both physical and mental benefits,” says Gray. 



“Whether soaking up the Sun, hiking a new trail, or gazing up at the starry sky, we’ve all experienced the invaluable renewal, mental clarity, and freeness that comes from being outdoors," he concluded.



It seems the prescription for a healthier mind might be simpler than we thought. So, lace up your hiking boots, fire up the grill, or just find a quiet spot to sit under a tree. Your brain will thank you.



This study was done by <a href="https://talkerresearch.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Talker Research</a>, whose team members are members of the Market Research Society (<a href="https://www.mrs.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MRS</a>) and the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research (<a href="https://esomar.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESOMAR</a>).



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Spending 67 minutes daily outdoors boosts mental health

We all know that feeling of being mentally drained, cooped...

They're the unwanted houseguests that seem to survive everything: the six-legged, skittering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pest-control-product-nemaslug-could-harm-beneficial-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a> known as cockroaches. You've likely encountered them in your kitchen, bathroom, or scurrying across your floor in the middle of the night. 



Have you ever wondered how these resilient creatures became such a global nuisance? A fascinating new study reveals the surprising history of cockroaches, their epic journey across continents, and how they became the ultimate survivalists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockroach-family-tree">Cockroach family tree</h2>



Scientists have long suspected that the German cockroach, the most common species found worldwide, actually originated in Southeast Asia. 



A recent study confirms this theory, tracing the German cockroach's lineage back to its ancestor, the Asian cockroach. By analyzing the genes of over 280 cockroaches from 17 countries and six continents, researchers pieced together a 2,000-year history of cockroach evolution and migration.



"It's not just an insect story," said Stephen Richards, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baylor College of Medicine</a> who studies insect genes and was not involved with the study. "It's an insect and humanity story."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hitchhiking-with-humans">Hitchhiking with humans</h2>



The study reveals that cockroaches embarked on a journey from their origins in Southeast Asia. They first traveled west to the Middle East around 1,200 years ago, likely hiding in soldiers' breadbaskets.



Then, about 270 years ago, they spread to Europe by traveling on Dutch and British East India Company trade routes. Once they arrived, inventions such as the steam engine and indoor plumbing helped them spread further and establish themselves in indoor environments, where they are commonly found today.



The cockroach's ability to adapt to new environments and thrive alongside humans demonstrates their remarkable resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-cockroach-s-spread-as-pests">Mapping the cockroach's spread as pests</h2>



Researchers identified two primary routes that cockroaches took to spread globally. The western route led them through the Middle East around 1,200 years ago, likely facilitated by their ability to stow away in soldiers' supplies. 



The eastern route, taken about 270 years ago, involved traveling on Dutch and British East India Company trade ships across vast oceans to Europe.



Once in Europe, technological advancements such as the steam engine and indoor plumbing helped cockroaches disperse further and thrive indoors. 



These routes allowed cockroaches to establish populations in diverse regions, adapting to various environments and becoming one of the most widespread and resilient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/save-a-spider-day-protecting-our-connection-with-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>.



Their ability to travel with humans and quickly adapt to new surroundings has played a crucial role in their global dominance. Understanding these migration patterns not only highlights the cockroach's resilience but also provides insights for better pest control strategies in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-of-the-cockroach-as-indoor-pests">Rise of the cockroach as indoor pests</h2>



Initially, cockroaches thrived outdoors, inhabiting forests and fields. As humans developed cities and indoor environments, cockroaches seized the opportunity to move indoors. Warm homes with abundant food sources proved ideal for these resourceful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-insects-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>.



The transition from outdoor to indoor life required cockroaches to adapt to new conditions. Over time, they evolved traits that helped them survive in human habitats. 



They became experts at hiding in small spaces, navigating dark areas, and reproducing quickly. This adaptability allowed them to thrive indoors, turning them into the persistent pests we know today.



Their ability to exploit human environments has made them successful in urban areas worldwide. This transition illustrates the cockroach's incredible resilience and adaptability, enabling them to persist despite human efforts to control them. 



Understanding this evolutionary journey helps us appreciate their tenacity and informs more effective pest management strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cockroach-resilience">Cockroach resilience</h2>



What makes cockroaches so difficult to eradicate? According to Qian Tang, a postdoctoral researcher studying insects at <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>, their rapid evolution is a key factor. 



Cockroaches can quickly develop resistance to pesticides, which makes them highly challenging to control. This rapid adaptation means that conventional pest control methods often become ineffective over time.



Understanding their evolutionary history and adaptive capabilities is crucial for developing more effective strategies to manage these persistent pests. By studying how cockroaches have evolved and adapted to different environments, researchers can identify potential weaknesses and target them more effectively. 



This knowledge can lead to the development of new pesticides or alternative control methods that are less likely to be resisted by cockroaches.



Overall, the ability of cockroaches to evolve quickly and adapt to various environments makes them a formidable challenge in pest control efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-cockroach-research">Future of cockroach research</h2>



The study of cockroach genetics and migration patterns not only sheds light on their past but also offers insights into their future. 



By unraveling the secrets of their resilience and adaptability, scientists hope to develop innovative pest control methods that can better manage these hardy insects. Perhaps one day, we'll finally be able to say goodbye to these unwanted houseguests for good.



The story of the cockroach is one of remarkable adaptability and resilience. From their origins in Southeast Asia to their global conquest, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> have demonstrated an uncanny ability to thrive in diverse environments. 



While they may be unwelcome guests in our homes, their fascinating history and evolutionary journey are a testament to the power of nature's ingenuity.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2401185121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Cockroaches became global pests by cleverly hitching rides with humans

They're the unwanted houseguests that seem to survive everything: the...

Moose,Resting,In,The,Grass,In,Alaska

Think about mammals and the animal kingdom's most iconic headgears: the majestic antlers of a moose, the curved horns of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bulls-are-helping-solve-the-mysteries-of-male-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bull</a>, or even the knobby ossicones of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-four-unique-giraffe-species-across-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">giraffe</a>. 



They seem as different as the mammals that sport them. However, a new research is turning that notion on its head.



A fascinating study suggests that these diverse headgear styles all sprouted from a common ancestral root. In other words, they're more like evolutionary cousins than completely separate inventions. This discovery is a major step in understanding how bone develops across all mammals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-headgear-of-mammals">Headgear of mammals</h2>



Researchers focused on the following headgears in animals:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Antlers</h3>



Animals such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-deer-awareness-day-a-story-of-vulnerability-and-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deer</a>, elk, and moose have antlers. These structures consist entirely of bone and are unique because they shed and regrow annually. 



During the growth phase, a soft, vascular skin known as "velvet" covers the antlers, supplying nutrients and oxygen to the developing bone. 



Once fully grown, the velvet is shed, revealing the hard, bony structure beneath. This cyclical process of shedding and regrowth allows the animals to produce larger and more complex antlers each year, which play a critical role in mating displays and combat during the breeding season.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Horns</h3>



Horns are found on animals such as cattle, sheep, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/goats-can-recognize-human-emotions-in-the-sound-of-a-voice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">goats</a>, and their kin. Unlike antlers, horns are permanent structures that grow continuously throughout the animal's life. 



They consist of a bony core covered by a sheath of keratin, the same protein that makes up human fingernails and hair. 



Horns serve various functions, including defense against predators, dominance displays, and intraspecies combat. The continuous growth of horns means that they can become quite large and elaborate over the course of an animal's life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ossicones</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-world-giraffe-day-celebrate-the-worlds-tallest-animal-on-the-earths-longest-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ossicones</a> are bony protrusions found on giraffes and their relatives, such as the okapi. These structures are covered in skin and fur, giving them a distinctive appearance. 



Unlike antlers, ossicones are not shed and regrown; they are permanent structures that form early in the animal's life. 



Ossicones play a role in thermoregulation and may also be used in combat between males during mating season. The presence of skin and fur over these bony knobs helps protect them from injury.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pronghorns</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pronghorn-lessons-conservation-crucial-preventing-species-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pronghorns</a> are unique structures found exclusively on pronghorn antelope. While they are similar to horns, they differ in several key ways. 



Pronghorns consist of a bony core covered by a keratin sheath, much like horns. However, the sheath of pronghorns is forked, giving it a distinctive appearance, and is shed and regrown annually. 



This combination of features -- being both forked and shed annually -- sets pronghorns apart from other types of headgear found in ruminant mammals. Pronghorns are used primarily for defense and display during the breeding season.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-mammal-headgears">Evolution of mammal headgears</h2>



Scientists have long puzzled over how these different headgear styles evolved. Did they develop independently in each animal group, or is there a deeper connection? 



That's where Zachary Calamari, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.amnh.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Museum of Natural History</a>, comes in.



Calamari and his team delved into the genetics of headgear development. They focused on transcriptomes, which are essentially snapshots of the genes that are active in a particular tissue at a particular time. 



By comparing the transcriptomes of developing horns in cattle to those of antlers in deer and skin in pigs (which lack headgear), they uncovered some intriguing patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-thread-in-mammals-headgears">Common thread in mammals' headgears</h2>



The research revealed that all ruminant headgear, including horns, antlers, ossicones, and pronghorns, likely evolved from paired bony outgrowths near the frontal bones of the skull. 



These structures originate from the cranial neural crest, an embryonic cell layer essential for forming the face. This cell layer not only contributes to facial bones but also forms these diverse headgear types. 



By studying gene expression patterns, scientists found that the same genetic mechanisms are at work in both horns and antlers, supporting a single evolutionary origin. 



This discovery helps explain the shared characteristics and variations in ruminant headgear, providing deeper insights into the evolution and development of these unique structures across different species. 



Understanding this common origin underscores the interconnectedness of evolutionary processes in shaping the diverse adaptations seen in ruminant mammals today.



"Our results provide more evidence that horns form from the cranial neural crest, an embryonic cell layer that forms the face, rather than from the cells that form the bones on the sides and back of the head. It is striking that these are the same cells that form antlers," explains John Flynn, a curator at the museum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-loves-a-good-remix">Evolution loves a good remix</h2>



This study paints a picture of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-may-have-become-warm-blooded-180-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> as a master remix artist. Instead of inventing headgear from scratch each time, it seems that nature took a basic bony blueprint and tweaked it to create the dazzling array of head adornments we see today.



"In addition to gene expression patterns that support a single origin of horns and antlers, our results also show the regulation of gene expression patterns in these structures may differ from other bones. These results help us understand the evolutionary history of horns and antlers and could suggest that differences in other ruminant cranial appendages, like ossicones and pronghorns, are also elaborations on a shared ancestral cranial appendage," Calamari explains.



So, the next time you see a moose with its impressive antlers or a giraffe with its quirky ossicones, remember that these seemingly distinct features share a surprisingly deep connection. It's a reminder that even the most diverse forms in nature can often be traced back to a common origin.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06134-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

All headgears of hoofed mammals come from a common ancestor

Think about mammals and the animal kingdom's most iconic headgears:...

Antarctica, the vast, icy continent at the bottom of our world, holds a chilling secret that could drastically reshape our coastlines within the next few decades. Scientists have just unveiled alarming new evidence: warm seawater is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relentlessly melting</a> away at the underbelly of the Thwaites Glacier, a massive ice formation ominously nicknamed the "Doomsday Glacier."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-doomsday-nickname">Why the "Doomsday" nickname?</h2>



Thwaites <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-future-behavior-of-thwaites-the-doomsday-glacier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glacier</a>, often called the Doomsday Glacier, is a colossal ice sheet in Antarctica. It spans 74.56 miles (120 kilometers) in width and plunges 0.75 miles (1.2 kilometers) in depth. 



The sheer volume of ice it holds is staggering, with the potential to raise global sea levels by 23.62 inches (60 centimeters) if it were to melt completely. 



This is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-sheets-can-retreat-much-faster-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant threat</a>. We've already seen notable social and economic impacts from just a few centimeters of sea-level rise. 



For instance, coastal erosion, increased flooding, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources have already posed challenges to communities worldwide. 



The potential rise of seawater could lead to widespread devastation, particularly in low-lying areas. Coastal cities, small island nations, and vulnerable ecosystems would face severe impacts. 



This underscores the urgent need to understand and mitigate the effects of Thwaites Glacier's melting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doomsday-glacier-melt-from-warm-water">Doomsday glacier melt from warm water</h2>



For the first time, researchers have witnessed the insidious process of warm seawater intrusion beneath Thwaites Glacier. This discovery was made possible by the keen eyes of the <a href="https://www.iceye.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICEYE</a> satellite.



This isn't just a gentle lapping at the edges; it's a forceful pumping that lifts and drops the glacier in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/doomsday-thwaites-glacier_melting-illustration_UC_Irvine_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continuous cycle</a>. Each time the ice touches the intruding seawater, intense melting occurs.



The glacier sits in a basin, and right now, the seawater is only reaching the edges. But scientists predict that within the next 10 to 20 years, this destructive dance will reach the deeper parts of the basin. That's when things could get truly catastrophic, with melting rates accelerating at an alarming pace.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underestimating-the-doomsday-glacier-urgency">Underestimating the Doomsday Glacier urgency</h2>



"Thwaites is the most unstable place in the Antarctic. The worry is that we are underestimating the speed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-the-rapid-retreat-of-the-thwaites-glacier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> is changing, which would be devastating for coastal communities around the world,” warns Dr. Christine Dow, a professor at the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Waterloo</a> and a co-author of the study.



If sea levels rise by half a meter or more, cities like Vancouver, Miami, and countless others would face severe flooding. Infrastructure would be damaged or destroyed, displacing millions of residents. 



Entire low-lying countries like Bangladesh, where vast areas are already at or below sea level, would struggle to cope with the encroaching waters. 



Pacific islands such as Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands would be particularly hard-hit. Rising sea levels could submerge entire communities, leading to mass migrations and loss of habitable land.



The social upheaval will be immense as communities relocate, creating climate refugees and straining resources in less affected regions. 



Economically, the impact of Doomsday Glacier melt would be devastating. Critical infrastructure, including ports, airports, and transportation networks, would be compromised. 



Agricultural lands would be lost to saltwater intrusion, affecting food supply chains. The cost of rebuilding and adapting to these changes would be astronomical, burdening both local economies and international aid systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-the-models">Improving the models</h2>



To understand just how dire this situation is, scientists like Dr. Dow are working tirelessly to refine their models of glacier melt. 



They're accounting for the complex interactions of seawater flowing in, subglacial water flowing out, and the mixing of the two. 



Their goal is to create more accurate predictions of how fast Thwaites is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petermann-glacier-melting-has-tripled-due-to-warm-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> and how much time we have left to act.



"At the moment, we don't have enough information to say one way or the other how much time there is before the ocean water intrusion is irreversible," admits Dr. Dow. 



But through rigorous research, they hope to narrow down sea level rise estimates to decades rather than centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climbing-everest-in-tennis-shoes">"Climbing Everest in tennis shoes"</h2>



The urgency of this research is clear, but the resources to support it are lagging. 



"We operate at the same budget in 2024 in real dollars that we were in the 1990s. We need to grow the community of glaciologists and physical oceanographers to address these observation issues sooner rather than later, but right now we’re still climbing Mount Everest in tennis shoes,” notes Dr. Eric Rignot, the lead author from <a href="https://uci.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Irvine</a>.



In other words, the scientific community is ready and eager to tackle this challenge, but they need the funding to do so effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-our-future-our-responsibility">Our future, our responsibility</h2>



The melting of Doomsday Glacier is a stark reminder that climate change is not a distant threat. It's happening now, with the potential to cause immense suffering within our lifetimes.



The focus should remain on reducing carbon emissions to avert the worst-case scenarios. Understanding the processes unfolding beneath Thwaites is crucial for adapting to the inevitable changes in our oceans.



The Doomsday Glacier is a ticking time bomb, but with continued research and swift action, we might just be able to defuse it before it's too late. Our future, and the future of our coastlines, depends on it.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404766121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Doomsday Glacier is relentlessly melting away due to warm water

Antarctica, the vast, icy continent at the bottom of our...

Summer is just around the corner, and for many Illinois residents, that means the familiar drone of cicadas will soon fill the air. But this summer is unique. As we gear up for this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trillions-of-cicadas-set-to-emerge-in-historic-u-s-invasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraordinary even</a>t, there's one question buzzing in the minds of many: what does this mean for people with tinnitus?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cicadas-hearing-damage-and-tinnitus">Cicadas, hearing damage, and tinnitus</h2>



Cicadas are insects known for their distinct, rhythmic calls, which can be both a soothing soundtrack for some and an irritating noise for others. 



But why are these insects so loud? And why is this year expected to be even louder than usual?



We are experiencing a rare convergence of cicada Broods XIII and XIX, who haven't synchronized their schedules since 1803. 



"We are all aware of the sounds of summer, with the sounds of cicadas being a distinctive part of that. But what we are talking about this summer is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cicada-urination-defies-what-scientists-thought-was-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">13-year and 17-year</a> periodical cicadas, which far outnumber the annual cicadas in number and in sheer sound levels," explains Fatima Husain, a professor of speech and hearing science at the <a href="https://illinois.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>.



These periodical cicadas are expected to create a veritable wall of sound, reaching decibel levels comparable to a jet engine (90-110 decibels). That's loud enough to cause concern for anyone's hearing health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-tinnitus">Understanding tinnitus</h2>



Tinnitus is the perception of noise or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-health-risks-of-headphones-and-earbuds-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ringing in the ears</a>. A common problem, tinnitus affects about 15% to 20% of people. 



Tinnitus isn't a condition itself -- it's a symptom of an underlying condition, such as age-related hearing loss, ear injury, or a circulatory system disorder.



The phantom noise of tinnitus may vary in pitch from a low roar to a high squeal, and you may hear it in one or both ears. 



In some cases, the sound can be so loud it interferes with your ability to concentrate or hear actual sound. Tinnitus may be present all the time, or it may come and go.



Tinnitus has various causes, such as exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-gamers-may-be-at-risk-of-irreversible-hearing-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loud noises</a>, ear infections, and earwax buildup. Age-related hearing loss, certain medications, and conditions like Meniere's disease can also contribute. Head or neck injuries and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders are additional factors.



The impact of tinnitus can be profound. For some, it is a mild annoyance. For others, it causes severe distress, affecting concentration and sleep. 



Moreover, the psychological effects, including anxiety, depression, and stress, can worsen the perception of the sound.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cicadas-can-often-ease-tinnitus-symptoms">Cicadas can often ease tinnitus symptoms</h2>



In some cases, the loud, broad frequency sounds of the cicadas can have a masking effect on tinnitus, reducing or even eliminating the perceived ringing in the ears. 



This effect was reported by many during previous cicada emergences in 2004 and 2021.



"In masking, what happens is that the external sound (the cicadas) is loud enough and of sufficient breadth of frequencies that it reduces all or some part of your tinnitus, such that the tinnitus becomes soft or inaudible," says Husain. 



However, this effect isn't universal and depends on the specific type of tinnitus and the cicada species involved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-cicadas-worsen-tinnitus-and-hearing">When cicadas worsen tinnitus and hearing</h2>



While some tinnitus sufferers might find relief in the cicada chorus, others may experience an exacerbation of their symptoms. 



Additionally, individuals with hyperacusis, a condition characterized by heightened sensitivity to everyday sounds, might find the cicadas' noise particularly bothersome.



"The loud sounds of the cicadas may also exacerbate tinnitus. So you need to check how the sounds make you feel," Husain cautions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-a-safe-and-enjoyable-cicada-summer">Tips for a safe and enjoyable cicada summer</h2>



Whether you're hoping for tinnitus relief or dreading the noise, it's crucial to take steps to protect your ears this summer. Here are some tips:



<ul>
<li>Limit exposure:&nbsp;The male cicadas produce their loudest sounds during the warmest parts of the day.&nbsp;If possible,&nbsp;stay indoors during peak hours.</li>



<li>Use ear protection:&nbsp;If you need to be outside,&nbsp;consider wearing foam earplugs or earphones.</li>



<li>Be mindful of your environment:&nbsp;The cicada calls are loudest near trees.&nbsp;If the noise is bothering you,&nbsp;move away from wooded areas.</li>



<li>Seek air-conditioned comfort:&nbsp;The hotter the day,&nbsp;the louder the cicadas.&nbsp;Enjoy the cool indoors to escape the noise.</li>
</ul>



Remember, this is a temporary phenomenon. The cicadas will subside in about six weeks, leaving us to enjoy the rest of our summer in peace and quiet (until they return in another 13 or 17 years, that is).



If you experience any discomfort or worsening of your tinnitus or hyperacusis symptoms, consult a healthcare professional immediately.



As we anticipate the arrival of Brood XIII and XIX, let's approach this unique event with curiosity, caution, and a healthy dose of respect for our noisy neighbors. 



After all, their summer symphony is a reminder of the fascinating complexity and diversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-insects-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural</a> world around us.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Cicadas' deafening noise can harm hearing and worsen tinnitus

Summer is just around the corner, and for many Illinois...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Therein lies both the problem and solution for this distinctive group. Being an expert fisherman is great and all, but you&#8217;re still beholden to the laws of being a human. One of the most basic of which involves needing oxygen on a very regular basis. Photo Credit: Bertrand RIEGER/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images

Human Limitations

n their unique situation, they truly live off what the ocean provides. The Bajau people have become expert divers and fishermen in order to survive. Most often, they utilize spears to catch fish and their diving ability to scour the ocean floor. Photo Credit: Bertrand RIEGER/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images