Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission view of Tutuila, a tropical island in the American Samoa archipelago.



American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of five main islands and two atolls. The largest and most populous island is Tutuila, where Pago Pago, the capital city, is situated.



The eastern part of the chain of islands forms the American Samoa, while the western part forms the independent state of Samoa.



Tutuila Island is known for its rugged terrain, lush landscapes, and deep harbors. It's the economic and political center of American Samoa, with the majority of the population residing here. The island's geography features volcanic peaks, with Mount Alava and Matafao Peak being the highest points, offering stunning views and rich biodiversity.



American Samoa as a whole has a unique blend of American and Samoan culture. The territory maintains traditional Samoan customs, making it a fascinating place for cultural studies. The economy primarily revolves around fishing and the services sector, with canned tuna being a significant export.



The National Park of American Samoa, partly located on Tutuila, helps preserve the tropical rainforests, coral reefs, and Samoan culture. This park is unique because it's one of the only national parks in the United States that's leased rather than owned by the government, reflecting the strong communal land traditions of Samoa.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Tutuila in the American Samoa archipelago 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the summit crater of Mount Erebus peeking through the clouds. Erebus is the southernmost active volcano on Earth and the second-highest volcano in Antarctica.



Mount Erebus is situated on Ross Island in the Ross Sea. It was discovered in 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it after his ship, the Erebus.



It stands at an elevation of about 3,794 meters (12,448 feet). It's a stratovolcano, characterized by a conical shape and layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.



Mount Erebus is known for its persistent lava lake, which is visible in the image. "The lake has been active since at least 1972 and is one of only a few long-lived lava lakes on Earth. It constantly churns and occasionally spews bombs of molten rock in Strombolian eruptions," said NASA.



"Geologists want to learn why an active lava lake has persisted here for so long. Recent research suggests one reason could be the magma’s low water content, which makes it less volatile as it approaches the surface."



Due to its unique features, Mount Erebus is an important site for scientific research. Researchers study its geology, unique gas emissions, and microbial life in its extreme environment.



However, the harsh Antarctic climate and its remote location make it a challenging environment for research. Additionally, its volcanic activity poses risks.



The image was captured on November 25,2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mount Erebus breaks through the clouds

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, and its surroundings. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on February 21, 2023.



"Situated some 50 km south of the North Korean border, the metropolitan area of Seoul appears as the grey area in the center of the image," says ESA.



"The Han River runs through the city, and to the right of the image it can be seen partly covered by ice. It is one of the biggest rivers in the Korean peninsula. It flows westward through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, named so because of the yellowish sand that colours its water."



"Seoul is surrounded by forested mountains, which appear brown in this wintery image. Bukhansan National Park lies just north of the city. The park is like an island, acting as a big green lung for the surrounding urban environment."



The population of Seoul is over 9 million people, and the metropolitan area, which includes neighboring cities like Incheon and Gyeonggi Province, is one of the most populous in the world.



Seoul is a city where ancient traditions meet cutting-edge technology. It is known for its vibrant cultural scene, extensive history, and rapid economic development. The city's skyline is a blend of modern skyscrapers and traditional palaces like Gyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung, showcasing its rich heritage.



Seoul is a hub for education, with several top-ranked universities and research institutes. The city also thrives in technology and innovation - home to global companies like Samsung and LG. Street markets like Myeongdong and Insadong offer a taste of local life and traditional crafts, while districts like Gangnam are famous for their upscale shopping and entertainment.



Seoul's green spaces, like Namsan Park and the Han River Park, provide a refuge from the urban hustle. The city's blend of history, culture, technology, and nature makes it a unique and dynamic metropolis, attracting millions of visitors each year.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Seoul, South Korea 

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features a Copernicus Sentinel-2 photograph of the city of Bentiu in South Sudan.



"The country has always experienced a degree of seasonal flooding, which normally recedes in the dry season. However, four consecutive years of incessant flooding have submerged villages, farmlands and roads. In 2023, flood waters reached almost 2 meters in some places," said ESA.



"This false-color image, captured in January 2023, clearly shows the extent of the flooded areas around Bentiu. Information from the mission’s near-infrared channel was used to process this image so water bodies appear in dark blue or black. Sediment in the waters is bright blue, while the vibrant shades of red, mainly bordering rivers, denote vegetation."



According to ESA, the yellowish area in the center of the image is the city of Bentiu - standing out like an island surrounded by floods.&nbsp;



"From Bentiu, the Bahr el-Ghazal River meanders through the inundated floodplain in a northeasterly direction. It can be traced in black in the right of the image flowing through Lake No into the White Nile," said ESA.



"Fed by the White Nile, the large, swampy area running from the centre of the image to the bottom right is the Sudd. It is a network of channels, lakes and swamps and one of Africa’s largest floodplains, providing watering and feeding grounds for many endemic mammals and birds, as well as for large populations of migratory species."



Bentiu is known for its significance in the oil industry. It's the capital of Unity State, an area rich in oil fields, making it a crucial economic hub for South Sudan. However, this wealth in natural resources has also made Bentiu a focal point of conflict, particularly during the South Sudanese Civil War.



The city's history has been shaped by its strategic importance in the region. It has seen significant development in the oil sector, but this has been marred by political and ethnic conflicts. These conflicts have often resulted in severe humanitarian crises, affecting the local population with issues like displacement and shortages of basic necessities.



Despite its challenges, Bentiu is a key player in South Sudan's economy and its future development. The city's role in the oil industry cannot be overstated, and efforts are ongoing to stabilize the region and improve living conditions for its residents.



The city's demographics are diverse, reflecting the ethnic variety of South Sudan, but this diversity has also been a source of tension at times. Efforts towards peace and reconciliation in Bentiu and the wider Unity State are crucial for the long-term stability and prosperity of South Sudan.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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The city of Bentiu in South Sudan

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska. With a size of approximately 1,680 square miles, Malaspina is the world’s largest piedmont glacier. It covers an area larger than the state of Rhode Island.&nbsp;



"To human eyes, glacial ice typically looks white tinged with blue. But in this false-color satellite image, the rippled ice of Alaska’s Malaspina Glacier appears more fiery than frosty," said NASA.



"In this configuration, watery features are displayed in reds, oranges, and yellows; vegetation appears green; and rock is shown in shades of blue."



A piedmont glacier forms when steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, where they spread out into bulbous, lobate shapes. Malaspina is fed by the Seward Ice Field and other smaller glaciers.&nbsp;



Despite its size, it's relatively thin for a glacier of its magnitude, averaging only about 600 meters (2,000 feet) in thickness.



The Malaspina Glacier is a classic example of a glacier experiencing significant retreat and thinning due to climate change. This has raised concerns about its long-term stability and the broader implications for sea-level rise.&nbsp;



The glacier's meltwater contributes to the Gulf of Alaska, and its changes are closely monitored by scientists.



Most of the Malaspina Glacier is located within Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Its visually striking nature, including crevasses and moraines, makes it a subject of interest not only for scientists but also for photographers and nature enthusiasts.&nbsp;



The image was captured on October 27, 2023 by the OLI-2 (Operational Land Imager-2) on Landsat 9.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska 

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151929/indonesian-fires-return-in-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Moon peeking over Earth's horizon. The image was captured as the International Space Station was orbiting over Iraq. 



"Taken at an oblique angle from an altitude of 406 kilometers (252 miles), the photo has a perspective that highlights Earth’s atmospheric limb, or the edge of the atmosphere," says NASA.



"The blue-toned haze that fades into the darkness of space is the mesosphere, which reaches an altitude of about 80 kilometers (50 miles). Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere. Although this layer is part of Earth’s atmosphere, it is commonly considered part of outer space."



According to NASA, the Moon is about 405,500 kilometers (251,000 miles) away from Earth at its furthest point, or apogee.



"Below the wispy clouds in the middle of the view is Lake Assad, a Euphrates River reservoir in northern Syria," notes NASA.



"Lake Assad is Syria’s largest lake and a primary source of the region’s drinking and irrigation water. The Tabqa Dam, which created the lake, is the largest hydroelectric dam in the country."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Moon peeks over Earth's horizon

Although many people wouldn’t have dared to pick up one of these giant crabs, they are actually friendly giants. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arsenic-in-connecticut-wells-linked-to-former-fruit-orchards/">Orchard</a> made sure that Mark didn’t have any cuts, otherwise, a tetanus shot may be required. As with all cuts, you may get from wildlife.

Although Mark’s hands were fine, Orchard did warn him of something else. Photo Credit:
washingtonpost.com

A Warning

A recent study emphasizes the critical need for concerted efforts and commitments to address the aviation sector's impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-co2-emissions-nbsp">Non-CO2 emissions&nbsp;</h2>



The comprehensive research underscores the complex nature of aviation's environmental impact, particularly focusing on non-CO2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/">emissions</a> like nitrogen oxides, soot, and water vapor. 



These emissions contribute significantly to global warming. For example, soot plays a role in the formation of contrails and "contrail cirrus," line-shaped clouds generated by aircraft exhaust that increase high clouds, further warming the Earth’s atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-in-depth-assessment-nbsp">In-depth assessment&nbsp;</h2>



The study was a collaborative effort by Manchester Metropolitan University, the University of Oxford, the <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>, and Imperial College London. 



The experts provide an in-depth assessment of aviation's non-CO2 effects on both climate and air quality, considering current and future technological and fuel changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inherent-uncertainties-nbsp">Inherent uncertainties&nbsp;</h2>



“What we highlight is the inherent uncertainties that remain in some of these very complex effects on climate from non-CO2 emissions," said Professor David Lee.



“More importantly, reducing the impact of emissions on the climate is not straightforward as practically all routes forward with conventional liquid hydrocarbon fuels involve ‘trade-offs’, mostly at the expense of emitting more CO2, whether it be technological or operational efforts."



“These trade-offs and uncertainties mean that there are no simple silver bullets or low-hanging fruit to solve the problem. What is often forgotten is, that while the non-CO2 climate impacts of, for example, an individual flight are short lived, a substantial proportion of the emitted CO2 persists for a very long time, literally tens of millennia. This means it is a difficult balancing act if reducing non-CO2 emissions leads to an increase in CO2 emissions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aviation-impacts">Aviation impacts</h2>



Professor Keith Shine cautions against hastily adopting strategies to decrease non-CO2 climate effects that could inadvertently increase CO2 emissions.&nbsp;



"We must be mindful that aviation affects local air quality as well as climate. Sometimes measures that improve one will be to the detriment of the other," said Professor Shine.



The researchers noted that aviation accounts for about 2.5% of global CO2 emissions from human activities and approximately 3.5% of the change in the atmosphere's energy balance. It also contributes around 4% of the increase in global mean temperatures.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-challenge-nbsp">Complex challenge&nbsp;</h2>



Decarbonizing the aviation sector is challenging due to its reliance on fossil kerosene (jet fuel) and the lengthy process of developing and replacing aircraft.



The pressing issue of aviation's contribution to climate change is expected to intensify, especially with the sector's growth after the COVID-19 pandemic. This contrasts with the emission reduction efforts in other sectors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research">Future research </h2>



Recognizing this challenge, the UK government, through the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), has announced a £10 million research program to inform policy decisions in this domain.&nbsp;



"This is a very welcome and much needed development by the government. Some of our previous research that was used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has vitally informed the government on the scale of the problem," said Professor Lee.



"We have endeavored to keep the Department for Transport informed of our work while we prepared this assessment, to inform the shape of future research needed.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ea00091e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science Atmospheres</a>.



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Aviation's contribution to climate change is expected to intensify

A recent study emphasizes the critical need for concerted efforts...

The year 2023 has been a hallmark of climatic extremes, with scorching <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-an-unknown-accomplice-driving-record-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heatwaves</a> during the summer and autumn raising alarm bells worldwide. As we approach winter, the looming question is whether we are on the brink of experiencing the warmest winter ever recorded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prelude-to-an-unprecedented-warm-winter">Prelude to an unprecedented warm winter</h2>



The period from June to October 2023 saw the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insanely-record-breaking-heat-has-even-shocked-climate-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global average temperature</a> surpassing the 1991-2020 average by a staggering 0.57℃. 



Notably, August and September broke all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blistering-heat-of-july-2023-broke-records-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">historical records</a>, exceeding average temperatures by 0.62℃ and 0.69℃, respectively. These figures eclipsed the previous records set in 2016, signifying a consistent trend in global warming.



The remarkable heat experienced in 2023 can be partially attributed to the reemergence of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-detects-early-warning-signs-of-an-el-nino-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> phenomenon, which returned after a seven-year hiatus. This natural event, coupled with ongoing global warming, has been a key driver in the series of temperature records shattered this year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-projecting-2023-24-winter-temperatures">Projecting 2023/24 winter temperatures</h2>



In an attempt to forecast the upcoming winter trends for 2023/24, the Short-Term Climate Prediction Team at the <a href="http://english.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Atmospheric Physics</a>, Chinese Academy of Sciences, utilized advanced climate prediction systems to analyze <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-2024_winter-weather-prediction_Credit-Zhang_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global climate anomalies</a>. 



Their research anticipates the maturation of a moderate to strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-hit-a-record-high-this-week-with-the-worst-heat-still-to-come/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eastern Pacific El Niño</a>, significantly influencing the winter climates of East Asia and North America.



The study underscores the combined impact of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> event and the long-term global warming trend. It predicts that regions in the mid-low latitudes of Eurasia and most parts of the Americas are likely to experience an exceptionally warm winter, with a 95% probability of setting new historical temperature records. 



In China, surface temperatures might surpass double the typical temperatures, potentially marking the highest winter temperature record since 1991.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-external-forcings">The role of external forcings</h2>



Understanding climate systems involves not only internal variability but also external forcings. The consecutive La Niña occurrences from 2020 to 2022, which momentarily delayed global warming, underscore the significance of such external factors. For instance, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2019 Australian wildfires</a> have been linked to triggering multi-year La Niñas.



The mechanism behind this involves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exploring-the-climate-warming-effects-of-wildfire-soot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfire aerosols</a> creating low clouds over the Southern Ocean, leading to reduced sea surface temperatures and favoring La Niña occurrences. 



Similarly, research by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-023-3254-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zhou &amp; Liu (2023)</a> from <a href="https://www.sysu.edu.cn/sysuen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sun Yat-sen University</a> indicates that past volcanic eruptions in the Southern Hemisphere frequently led to multi-year La Niña events, confirming the influence of Southern Ocean cooling on global climate patterns.



In summary, as we brace for the 2023/24 winter, the culmination of these climatic factors paints a picture of a potentially historic warm winter. This phenomenon serves as a stark reminder of the intricate interplay between natural events and human-induced climate change, urging continued research and proactive measures to address the escalating climate crisis.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-023-3330-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</a>.



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Prediction: This winter will be the warmest in recorded history

The year 2023 has been a hallmark of climatic extremes,...

Beautiful,African,Woman,Sitting,On,Bed,And,Reading,A,Book

An important new study emphasizes the significance of rhythmic speech, like nursery rhymes, in early language development in infants. 



This research, conducted by experts from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> and <a href="https://www.tcd.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a>, challenges traditional views on language acquisition. It suggests that babies learn languages primarily from rhythmic rather than phonetic information in their initial months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nursery-rhymes-and-language-learning">Nursery rhymes and language learning</h2>



Phonetic information, the smallest sound elements represented by the alphabet, has long been considered the foundation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-begin-to-learn-language-before-they-are-even-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language learning</a>. It was believed that infants learn these elements and combine them to form words. 



However, this new study posits that reliance on phonetic information comes too late in the language development process to be the primary method of learning.



Rhythmic speech, used in nursery rhymes, emphasizes the boundaries of individual words. It's proven to be an effective tool for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-storage-learn-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language learning</a>, even in the first months of life. This type of speech helps infants recognize and process language by emphasizing word boundaries through rhythm and tone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-babies-and-nursery-rhymes">Studying babies and nursery rhymes</h2>



The study involved recording brain activity in infants aged four, seven, and eleven months as they watched a video of a teacher singing nursery rhymes. They found that phonetic encoding in babies emerges gradually. Labial and nasal sounds are among the first to be encoded. Notably, reliable processing of individual speech sounds was not observed until around seven months of age.



“Our research shows that the individual sounds of speech are not processed reliably until around seven months, even though most infants can recognize familiar words like ‘bottle’ by this point,” said Cambridge neuroscientist, Professor Usha Goswami. “From then individual speech sounds are still added in very slowly – too slowly to form the basis of language.”



Professor Giovanni Di Liberto of Trinity College Dublin is the study's first author. He remarked, "This is the first evidence of how brain activity relating to phonetic information changes over time in response to continuous speech." 



Previous studies had focused on responses to nonsensical syllables, making this research a significant breakthrough.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-babyrhythm-project">The BabyRhythm project</h2>



The study is part of the <a href="https://www.cne.psychol.cam.ac.uk/babyrhythm-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BabyRhythm project</a>, led by Goswami. It investigates the connection between language learning, rhythmic speech, dyslexia, and developmental language disorders. 



A <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37399686/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sister study</a> under the same project found that rhythmic speech information is processed by babies as young as two months old.



“We believe that speech rhythm information is the hidden glue underpinning the development of a well-functioning language system,” said Goswami. “Infants can use rhythmic information like a scaffold or skeleton to add phonetic information on to. For example, they might learn that the rhythm pattern of English words is typically strong-weak, as in ‘daddy’ or ‘mummy’, with the stress on the first syllable. They can use this rhythm pattern to guess where one word ends and another begins when listening to natural speech.”



Goswami advises parents to engage in rhythmic speech activities with their babies, such as talking, singing, or using nursery rhymes. This interaction plays a crucial role in enhancing language outcomes in children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rhythm-a-universal-aspect-of-language">Rhythm: A universal aspect of language</h2>



The team also underscores rhythm as a universal element in all languages. Goswami notes, "In all language that babies are exposed to, there is a strong beat structure with a strong syllable twice a second."



Goswami suggests that the traditional understanding of dyslexia and developmental language disorders, often attributed to phonetic problems, may need to be reevaluated. She posits that differences in children’s language skills might originate from their ability to process rhythm.



In summary, this innovative research marks a significant shift in our understanding of early language development, highlighting the profound impact of rhythmic speech over phonetic learning in infants. It opens new avenues for exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/best-ages-learn-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language acquisition</a> and provides valuable insights for parents and educators in fostering early language skills.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43490-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Reading nursery rhymes to babies helps them quickly learn language

An important new study emphasizes the significance of rhythmic speech,...

Chinstrap,Penguin,,Antarctica,,January,2019

In a new study, researchers have discovered that nesting chinstrap penguins in the wild manage to accumulate over 11 hours of sleep daily, not through extended rest periods, but via thousands of brief microsleeps. 



This fascinating sleep behavior underscores the adaptability and resilience of these birds in maintaining continuous vigilance over their nests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-sleep-to-animals">Importance of sleep to animals</h2>



Sleep, a state typically marked by immobility and a decreased sensory response to the environment, is a common trait across various species. Sleeping, while restorative, can make animals vulnerable to predators. 



In humans, lack of adequate sleep often leads to microsleeps -- brief, seconds-long lapses in wakefulness characterized by eye closure and sleep-like brain activity. These involuntary pauses can be hazardous, especially in activities like driving. 



However, the true restorative value of such microsleeps in comparison to longer sleep periods remains a subject of scientific inquiry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-chinstrap-penguins-sleep">Studying how chinstrap penguins sleep</h2>



Paul-Antoine Libourel and his team spearheaded a comprehensive study on a colony of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarcticus) in Antarctica. 



These penguins, while nesting, face the constant need to protect their nests from predators and other intruding penguins, especially when their partners are away. This situation demands that one parent remains vigilant, making extended sleep periods impractical and potentially dangerous.



The team employed remote electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring, along with other noninvasive sensors, to record the sleep patterns of these freely roaming and nesting birds. Continuous video surveillance and direct observations complemented this study.



Contrary to typical sleep patterns observed in many animals, chinstrap penguins did not engage in long sleep sessions. Instead, they were found to frequently fall into microsleeps, each lasting about 4 seconds on average. Remarkably, they accumulated over 11 hours of sleep per day through more than 10,000 of these microsleep episodes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-perspectives">Implications and perspectives</h2>



The study's findings suggest that these brief sleep bouts, or microsleeps, can collectively fulfill some of the restorative functions traditionally associated with longer sleep periods. This adaptation appears to be a successful strategy for species like chinstrap penguins that require constant vigilance.



Christian Harding and Vladyslav Vyazovskiy, in a related perspective, highlighted the significance of these findings. They noted that the chinstrap penguins' microsleeps might represent one of the most extreme examples of how the benefits of sleep can accumulate incrementally. This observation opens new avenues for understanding sleep patterns and their variations across different species.



The research conducted by Libourel and colleagues sheds light on the remarkable adaptability of chinstrap penguins in fulfilling their sleep needs through microsleeps. This study adds to our understanding of sleep in wild animals. It also raises intriguing questions about the flexibility and functionality of sleep across different species. 



The chinstrap penguins' unique sleep pattern is a testament to the diverse strategies employed by animals to balance the demands of survival and rest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-chinstrap-penguins">More about chinstrap penguins</h2>



As touched on above, chinstrap penguins are easily recognizable by their distinctive facial markings. They are a fascinating species of penguins that reside primarily in the islands and shores of the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Ocean. Let's dive deeper into their life, habitat, behavior, and the challenges they face.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



Chinstrap penguins stand out with their thin black band under the head, resembling a helmet strap, which gives them their name. They are medium-sized penguins, typically weighing between 3 to 6 kilograms. Their bodies are adapted to the aquatic environment. Chinstraps have streamlined shapes, flippers for swimming, and a layer of insulating feathers to protect against the cold.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chinstrap-penguins-habitat">Chinstrap penguins habitat</h3>



Primarily found on the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding islands, chinstrap penguins thrive in large colonies on ice-free coastal areas. Their choice of habitat is largely influenced by the availability of their primary food source, the krill, which is abundant in these cold waters.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-feeding-habits">Diet and feeding habits</h3>



Krill constitutes the major part of a chinstrap penguin's diet, although they also consume fish and squid. They are excellent swimmers and can dive to depths of up to 70 meters in pursuit of prey. Their feeding expeditions can last several hours, during which they skillfully navigate through the water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-and-lifecycle">Breeding and lifecycle</h3>



Chinstrap penguins are monogamous and often return to the same mate each breeding season. The breeding season starts in November when they gather in vast colonies to nest. Females typically lay two eggs, and both parents share the responsibility of incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks. The chicks fledge after about two months and are ready to go to sea.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chinstrap-penguins-social-behavior">Chinstrap penguins social behavior</h3>



These penguins are highly social birds. Their colonies, sometimes consisting of hundreds of thousands of individuals, are a hub of activity. The colonies help provide protection against predators and are also crucial for the birds' social interactions. This includes finding mates and caring for their young.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-and-conservation">Threats and conservation</h3>



Chinstrap penguins face several threats. Most notably, climate change, which affects their food supply, and human activities such as fishing and pollution. While they are not currently endangered, their populations are under observation for potential decline due to these environmental pressures.



In summary, chinstrap penguins are a remarkable species, adept at surviving and thriving in some of the harshest conditions on Earth. Their unique physical features, social behaviors, and breeding habits make them an important subject of study for understanding the dynamics of marine life in the Antarctic ecosystem. 



As they navigate the challenges posed by a changing environment, the continued study and conservation of chinstrap penguins remain crucial for ensuring their survival.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh0771" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Chinstrap penguins take over 10,000 micro-sleeps per day

In a new study, researchers have discovered that nesting chinstrap...

A study conducted by <a href="https://med.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford Medicine</a> has revealed significant benefits of a vegan diet for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heat-related-cardiovascular-deaths-may-double-in-the-coming-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health.</a> 



The research, which involved 22 pairs of identical twins, demonstrated notable improvements in cardiovascular health among individuals following a vegan diet after just a few weeks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The study was focused on identical twins for control over genetic variables and a more accurate assessment of the diet's effects.&nbsp;



“Not only did this study provide a groundbreaking way to assert that a vegan diet is healthier than the conventional omnivore diet, but the twins were also a riot to work with,” said Dr. Christopher Gardner, who led the study.&nbsp;



“They dressed the same, they talked the same and they had a banter between them that you could have only if you spent an inordinate amount of time together.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The twins participated in an eight-week trial, where one twin from each pair was assigned a vegan diet and the other an omnivore diet. Both diets were healthy, rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, but differed in the inclusion of animal products.



For the first four weeks, participants received 21 meals per week from a meal service, and for the remaining time, they prepared their own meals. A registered dietitian provided guidance throughout the study.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-long-term-health-nbsp">Improving long-term health&nbsp;</h2>



Of the 44 participants, 43 completed the trial. Dr. Gardner said this demonstrates how feasible it is to learn how to a prepare a healthy diet in four weeks.



“Our study used a generalizable diet that is accessible to anyone, because 21 out of the 22 vegans followed through with the diet,” said Dr. Gardner. “This suggests that anyone who chooses a vegan diet can improve their long-term health in two months, with the most change seen in the first month.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



The results were clear: those on the vegan diet showed significant improvements in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin levels, and body weight - all key indicators of cardiovascular health.&nbsp;



The average LDL-C levels dropped more significantly in the vegan group. These participants also showed about a 20 percent drop in fasting insulin and lost an average of 4.2 more pounds than the omnivores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Gardner emphasized the broader implications of the study. “Based on these results and thinking about longevity, most of us would benefit from going to a more plant-based diet."



He noted that the vegan diet participants effectively reduced saturated fats, increased dietary fiber, and lost weight – crucial steps for improving cardiovascular health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-foods-nbsp">Plant-based foods&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Gardner said that although most people will probably not go vegan, a nudge in the plant-based direction could improve health.&nbsp;



“A vegan diet can confer additional benefits such as increased gut bacteria and the reduction of telomere loss, which slows aging in the body."



“What’s more important than going strictly vegan is including more plant-based foods into your diet,” said Gardner, who has been “mostly vegan” for the last 40 years. “Luckily, having fun with vegan multicultural foods like Indian masala, Asian stir-fry and African lentil-based dishes can be a great first step.”



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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Vegan diet improves heart health in a matter of weeks 

A study conducted by Stanford Medicine has revealed significant benefits...

Nice,Green,Forest,Landscape,In,The,City

Recent research has uncovered a remarkable connection between our living environment and the biological processes that govern aging. The study reveals that exposure to green spaces, such as parks and trees, can significantly slow down the rate at which our cells age, offering profound implications for public health and urban planning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenery-and-cellular-aging">Greenery and cellular aging </h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neighborhood-greenspaces-boost-health-on-a-cellular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Telomeres</a>, the structures located at the ends of each cell's chromosomes, play a critical role in cellular aging. They function akin to the plastic tips on shoelaces, safeguarding DNA from unraveling. The length of telomeres is a key indicator of a cell's ability to replicate. 



Over time, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cigarettes-accelerates-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomeres</a> shorten, cells reach a point where they can no longer divide, leading to cell death. This process is a fundamental aspect of the natural aging progression.



The study discovered that individuals residing in neighborhoods abundant in greenery possessed longer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-induced-increases-in-biological-age-can-be-reversed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomeres</a>. Aaron Hipp, a co-author of the study and a professor at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State</a>, emphasizes the impact of external factors on the rate of telomere degradation. He notes, "A longer telomere is usually a younger telomere, or a more protective, helpful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-at-high-altitude-leads-to-longer-life-by-changing-metabolism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomere</a>. It is protecting that cell from the aging process.”



Green spaces impact the aging process by encouraging physical activity and foster community interaction, both of which contribute to better health outcomes. Additionally, neighborhoods rich in greenery tend to have cooler temperatures, enhanced flood resistance, and lower pollution levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-and-challenges">Limitations and challenges</h2>



Despite the positive findings, Hipp points out that participants living in green spaces plagued by pollution and segregation did not exhibit longer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathing-less-oxygen-could-extend-your-lifespan-by-50-or-more/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telomeres</a> compared to less green communities. This underscores the necessity of addressing broader societal issues to ensure equitable access to the health benefits of green spaces.



The research involved examining medical records and survey responses from over 7,800 individuals participating in a national survey by the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. The study correlated these data with census information to estimate neighborhood greenery levels, revealing a significant association between increased green space and reduced cellular aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexities-of-green-spaces-and-aging">Complexities of green spaces and aging</h2>



Scott Ogletree, another researcher involved in the study, highlights the complexities in the relationship between human health and environmental factors. He notes that adverse neighborhood conditions, such as low income or segregation, can diminish the positive effects of green spaces on health.



The study also suggests that the timing of green space exposure in a person's life might influence its impact on health. This raises important questions about the optimal timing and duration of exposure to green spaces for maximum health benefits.



Peter James, an environmental epidemiologist from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard</a> not involved in the study, commends the novel approach of using telomere length as a health biomarker. This offers a unique perspective on the health benefits associated with green spaces.



In summary, the study's findings highlight the profound impact of our living environment on the biological mechanisms of aging. It underscores the importance of integrating green spaces into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parks-play-an-integral-role-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban planning</a> and addressing socioeconomic disparities to ensure that the health benefits of greenery are accessible to all. 



The connection between green spaces and cellular aging opens new avenues for research and public health initiatives, offering hope for healthier, longer lives through enhanced environmental design.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-benefits-of-green-spaces-on-aging">More benefits of green spaces on aging</h2>



As discussed above, green spaces actively benefit human health in various significant ways. They reduce stress levels, improve mental health, and enhance physical wellbeing. Let's explore some other key impacts that green space has on human health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-mental-health">Improving mental health</h3>



Green spaces provide a tranquil environment that significantly lowers stress levels. Studies show that spending time in parks or near trees can decrease cortisol, a stress hormone, leading to improved mental health. Natural settings also offer therapeutic benefits, helping to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-improve-physical-health">Green spaces improve physical health</h3>



Regular access to green spaces encourages physical activity, such as walking, jogging, or cycling. This increased activity contributes to better cardiovascular health, reduced obesity rates, and overall improved physical fitness. It also lowers the risk of chronic diseases like hypertension and type 2 diabetes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-air-quality">Improving air quality</h3>



Trees and plants in green spaces act as natural air filters, absorbing pollutants and providing cleaner air. This is particularly beneficial in urban areas where air quality is often compromised. Cleaner air reduces the incidence of respiratory conditions like asthma.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-promote-social-interaction">Green spaces promote social interaction</h3>



Parks serve as communal areas where people can gather, socialize, and engage in community activities. This social interaction fosters a sense of community and belonging, which is crucial for mental wellbeing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-cognitive-function">Enhancing cognitive function</h3>



Exposure to natural environments has been shown to improve cognitive function, particularly in children. It can enhance concentration, increase attention span, and even boost academic performance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-reducing-noise-pollution">Green spaces reducing noise pollution</h3>



Greenery can act as buffer zones that reduce the impact of urban noise pollution. Trees and plants absorb sound, creating quieter and more peaceful environments that contribute to overall wellbeing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-immune-function">Improving immune function</h3>



Regular exposure to green spaces can boost the immune system. The natural environment exposes individuals to a diverse range of microorganisms, which can help build a stronger immune response.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encouraging-healing-and-recovery">Encouraging healing and recovery</h3>



Patients with views of green spaces from their hospital rooms often experience faster recovery times and require less pain medication. The soothing effect of nature facilitates physical and emotional healing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-quality-of-life">Enhancing quality of life</h3>



Green spaces provide accessible areas for people to exercise, socialize, and engage with their community, which is vital for maintaining physical health and mental acuity in older age.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-urban-heat-islands">Mitigating urban heat islands</h3>



Green spaces help to cool urban areas, mitigating the 'heat island' effect common in cities. This not only makes cities more comfortable during hot weather but also reduces the energy needed for cooling buildings.



In summary, green spaces play a crucial role in promoting holistic human health, benefiting both mental and physical aspects, and enhancing the overall quality of life in urban environments.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723060795?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of the Total Environment</a>.



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Living in 'greener' areas slows the cellular aging process

Recent research has uncovered a remarkable connection between our living...

Planet,Earth,Against,The,Backdrop,Of,A,Giant,Sun,,The

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>), a key division of the National Weather Service, is currently keeping a close eye on the Sun following several significant solar events. These events have led to concerns about a strong geomagnetic storm, prompting the issuance of a Geomagnetic Storm Watch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-november-28-solar-flare-and-cme">November 28 solar flare and CME</h2>



On November 27 and 28, the Sun experienced several coronal mass ejections (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a>), which are massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. These CMEs have triggered a flurry of activities and observations by space weather experts.



A notable solar flare was detected on November 28 at 2:50pm EST. This event originated from Region 3500, a moderately complex sunspot group located near the Sun's central meridian. The flare was associated with the fourth full halo CME observed during this period.



Interestingly, the fourth CME is moving at an accelerated pace compared to the previous ones. This increase in speed is attributed to the earlier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMEs</a> clearing a path through the solar wind. It is anticipated that this CME will merge with two of the three earlier CMEs, with an expected arrival at Earth between the night of November 30 and December 1.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-from-geomagnetic-storm">Impact from geomagnetic storm</h2>



SWPC forecasters are vigilantly monitoring the situation using NOAA’s <a href="https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/current-satellite-missions/currently-flying/dscovr-deep-space-climate-observatory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DSCOVR satellite</a>, which provides real-time data on solar winds. This information is crucial for understanding the strength and timing of the anticipated geomagnetic storm.



Geomagnetic storms are known to affect infrastructure both in near-Earth orbit and on the Earth's surface. These impacts can include disruptions to communications, the electric power grid, navigation systems, radio frequencies, and satellite operations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Such storms</a> are a significant concern for industries and services reliant on these technologies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-auroral-activity-expected">High auroral activity expected</h2>



An interesting and visually stunning consequence of geomagnetic storms is the aurora, commonly known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern or Southern Lights</a>. This storm has the potential to drive the aurora further south from its usual position above the polar regions. 



If weather conditions are favorable, auroras may be visible across the U.S. Northern Tier and upper Midwest from Illinois to Oregon. Residents in these areas are encouraged to check NOAA’s latest <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora forecast</a> for the best chance of witnessing this natural phenomenon.



NOAA's SWPC continues to monitor these solar events closely, providing updates and forecasts. As the situation evolves, they will offer guidance on the potential impacts of the geomagnetic storm. The public and relevant industries are advised to stay informed and prepared for any disruptions that may occur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-geomagnetic-storms">More about geomagnetic storms</h2>



As discussed above, geomagnetic storms represent disturbances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetosphere</a>, caused by solar wind shocks or the interactions of the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field. These storms, often originating from the Sun's activities like solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), have profound effects on Earth's magnetic environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-the-sun-to-the-earth">Journey from the Sun to the Earth</h3>



The story of a geomagnetic storm begins with the Sun. Solar flares, intense bursts of radiation, and CMEs, large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-the-very-first-time-a-spacecraft-has-touched-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar corona</a>, play pivotal roles. These phenomena release huge quantities of particles into space, which can reach Earth and interact with its magnetic field, triggering a geomagnetic storm.



After their eruption, solar particles and electromagnetic waves travel through space, taking approximately 1-3 days to reach Earth. The speed and intensity of these particles vary, depending on the strength of the solar event.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-with-earth-s-magnetosphere">Interaction with Earth's magnetosphere</h3>



Upon arrival, these charged particles collide with Earth's magnetosphere, the region of space controlled by Earth's magnetic field. This collision causes complex changes and disturbances in the magnetosphere, leading to a geomagnetic storm. These storms have a range of impacts, from beautiful auroras to potential disruptions in technology.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras">Auroras</h4>



The most visible and striking effect is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-captivated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aurora</a>, known as the Northern and Southern Lights. These displays of colors occur when charged particles collide with gases in Earth's atmosphere, resulting in mesmerizing light shows typically seen near the polar regions.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-disruptions">Technological disruptions</h4>



More significantly, geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite operations, affecting communication and GPS systems. They can induce currents in long conductors, impacting power grids and potentially causing widespread blackouts.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-spacecraft-and-satellites">Impact on spacecraft and satellites</h4>



Satellites and spacecraft, exposed to increased radiation, face the risk of damage or malfunction during these storms. This risk necessitates careful monitoring and protective measures in space missions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomagnetic-storm-forecasting">Geomagnetic storm forecasting</h3>



Organizations like NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center actively monitor the Sun and forecast geomagnetic storms. They use satellites like the DSCOVR to track solar winds and provide early warnings, helping mitigate potential impacts on technology and infrastructure.



In summary, geomagnetic storms, while a source of natural wonder, remind us of our planet's vulnerability to solar activities. Understanding and monitoring these storms not only provide insights into our space environment but also help us prepare for and mitigate their effects on our increasingly technology-dependent world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-auroras">More about auroras</h2>



As mentioned above, auroras, often called the Northern or Southern Lights, are a natural light display predominantly seen in the Earth's polar regions. They occur when the Earth's magnetosphere gets disturbed by the solar wind, a stream of particles coming from the Sun. This disturbance generates bright and colorful lights in the sky, forming auroras.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-auroras-form">How auroras form</h3>



The formation of auroras begins with the emission of particles from the Sun's atmosphere. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, travel towards Earth carried by the solar wind. Upon reaching Earth, these charged particles interact with the magnetic field and are funneled towards the polar regions.



As these particles collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere, they excite atoms and molecules, causing them to light up. Oxygen and nitrogen, the main constituents of our atmosphere, play a key role in the coloration of auroras. Oxygen emits green and red lights, while nitrogen produces blue and purple hues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-auroras">Types of auroras</h3>



Auroras come in various forms, each unique and breathtaking:



Aurora Borealis - Also known as the Northern Lights, these are visible in the northern hemisphere's high-latitude regions like Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia.



Aurora Australis - Known as the Southern Lights, these are seen in the southern hemisphere in places like Antarctica, Chile, and Australia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-auroras">Viewing auroras</h3>



For the best aurora viewing experience, one should head to high-latitude regions during the winter months. Dark, clear nights away from city lights provide optimal conditions. The intensity of auroral displays can vary, influenced by the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-scientific-significance">Cultural and scientific significance</h3>



Auroras have captivated human imagination for centuries, inspiring myths and folklore. Cultures across the globe have interpreted these lights in various ways, often attributing them to gods or spirits.



In modern times, studying auroras is crucial for understanding the Earth's magnetosphere and its interaction with solar wind. This research is vital for protecting satellites and communication systems from solar storms.



In summary, auroras are a stunning natural phenomenon, offering a vivid display of Earth's dynamic interaction with the Sun. Their beauty and complexity continue to intrigue both scientists and enthusiasts, making them a bucket-list item for travelers and a subject of ongoing scientific research.



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Strong solar flares prompt "Geomagnetic Storm Warning" from NOAA

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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“The biggest one I’ve seen is about 4.5kg in weight, and about one meter across,” Orchard said, “No one really knows for sure how old they are. The 2-3 kg crabs are about 50 years old”.
He told Mark that they are a gigantic cousin to the water-based hermit crab that we all know and love. Then he asked Mark to show him his hands. Photo Credit: Betterhelp

Looking For Something

When Max Orchard came to the scene, Mark pointed him to the creatures that remained resting beside him.

With a smile, Max Orchard told Mark that he knew exactly what they were. They were Coconut crabs, a species of crab that has lived on Christmas Island for decades. But Mark picked one up – are they dangerous? Photo Credit: Travel2Unlimited