Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut photograph of the Espíritu Santo Archipelago, a group of islands located in the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez, off the eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico.&nbsp;



"Sunglint reflects off the water surface, accentuating wave movement, ship wakes, and cloud shadows," said NASA. "The islands appear rust-colored due to previous tectonic and volcanic activity that deposited layers of black lava and pink volcanic ash."



"The Baja Peninsula acts as a natural wind and wave break that protects islands in the Gulf of California from erosion. Slowed erosion has resulted in the preservation of rock shelters and caves."



"Exploration and excavation of these shelters contribute to understanding the geomorphology, geology, and ancient human patterns on the islands. Archeologists have found human artifacts artifacts dating back approximately ten thousand years, providing evidence of human activity on the islands."



The Espíritu Santo Archipelago is part of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur and consists of several islands, the largest and most well-known of which is Isla Espíritu Santo. The other main islands in the archipelago are Isla Partida, Los Islotes, and a few smaller islets.



Espíritu Santo and its surrounding islands are known for their stunning natural beauty, featuring dramatic cliffs, white sand beaches, and turquoise waters. The region is home to a rich diversity of marine life, including sea lions, manta rays, whale sharks, and various species of whales and dolphins. It also supports a variety of bird species, such as blue-footed boobies, frigatebirds, and pelicans, making it a popular destination for birdwatching.



The Espíritu Santo Archipelago has been designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a Mexican Protected Natural Area, which helps to preserve its unique ecosystems and biodiversity. Ecotourism is popular in the area, with visitors participating in activities like snorkeling, scuba diving, kayaking, and wildlife watching.



The islands are accessible by boat from the nearby city of La Paz, which is the capital of Baja California Sur. There are numerous tour operators that offer day trips and multi-day excursions to the Espíritu Santo Archipelago, allowing visitors to explore the islands and their remarkable natural features.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Espíritu Santo Archipelago in the Gulf of California

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Dark Canyon Complex, which is a rugged, remote area in southeastern Utah. It's part of the larger Cedar Mesa Plateau and includes both the Dark Canyon Wilderness and Dark Canyon Primitive Area.&nbsp;



These are areas of steep canyons, high plateaus, and rock formations that are characteristic of the Colorado Plateau.



"Deep, meandering canyons cut through the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah in this photograph, taken by an astronaut on the International Space Station on April 6, 2023," says NASA.



"These canyons, known as the Dark Canyon complex, have distinctive geology, ecology, and archeology. They are some of the only intact protected canyons in the United States."



"This rugged and remote landscape has been shaped by erosion. Over thousands of years, the Colorado River and smaller tributaries have eroded winding, steep-walled canyons into the sedimentary rock. Dark Canyon - one of seven canyons within the complex - cuts diagonally across the photo."



"Within this canyon, sandstone walls tower up to 3,000 feet, shading visitors from morning and afternoon sun - hence its name. The canyon’s steep walls expose roughly 250 million years of geologic history and contain deposits from the Permian period. Cockleshell and crinoid stem fossils have been found in the area."



The astronaut photograph is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by a member of the Expedition 69 crew.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Dark Canyon Complex in southeastern Utah

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, and its surroundings. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission on February 21, 2023.



"Situated some 50 km south of the North Korean border, the metropolitan area of Seoul appears as the grey area in the centre of the image," says ESA.



"The Han River runs through the city, and to the right of the image it can be seen partly covered by ice. It is one of the biggest rivers in the Korean peninsula. It flows westward through Seoul into the Yellow Sea, named so because of the yellowish sand that colours its water."



"Seoul is surrounded by forested mountains, which appear brown in this wintery image. Bukhansan National Park lies just north of the city. The park is like an island, acting as a big green lung for the surrounding urban environment."



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Seoul, South Korea 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Typhoon Mawar as it approached Guam on May 24, 2023. According to NASA, the violent storm was one of the strongest in decades to lash the U.S. territory.



Mawar carried sustained winds of about 140 miles per hour, which is the equivalent of a Category 4 storm.&nbsp;



"The image shows the typhoon’s cloud bands completely covering the islands, which were already being lashed with powerful winds and heavy rain," says NASA.



"The typhoon maintained its category 4 strength as the storm’s center traversed the Rota Channel, between the islands of Guam and Rota, at about 9 p.m. local time on May 24."



"The eye’s southern wall passed over much of Guam, according to the U.S. National Weather Service, and delivered the most extreme winds to the northern-third of the island."



Brandon Aydlett, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service, said the central and northern parts of the island received more than two feet of rain as the eyewall passed, and most of Guam received about a foot of rain during the storm.



The image was captured by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NOAA-20 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Typhoon Mawar slams the U.S. territory of Guam

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Yukon River in Alaska, where an unusually rapid spring thaw caused devastating floods in May 2023.&nbsp;



Several other Alaskan rivers, including the Tanana and the Kuskokwim River, were also impacted. Both early snowpack melt and ice breakup played a role in the record flooding.&nbsp;



According to NASA, the town of Circle - which is located on the banks of the Yukon - underwent dramatic flooding as broken-up ice pushed down the river. Flooding started at about 5 p.m. on May 13.&nbsp;



“It was reported that the water rose 10 feet in a 30-minute period shortly after that,” said meteorologist Jim Brader of the National Weather Service (NWS) forecast office in Fairbanks. “Although ice jams happen every year, this year was much worse than average."



Brader explained that flooding to this extent may occur every 10 to 20 years in some locations, but preliminary data indicate that the flood at Circle was near the record level of 1945.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Rapid spring melt in Alaska triggers damaging river floods

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, where Spain has been hit by severe drought and an unusually early heat wave.&nbsp;



"Since the start of the hydrological year, on October 1, 2022, Spain received 28 percent less rain than expected by mid-May 2023, according to Spain’s meteorological agency," says NASA. "The drought dried up reservoirs, parched olive groves, and led to water restrictions across the country."



The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite, revealing that what was once green vegetation has now turned brown.&nbsp;



According to Copernicus Climate Change Services, soil moisture across all of Europe in 2022 was the second lowest in the past 50 years.



"Unseasonable heat exacerbated the prolonged drought. On April 26, hot air from North Africa swept over southern Spain and pushed the temperature at the Córdoba airport to 38.8°C (101.8°F), the highest April temperature recorded in continental Spain," explains NASA.



The lack of water is catastrophic for farmers in the region. The Associated Press reports that Spain’s long-term drought is causing “irreversible losses” to more than 3.5 million hectares of crops.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Catastrophic drought persists in Spain

While visiting the gorilla enclosure, a three-year-old boy decided he wanted a closer look at the great apes. But after scaling the outer fence, the child lost his footing and fell fifteen feet into a shallow moat below. Photo credit: Eric Francis/Getty Images

Looking Closer

The widespread conversion of tropical forests into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-in-oil-palm-plantations-are-key-to-conservation/">oil palm plantations</a> leads to considerable losses of biodiversity and ecological functions. Currently, about 21 million hectares of palm oil plantations are cultivated worldwide, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia.&nbsp;



Recently, an international team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/">University of Göttingen</a> has found that planting islands of trees in such plantations could counteract the species loss caused by the intensive cultivation of oil palms and significantly increase biodiversity within a period of five years without reducing productivity.



To test this hypothesis, the researchers established 52 tree islands with local tree species in an industrial oil palm plantation on the island of Sumatra. Although they expected yields to deteriorate over time as the tree islands consumed resources for their own development, this was not the case.



“Even five years after the experiment began, the oil palms have continued to flourish. And this has been accomplished without the use of artificial fertilizer in the tree islands,” said study lead author Delphine Clara Zemp, an expert in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning at the <a href="https://www.unine.ch/">University of Neuchâtel</a>. “Our results show that the industry can benefit from this intervention. There is real potential to develop these methods to enrich biodiversity on a large scale.”



Between three to five years after establishing the experiment, the scientists analyzed the biodiversity of soil microorganisms, insects and other small invertebrates, plants, birds, and bats. In addition, they quantified the impacts in terms of water, nutrient cycle regulation, carbon, microclimate, soil quality, pollination, and control of biological communities and invasive species.&nbsp;



The analyses revealed significant increases in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in plantations with tree islands compared to conventionally managed ones.



“Most studies of the ecology of palm oil plantations are limited to observing the loss of biodiversity and deterioration of the ecosystem,” added co-author Holger Kreft, Head of University of Göttingen’s Biodiversity, Macroecology, and Biogeography Research Group.&nbsp;



“Our approach to ecological restoration goes a step further and is unique worldwide, as it takes place against the backdrop of industrial-scale oil palm plantations across large areas. Using a rigorous experimental design, we can determine the optimal composition and size of islands of trees that will bring about the best possible way to restore the ecology.”



Although these findings suggest that planting tree islands on oil palm plantations can have highly beneficial effects, the prevention of deforestation remains a top priority for biodiversity conservation worldwide.&nbsp;



“The encouraging results must not be allowed to jeopardize the conservation of tropical forests, which are home to irreplaceable biodiversity,” the authors concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06086-5">Nature</a>.



<h2 id="h-environmental-impacts-of-palm-oil-plantations">Environmental impacts of palm oil plantations&nbsp;</h2>



Palm oil plantations can have several significant environmental impacts. Here are some of them:



<h3 id="h-deforestation">Deforestation</h3>



One of the most devastating impacts of palm oil production is the large-scale deforestation that often precedes it. Vast areas of tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa are cleared to make way for palm plantations. This process not only destroys the habitat of numerous plant and animal species but also contributes significantly to global carbon emissions due to the burning and decay of organic matter.



<h3 id="h-biodiversity-loss">Biodiversity loss</h3>



The conversion of diverse ecosystems into monocultures of palm trees significantly reduces biodiversity. In Southeast Asia, for example, this deforestation threatens the habitat of critically endangered species such as orangutans and Sumatran tigers. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem health and resilience.



<h3 id="h-soil-and-water-degradation">Soil and water degradation</h3>



Palm oil plantations often contribute to soil degradation due to intensive fertilizer use and the disruption of local hydrological processes. Additionally, the heavy use of pesticides can contaminate local water supplies.



<h3 id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



Deforestation associated with palm oil production is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. When peatlands are drained and converted into plantations, they release large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Furthermore, when these plantations are burnt, it releases additional CO2.



<h3 id="h-air-pollution">Air pollution</h3>



The slash-and-burn techniques often used to clear land for palm oil plantations can cause severe air pollution. This not only contributes to climate change but can also have severe health impacts for people living in regions downwind of the fires.



<h3 id="h-peatland-degradation">Peatland degradation</h3>



A significant proportion of palm oil is grown on peatlands. These are carbon-rich environments, and when they are drained for plantation development, they release significant quantities of carbon dioxide.



While these impacts are significant, it's also important to note that there are efforts to create more sustainable palm oil production methods.&nbsp;



These include commitments to no deforestation, peatland development, and exploitation (also known as "NDPE policies"), as well as the certification of sustainable palm oil through organizations like the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO).&nbsp;



Nevertheless, the effectiveness and implementation of these initiatives have been mixed, and deforestation for palm oil continues to be a serious global concern.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Tree islands can help prevent biodiversity loss in oil palm plantations

The widespread conversion of tropical forests into oil palm plantations...

For many across the United States, dogs are not just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-are-happier-than-people-who-dont-have-pets/">pets</a>, they are family. The bond between humans and dogs is unparalleled and has deep roots in the country's culture and lifestyle.&nbsp;



A recent study conducted by pet wellbeing experts at <a href="https://ourfitpets.com/">OurFitPets.com</a> set out to examine which states are the most enamored with their canine companions.



Taking a holistic view, the study analyzed several factors to determine the overall love for dogs in each state. Key factors considered were the number of monthly Google searches for "dog grooming" and "dog toys" per 100,000 residents.



The researchers also considered the quantity of dog parks, the percentage of dog owners, and the number of dog-friendly long-term home rentals. Based on these metrics, each state was awarded a score out of 50 to determine the most dog-loving state.



Topping the list was Colorado, which proved to be the epitome of dog love in America. With a score of 39.3 points out of 50, the state demonstrated its affection towards dogs by registering the highest combined number of monthly searches for "dog grooming" and "dog toys" - approximately 186 searches per 100,000 residents, translating to roughly 10,800 total searches per month.&nbsp;



Furthermore, nearly half of Colorado’s residents (47.2 percent) were found to be dog owners. The state also ranked third in the category of dog-friendly home rentals, boasting 53 rentals per 100,000 citizens. With 110 dog parks statewide, it averages 1.87 parks per 100,000 residents, which is 16.8 percent higher than the national average of 1.6.



Coming in at a close second was Idaho, where the experts discovered that 58 percent of the population own a dog, greatly exceeding the national average of 39.4 percent.&nbsp;



In terms of online dog care queries, Idaho residents made 121 searches for “dog grooming” and “dog toys” monthly per 100,000 citizens. The state also has around 26 dog-friendly home rentals per 100,000 residents and 33 dog parks, equating to 1.67 parks per 100,000 residents.



The study extended to identify the top ten dog-loving states. Arizona came in third, primarily due to its high rates of dog-friendly home rentals, which stands at 50 per 100,000 residents, outpacing the national average of 20.6 by more than 142 percent.&nbsp;



Other states on the list included Florida, Nevada, Washington, Wyoming, Oregon, Tennessee, and Georgia, each displaying distinct dog-loving characteristics, from an extensive number of dog-friendly home rentals to a high percentage of dog owners, and an above-average number of dog care-related searches.



Wyoming, despite its seventh rank, held the highest ratio of dog parks to its population, with 5.4 parks per 100,000 citizens, a number that greatly surpasses the national average of 1.66.



A spokesperson for OurFitPets.com commented on the study's intriguing findings, stating, "It's fascinating to see which states lead the way in terms of dog-loving attributes. Colorado was found to spoil their dogs the most, with the highest rate of pet care related searches, while Idaho boasted the highest ownership rates, with one in two Idahoans found to own a dog."



“The findings shed light on which states place the most emphasis on their dogs' lifestyle and wellbeing, and which ones are less accommodating of our furry friends."



<h2 id="h-more-about-dogs-in-america">More about dogs in America</h2>



According to the <a href="https://www.americanpetproducts.org/">American Pet Products Association</a> (APPA), nearly 70 percent of American households - about 90.5 million families - owned a pet in 2021, with dogs being the most popular choice.



The U.S. is home to diverse breeds, from Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Golden Retrievers, to Bulldogs, Beagles, and Poodles. Each breed carries its unique traits, temperament, and size, catering to a wide range of personal preferences and lifestyles.



The benefits of owning a dog in America are well recognized and stretch far beyond companionship. Studies have consistently shown that pet ownership, particularly dogs, can contribute to improved physical and mental health. Regular walks with dogs help keep owners active and can lead to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, dogs are often used as therapy animals, providing emotional support to those suffering from various mental health conditions.



Various cities across the U.S. are known for their pet-friendly amenities, with parks, housing, and businesses that cater specifically to dog owners. As per the Trust for Public Land, the cities with the most dog parks per resident in 2020 included Boise, Idaho; Portland, Oregon; and Henderson, Nevada.



Moreover, America's love for dogs also fuels a thriving pet industry. A forecast from APPA suggests that in 2021, pet owners in the U.S. spent $99 billion on pet-related products and services, including food, supplies, veterinary care, grooming, boarding, and more.



Notably, adoption is a popular and socially responsible way to acquire a dog, with numerous rescue organizations and shelters across the country offering dogs of all ages and breeds a second chance at finding a loving home.



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Unleashing affection: The most dog-loving states in America

For many across the United States, dogs are not just...

Among the approximately 2,000 species of termites, many are extraordinary ecosystem engineers. For instance, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-brazil/">mounds</a> built by some of the genera – including Amitermes, Macrotermes,&nbsp;Nasutitermes, and&nbsp;Odontotermes – are some of the world’s largest biological structures, reaching up to eight meters in height.&nbsp;



Now, researchers from <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/">Lund University</a> in Sweden and <a href="https://www.ntu.ac.uk/">Nottingham Trent University</a> in the UK have found that the design of termite mounds could have major applications in architecture, helping us develop comfortable interior climates for our buildings that do not have the carbon footprint of air conditioning.



“Here we show that the ‘egress complex,’ an intricate network of interconnected tunnels found in termite mounds, can be used to promote flows of air, heat, and moisture in novel ways in human architecture,” explained lead author David Andréen, a senior lecturer in Architecture at Lund.



Together with his co-author Rupert Soar, an associate professor in Sustainable Technologies at Nottingham, Andréen examined mounds built by Macrotermes michaelseni&nbsp;termites from Namibia. At the heart of these mounds – which can shelter over a million inhabitants – lie symbiotic fungus gardens, farmed by termites for food.&nbsp;



The experts focused on the egress complex, a dense, lattice-like network of tunnels three to five millimeters wide that connects wider conduits inside with the exterior. While during the rainy season (when the mound is growing), the egress complex extends over the mound’s north-facing surface to be exposed to the midday sun, outside this season, termites keep the egress tunnels blocked. Such methods are thought to allow evaporation of excess moisture, while maintaining adequate ventilation.



To clarify how this structure works, the researchers explored how the layout of the egress complex enables oscillating or pulse-like flows. When simulating wind with a speaker that drove oscillations of a CO2-air mixture through a fragment of a complex collected from the wild, they discovered that air flow was greatest at oscillation frequencies between 30Hz and 40 Hz, moderate at frequencies between 10Hz and 20 Hz, and least at frequencies between 50Hz and 120 Hz.



These findings suggest that tunnels in the complex interact with the wind blowing on the mound in a way that increases mass transfer of air for ventilation. At the same time, wind oscillations at certain frequencies generate turbulences inside the mound, and carry respiratory gases and excess moisture away from the mound’s heart.



“When ventilating a building, you want to preserve the delicate balance of temperature and humidity created inside, without impeding the movement of stale air outwards and fresh air inwards. Most HVAC systems struggle with this. Here we have a structured interface that allows the exchange of respiratory gasses, simply driven by differences in concentration between one side and the other. Conditions inside are thus maintained,” Soar said.



Subsequently, the researchers replicated the egress system by employing a sequence of 2D models. These models progressively evolved from simple straight tunnels to a more intricate lattice structure. To observe the movement of water within the tunnels, they utilized an electromotor to generate oscillations, allowing the dyed water to become visible on camera.&nbsp;



To their astonishment, they discovered that the motor only required slight back-and-forth movements, equivalent to gentle wind oscillations spanning a few millimeters, for the ebb and flow to permeate throughout the entire complex. Crucially, the necessary turbulence emerged solely when the layout was sufficiently lattice-like.



“We imagine that building walls in the future, made with emerging technologies like powder bed printers, will contain networks similar to the egress complex. These will make it possible to move air around, through embedded sensors and actuators that require only tiny amounts of energy,” Andréen said.



“Construction-scale 3D printing will only be possible when we can design structures as complex as in nature. The egress complex is an example of a complicated structure that could solve multiple problems simultaneously: keeping comfort inside our homes, while regulating the flow of respiratory gasses and moisture through the building envelope. We are on the brink of the transition towards nature-like construction: for the first time, it may be possible to design a true living, breathing building,” Soar concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1126974">Frontiers in Materials</a>.



<h2 id="h-more-about-termite-mounds">More about termite mounds</h2>



Termite mounds, also known as termite hills, are large, complex structures made by a certain species of termites. They are a prime example of insect architecture, and they vary in design depending on the species of termite, the type of soil, and the climate.



Most termite mounds are built by subterranean termites, which live underground. These mounds can range in size from a few inches to over 30 feet tall. The mound is not the actual colony but a structure that provides an optimal environment for the colony which is located below the ground.



The construction of a termite mound is a marvel of natural engineering. Termites mix dirt, saliva, and feces to form a strong, cement-like substance. This is then used to build a complex network of tunnels and chambers. The outer wall of the mound is particularly hard and resistant to predators.



Inside the mound, there are various chambers serving different functions such as nurseries, fungal gardens, and royal chambers. The royal chamber, deep within the mound, houses the queen and king termites, responsible for the growth and survival of the colony.



A termite mound is not just a place for termites to live; it's also an incredibly efficient system for climate control. The mound's structure aids in regulating temperature and humidity, which is crucial for the survival of the termites as they are sensitive to environmental conditions.&nbsp;



Many mounds feature a complex system of vents and conduits which facilitate air circulation, thus maintaining a stable internal environment regardless of external conditions.



Despite being known as pests due to their wood-eating habits, termites play a crucial role in ecosystems, especially in nutrient recycling, soil formation, and influencing plant community structure.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Termite mounds could inspire “living and breathing” buildings

Among the approximately 2,000 species of termites, many are extraordinary...

An infectious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-pathogens-wish-to-spread-why-make-their-hosts-sick/">pathogen</a> is currently spreading widely in California’s cannabis farms, attacking plants and growing invisibly for months before spoiling crops just as farmers are getting ready to harvest. Scientists believe it currently affects over 90 percent of farms and could cause billions of dollars in damages to the national cannabis economy.



The hop-latent viroid (HLVd) - first identified in hop plants (close relatives of cannabis) in the 1980s - shrivels cannabis plants, reducing how much weight they produce by as much as 30 percent. The pathogen also destroys the plants’ amount of THC (marijuana’s main psychoactive compound), thus decreasing their value.&nbsp;



Although this pathogen has likely been spreading in cannabis farms for over a decade, at first growers didn’t know what was harming their harvests, since damage only occurred at the end of the crop’s life cycle.



Farmers usually grow cannabis by cutting small pieces off of one plant – referred to as the “mother” – which are then used to propagate hundreds of new plants. These mother plants are artificially prevented from growing flowers in order to keep producing offspring, which means they can silently spread the pathogen for months without showing any signs of disease.&nbsp;



HLVd was first identified in California in 2019 in samples from a Santa Barbara cannabis farm and, by 2021, it had spread to at least 90 percent of the state’s farms. Currently, scientists believe it has also spread in other states, as well as in Europe, becoming the “biggest concern for cannabis” growers worldwide, according to a&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36992390/">recent scientific paper</a>.



Fortunately, <a href="https://purplecitygenetics.com/">Purple City Genetics</a> – an Oakland-based startup focused on breeding and cultivating cannabis phenotypes – released a new HLVd test this year which can be conducted on site and delivers results in just a few hours. This is much faster than previous methods for identifying HLVd infections, which involve farmers mailing samples to labs and waiting days or even weeks to get the results.



“By the time you get the results back you may have cut that plant and sold it to your customers. So there is a real need for a high throughput onsite diagnostic test for hop-latent viroid,” said Ali Bektaş, the CEO of Purple City.&nbsp;



To overcome this problem, Bektaş adapted a technique called LAMP that he worked on during his doctoral studies in Microbial Ecology at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/">University of California, Berkeley</a>. This method became very popular during the Covid-19 pandemic since, unlike PCR tests that require specialized lab equipment and expert technicians, it uses cheap equipment, can be accurately operated by nearly anyone, and delivers results in just a few hours. Recently, the company has started to sell this technology worldwide for $10 a test.



“We didn’t just identify a great test that is accurate, but it’s [also] easy to use and it doesn’t require a high level of expertise. You can take microbiology to the public and put it in their hands…It’s important for people to have this type of testing,” concluded Luke Horst, the director of business development for Purple City Genetics.



A recent scientific article discussing the features and spread of HLVd was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030681">Viruses</a>.



<h2 id="h-additional-threats-to-cannabis-farms">Additional threats to cannabis farms</h2>



Cannabis farms, like any agricultural operation, face a number of potential threats that can affect their viability and profitability. Here are several key threats:



<h3 id="h-pests-and-diseases">Pests and diseases</h3>



Cannabis plants can be vulnerable to a wide variety of pests, including aphids, spider mites, and various kinds of mold and mildew. Controlling these pests can be challenging and may require significant investment in pest control measures.



<h3 id="h-weather-conditions">Weather conditions</h3>



Cannabis farms can be adversely affected by harsh weather conditions. Cold temperatures, high winds, excessive rain, or prolonged drought can all potentially damage crops and lower yields. Moreover, cannabis is a crop that prefers consistent sunlight, and cloudy or shaded conditions can impact growth.



<h3 id="h-regulatory-changes">Regulatory changes</h3>



In many regions, the legality of cannabis cultivation is still relatively new and subject to change. Regulatory changes could potentially limit the amount of cannabis that can be grown, change licensing requirements, or even criminalize certain kinds of cultivation.



<h3 id="h-market-fluctuations">Market fluctuations</h3>



The cannabis industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, but it remains a relatively new and volatile market. Prices can fluctuate wildly, and changes in supply and demand can impact profitability.



<h3 id="h-security">Security</h3>



Theft is a significant concern for many cannabis farms, as the crop can be very valuable and highly sought after. This can necessitate significant investment in security measures, such as fencing, cameras, and security personnel.



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact-and-sustainability">Environmental impact and sustainability</h3>



There's an increasing societal pressure for sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Water consumption, energy use for indoor farms, pesticide use, and waste management are all environmental issues that cannabis farms must address.



<h3 id="h-legal-compliance">Legal compliance&nbsp;</h3>



Cannabis is a highly regulated industry. There are laws about who can grow cannabis, where it can be grown, how it can be grown, how it can be sold and advertised, etc. Failure to comply with these laws can lead to heavy fines, license revocation, or even criminal charges.



<h3 id="h-lack-of-banking-and-financial-services">Lack of banking and financial services</h3>



Despite cannabis being legal in many places, banking services are often unavailable to cannabis businesses due to federal regulations, especially in the United States. This can make it hard for businesses to secure loans, handle cash, or manage other financial needs.



Understanding and managing these threats is crucial to the success of any cannabis farming operation. Many of these challenges are common to other types of agriculture, but some are unique to the cannabis industry due to its relative newness and the unique legal and regulatory environment in which it operates.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Infectious pathogen has spread to 90 percent of cannabis farms in California

An infectious pathogen is currently spreading widely in California’s cannabis...

As respiratory disease specialist Zhong Nanshan revealed at a medical conference this week in Guangzhou, China should be bracing for another massive Covid wave that already started in late April. This latest outbreak of Covid-19 is driven by the XBB Omicron sub-variants, and may peak at 65 million infections per week by the end of June. 



Although experts estimate that, during the country’s previous Omicron wave in January and February, about 80 percent of China’s population was infected, immunity may have waned in the months since, increasing the risk of reinfection.



While for most of the pandemic China had probably the most stringent restrictions in the world - including harsh lockdowns, stifling quarantines, mass testing, and strict mask requirements - the country dismantled its sprawling infrastructure for dealing with Covid six months ago. This allowed the Omicron variant to infect millions of people each day, overwhelming hospitals and crematoriums in various cities. 



Although the new wave is expected to have a less dramatic impact on public health, older people and individuals with underlying diseases are still relatively under-vaccinated and thus at high risk of developing severe disease.&nbsp;



“But the number is smaller and so the good thing is that the hospitals then can take care of them in a better way,” said Jin Dong-yan, a virologist at the <a href="https://www.hku.hk/">University of Hong Kong</a>. Moreover, the government had already approved two vaccines aimed at the XBB subvariants and several others could be approved soon.



In the case of the general population, people usually report less severe Covid symptoms this time, and public fears have also been eased by changes in government messaging.&nbsp;



“No more media coming out trying to terrify the public, no more ‘fight the pandemic’ type of short videos to alert people, and no more hardcore measures like the lockdown,” said Joey Wang, a 24-year-old student in the Hubei province.



The subdued response of the government comes as an attempt to revive the economy and reassure U.S. and other foreign businesses.&nbsp;



“Covid-zero enforcement was very interruptive to business, and so we said again and again to the Chinese government, what companies need is stability, clarity, so they can plan,” said Michael Hart, president of the <a href="https://www.amchamchina.org/">American Chamber of Commerce in China</a>.



It is not yet clear whether U.S. will reimpose travel restrictions in the near future, as China’s new wave grows, although experts suggest that U.S. citizens already have a high level of immunity to the XBB sub-variants circulating now in China. According to Matt Miller, a spokesperson at the State Department, the situation in China will be closely monitored in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) before updating current travel guidelines.



“We don’t want to see people anywhere, obviously, suffering from Covid-19,” Miller said. However, the U.S. government remains committed to collaborate with China “on transnational challenges, including on global health matters and maintaining open lines of communication.”



—



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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China faces another massive Covid-19 wave

As respiratory disease specialist Zhong Nanshan revealed at a medical...

In the long history of companionship between humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-can-read-dogs-emotions-from-their-expressions/">dogs</a>, stretching back some 40,000 years, dogs have faithfully been by our side. This loyalty and deep connection has earned them the title of "man's best friend."&nbsp;



However, recent research suggests that not all breeds share an equal fondness for human company. A team of scientists at the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en">University of Helsinki</a> has found that human sociability levels vary considerably among different dog breeds.



Led by Dr. Milla Salonen, the researchers set out to analyze canine personalities, aiming to uncover the variation across breeds.&nbsp;



"The breed of the dog is the most important determinant underlying personality differences," said Dr. Salonen. "All dogs are individuals, and all breeds have different traits, but the breeds differ in what kind of personality most dogs within each breed have."



This extensive study revealed that bull type terriers, teacup dogs, and golden retrievers topped the list of breeds with the highest levels of human sociability, officially affirming their status as "man's best friends." Conversely, livestock guardian dogs, Asian primitive breeds, and primitive sighthounds appeared less inclined to enjoy human company.



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



For the investigation, the team amassed an expansive behavioral survey dataset containing information on 11,000 dogs, representing 300 distinct breeds. The dogs were then sorted into 52 groups.&nbsp;



After careful examination, the data demonstrated a strong correlation between breed and seven personality traits: insecurity, training focus, aggressiveness/dominance, energy, dog sociability, human sociability, and perseverance.



In terms of human sociability, bull terriers took the lead, with teacup dogs, Golden Retrievers, Jack Russell Terriers, and Dachshunds following closely behind. On the flip side, livestock guardian dogs, Asian primitive breeds, primitive sighthounds, and Northern hunting spitzes ranked at the bottom of the sociability scale.



This research also explored several factors other than breed that may influence a dog's sociability with humans. The results showed that female dogs generally exhibited higher sociability scores than their male counterparts, and that sociability appeared to decline as dogs aged.



Considering these insights, the researchers recommend that new pet owners should make efforts to expose their puppies to various social environments involving humans from an early age.&nbsp;



"Our findings indicate that new owners should familiarize their puppies as much as possible with unfamiliar people, places, and animals," said Dr. Salonen. "Of course, socialization must always be done on the puppy's terms, which means that the puppy must not be forced into frightening situations."



This groundbreaking study improves our understanding of the diverse personalities of our beloved canine companions. While the breed does play a significant role in defining a dog's personality, pet owners are responsible for creating environments that foster their natural sociability toward people.



<h2 id="h-tips-for-choosing-the-right-dog">Tips for choosing the right dog</h2>



Choosing the right dog is a major decision that can bring immense joy and companionship, but also a significant responsibility. Here's how you can make a thoughtful choice:



<h3 id="h-assess-your-lifestyle">Assess your lifestyle</h3>



Consider your daily routine and living environment. Active breeds like Retrievers or Border Collies may require more exercise and stimulation than, for instance, Bichon Frises or Shih Tzus. Similarly, larger breeds may need more space than smaller ones.



<h3 id="h-understand-dog-breeds">Understand dog breeds</h3>



Different dog breeds have different traits and temperaments. Research various breeds, their energy levels, health concerns, lifespan, and their compatibility with your lifestyle. Keep in mind that certain breeds may be more sociable with humans, as indicated by recent research led by Dr. Milla Salonen from the University of Helsinki.



<h3 id="h-consider-adoption">Consider adoption</h3>



Many dogs of all breeds and ages are waiting for homes in shelters. Adopting can save a life and give a dog a second chance. Remember, puppies may require more training and patience than an older dog.



<h3 id="h-factor-in-lifespan-and-health">Factor in lifespan and health</h3>



Different breeds have different life expectancies and potential health issues. Large dogs generally have shorter lifespans than smaller dogs. Be prepared to take on the financial responsibility for any health issues that may arise.



<h3 id="h-training-and-behavior">Training and behavior</h3>



Dogs vary in trainability and behavior based on their breed and individual personality. Consider if you prefer a dog that is easy to train or one that is more independent. You should also think about their compatibility with other pets or children.



<h3 id="h-time-and-commitment">Time and commitment</h3>



Dogs require time, effort, and emotional investment. They need training, socialization, care, and above all, love. Make sure you are ready for this commitment.



<h3 id="h-consult-professionals">Consult professionals</h3>



Before making a decision, consider talking to veterinarians, dog trainers, or breed-specific rescue groups. They can provide invaluable insight into what owning a particular breed is like.



Choosing the right dog is not just about finding a pet; it's about inviting a new family member into your home.&nbsp;



—-



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Study reveals the dog breeds that are truly man's best friend

In the long history of companionship between humans and dogs,...

Researchers at Western’s <a href="https://birds.uwo.ca/">Advanced Facility for Avian Research</a> (AFAR) have made a remarkable discovery about birds: they can quite literally flick a brain switch to perceive Earth’s magnetic field.&nbsp;



The study sheds new light on the intriguing manner in which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-have-new-strategy-to-cope-with-climate-change/">migratory birds</a> navigate, highlighting the importance of a brain region called "Cluster N" for processing geomagnetic information.



For context, it's vital to recognize that the Earth's magnetic field extends far into space. This protective layer, caused by the flow of molten iron within our planet’s inner core, serves as our shield against the harmful cosmic radiation the Sun emits.&nbsp;



Yet, for some members of the animal kingdom, this invisible force is a natural GPS. Salmon, sea turtles, and migratory birds use the magnetic field to navigate across vast distances.



The process of how and why this happens has been somewhat of a mystery. The new study, led by PhD candidate Madeleine Brodbeck and AFAR co-director Scott MacDougall-Shackleton, has begun to unravel this mystery. The research was focused on white-throated sparrows.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



The team found that these birds have the ability to activate Cluster N in their brains at night when they were motivated to migrate. This activation allows the birds to avoid prey and fly during cooler periods. But the birds are also capable of making the region go dormant when they are ready to rest.



Brodbeck explained: “This brain region is super important for activating the geomagnetic compass, especially for songbirds when they migrate at night." The study represents the first evidence of this brain region functioning in a North American bird species, and it builds upon the previous work that was primarily conducted in Europe.



For decades, Earth’s magnetic field has intrigued not only physicists and aerospace engineers, but also creative minds, inspiring the works of renowned science fiction writers like Frank Herbert and Stephen King. The concept of invisible forces guiding our movements, wholly imperceptible to humans, continues to be a fascination for Brodbeck as well.



“Magnetic fields are really fun to think about because they’re invisible to humans. We can’t see them or sense them, but most animals perceive them in some way,” said Brodbeck.



<h2 id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



To navigate and migrate, birds rely not just on Earth's magnetic field, but also on visual cues from the sun and the stars. Unfortunately, our increasingly urbanized landscapes, dotted with artificial lights and glass skyscrapers, disrupt their migratory paths.



“This type of basic research informs us and lets us know the full suite of ways that animals perceive the world when they’re migrating and what we as humans need to do to minimize our impact,” said Professor MacDougall-Shackleton.&nbsp;



He emphasized that understanding the physical mechanisms of animal movement isn't just academic; it's fundamentally important in order to comprehend and possibly mitigate the ways human actions influence their journeys.



This groundbreaking study, published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14609568">European Journal of Neuroscience</a>, underlines the need for continued exploration into the complex mechanisms that drive animal behaviors. Furthermore, it also provides a perspective into our responsibility towards co-inhabitants of our planet, as our actions inevitably leave a footprint on their migratory paths.



<h2 id="h-more-about-earth-s-magnetic-field">More about Earth's magnetic field</h2>



Earth's magnetic field is a powerful, invisible force that extends from the interior of the planet out into space. It originates from the flow of molten iron and nickel in the planet's outer core, which creates electric currents that, in turn, generate the magnetic field. This is known as the dynamo effect.



The Earth's magnetic field is important for several reasons.



<h3 id="h-protection-from-solar-radiation">Protection from Solar Radiation</h3>



The magnetic field shields the Earth from harmful solar radiation. Without it, life as we know it would not exist, because the atmosphere would be stripped away by solar winds - streams of charged particles from the Sun.



<h3 id="h-aid-to-navigation">Aid to Navigation</h3>



The Earth's magnetic field creates the North and South magnetic poles, which are slightly offset from the geographic poles. These magnetic poles are the basis for magnetic navigation, used by both humans and many animals. Animals such as birds, sea turtles, and even some types of bacteria can sense the Earth's magnetic field and use it to navigate.



<h3 id="h-generation-of-auroras">Generation of Auroras</h3>



The Earth's magnetic field is also responsible for phenomena like the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) and Aurora Australis (Southern Lights). These occur when charged particles from the Sun are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field and collide with atmospheric atoms and molecules, causing them to emit light.



The Earth's magnetic field is not static. Over millions of years, it has undergone numerous reversals, where the North and South magnetic poles switch places. The last reversal, known as the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal, occurred approximately 780,000 years ago.&nbsp;



Scientists are still investigating why these reversals occur, but it is believed that changes in the flow of molten iron and nickel in the Earth's outer core are responsible.



Despite its importance, many mysteries remain about the Earth's magnetic field. As studies like the one at Western’s Advanced Facility for Avian Research (AFAR) continue, our understanding of this complex and vital part of our planet will continue to grow.



—-



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Birds can switch their perception of Earth’s magnetic field on and off

Researchers at Western’s Advanced Facility for Avian Research (AFAR) have...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

The gorilla quickly took to his new environment, and for two years, he lived unbothered in the zoo&#8217;s Gorilla World habitat. Then, on May 28, 2016, the unthinkable happened. Photo credit: John Sommers II/Getty Images

May 28, 2016

Harambe would go on to spend the next 15 years in Brownsville until zookeepers felt it was time to introduce him to a new social group. And so, on September 18, 2014, Harambe was transferred to the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Photo credit: The Cincinnati Zoo &amp; Botanical Garden / YouTube