Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1792, a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Columba about 43 million light-years away from Earth.&nbsp;



This galaxy, discovered by British astronomer James Dunlop in 1826, is part of the larger NGC 1808 group of galaxies.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intimate-view-of-ngc-1792">Intimate view of NGC 1792</h2>



“An orange glow radiates from the center of NGC 1792, the heart of this stellar forge. Captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, this intimate view of NGC 1792 gives us some insight into this galactic powerhouse,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“The vast swathes of tell-tale blue seen throughout the galaxy indicate areas that are full of young, hot stars, and it is in the shades of orange, seen nearer the center, that the older, cooler stars reside.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vigorous-star-formation-nbsp">Vigorous star formation&nbsp;</h2>



NGC 1792 is notable for its vigorous star formation, classifying it as a starburst galaxy. The high rate of star birth is thought to be triggered by gravitational interactions with neighboring galaxies, though the exact cause is still under study.



“Nestled in the constellation of Columba (The Dove), NGC 1792 is both a spiral galaxy, and a starburst galaxy,” said ESA. 



“Within starburst galaxies, stars are forming at comparatively exorbitant rates. The rate of star formation can be more than 10 times faster in a starburst galaxy than in the Milky Way.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fierce-bursts-of-star-formation">Fierce bursts of star formation</h2>



ESA noted that when galaxies have a large reservoir of gas, like NGC 1792, these short-lived starburst phases can be sparked by galactic events such as mergers and tidal interactions.&nbsp;



“One might think that these starburst galaxies would easily consume all of their gas in a large forming event. However, supernova explosions and intense stellar winds produced in these powerful starbursts can inject energy into the gas and disperse it.”&nbsp;



“This halts the star formation before it can completely deplete the galaxy of all its fuel. Scientists are actively working to understand this complex interplay between the dynamics that drive and quench these fierce bursts of star formation.”



Due to its distance and brightness, NGC 1792 can be observed with medium-sized telescopes under favorable conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-evolution-of-galaxies">The evolution of galaxies </h2>



Galaxy evolution refers to the process by which galaxies form and change over time. It begins in the early universe, shortly after the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-observations-disprove-big-bang-theory-universe-began-tired-light-theory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Bang</a>, when small density fluctuations in the primordial gas led to the collapse of matter into the first galaxies.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-mergers">Galaxy mergers</h3>



Early galaxies were small and irregular, and were composed mostly of gas and dark matter. Over billions of years, galaxies grew larger by merging with one another and by accreting gas from the surrounding space.&nbsp;



These interactions often triggered bursts of star formation, and collisions between galaxies sometimes led to the creation of new, more massive galaxies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structural-changes">Structural changes</h3>



As galaxies evolve, their morphology - shape and structure - can change. Early galaxies were often irregular or disk-shaped, but over time, many galaxies formed into the elliptical or spiral shapes we see today.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation">Star formation</h3>



Star formation is a key driver of galaxy evolution, but it gradually slows down as galaxies age. 



The gas that fuels <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> can be used up, or it can be heated and pushed out of galaxies by supernovae or black holes, reducing the galaxy's ability to form new stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-environment-nbsp">Galaxy environment&nbsp;</h3>



The environment in which a galaxy resides also plays a role in its evolution. Galaxies in dense clusters are more likely to interact with their neighbors, which can alter their shape or trigger bursts of star formation.&nbsp;



In contrast, galaxies in more isolated regions of space evolve more slowly and without as many dramatic interactions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter">Dark matter</h3>



Dark matter also plays a crucial role in galaxy evolution. It provides the gravitational framework that holds galaxies together and influences their interactions with one another.&nbsp;



Supermassive <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=Galaxies%20merge&amp;start=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes</a>, found at the centers of most large galaxies, can also affect their evolution by releasing energy that impacts star formation and the movement of gas within the galaxy.



Overall, galaxy evolution is a complex and ongoing process driven by interactions between stars, gas, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-dark-matter-does-not-exist-and-the-universe-is-27-billion-years-old/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, and black holes, and shaped by both internal processes and external influences.



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA, J. Lee



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Starburst galaxy in the constellation Columba

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a brilliant stellar nursery located about 163,000 light-years away.



According to ESA, the image is one of the most photogenic examples of the many stellar nurseries observed by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope during its 30-year lifetime. 



“The portrait features the giant nebula NGC 2014 and its neighbor NGC 2020 which together form part of a vast star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-stellar-nursery">What is a stellar nursery?</h2>



Stellar nurseries are regions in space where new stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">born</a> - often within vast clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds.&nbsp;



These areas are fascinating because they are cradles of stellar evolution, where gravity causes clumps of gas to collapse, eventually forming protostars.&nbsp;



Over time, the protostars will heat up and start the nuclear fusion process that powers a star.



One of the most well-known stellar nurseries is the Orion Nebula, which is visible to the naked eye and located about 1,350 light-years from Earth.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-a-stellar-nursery-nbsp">Dynamic nature of a stellar nursery&nbsp;</h2>



Within these nurseries, the balance between gravity and pressure determines the types of stars that form, from massive, luminous stars to smaller, cooler ones like our Sun.&nbsp;



The environment is incredibly dynamic, with powerful winds from young stars shaping the clouds and triggering the birth of even more stars.



These regions are often illuminated by the light from massive newborn stars - creating stunning, colorful displays. The light reveals the intricate structure of the dust and gas, sculpted by the energy of young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-stellar-nurseries-nbsp">Significance of stellar nurseries&nbsp;</h2>



Stellar nurseries are essential for understanding the early stages of planetary formation, as protoplanetary disks (the material from which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets form</a>) are often found around young stars in these regions.



Stellar nurseries play a crucial role in the ongoing evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. They are responsible for the continuous birth of new stars that enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements. This constant recycling of material is key to the development of future generations of stars and planets.&nbsp;



Furthermore, the study of these regions helps astronomers understand the fundamental processes that govern the life cycles of stars and the overall dynamics of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-local-group">The Local Group</h2>



The Local Group is a collection of over 80 galaxies that includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, along with numerous smaller dwarf galaxies. These galaxies are bound together by gravity and span a region roughly 10 million light-years across.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-thin-disk-is-billions-of-years-older-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> and Andromeda are the dominant members, with their respective satellite galaxies orbiting them.&nbsp;



The Local Group is part of a larger structure known as the Virgo Supercluster, and its galaxies are moving toward the gravitational center of the Local Group, contributing to its dynamic nature.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-magellanic-cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</h2>



The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group and can be seen with the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



This irregular dwarf galaxy is home to the Tarantula Nebula, one of the most active star-forming regions in our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;



The Large Magellanic Cloud played a key role in astronomical history, particularly when the supernova SN 1987A was observed, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution.&nbsp;



The LMC's interaction with the Milky Way, along with its own companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud, is believed to influence its shape and star formation activity. Its proximity and unique properties make it a crucial object of study for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>, star formation, and the dynamics of interacting galaxies.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and STScI



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Hubble captures a stunning stellar nursery

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1559, located around 35 million light-years away in the southern constellation Reticulum. The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.&nbsp;



"The data featured in this portrait make use of two of Webb’s instruments: the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) and Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam)," noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Here MIRI captures the glow of interstellar dust grains, which trace out the interstellar medium, the fuel for future star formation. NIRCam shows the light from stars, even young stars hidden behind prodigious amounts of dust. NIRCam also captures emission from ionized nebulae around young stars."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-reveals-galaxies-in-new-light">Webb reveals galaxies in new light</h2>



According to ESA, the data was collected by the <a href="https://sites.google.com/view/phangs/home">PHANGS team</a> as part of a program in which Webb will observe 55 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> that have also been mapped by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, and more.&nbsp;



"By combining Webb’s unprecedented view of the dust and stars with data from these other facilities, the team aims to obtain a new, highly detailed view of how stars are born, live, and die in galaxies across the Universe."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-1559-a-loner-in-space">NGC 1559: A loner in space</h2>



Although NGC 1559 appears to sit close to one of our nearest neighbors in the sky - the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) - this is just a trick of perspective, noted ESA.



While it is part of the Reticulum constellation, NGC 1559 is not part of the Local Group of galaxies but instead resides in a more distant region of space.



"In reality, NGC 1559 is physically nowhere near the LMC in space; in fact it truly is a loner, lacking the company of any nearby galaxies or membership of any galaxy cluster," said ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1559">Star formation in NGC 1559</h2>



NGC 1559 is notable for its active star formation and strong magnetic fields. It has also been the site of several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, making it of particular interest to astronomers who study stellar evolution and the life cycle of stars.



The structure of NGC 1559 includes well-defined spiral arms that contain young, hot stars and regions of ionized gas, indicative of ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-extragalactic-wonder">An extragalactic wonder</h2>



Despite being relatively small compared to larger galaxies like the Milky Way, NGC 1559 is an important object for understanding how barred spiral galaxies evolve and the processes that trigger supernovae.



The galaxy’s remote location and active nature make it a fascinating subject of study in the field of extragalactic astronomy. 



The isolation of NGC 1559 allows for a clearer view of its structure without much interference from neighboring galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxies">Barred spiral galaxies</h2>



Barred spiral galaxies are a type of spiral galaxy characterized by a central bar-shaped structure composed of stars. This bar extends out from the core and connects to the galaxy's spiral arms, which swirl outward in a graceful pattern.



Scientists believe that the bar plays a crucial role in the evolution of the galaxy, funneling gas towards the core and potentially triggering star formation or feeding a central black hole. 



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our own galaxy, is an example of a barred spiral. These galaxies are quite common in the universe, making up about two-thirds of all observed spiral galaxies.



The bar itself is thought to be a temporary feature, developing as the galaxy matures and possibly disappearing over time as the dynamics of the stars change. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reticulum-constellation">The Reticulum constellation</h2>



Reticulum is a small, faint constellation in the southern sky. Its name means "the reticle" in Latin, which refers to the crosshairs in an eyepiece of a telescope.



The constellation was named in the 18th century by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille to honor the reticle he used in his scientific instruments. It is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union.



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, A. Leroy, J. Lee and the PHANGS Team



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Spiral galaxy glows with young stars and interstellar dust

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation. The data can also be used to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation.



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. 



The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. 



Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. 



Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-spiral-galaxies">Types of spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. It is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



Pavo contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



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Young stars illuminate a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Lake Chad in central Africa. The photograph was taken by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.



According to <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/154407/lake-chads-water-wetlands-and-dunes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, Lake Chad once ranked among the largest natural lakes in the world. It was a critical resource for millions of people and animals, supporting agriculture and fishing across the region.&nbsp;



Lake Chad straddles the borders of Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon. The shallow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-warming-toward-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> is primarily fed by the Chari River, which brings water from the Central African Republic. 



The water levels are also influenced by seasonal rainfall. The rainfall patterns vary significantly across the basin but generally follow a wet-dry seasonal cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-decline-and-shrinkage-nbsp">Environmental decline and shrinkage&nbsp;</h2>



From the 1960s to the early 2000s, the lake lost more than 90 percent of its surface area. It transformed from a vast expanse of open water into a patchwork of wetlands, reed beds, and scattered pools.&nbsp;



This environmental decline has had severe consequences for local communities, leading to food and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-security-relies-on-the-origins-of-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water insecurity</a>, loss of livelihoods, and increasing competition over scarce resources.



“Ongoing droughts and the rising demand for fresh water have shrunk the lake to less than a tenth of the area it covered in the middle of the last century,” noted NASA.



“Although the lake has experienced dry and wet periods for thousands of years, there has been a significant decline in the amount of lake water available since the 1960s.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflict-culture-and-economy">Conflict, culture, and economy</h2>



Lake Chad is a geopolitical hotspot. The region has been affected by conflict, including the insurgency led by Boko Haram, which has displaced millions and further complicated efforts to manage and protect the lake’s fragile ecosystem.&nbsp;



Despite these challenges, regional governments and international organizations are working to restore and sustain the lake, including ambitious proposals to divert water from the Congo River basin.



Culturally and economically, Lake Chad remains vital. It is a hub for trade and social exchange among diverse ethnic groups and continues to provide fish and fertile land despite its reduced size.&nbsp;



The future of Lake Chad hinges on sustainable water management, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-alter-how-sunlight-travels-through-clear-lakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> resilience, and political cooperation across national boundaries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-lake-chad-nbsp">Evolution of Lake Chad&nbsp;</h2>



According to NASA, the evolution of Lake Chad has been documented by astronaut photography over the past 60 years.&nbsp;



“During the Apollo 7 mission in 1968, an astronaut acquired an oblique <a href="https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=AS07&amp;roll=8&amp;frame=1932" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photograph</a> of the lake as one large body of water. In 1982, another <a href="https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=STS005&amp;roll=39&amp;frame=1022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photo</a> from the space shuttle mission STS-5 recorded receding water levels and encroaching sand dunes.”



“A <a href="https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=ISS042&amp;roll=E&amp;frame=244403" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photo</a> taken in 2015 during space station Expedition 42 captured the lake’s remaining waters and wetlands in dark green, blue, and brown, contrasting with the sandy shades of the surrounding land.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-lake-chad">Wildlife of Lake Chad</h2>



Lake Chad still supports wildlife, though species diversity and abundance have declined significantly due to ecosystem degradation



The lake and its surrounding wetlands are home to several species of fish, including tilapia, catfish, and Nile perch, which are important both ecologically and economically.&nbsp;



These fish support a major regional fishing industry, although overfishing and changes in water conditions have put pressure on fish populations.



Birds are another key component of the ecosystem. The lake serves as a crucial habitat and stopover point for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-may-be-using-quantum-physics-for-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a> traveling along the African-Eurasian flyway. 



Species such as herons, storks, ducks, and geese can be found in the region, especially during the wet season when parts of the lake flood and create rich feeding grounds.



Mammals that depend on the surrounding floodplains and wetlands include hippos and various antelope species, yet their numbers have declined.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-and-challenges">Conservation efforts and challenges</h2>



Reptiles like Nile crocodiles and turtles also inhabit the lake's waters and marshy areas. In the past, larger wildlife such as elephants and lions may have roamed the wider Lake Chad basin, but they are now mostly gone from the immediate lake area due to habitat loss and human activity.



Despite these challenges, Lake Chad remains an important, yet increasingly fragile, refuge for wildlife in a region where water and natural habitats are becoming more scarce.&nbsp;



Conservation efforts aim to balance the needs of people and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-freshwater-species-are-threatened-with-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, but the success of such efforts depends on managing the lake’s limited resources in the face of climate change, political instability, and population growth.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Lake Chad: A vanishing lifeline in Central Africa

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a stunning image of Andromeda, the nearest spiral galaxy to our Milky Way.



The extraordinary image was captured by ESA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flyeye-telescope-will-spot-asteroids-faster-than-ever-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flyeye telescope</a> in May 2025 during its first light campaign. This was not just a technical test; it became a powerful demonstration of the telescope’s capabilities. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-andromeda-in-a-single-frame">Capturing Andromeda in a single frame</h2>



The image was produced from 16 simultaneous 30-second exposures, each corresponding to one segment of the instrument’s view. What’s remarkable is that this relatively brief imaging session managed to capture the entire span of Andromeda in a single frame.&nbsp;



“For a dedicated astronomical telescope such as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, viewing the whole Andromeda Galaxy requires stitching together hundreds of individual observations. This <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Hubble_s_panoramic_view_of_the_Andromeda_Galaxy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble image</a> of Andromeda, for example, took over 10 years and 600 snapshots to make,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/06/Flyeye_s_view_of_the_Andromeda_galaxy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“Flyeye, on the other hand, is a survey telescope designed to see as much of the sky at once as possible, and to rapidly scan for new near-Earth objects. This image of Andromeda takes up just one sixteenth of the telescope’s full field of view.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-the-sky-like-never-before">Viewing the sky like never before</h2>



The Flyeye telescope is a uniquely engineered wide-field survey instrument that gets its name from the compound eyes of insects. The ability to image a vast celestial object like Andromeda so quickly and efficiently speaks volumes about the future role of Flyeye.&nbsp;



While the telescope was primarily designed for planetary defense - specifically, detecting near-Earth objects like asteroids and comets - it is proving to be a versatile tool for wide-field astrophotography.&nbsp;



Once the full network of Flyeye telescopes is operational, ESA will be able to monitor two-thirds of the visible sky up to three times per night. This will greatly enhance our ability to detect moving objects, transient phenomena, and changes in the sky in near real-time.



Flyeye represents a major leap in how we scan and interpret the sky, combining the speed of modern survey telescopes with the breadth and automation required for planetary protection and astrophysical discovery. The image of Andromeda, captured so efficiently, is an early glimpse of that future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-andromeda">A closer look at Andromeda</h2>



The Andromeda Galaxy is the most distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-the-milky-way-on-a-collision-course-new-clues-from-hubble/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">object</a> visible to the naked eye from Earth. Located approximately 2.5 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda, it spans more than 220,000 light-years across - making it more than twice the size of the Milky Way. 



The galaxy contains an estimated one trillion stars, which is several times more than the number in our galaxy.



Andromeda is on a slow but steady <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-collision-may-change-everything-we-know-about-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collision course</a> with the Milky Way. Astronomers estimate that the two galaxies will begin to merge in about 4 billion years, eventually forming a single, much larger elliptical galaxy. 



This future collision is not a threat to individual stars or planets, including our solar system, because of the immense distances between stars. Instead, it will be a dramatic and relatively gentle gravitational reshaping of both galaxies over billions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-important-object-of-study">An important object of study</h2>



Visually, Andromeda appears as a faint, elongated smudge in dark skies, best seen in the Northern Hemisphere during autumn. 



Through binoculars or a small telescope, more structure becomes visible, including its bright core and hints of spiral arms. It has several satellite galaxies of its own, including M32 and M110, both of which are dwarf elliptical galaxies.



As a member of the Local Group - a small cluster of about 80 galaxies that includes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brightest-era-of-the-universe-reveals-how-the-milky-way-formed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, Triangulum Galaxy, and numerous dwarf galaxies - Andromeda plays a key role in our understanding of galactic formation and evolution. 



It has been studied extensively in multiple wavelengths, from radio to X-ray, revealing not only its stars and dust lanes but also a massive halo of hot gas surrounding it and evidence of past galactic mergers.



Andromeda remains an important object of study for both scientists and skywatchers. It gives us a glimpse of what the Milky Way might look like from the outside and helps us understand what could happen when our galaxy and Andromeda eventually collide.



Image Credit: ESA



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Andromeda: One trillion stars in a single frame

While visiting the gorilla enclosure, a three-year-old boy decided he wanted a closer look at the great apes. But after scaling the outer fence, the child lost his footing and fell fifteen feet into a shallow moat below. Photo credit: Eric Francis/Getty Images

Looking Closer

For many people, the idea of combining a psychedelic substance with organized religion may sound like a stretch. Yet a team of researchers recently <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2023.0044" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investigated</a> the effects of psilocybin on spiritual leaders across several faith traditions, hoping to learn how this compound might influence well-being and religious attitudes.



The experts enrolled clergy from major world religions in a study comparing those who received psilocybin sessions with those who did not. 



The late <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/newsroom/news-releases/2023/10/roland-griffiths-pioneering-psychedelic-researcher-dies" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roland Griffiths</a> from <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> was one of the scientists at the center of this project, ensuring careful protocols and ethical oversight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-psilocybin-affects-the-brain">How psilocybin affects the brain</h2>



Psilocybin is the primary compound in certain types of mushrooms. It belongs to a group called <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/serotonergic-psychedelic" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">serotonergic psychedelics</a>, which means it interacts with a specific set of receptors in the brain. 



A growing body of clinical <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> has explored its effects on mood, mental health, and personal meaning. <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881116675512" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research</a> suggests that psilocybin can prompt introspection and feelings of connectedness. 



Some participants in past studies have described enduring changes in perspective. These trials have followed standard safety measures and were typically supervised by professionals trained in guiding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-ibogaine-can-now-be-produced-without-rare-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experience</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-religious-leaders-joined-psilocybin-trial">Religious leaders joined psilocybin trial</h2>



Clergy hold leadership roles in their faith communities. They often counsel congregants and guide spiritual practices. 



The researchers wanted to determine if psilocybin-assisted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-drug-induces-feelings-of-oceanic-boundlessness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sessions</a> might shape the perspectives and effectiveness of these leaders in their day-to-day vocations.



According to the study, members of various denominations and faiths took part. Some received two psilocybin sessions spaced about one month apart, while others were placed on a waitlist. 



Afterward, each volunteer answered questions about spiritual awareness, prayer, and attitudes toward their beliefs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-religious-leaders-experiences-on-psilocybin">Religious leaders' experiences on psilocybin</h2>



Participants were screened for physical and mental health conditions before the sessions. A comfortable setting was provided on the dosing days, including support from trained facilitators. 



Many of those who ingested psilocybin said it was among the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-fungus-in-morning-glory-seeds-produces-lsd-like-compounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiritually</a> significant experiences of their lives.



“Participants who had received psilocybin reported significantly greater positive changes in their religious practices, attitudes about their religions, and effectiveness as a religious leader,” stated Stephen Ross, from the NYU Grossman School of Medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-spiritual-communities">Implications for spiritual communities</h2>



According to the study, improvements in daily spiritual practices and a sense of deeper connection with both one’s own faith and other religious traditions were still observed well over a year after the sessions. 



These trends suggest the psilocybin experience could potentially support religious work by offering fresh perspectives on matters of meaning and devotion.



On a non-religious level, many participants noted a positive shift in personal well-being. They reported mood improvements that continued as time passed. These outcomes highlight a pattern similar to previous psilocybin trials in different populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reflecting-on-challenges">Reflecting on challenges</h2>



Not everyone’s journey during a psychedelic session is easy. The report acknowledged that psilocybin can bring about intense moments of worry or confusion. 



Careful screening and supervision seemed to reduce potential risks, with no serious adverse events reported.



Still, the authors cautioned against making sweeping generalizations. They pointed out that the research population was relatively small. 



The researchers also emphasized that self-selection and expectations might have shaped the experiences to some degree.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-lasting-changes-in-perspective">Long-lasting changes in perspective </h2>



The researchers noted that the results in clergy were broadly in line with past clinical studies of psilocybin in non-religious participants. In both cases, high-dose sessions led to long-lasting changes in behavior, perspective, and emotional health. 



What made this trial unique was that the effects showed up in areas directly tied to religious leadership, such as prayer life, perceived vocational effectiveness, and tolerance of other faiths.



Compared to studies involving cancer patients or individuals with depression, the clergy participants tended to rate their sessions as more spiritually meaningful and less therapeutically intense. That could be due to the nature of their role or their prior exposure to sacred frameworks. 



Still, about 42% described at least one session as among the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magic-mushrooms-are-the-most-popular-psychedelic-drug/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychologically</a> challenging experiences of their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-religious-studies-on-psilocybin">Future religious studies on psilocybin</h2>



This project invites more exploration of psilocybin’s role in religious contexts. Larger samples from diverse spiritual backgrounds may clarify how much culture and preexisting beliefs influence the session’s outcomes. 



Some may wonder whether these insights could inform religious education or help religious professionals facing burnout.



Any upcoming investigations are expected to follow rigorous guidelines. Researchers often stress that psilocybin should only be used in supervised studies or other lawful frameworks to minimize potential harm and misunderstanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-spiritual-care">New approaches to spiritual care</h2>



Faith leaders stand at a unique crossroads of tradition and human need. Studies like this one spark discussions about new approaches to spiritual care. They also add to the growing literature suggesting psilocybin’s potential for promoting introspection and community well-being.



It remains to be seen how religious organizations respond to these findings. Some may embrace research aimed at enriching spiritual life, while others might remain cautious. 



Either way, the results open a conversation about how substances like psilocybin could interact with centuries of established rituals and beliefs.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/psymed.2023.0044" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychedelic Medicine</a>.



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Religious leaders tried psilocybin - and it changed their lives

For many people, the idea of combining a psychedelic substance...

Stress can disrupt normal sleep and muddle how we store new information. Researchers have spent years studying why tense events often leave people tossing and turning at night. 



Experts have also examined how stressful experiences might dull our ability to recall important details the next day.



Recent work on male mice offers hints that a part of the hypothalamus is critical in this process. The investigation was led by Dr. Shinjae Chung at the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-stress-changes-brain-signals">How stress changes brain signals</h2>



Stress is not just an emotional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-prepares-the-brain-for-the-future-while-protecting-memories-of-the-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">response</a>. It involves physical changes in the brain that may set off a chain reaction. One target appears to be the paraventricular nucleus (<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.858941/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PVN</a>) of the hypothalamus.



This region helps the body cope with threats. It releases certain hormones and signals when we feel under pressure. 



Once the PVN senses stress, researchers suspect it might shorten sleep and block healthy memory formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-stress-targets-the-brain">When stress targets the brain</h2>



Neuroscientists have been curious about what happens after the PVN is stimulated. One branch connects to the lateral hypothalamus (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/lateral-hypothalamus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LH</a>), a nearby region known for regulating hunger and wakefulness. 



This link drew attention when specialists found that shifting PVN activity resulted in memory changes and altered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-could-be-the-key-to-better-metabolic-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> patterns.



Scientists artificially stimulated neurons in the PVN and saw that these mice slept less than usual. They also struggled with <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30295349/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial object recognition</a>, a common test for memory.&nbsp;



“Activating CRHPVN neurons impairs memory performance and increases wakefulness, whereas inhibiting CRHPVN neurons during stress improves memory and sleep,” said Chung.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-reduces-sleep-and-weakens-memory">Stress reduces sleep and weakens memory</h2>



Shorter rest usually follows tense experiences, but that is only part of the issue. Memory deficits also appear when PVN neurons become highly active. 



Trial participants performed poorly when asked to recall certain objects placed in new locations. This drop in accuracy hints that any disruption around the hypothalamus might weaken how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teens-who-sleep-early-have-healthier-hearts-as-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> stores details.



The decreased rest may not be the only cause of spotty recall. Even minimal stress can nudge certain molecular pathways into overdrive. 



By controlling the flow of signals from the PVN to the lateral hypothalamus, the brain might be trying to preserve resources for survival. That shift in priorities can leave normal processes like memory taking a back seat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-disrupts-normal-sleep-cycles">Stress disrupts normal sleep cycles</h2>



The brain relies on a tight rhythm of sleep-wake cycles and memory consolidation routines. 



When stress activates <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44163-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRH neurons</a> in the PVN, it appears to interrupt these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-night-of-lost-sleep-can-trigger-hidden-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cycles</a> and reroute energy toward more immediate survival priorities.



This shift disrupts normal rest patterns and blocks the brain from processing memories efficiently. Over time, repeated interruptions could leave long-term effects on both mental clarity and emotional balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-easing-stress-can-improve-sleep">Easing stress can improve sleep</h2>



Blocking or tempering these stress-linked neurons calmed the mice and offered a slight boost in rest. It also improved how well they recognized objects. 



These findings open the door to future research on targeted therapies that aim to ease the impact of pressure on the brain.



Many of these approaches focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/corticotropin-releasing-hormone" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRH</a>), which triggers a cascade of events linked to the stress response. 



Some investigators wonder if adjusting CRH signals in the <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2682920/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus</a> circuit might restore healthier sleep patterns while keeping memory sharp.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-these-findings-matter">Why these findings matter</h2>



Modern life bombards many people with deadlines and worries. Sleepless nights often follow tough days, and simple tasks can start to feel impossible without proper rest. 



Studies in mice are not an exact blueprint for human physiology, but they give researchers a place to start.



These findings may help in efforts to protect the brain from the draining effects of chronic tension. They could also guide the design of new options for those whose work or daily environment pushes them to their limits. 



More systematic research is underway to see if any therapies can safely quiet these crucial neurons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-and-sleep-links-across-genders">Stress and sleep links across genders </h2>



While this study focused on male mice, the question of how these findings apply to females remains open. 



The brain’s stress circuitry can vary based on sex, especially in regions that regulate hormone signaling and emotional processing.



Future research will need to explore whether females show the same paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to lateral hypothalamus (LH) responses under stress. 



It is possible that different neural circuits play a larger role in how stress affects sleep and memory in female subjects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-step-toward-future-therapies">A step toward future therapies</h2>



Scientists are keen on translating these results to help individuals who deal with ongoing stress, especially those with anxiety disorders or memory complaints. 



More work is necessary to figure out how often people’s hypothalamic circuits might become overworked. Timing, dosage, and potential side effects still need thorough investigation.



Short bursts of stress can be useful, but constant strain is another story. This pathway might become a spotlight for therapies aiming to preserve healthy slumber and protect our ability to remember new information.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.jneurosci.org/content/early/2025/05/30/JNEUROSCI.2146-24.2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JNeurosci</a>.



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Stress hijacks the brain, disrupting sleep and memory

Stress can disrupt normal sleep and muddle how we store...

Brilliant,Young,Mathematician,Approaches,Big,Blackboard,And,Thinking,About,Sophisticated

Mathematics usually feels universal, certain, and free from drama. Numbers don't pick sides, theories don't hold grudges, and proofs don't belong to nations, at least, that's the idea.



But math sometimes surprises us, as the curious case of <a href="https://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~motizuki/top-english.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shinichi Mochizuki</a>’s controversial proof illustrates. It's a math puzzle wrapped in human drama, wrapped in cultural misunderstanding, and at its heart lies the <a href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/abcConjecture.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abc conjecture</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-the-abc-conjecture">What exactly is the abc conjecture?</h2>



At its core, the abc conjecture is about how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-a-better-way-for-kids-to-learn-math/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">numbers</a> behave when added and multiplied. Let's say we have three numbers: a, b, and c, where a + b = c, and they're whole numbers or <a href="https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/integers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">integers</a>.



Now, factor each number down to its basic building blocks, its <a href="https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/prime-factorization/">prime factors</a>. If we multiply together all the different prime factors of a, b, and c, the result usually exceeds c. 



For instance, 12 + 21 = 33; the prime factors (2, 3, 7, 11) multiply up to 462, far larger than 33 itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-mochizuki-proof-matters">Why the Mochizuki proof matters</h2>



The abc conjecture, proposed 40 years ago, isn't just number play. 



Solving it means unlocking several other math mysteries, including a simpler proof of the famous <a href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/FermatsLastTheorem.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fermat's Last Theorem</a>, a legendary problem that puzzled <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mathematicians-may-have-solved-a-125-year-old-problem-linking-the-laws-of-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mathematicians</a> for centuries until <a href="http://www.scienzamedia.uniroma2.it/~eal/Wiles-Fermat.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andrew Wiles</a> cracked it in the 1990s.



Given its enormous significance, mathematicians sat up when Mochizuki claimed he'd cracked it back in 2012, using his Inter-universal Teichmüller (<a href="https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/inter-universal+Teichm%C3%BCller+theory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUT</a>) theory, a 500-page <a href="https://ems.press/journals/prims/articles/201525" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proof</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mochizuki-s-complex-breakthrough">Mochizuki’s complex breakthrough</h2>



Mochizuki, a mathematician at Kyoto University, introduced IUT as a revolutionary way to understand numbers by moving them across mathematical "universes," altering and reconstructing them to gain new insights. A fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prime-numbers-discovery-upends-millennia-old-math-beliefs-security-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concept</a>, but extremely difficult to grasp.



Since its introduction, IUT has mostly confused mathematicians outside Japan. Only a handful of Mochizuki’s students and collaborators in Kyoto claimed to fully understand it, causing frustration internationally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debate-over-mochizuki-s-math-proof">Debate over Mochizuki’s math proof</h2>



Things heated up in 2018. Two renowned mathematicians from Germany, <a href="https://www.math.uni-bonn.de/people/scholze/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Peter Scholze</a> (University of Bonn) and <a href="https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/115666234/Prof__Dr__Jakob_Stix">Jakob Stix</a> (Goethe University Frankfurt), flew to Tokyo specifically to understand Mochizuki’s proof.



After a detailed analysis, Scholze and Stix announced they'd discovered a <a href="https://www.math.uni-bonn.de/people/scholze/WhyABCisStillaConjecture.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical flaw</a> in the proof. Specifically, they challenged the logic behind Corollary 3.12: a pivotal section they claimed contained an unsupported logical leap.



Mochizuki and his followers fiercely disagreed. They dismissed Scholze and Stix’s critique, stating confidently that no error existed. 



In 2021, after years of controversy, Mochizuki’s papers were published officially in a reputable journal, <a href="https://ems.press/journals/prims" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences</a>, where Mochizuki himself serves as editor-in-chief.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joshi-adds-his-fix-to-the-abc-math-proof">Joshi adds his fix to the abc math proof</h2>



Just when it seemed the math community couldn't get more divided, <a href="https://math.arizona.edu/~kirti/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kirti Joshi</a>, a mathematician at the University of Arizona, stepped into the debate. Joshi argues that both sides (Mochizuki and Scholze/Stix) are incorrect in crucial ways.



Joshi believes Mochizuki’s theory has genuine value but is incomplete because Mochizuki didn’t properly define certain key structures (called <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.11635" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arithmetic holomorphic structures</a>). 



Joshi offers an improved <a href="https://math.arizona.edu/~kirti/qa.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">version</a>, claiming to complete the gaps Mochizuki left behind, essentially "fixing" the critical Corollary 3.12.



In a strongly-worded recent paper titled <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.10568" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Final Report on the Mochizuki-Scholze-Stix Controversy</a>, Joshi concludes that Scholze and Stix's critique is mathematically false. 



He boldly declares that the abc conjecture is indeed proven, provided his enhancements are accepted.



Mochizuki, however, hasn’t embraced Joshi’s corrections warmly. He harshly dismissed Joshi’s findings as profoundly misguided, adding yet another layer of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-math-explains-how-big-crowds-keep-moving/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complexity</a> and conflict.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-who-is-right">So, who is right?</h2>



Here’s the rub: Mathematics typically prides itself on clarity and consensus, but here, cultural and personal conflicts have created two competing realities. 



Most mathematicians worldwide believe Scholze and Stix correctly identified a critical flaw. Yet, in Kyoto, a small but stubborn group insists otherwise, continuing to promote IUT as groundbreaking and flawless.



Joshi sits somewhere in between, asserting he has the true solution to unite the mathematical community. But the hostility and entrenched positions may be too deep to reconcile.



Interestingly, technology might offer the cleanest solution. Formal proof-checking software can theoretically verify each step of a mathematical proof mechanically, eliminating human biases. 



But converting Mochizuki’s intricate IUT into a computer-readable format is dauntingly complex, potentially more difficult than the original proof itself.



Until AI-driven formal checkers advance significantly, the mathematical world might remain split.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-drama-in-a-math-proof">Human drama in a math proof</h2>



Math is often viewed as the purest form of objective reasoning. Yet, the abc conjecture controversy vividly demonstrates that math is profoundly human. 



Ego, misunderstanding, nationalism, and communication failures have all played roles in this extraordinary story.



Rather than simple right or wrong, the situation illustrates how deeply human emotions influence even the most logical of fields. 



And in the end, maybe that's the real lesson of Mochizuki’s baffling proof: even in math, we're still just humans figuring things out, and sometimes arguing loudly about it.



The study is published in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.10568" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences</a>.



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Controversial math proof divides experts in bitter academic dispute

Mathematics usually feels universal, certain, and free from drama. Numbers...

In one of the largest analyses of veteran medical records, experts have uncovered patterns that point to significant differences in dementia risk from one region of the United States to another.



The researchers used long-term data on more than one million older adults to highlight how location may link to memory-related health conditions.



The findings come from a study led by experts at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Francisco</a>. The team evaluated information spanning over two decades, offering detailed insights on where rates of this condition appear to rise more steeply.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-risk-of-dementia">Mapping the risk of dementia </h2>



The researchers compared several key regions to a Mid-Atlantic reference category, analyzing how frequently dementia appeared. There were substantial differences, even when accounting for health factors like cardiovascular disease.



According to the data, the Southeast region showed a 25% higher rate than the Mid-Atlantic. 



The Northwest and Rocky Mountains both measured a 23% increase, followed by the South at 18% higher. The Southwest recorded a 13% rise, and the Northeast posted a 7% growth in dementia cases. 



Another striking aspect of the research was its inclusion of both rural and urban communities. 



Many assumed that people in cities might get earlier diagnoses, while those in remote towns might face more barriers to care. The results suggest that the overall regional gap remains, regardless of population density.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-at-the-numbers">Looking at the numbers</h2>



Experts have noted the importance of distinguishing dementia, which involves issues with thinking and daily function, from normal aging. 



Over six million Americans are believed to be living with <a href="https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory-related conditions</a>, based on the latest estimates. 



“The study underscores the need to understand regional differences in dementia and the importance of region-specific prevention and intervention efforts,” said Dr. Kristin Yaffe, senior author of the research paper. 



The experts plan to delve deeper into the reasons behind these geographic disparities, but this study offers a map of where new cases emerge more often.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-factors-may-increase-dementia-risk">Local factors may increase dementia risk</h2>



These findings encourage a careful look at local factors that might increase the risk. A closer examination could involve social conditions, such as education opportunities or consistent access to nutritious foods.



“Quality of education, early life conditions, and environmental exposures may be among those factors,” said Dr. Christina Dintica, lead author of the study. 



Dr. Dintica plans to build on these observations in collaboration with other scientists to clarify what triggers or accelerates cognitive impairment in certain areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-early-intervention">Strategies for early intervention </h2>



Some professionals suggest that regional differences might reflect variations in diagnostic practices. 



Since many people rely on the <a href="https://www.va.gov/health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veterans Health Administration</a>, there is a growing call for uniform screening tools that can identify problems in any setting.&nbsp;



Many focus on cardiovascular health and other physical conditions that impact brain aging. Approaches that integrate preventive care, like good blood pressure control, might reduce the risk.



These strategies could be critical because early intervention has shown promise in lessening the impact of memory-related conditions. 



Community organizations, local clinics, and broader public health campaigns can all work in tandem to educate people about signs of cognitive decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeted-outreach-to-reduce-dementia-risk">Targeted outreach to reduce dementia risk</h2>



Many families notice the toll that dementia takes on independence. When local healthcare resources lack specialized training, some conditions might slip through the cracks. 



As a result, individuals could miss early support that might preserve their daily functioning. Regional studies, like this one, help put a spotlight on areas that might benefit most from targeted outreach.



Some policy experts point to the wide range of lifestyles across the country. The study offers a framework for pinpointing regions that could strengthen their health services.



States with large rural regions face the challenge of connecting residents to regular checkups. Others with diverse populations may need culturally tailored tools for spotting early cognitive warning signs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-healthier-communities">Supporting healthier communities </h2>



Researchers see these results as a call to coordinate local and national resources. They hope improved data sharing will inform doctors, public officials, and community advocates.&nbsp;



Updated screening efforts may yield earlier detection and help patients avoid complications. By understanding which locales show higher incidence, health professionals can adapt their strategies to serve those neighborhoods more effectively.



Some experts also predict new collaborations across state lines. Groups that have implemented successful brain health programs can show others how to replicate what works.&nbsp;



Early education campaigns that encourage mental stimulation, balanced diets, and regular exercise may reduce the risk. These factors can support a healthier population and lessen the overall burden on healthcare systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



This project is considered an important step for pinpointing the unique factors that drive memory concerns in different parts of the country. Research teams plan to examine multiple angles, from air quality to job markets, to see how they might influence older adults. 



While some of these risk factors may overlap, clarifying their individual impact could improve healthcare planning.



The ultimate goal is to use this information to keep more people living independently in their communities. 



Whether through improved diagnosis, better treatment methods, or programs that promote social connectedness, knowledge of risk patterns can shape everything from local clinics to statewide policies.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2834952" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Neurology</a>.



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Where you live may affect your dementia risk 

In one of the largest analyses of veteran medical records,...

In a world where health advice often changes by the season, it can be hard to keep up. Whether you’re into sports or simply hoping to stay active for the long haul, learning about a supplement called creatine can feel like a breath of fresh air.



Drinking plenty of water and making smart dietary choices might help, but many people still worry they’re missing something crucial. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-creatine-the-basics">Understanding creatine - the basics</h2>



Creatine is a natural substance your body uses for energy. It helps your muscles, brain, and other parts of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fitness-is-far-more-important-than-weight-for-living-a-healthy-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body work better</a>. 



Your body makes some creatine on its own, and you also get some from eating meat and fish. But not everyone gets enough - especially people who don’t eat much meat or fish.



If you don’t get enough creatine, it can affect your health. Kids and teens who don’t get enough may be shorter, weigh less, or have more body fat. 



Adults may have a higher chance of getting sick or having problems with memory and thinking. Some women might have more issues with pregnancy or their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-can-reshape-a-babys-brain-before-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive health</a>. 



Older people with low creatine might have more trouble with heart health, thinking clearly, or staying strong. This new study digs much deeper into the health benefits of creatine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-creatine-is-good-for-health">Why creatine is good for health</h2>



Dr. Richard Kreider from <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a> is studying creatine as a natural compound, where it is found in meat and fish, that plays a key role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fitness-tracking-apple-watch-is-helpful-but-not-always-right/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy</a> production. 



It converts into <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phosphocreatine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phosphocreatine</a>, which powers your cells when you’re pushing yourself in demanding workouts or dealing with daily stress.



It’s not only about lifting heavier or running faster. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8228369/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research</a> shows that being low in creatine can correlate with less lean mass, heightened body fat, and reduced athletic performance.



Experts have studied creatine for several decades, looking into its safety and effects on adults, children, and even older populations. One large <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> reported that plenty of individuals fail to get enough from diet alone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-much-creatine-do-you-really-need">How much creatine do you really need?</h2>



“You only get about a gram of creatine per pound of red meat or fish, like salmon, so it’s expensive and takes a lot of calories to get a gram,” said Dr. Kreider. 



Our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-bursts-of-intense-exercise-can-slow-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bodies</a> typically produce about one gram of creatine per day, which falls short of what most of us need.&nbsp;



Some <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5545206/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">researchers</a> suggest starting with five grams of creatine four times daily for about a week, and then reducing to 5 to 10 grams a day. This approach boosts creatine without relying solely on large quantities of meat or fish.&nbsp;



Your exact dose can depend on muscle mass, level of activity, and dietary habits. Whether someone is an athlete in heavy training or a retiree looking to stay active, practical guidance from a medical professional is often the best route.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-creatine-safe-nbsp">Is creatine safe?&nbsp;</h2>



“There’s absolutely no data supporting any negative side effect anecdotally reported about creatine on the internet and in the media,” said Dr. Kreider. Though you might have heard stories about bloating or cramps, these claims are unsubstantiated.&nbsp;



The recent comprehensive study, involved more than 600 trials, and saw no major uptick in side effects among creatine users compared to those taking placebos. 



Claims that creatine harms the kidneys or leads to long-term problems have not been supported by real-world research.



Still, as with anything else you put in your body, quality matters. Choosing products from reputable sources and verifying labels can help you steer clear of questionable ingredients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-health-benefits-for-different-ages">Clear health benefits for different ages</h2>



As people grow older, maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ai-artificial-intelligence-changing-health-diet-fitness-exercise-approach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle</a> mass and healthy cognition can get tricky. Researchers have observed that creatine, when taken consistently, may support muscle health and daily function in older adults.&nbsp;



Adolescents might also stand to gain. When diets fall short in providing the recommended two to four grams of creatine a day, kids could experience slower growth and higher body fat.&nbsp;



Working out isn’t the only time you rely on strong muscles. Everyday tasks like standing up from a chair, carrying groceries, and climbing stairs depend on maintaining muscle strength.



For those on plant-based diets, supplementing can make sense. If you’re vegetarian or vegan, you skip the top food sources of creatine (meat and fish), so a supplemental form can fill that gap more easily.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-health-and-creatine-supplements">Human health and creatine supplements</h2>



Some nutrition <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books/reprint/5131-creatine-supplementation-for-health-and-clinical-diseases">experts</a> have probed links between creatine levels and mood, immunity, and even heart health. While the evidence is still growing, they see promise in using it alongside a balanced lifestyle.



The cost factor also comes into play. Buying high-quality red meat or fish every day can strain your wallet, while creatine supplements can be a cost-friendly way to meet your target intake.



Even though you can measure out a few grams of powder daily, it’s smart to pair creatine with a nutrient-rich diet. Complex carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats all work in tandem with creatine to energize your body.



Hydration is also crucial. Water helps your system manage nutrients, including creatine, and keeps you from running on empty. If you have any underlying health concerns, it’s wise to check in with a trusted professional to fine-tune your plan.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition</a>.



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Doctors are singing the praises of this supplement, which has become very popular with both men and women

In a world where health advice often changes by the...

For decades, scientists have searched the cosmos for the source of mysterious streams of cosmic rays that zip through the universe at close to the speed of light. 



These particles have been detected on our planet for more than a century, but their true birthplace remained unknown.



Experts have speculated that <a href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/supernova_remnants.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova remnants</a>, black holes, or star forming regions might be the points of origin for these fast-moving visitors. 



These theories have inched closer to confirmation after the analysis of a new X-ray source linked to these elusive particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cosmic-rays-the-basics">Understanding cosmic rays - the basics</h2>



Galactic cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from sources within our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brightest-era-of-the-universe-reveals-how-the-milky-way-formed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. They consist mostly of protons, along with a smaller fraction of heavier nuclei and electrons. 



Once launched into space, these particles travel through the interstellar medium, colliding with atoms and magnetic fields along the way. 



This chaotic journey scrambles their paths, making it difficult to trace them back to their original sources.



As these cosmic rays approach our solar system, they encounter the solar wind and the Sun’s magnetic field, which can deflect or slow them down. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s own magnetic field</a> and atmosphere provide further shielding, protecting life from most of their harmful effects. 



However, some of the more energetic particles still penetrate, creating showers of secondary particles when they strike atoms in the upper atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-x-ray-source-of-cosmic-rays">Tracing the X-ray source of cosmic rays</h2>



Shuo Zhang and her colleagues at <a href="https://msu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan State University</a> approached this mystery by using data from telescopes that capture different wavelengths of light. 



The findings revealed an unusual <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/pulsar-wind-nebulae" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsar wind nebula</a> that could help pinpoint where certain high-energy rays emerge.



One part of the team’s investigation involved looking at emissions from the <a href="https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/xmm-newton" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">XMM-Newton space telescope</a>. 



The experts identified a glowing structure that suggests electrons and other small particles may be accelerating to speeds beyond anything created in labs on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nebula-may-shoot-out-cosmic-particles">Nebula may shoot out cosmic particles</h2>



The team’s X-ray observations revealed a nebula powered by a fast-spinning pulsar, surrounded by a bubble of high-energy electrons. 



This structure, called a <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.11026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsar wind nebula</a>, matches patterns seen in other known sources of ultra-energetic particles.



By analyzing the brightness and shape of the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/x-ray-emission" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-ray emissions</a>, the researchers confirmed the nebula was asymmetrical, stretching more in one direction. 



That uneven spread supports the idea that the pulsar is actively injecting energy into the surrounding space, flinging particles outward at extreme speeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-neutrinos-matter">Why neutrinos matter</h2>



“Cosmic rays are a lot more relevant to life on Earth than you might think. About 100 trillion cosmic neutrinos from far, far away sources like black holes pass through your body every second,” said Zhang.&nbsp;



Neutrinos carry almost <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1242856" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">no mass</a> and ignore most barriers, so they arrive from deep space without losing much energy. 



When researchers notice them at detectors on Earth, they can often be traced back to powerful astrophysical events that release both charged and uncharged particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-cosmic-ray-source-spotted">Hidden cosmic ray source spotted</h2>



Zhang’s team published two papers that explored possible sources tied to these charged particles. 



In one, the researchers analyzed X-ray data and confirmed that a hidden nebula is shaped by fast-spinning stellar leftovers, boosting particles to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernovae-explosions-seem-to-have-altered-earths-climate-in-the-past-and-could-do-so-again-at-any-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intense energy levels</a>.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cosmic-rays_galactic-source_location-map_credit-MSU_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cosmic-rays_galactic-source_location-map_credit-MSU_1s.webp" alt="The summed XMM-EPIC MOS1 and MOS2 rate map, showing the LHAASO regions (white dashed lines—LHAASO J0341 is the source described in Z. Cao et al. 2021, while the others are the KM2A and WCDA sources from Z. Cao et al. 2024), the primary source region (green line), the selected background region (yellow dashed line), the nearby 4FGL 95% uncertainty ellipse (red line), and the 11 detected secondary point sources (numbered in cyan). The lime insert shows the primary source in greater detail, along with the fitted absorbed power-law slopes in each annular analysis region. Credit: Michigan State University" class="wp-image-1973692"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The summed XMM-EPIC MOS1 and MOS2 rate map, showing the LHAASO regions (white dashed lines—LHAASO J0341 is the source described in Z. Cao et al. 2021, while the others are the KM2A and WCDA sources from Z. Cao et al. 2024), the primary source region (green line), the selected background region (yellow dashed line), the nearby 4FGL 95% uncertainty ellipse (red line), and the 11 detected secondary point sources (numbered in cyan). The lime insert shows the primary source in greater detail, along with the fitted absorbed power-law slopes in each annular analysis region. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Michigan State University</figcaption></figure>



In the second paper, three undergraduate students used additional space telescope data to check other sources of cosmic rays. 



Their calculations provided upper limits that direct future missions toward the most promising spots for learning more about high-speed cosmic collisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cataloging-cosmic-ray-origins">Cataloging cosmic ray origins</h2>



“Through identifying and classifying cosmic ray sources, our effort can hopefully provide a comprehensive catalog of cosmic ray sources with classification," said Zhang.



"That could serve as a legacy for future neutrino observatory and traditional telescopes to perform more in-depth study in particle acceleration mechanisms.” 



A catalog of cosmic-ray sources might improve our understanding of how different sources shape the Milky Way. 



The data could also hint at whether certain galactic events contribute more particles than others, which tells us something about how matter behaves in extreme conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-matters-beyond-astronomy">Why this matters beyond astronomy</h2>



While this research may seem distant, the implications go far beyond star maps and telescopes. 



Cosmic rays influence satellite technology, aviation safety, and even the behavior of electronics during <a href="https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/policy/studies-analysis/space-weather-and-aviation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar storms</a>.



Understanding their sources can also improve models of radiation exposure for astronauts and high-altitude flights. 



As we plan future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond, knowing where high-energy particles come from is more than just curiosity, it’s a safety issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-training-the-next-generation-of-scientists">Training the next generation of scientists</h2>



This project didn’t just push forward cosmic ray science, it gave real-world experience to students. Undergraduate researchers helped analyze data from <a href="https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Swift X-ray telescope</a>, setting benchmarks for future investigations.



By involving students in front-line astrophysics work, Zhang’s team is helping grow a new wave of scientists equipped to tackle complex cosmic questions. 



The research shows how academic labs can become launchpads for careers in space science and physics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confirming-the-sources-of-cosmic-rays">Confirming the sources of cosmic rays</h2>



“This work will call for collaboration between particle physicists and astronomers. It’s an ideal project for the MSU high-energy physics group,” said Zhang. She noted that multiple fields stand to gain from these insights.&nbsp;



The next plan involves combining more data from observatories like IceCube with X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes. 



Such efforts may reveal why certain cosmic-ray sources also release neutrinos, while others focus on producing only fast protons and electrons.



The study is published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/adb7e0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



Image Credit: NASA-JPL-Caltech/ CXC/ SAO/ STScI



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Astronomers think they have finally learned where cosmic rays come from

For decades, scientists have searched the cosmos for the source...

A visual feast of galaxies

It is astounding how a single image can hold such a wealth of information. This new view from the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) showcases a crowded landscape of stars and galaxies, each one shedding a little more light on the story of the universe.



The scene includes objects that lie near and far, stretching across billions of years in cosmic time. 



The <a href="https://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu/page/cosmosweb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COSMOS-Web group</a>, led by Dr. Ghassem Gozaliasl from the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, has focused on the largest concentration of galaxies seen in the central region, where a cluster dazzles with a white-gold glow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-captures-unknown-galaxies">Webb captures unknown galaxies</h2>



Scientists use the term "light-year" to describe the distance light travels in one year, roughly 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers). Because light takes time to travel, instruments like Webb can glimpse conditions that existed eons ago.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-finds-uranus-full-of-surprises-after-20-years-of-observations/">Hubble</a> and other observatories have contributed to this deep-sky survey, yet Webb’s infrared detectors are revealing structures that were previously unseen. 



Observing so many diverse galaxies in a single region helps researchers trace how these mighty star cities evolve over cosmic time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamics-of-new-galaxy-clusters">Dynamics of new galaxy clusters</h2>



Over half of all galaxies in our universe exist in groups, making these <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.5556" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clusters</a> valuable for understanding galactic evolution. 



When galaxies interact in such close quarters, gravity can pull them into surprising shapes or even merge them altogether.



Many such groups in the COSMOS-Web sample likely formed alliances that shifted their histories forever, resulting in collisions or new star-forming bursts.



Some of these groupings are so large that they can significantly bend the path of light from objects behind them. 



Researchers studying these systems piece together patterns that help explain how matter is distributed across huge stretches of space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxies-in-a-crowded-neighborhood">Galaxies in a crowded neighborhood</h2>



When galaxies live in crowded settings like groups, their environments tend to strip gas away from the outer edges. This gas loss limits future star formation and can cause galaxies to grow old faster. 



Researchers have seen this process, called <a href="https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/*/Ram+Pressure+Stripping" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ram pressure stripping</a>, in many nearby clusters.



In some cases, galaxies that pass through the dense center of a group get pulled apart by gravity or collide with neighbors. 



These events often trigger sudden starbursts or reshape galaxies completely. Over time, the group’s conditions shape what each member becomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-the-glow-of-ancient-objects">Detecting the glow of ancient objects </h2>



The X-ray data gathered by older telescopes captures scorching clouds of gas in these galaxy groups. That hot gas would be invisible without specialized instruments. 



Separately, Hubble's visible and infrared <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/hubble-monkeyhead-ngc2174-vis-ir-stsci-01evvkxvw1mwr1g6h844xm5p03/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">images</a> capture stars within closer galaxies and the shimmering cores of far-off ones. 



Webb pushes even deeper by detecting the faint infrared glow from ancient objects that might otherwise slip by unnoticed.



Scientists compare all these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxygen-detected-in-the-most-distant-and-primitive-galaxy-ever-analyzed/">observations </a>to identify each galaxy’s distance, shape, and star content. Younger stars shine with a bright blue appearance, while older stars glow red.&nbsp;



“The more distant a galaxy, the redder it appears,” noted the COSMOS-Web team. Each color variation helps confirm ages and reveals star formation rates across vast eras.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimpse-of-the-early-universe">A glimpse of the early universe</h2>



The COSMOS-Web initiative spans 0.54 square degrees of sky, which may sound small, but it covers an area over twice the size of three full moons put side by side. 



This 255-hour program employs <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/nircam/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Webb’s Near-InfraRed Camera</a> to gather data that can support multiple studies on galaxy assembly, <a href="https://elt.eso.org/science/cosmodm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, and star formation.



Researchers want to pinpoint galaxies born during the <a href="https://www.mpia.de/en/gc/research/epoch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epoch of reionization</a>, a critical era when early stars reionized hydrogen in the young universe. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/COSMOS-Web_thousands-galaxies_Webb-telescope_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/COSMOS-Web_thousands-galaxies_Webb-telescope_NASA_1s.webp" alt="An area of deep space with thousands of galaxies in various shapes and sizes on a black background. Most are circles or ovals, with a few spirals. More distant galaxies are redder in color and smaller, down to being mere dots, while closer galaxies are a bit larger and white or blueish. A few gold-colored galaxies are bunched closely together in the center. Bright stars surrounded by spikes lie in our galaxy. Credit: NASA/ESA" class="wp-image-1973689"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">An area of deep space with thousands of galaxies in various shapes and sizes on a black background. Most are circles or ovals, with a few spirals. More distant galaxies are redder in color and smaller, down to being mere dots, while closer galaxies are a bit larger and white or blueish. A few gold-colored galaxies are bunched closely together in the center. Bright stars surrounded by spikes lie in our galaxy. Credit: NASA/ESA</figcaption></figure>



This project also seeks insights on how the mass of a galaxy’s stars connects with the mass of its broader <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/galactic-halos" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic halo</a>.



Unraveling that relationship can illuminate how galaxies stay stable and where new stars might spring up. While many questions remain open, this collaborative effort has enlarged our ability to examine the vast landscape of space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxies-change-over-time">Galaxies change over time</h2>



The sheer variety of galactic forms in Webb’s new image stands out. Some swirl elegantly with spiral arms, others are smooth like bright blobs, and still others appear to interact or overlap in intricate ways. 



Each arrangement tells a story of turbulence, star birth, or gravitational tug-of-war that shaped its final outline.



Astronomers <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-galaxies-discovery-would-upend-current-understanding-of-universe/">track</a> these structural clues to see how galaxies change with time. Observing group environments is part of that puzzle. 



When multiple galaxies crowd together, they can share resources or disrupt one another’s development, adding layers to the cosmic tapestry unfolding across billions of light-years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-galaxy-evolution">Future research on galaxy evolution</h2>



Future research will keep refining distance measurements, star formation histories, and the distribution of dark matter across these new galactic groupings. 



Webb is already inspiring new hypotheses about how quickly galaxies reach maturity, and fresh data can confirm or correct these early models.



Experts rely on synergy among instruments like the NASA/ESA <a href="https://esahubble.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/chandra-x-ray-observatory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, and <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA’s XMM-Newton</a>, making each mission’s contribution vital. 



Piecing together all of these perspectives enriches our understanding of the galactic web that stretches beyond our home in the Milky Way.



Image Credit: ESA



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Thousands of galaxies captured in a single Webb Telescope image

It is astounding how a single image can hold such...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

The gorilla quickly took to his new environment, and for two years, he lived unbothered in the zoo&#8217;s Gorilla World habitat. Then, on May 28, 2016, the unthinkable happened. Photo credit: John Sommers II/Getty Images

May 28, 2016

Harambe would go on to spend the next 15 years in Brownsville until zookeepers felt it was time to introduce him to a new social group. And so, on September 18, 2014, Harambe was transferred to the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Photo credit: The Cincinnati Zoo &amp; Botanical Garden / YouTube

May 28, 2016

News coming your way