Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco.&nbsp;



The nebula's name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-webb-telescope-captured-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a> in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-nebulae-nbsp">Planetary nebulae&nbsp;</h2>



According to ESA, the Cat's Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.



“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes," explained <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-of-the-cat-s-eye-nebula-nbsp">Appearance of the Cat's Eye Nebula&nbsp;</h2>



The central focus of the Cat's Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragons-egg-nebula-is-a-truly-stunning-sight-to-behold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebula</a>. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.



“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rings-around-the-cat-s-eye">Rings around the Cat’s Eye</h2>



“This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky - which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”



According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”



Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun's sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dying-stars-may-be-a-source-of-gravitational-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dying star</a>, or stellar pulsations.&nbsp;



Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-draco-nbsp">The constellation Draco&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extrasolar-ocean-planet-discovered-in-the-draco-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Draco</a> is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It's one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers.&nbsp;



In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.



Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-planetary-nebulae">Famous planetary nebulae </h2>



Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe.&nbsp;



One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers.&nbsp;



Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the "Eye of God" due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers.&nbsp;



The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764.&nbsp;



The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula's central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



The Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study. 



These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope



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Cat's Eye Nebula in the constellation Draco

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Klinaklini Glacier, located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada.



Klinaklini Glacier is notable for its size and the role it plays in the regional environment. It is part of a larger system of glaciers and ice fields in the area, which are critical for their contribution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a> resources and their influence on local climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-klinaklini-glacier-and-climate-change">Klinaklini Glacier and climate change</h2>



Klinaklini is particularly interesting due to its dynamics and response to climate change. Like many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> around the world, it is being closely monitored for changes in its size, flow, and overall health. 



Glaciers in the Coast Mountains, including Klinaklini, have been studied for their response to global warming, with many showing signs of retreat and reduced ice mass.



"Decades of satellite images of western Canada make it clear that the region’s glaciers are shrinking and that the rate of ice loss is accelerating," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"In 1984, there were 14,329 glaciers in British Columbia and Alberta that were large enough to detect with sensors on the Landsat 5 satellite."



"By 2020, nearly 8 percent of them - 1,141 glaciers - had shrunk so much that newer Landsat sensors could no longer distinguish them, according to research conducted by University of Northern British Columbia glaciologists Alexandre Bevington and Brian Menounos."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-the-klinaklini-glacier">Ecological role of the Klinaklini Glacier </h2>



Klinaklini Glacier also plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem. It feeds into the Klinaklini River, which is an important waterway for the region. 



The river supports a variety of wildlife, including salmon populations that are vital both ecologically and economically for local communities.



Studies conducted on and around the Klinaklini Glacier contribute to the understanding of glaciology, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, and hydrology. 



This research is essential for predicting future changes in the glacier and for understanding the broader impacts of climate change on glacial systems globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coast-mountains-of-british-columbia">Coast Mountains of British Columbia </h2>



The Coast Mountains of British Columbia are a striking and expansive mountain range forming part of the Pacific Coast Ranges in western North America. 



Stretching approximately 1,600 kilometers from the Fraser River near Vancouver in the south to the Yukon Territory in the north, the range is known for its rugged beauty and significant ecological and cultural importance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography-of-the-mountains">Geography of the mountains</h3>



Geographically, the Coast Mountains are flanked by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Interior Plateau to the east. 



They are divided into three main sections: the Pacific Ranges in the south, the Kitimat Ranges in the central region, and the Boundary Ranges in the north, which extend into Alaska and Yukon. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-processes">Geological processes</h3>



The range's dramatic landscapes include steep peaks, fjords, and valleys carved by ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-release-vast-quantities-of-unknown-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>, showcasing the lasting influence of glaciation on the region.



Geologically, the Coast Mountains are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, formed by volcanic and tectonic activity. 



Their granitic composition is a result of millions of years of geological processes. Mount Waddington, the highest peak in the range at 4,019 meters, stands as a formidable landmark in the Pacific Ranges.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife">Climate and wildlife</h3>



The climate of the Coast Mountains varies significantly depending on location. The western slopes are characterized by a temperate rainforest climate, with high levels of precipitation brought by moist Pacific air. 



In contrast, the eastern slopes are drier, with semi-arid conditions in some areas. This climatic diversity supports a wide range of ecosystems, from lush coastal rainforests to alpine tundra. 



The region is home to diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-recreation-noise-triggers-fear-response-in-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, including black bears, grizzly bears, mountain goats, and numerous bird species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreation-and-culture">Recreation and culture</h3>



The Coast Mountains are a popular destination for recreation and tourism. Activities such as hiking, skiing, snowboarding, and mountaineering draw visitors from around the world - particularly to destinations like Whistler, a renowned resort town in the Pacific Ranges. 



The fjords and valleys of the range provide opportunities for kayaking, fishing, and scenic exploration.



Indigenous peoples, including the Tlingit, Tsimshian, Haida, and Squamish, have lived in and around the Coast Mountains for millennia. 



These groups maintain a deep connection to the land, reflected in their stories, traditions, and art. The mountains are not only a physical presence but also a vital cultural and spiritual landscape.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Klinaklini Glacier in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 6744 - a large, barred spiral galaxy located approximately 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo.&nbsp;



The galaxy is often considered a close analog to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> due to its similar structure and size, spanning about 175,000 light-years across.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-euclid-space-mission-nbsp">Euclid space mission&nbsp;</h2>



The image was captured by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid</a> space telescope. NGC 6744 stands out as a prime example of the galaxies currently forming the majority of stars in the nearby universe, making it an ideal subject for study with the Euclid mission.&nbsp;



Euclid’s extensive field-of-view allows it to capture the entire galaxy, showcasing not only its large-scale spiral structure but also revealing intricate details on smaller scales across various wavelengths. These details include feather-like dust lanes, known as “spurs,” emerging from the spiral arms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-6744">Star formation in NGC 6744</h2>



Euclid's observations enable scientists to count individual stars within NGC 6744, trace the distribution of stars and dust throughout the galaxy, and map the dust associated with the gas that fuels the development of new stars. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Star formation</a> is a key process in the growth of galaxies, making these studies crucial for understanding galaxy evolution.



Researchers are utilizing Euclid’s data to explore the relationship between dust, gas, and star formation; to map the distribution of different stellar populations and identify regions of active star formation; and to investigate the underlying physics of spiral galaxy structures.&nbsp;



Spiral arms play a significant role in star formation by compressing gas, yet the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. The presence of “spurs” along NGC 6744’s spiral arms offers valuable insights into the dynamics of star formation within these structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-dwarf-galaxies-nbsp">Discovering new dwarf galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, Euclid's dataset will help scientists identify clusters of old stars (globular clusters) and discover new dwarf galaxies around NGC 6744. Remarkably, Euclid has already identified a new dwarf satellite galaxy of NGC 6744 - a surprising discovery given that the galaxy has been studied extensively.



With Euclid’s detailed observations, scientists are gaining a deeper understanding of the processes shaping galaxies, providing essential clues to the evolution and appearance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ngc-6744">More about NGC 6744</h2>



NGC 6744's disk is rich in star-forming regions and contains numerous young, bright blue stars. The galaxy's nucleus is slightly elongated and has a bar structure, which influences the motion of the stars and gas within it.&nbsp;



The spiral arms of NGC 6744 are well-defined and extend outward, wrapping around the central bar. Additionally, NGC 6744 has a smaller companion galaxy, NGC 6744A, which is interacting with it, adding to the complexity and interest of this distant system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-galaxies">Spiral galaxies</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are one of the most common types of galaxies in the universe, characterized by their distinct, spiral-shaped structure.&nbsp;



The galaxies typically consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas, and dust, along with a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. This bulge is often surrounded by a halo of older stars.&nbsp;



The spiral arms, which extend from the central bulge, are regions of active star formation and are rich in young, hot stars, giving them a bright, bluish appearance.&nbsp;



These arms are also sites where interstellar gas and dust are concentrated, leading to the formation of new stars.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on the tightness of their spirals and the size of their central bulge, with classifications ranging from tightly wound arms in Sa galaxies to more loosely wound arms in Sc galaxies. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our home galaxy, is a prime example of a spiral galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-pavo">The constellation Pavo</h2>



Pavo, which means "peacock" in Latin, is a constellation in the southern sky. It was named by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, based on observations made during the Dutch explorations of the southern hemisphere. 



Pavo is one of the 12 constellations created by Plancius from the records of explorers Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. 



The constellation is known for its distinctive shape, resembling a peacock with a long, curved tail. Pavo is not visible from most of the northern hemisphere, but it can be seen from the southern hemisphere, particularly during the winter months.



The constellation contains several interesting celestial objects, including the star Peacock, also known as Alpha Pavonis, which is the brightest star in the constellation. This star is a blue-white subgiant located about 179 light-years from Earth.



Image Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA&nbsp;



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Spiral galaxy NGC 6744 in the constellation Pavo

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features South Korea, where a November storm set a new record for daily snowfall in Seoul.



“Wintry weather arrived in full force in South Korea. In the last week of November 2024, a storm brought record-breaking accumulations of snow to Seoul. The heavy snow disrupted travel and damaged structures in the nation’s capital and surrounding areas,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153649/heavy-snows-in-korea" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“On the morning of November 27, residents of Seoul awoke to 16.5 centimeters (6.5 inches) of new snow. That amount already surpassed the previous daily snowfall record for Seoul in November since records began in 1907, according to news reports.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-across-the-korean-peninsula-nbsp">Snowfall across the Korean Peninsula&nbsp;</h2>



Yet, as NASA noted, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-snow-complexity-can-improve-winter-safety/">snow</a> kept flying. By the morning of November 28, Seoul had accumulated a total of 11.3 inches. About 22 miles to the south, the city of Suwon received 17 inches of snow.&nbsp;



“When clouds cleared the following day, the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image, revealing a broad coating of white across the Korean Peninsula,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-snowfall-event-in-south-korea-nbsp">Rare snowfall event in South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



Meteorologists attributed this rare event to a sharp contrast between cold northern air and the warmer surface of the Yellow Sea.



Officials said that the temperature difference between the air and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-ocean-temperatures-highest-in-650-years-greatly-harming-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface</a> was more profound than normal due to unusual warmth in recent weeks, which likely contributed to the storm’s intensity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-snowfall">Impacts of the snowfall</h2>



“Those who braved the weather around Seoul witnessed landmarks transformed into a winter wonderland. However, the storm grounded hundreds of flights across the country, kept dozens of ferries in port, and snarled traffic,” said NASA.&nbsp;



“The weight of the snow also toppled trees and damaged greenhouses and other agricultural facilities in areas surrounding Seoul, according to reports.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowfall-in-seoul-south-korea-nbsp">Snowfall in Seoul, South Korea&nbsp;</h2>



Snowfall is not unusual in Seoul, but its frequency and accumulation levels are typically moderate. 



Seoul has a temperate climate with cold, dry winters, and snow is a normal part of the season from December to February. However, heavy snowfall is rare, with most snowfalls being light to moderate.&nbsp;



The city averages about 25-30 days of snow per year, with a total accumulation that is far less than what is seen in colder regions of the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-snowfall-patterns-nbsp">Climate change and snowfall patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ski-resorts-face-snow-scarcity-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is altering snowfall patterns globally, with variations in both frequency and intensity - depending on the region. 



Warmer average temperatures are shifting precipitation from snow to rain in many areas, particularly in low-lying regions and mid-latitudes. This trend reduces the duration and extent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-cover-has-decreased-in-recent-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow cover</a>, especially at lower elevations. 



However, paradoxically, some regions experience heavier snowstorms due to increased atmospheric moisture. Warmer air can hold more water vapor, leading to intense snowfall under the right conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-climate-impacts">Complex climate impacts</h3>



In high-altitude and polar regions, the impact is more complex. Some areas, like the Himalayas and the Arctic, see diminished snowfall because of warmer conditions and melting ice.&nbsp;



Conversely, parts of the Arctic and Antarctica may experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased snowfall</a> due to changes in wind patterns and enhanced evaporation over open waters caused by sea ice loss. 



For example, in recent years, storms fueled by unusual temperature differentials have resulted in historic snowfalls in some areas, like the U.S. Northeast and parts of East Asia, as warmer oceans supply more moisture to cold air masses.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifts-in-the-seasons">Shifts in the seasons</h3>



Seasonal timing is also shifting, with snowfalls occurring later in fall and ending earlier in spring. 



These changes disrupt ecosystems that rely on consistent snowpacks, affect water resources dependent on snowmelt, and complicate winter activities such as agriculture and tourism.



Overall, the effects of climate change on snowfall are not uniform but are instead influenced by local geography, altitude, and changing weather systems.&nbsp;



As global temperatures continue to rise, these shifts are expected to intensify, requiring adaptation in water management, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Winter storm set a new snowfall record in Seoul, South Korea

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features NGC 1333, a reflection nebula located in the Perseus molecular cloud about 960 light-years away from Earth. The photo is a mosaic of images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-webb-nbsp-nbsp">The power of Webb&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>



“Webb’s superb sensitivity allows astronomers to investigate young objects with extremely low masses. Some of the faintest ‘stars’ in the picture are in fact newly born free-floating brown dwarfs with masses comparable to those of giant planets,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



The same cluster was featured as the 33rd anniversary image of the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2023.&nbsp;



According to ESA, Hubble’s image just scratched the surface of this region, because clouds of dust obscure much of the star formation process. 



"Observing with larger aperture and in the infrared part of the spectrum, Webb is capable of peering through the dusty veil to reveal newborn stars, brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-view-of-ngc1333">Webb’s view of NGC1333</h2>



ESA noted that the center of the image presents a deep peek into the heart of the NGC1333 cloud.&nbsp;



“Across the image we see large patches of orange, which represent gas glowing in the infrared. These so-called Herbig-Haro objects form when ionized material ejected from young stars collides with the surrounding cloud. They are hallmarks of a very active site of star formation."



The disks of gas and dust that surround the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> in this image may eventually produce planetary systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-sun">Formation of the Sun</h2>



“Similar to the young stars in this mosaic, our own Sun and planets formed inside a dusty molecular cloud, 4.6 billion years ago. Our Sun did not form in isolation but as part of a cluster, which was perhaps even more massive than NGC 1333,” explained ESA.



Over time, the stars in the Sun's birth cluster would have drifted apart due to gravitational interactions and the dispersion of gas in the region.



Astronomers have been studying certain clues, such as isotopic signatures in meteorites, that hint the Sun may have formed near massive stars. These stars likely produced supernovae, which could have influenced the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-objects-spotted-in-the-outer-solar-system-beyond-pluto/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a> by injecting heavy elements like iron-60.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-ngc-1333">Star formation in NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is a vibrant example of a stellar nursery, where active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> is ongoing. It is known for its chaotic appearance, shaped by the interactions between newborn stars and the surrounding material.



Within NGC 1333, astronomers have observed a high level of turbulence, which makes the region dynamic and complex. 



These disturbances are caused by the outflows of young stars as they eject material into their surroundings, creating shock waves and influencing further star formation.&nbsp;



These outflows are often seen as jets, which are visible in multiple wavelengths of light, especially infrared, as the surrounding dust absorbs visible light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ngc-1333">Significance of NGC 1333</h2>



NGC 1333 is also an area of interest for studying the early stages of star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>, as many of the stars within the cluster are in their infancy, still in the process of gathering material and developing protoplanetary disks.&nbsp;



In images, NGC 1333 is marked by bright patches of blue and red, representing reflection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-rogue-worlds-discovered-inside-a-young-star-forming-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nebulae</a> and the ionized gas created by energetic young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-perseus-molecular-cloud-nbsp">The Perseus molecular cloud&nbsp;</h2>



The Perseus molecular cloud is a vast region of cold gas and dust located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseus</a>.&nbsp;



It is one of the most studied star-forming regions in our galaxy due to its relative proximity and the diversity of its young stellar objects. This cloud spans several hundred light-years and contains dense pockets of gas where new stars are actively forming.&nbsp;



These areas are often enshrouded in thick dust, which obscures them in visible light but allows astronomers to study them using infrared and radio wavelengths.



The Perseus molecular cloud is particularly interesting because of the chemistry taking place within it, including the formation of complex organic molecules that could be precursors to life.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA



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Stellar nursery shines in the Perseus cloud

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy NGC 2090, located approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Columba.



NGC 2090 is a stunning spiral galaxy that is notable for its well-defined structure, featuring a bright central core surrounded by tightly wound spiral arms.&nbsp;



These arms are filled with young, hot stars and interstellar gas, indicating active star formation.&nbsp;



Captured by the Webb Telescope’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments, the image reveals the galaxy's winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail, noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-ngc-2090">Observations of NGC 2090</h2>



The galaxy’s spiral pattern is relatively symmetrical, making it a fascinating object of study for astronomers interested in galactic evolution and dynamics.&nbsp;



Observations of NGC 2090, including those conducted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-helps-solve-the-mystery-of-a-young-eruptive-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope, have provided valuable insights into the properties of its stellar populations, gas content, and the nature of its spiral structure.



“NGC 2090 was one of many galaxies studied by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to refine the measurement of the Universe’s expansion rate, or ‘Hubble constant,’” said ESA.&nbsp;



“This can be done by observing a special type of variable stars named ‘Cepheids’ in relatively nearby galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-ngc-2090">New insights into NGC 2090</h2>



A Cepheid-based measurement from 1998 indicated that NGC 2090 is 37 million light-years away from Earth. However, the latest measurements suggest that the galaxy is 40 million light-years away.



“Already before that Hubble project in 1998, NGC 2090 had been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation,” noted ESA.&nbsp;



“Described as a ‘flocculent’ spiral, this galaxy has a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. We can see those patterns well in Hubble's visible-light images. However, Webb’s NIRCam near-infrared data reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-spiral-galaxies">What are spiral galaxies?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are among the most common and visually striking types of galaxies in the universe.&nbsp;



They are characterized by their flat, disk-like shape with a bright central bulge surrounded by sweeping spiral arms.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-arms-and-central-bulge-nbsp">Spiral arms and central bulge&nbsp;</h3>



The arms of a spiral galaxy are regions where stars, gas, and dust are concentrated, often glowing brightly with the light of young, hot stars that form within them.&nbsp;



The central bulge typically contains older stars and can host a supermassive black hole at its core.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Types of spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on how tightly their arms are wound and the size of their central bulge, ranging from tightly wound "Sa" galaxies to loosely wound "Sc" types.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-nbsp">Star formation&nbsp;</h3>



The structure of spiral galaxies is maintained by the interplay of gravity and angular momentum, with a rotating disk of stars and gas giving rise to their iconic shape.&nbsp;



They are active sites of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> due to the abundance of gas in their arms.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies often have a halo of older stars and globular clusters surrounding their disks, which provides clues about their formation and evolution.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxy">Barred spiral galaxy</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, the galaxy that contains our Solar System, is a prime example of a barred spiral galaxy, a subtype where a bar-shaped structure of stars extends from the central bulge.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-columba-nbsp">The constellation Columba&nbsp;</h2>



Columba is a small and relatively faint constellation in the southern sky, whose name means "dove" in Latin. It was introduced in the late 16th century by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius and first appeared in a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in 1603.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-jupiter-discovered-in-the-great-bear-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation</a> is said to represent the dove sent out by Noah during the biblical flood, tying it to themes of hope and peace.



Columba lies near the larger constellation Canis Major and is bordered by others such as Lepus and Puppis.&nbsp;



Although it lacks particularly bright stars, its most notable star, Alpha Columbae (also called Phact), shines at a magnitude of approximately 2.6 and is a hot blue-white star. Beta Columbae, another prominent star in the constellation, is a slightly cooler, yellow-white star.



The constellation is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere during the summer months, though it can also be seen from lower latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope&nbsp;



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Webb unveils spiral galaxy NGC 2090 in magnificent detail

A team from the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology rushed to the scene. Funk watched as their eyes popped in shock and amazement as they realized what they were called for. Funk explained everything and they spent hours carefully digging through the shattered bits of rock, piecing together something you could only see to believe. What was it?

What Was It?

The combined effects of sea level rise, permafrost thaw subsidence, and coastal retreat threaten to reshape Arctic coastal regions on an unprecedented scale, surpassing the impact of any single climate hazard.&nbsp;



According to scientists, this compounding set of factors will lead to drastic land loss, posing significant challenges for Arctic communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overlapping-hazards-magnify-coastal-retreat-nbsp">Overlapping hazards magnify coastal retreat&nbsp;</h2>



While decades of research have documented the growing threat of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-coastal-erosion-electricity-turns-sand-into-a-sea-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal erosion</a> in the Arctic, the additional roles of sea level rise and permafrost thaw subsidence have been less explored.&nbsp;



This gap in understanding has limited the ability to evaluate the full extent of these combined processes and their impacts on Arctic landscapes.



A new study by researchers from the <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> (WHOI) and other institutions, focuses on the Alaska Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP). Spanning more than 60,000 square kilometers, this low-lying, ice-rich region experiences some of the Arctic’s most extreme rates of erosion and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-warnings-what-coastal-cities-must-prepare-for/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea-level rise</a>.



“Our findings highlight the risks that compounding climate hazards pose to coastal communities and underscore the need for adaptive planning for Arctic communities within zones of 21st-century land loss,” the experts wrote.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-stark-forecast-for-arctic-shorelines">A stark forecast for Arctic shorelines</h2>



The study presents a stark forecast for the North Slope shoreline, predicting a dramatic inland retreat by 2100 due to the interplay of these three hazards.



“Compound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-permafrost-melt-devastating-role-accelerating-global-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> impacts accelerate coastal change,” said lead author Roger Creel, a postdoctoral scholar in WHOI’s Department of Physical Oceanography. “There is this nonlinear acceleration in coastal impacts that we should be expecting will happen in places like Northern Alaska.”



The shoreline is expected to retreat farther inland than it has been in over 100,000 years, during the last interglacial period.&nbsp;



“By 2100, the combined effects of coastal erosion, sea level rise, and permafrost thaw subsidence will likely push the North Slope shoreline inland to a location it hasn't reached since the last interglacial period over 100,000 years ago,” explained co-author Benjamin Jones of the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-projections-of-coastal-retreat-nbsp">Projections of coastal retreat&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers utilized advanced tools to assess future land loss, including 5-meter topography, satellite-derived lake depth measurements, and empirical data on permafrost thaw subsidence.&nbsp;



The team incorporated these with projections of coastal erosion and sea level rise under medium- and high-emission scenarios from the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report</a>.



“This research highlights the value of working across disciplinary boundaries for more robust projections of coastal Arctic evolution in the coming century,” said co-author Julia Guimond, an assistant scientist at WHOI.&nbsp;



“Our work shows that by 2100, total land loss will exceed erosional losses by up to eight times. Here we focus on processes affecting Alaska's Arctic Coastal Plain, but a key takeaway is the compounding effects of multiple hazards and that applies to coastal resilience planning across the globe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-thaw-a-hidden-dominator">Permafrost thaw: A hidden dominator</h2>



The study emphasizes that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-permafrost-thaw-in-alaska-threatens-global-climate-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost thaw</a> subsidence will be the dominant factor driving land loss, surpassing even sea level rise and coastal erosion in its long-term impacts.



“Along ice-rich permafrost coastlines, the land surface is falling faster than the sea levels are rising,” noted co-author Pier Paul Overduin from the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research</a>.&nbsp;



“Over the coming decades, permafrost thaw subsidence will move the coastline farther inland than coastal erosion or sea level rise alone will move it, and this subsidence will dominate Arctic coastal change over the long term.”



Creel highlighted the need for greater awareness among decision-making agencies, such as the <a href="https://www.usace.army.mil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> and <a href="https://www.fema.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FEMA</a>, to allocate resources more effectively.&nbsp;



“These sorts of bodies with a lot of resources may have not been paying enough attention to permafrost thaw subsidence as an agent of coastal change. This study is a wake-up call to expand the conversation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communities-on-the-frontline-of-change">Communities on the frontline of change</h2>



An Arctic coastline shaped by inundation will create unprecedented challenges for the communities that call this region home. These include the loss of infrastructure, hunting grounds, subsistence routes, and cultural heritage sites.



“Future research on Arctic shoreline evolution should be motivated by the needs of these communities, who will need support to respond to the paradigm shift in 21st-century Arctic coastal change that we project here,” the authors concluded.



The study is published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2409411121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



Image Credit: Photo by: Benjamin M. Jones, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks



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Accelerating coastal retreat in Alaska: The triple threat

The combined effects of sea level rise, permafrost thaw subsidence,...

In the pursuit of innovation, a group of scientists has achieved something remarkable: they've found a way to create "real" diamonds at normal room temperature and pressure.



This breakthrough not only eliminates the need for a starter gem but also drastically simplifies the process of producing lab-grown diamonds, making it more efficient and potentially more accessible. 



By challenging conventional methods, this discovery paves the way for a new era in diamond synthesis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nature-makes-diamonds">How nature makes diamonds</h2>



Most diamonds start their journey about 90 to 150 miles beneath the surface, in a part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-hole-drilled-into-earths-mantle-scientific-goldmine-magma-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's mantle</a> where temperatures soar to around 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and pressures are mind-bogglingly high. 



Under these extreme conditions, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphite-in-2-5-billion-year-old-ruby-linked-to-early-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon atoms</a> bond together in a unique crystal structure, creating the hard, shiny gems we know and love.



But getting those diamonds to the surface is another story. Volcanic eruptions, millions of years ago, brought diamonds closer to the Earth’s crust in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-fountain-eruption-from-volcanoes-when-earth-continents-shift/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rocks called kimberlite</a> or lamproite. 



These eruptions were like express elevators, moving the diamonds upward quickly enough to keep them intact under lower-pressure conditions. 



Today, miners find these ancient gems in volcanic pipes or riverbeds where erosion has carried them. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicking-extreme-conditions-in-the-lab">Mimicking extreme conditions in the lab</h2>



To mimic these natural conditions in the lab, scientists have been using a method called high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) growth. 



With this method, they have been simulating the same extreme conditions in order to coerce dissolved carbon, in liquid metals like iron, to convert into diamond around a starter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-second-largest-diamond-found-in-botswana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gem</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-growing-diamonds">Challenges of growing diamonds</h2>



This approach has its limitations. Incredible pressure and heat aren't easy to achieve or maintain in a lab setting. And, the size of the lab-made gems leaves a bit to be desired.



The largest ones only reach about the size of a blueberry, and the process is time-consuming.



Alternative methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, attempt to eliminate some of HPHT's limitations, such as the need for high pressures, but the requirement for a starter diamond remains.



The new technique, developed by a team led by Rodney Ruoff, a physical chemist at the <a href="https://www.ibs.re.kr/eng.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Basic Science</a> in South Korea, eliminates some of the disadvantages of the above-mentioned synthesis processes. 



According to Ruoff, he has been pondering new ways to grow diamonds for over a decade now, challenging conventional thinking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-to-growing-diamonds">Secret to growing diamonds</h2>



The team's method began with electrically heated gallium with a little bit of silicon in a graphite crucible. 



While gallium may sound exotic, it was actually chosen based on a previous unrelated study that identified its ability to catalyze the formation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graphene</a>, a carbon cousin to diamond.



The team also invented a special chamber containing a 2.4-gallon crucible where the gallium-silicon mix awaited. 



This crucible chamber, designed to be at sea-level atmospheric pressure, was ready to experiment in just 15 minutes. It allowed the experimental gas mixtures to be changed rapidly and easily to determine the optimal blend.



After numerous trials, the scientists found that an optimal mixture of gallium-nickel-iron, with a smattering of silicon, catalyzed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamonds-can-be-grown-in-a-lab-in-less-than-3-hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth</a> of diamonds most efficiently.



Even more impressive was that diamonds appeared at the base of the crucible within 15 minutes, and a more complete diamond film formed within two and a half hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-diamond-formation">Mystery of diamond formation</h2>



The actual mechanism that leads to diamond formation deep within the Earth isn't yet completely understood.



However, the researchers believe that a decrease in temperature helps drive the carbon from the methane towards the center of the crucible, where it coalesces into a diamond.



The process seems reliant on silicon. Without it, no diamonds could be formed, indicating the crucial role it plays as a seed for the carbon to crystallize around.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-new-technique">Limitations of the new technique</h2>



Despite these thrilling advancements, the new technique isn't without its own limitations. 



The diamonds produced using this method are minuscule, hundreds of thousands of times smaller than those grown with the HPHT method. Hence, these diamonds are far too small for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-process-turns-carbon-emissions-into-diamonds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jewelry</a> applications.



However, their use in technological applications, such as drilling or polishing, is a possibility. Due to the low pressure involved in the new method, it might be feasible to significantly scale up diamond synthesis.



"In about a year or two, the world might have a clearer picture of things like possible commercial impact," Rodney Ruoff predicts optimistically. 



This breakthrough is a remarkable reflection of the unceasing quest for innovation that pushes the boundaries, and redefines the possible.



The intriguing discovery may even hint at an exciting new chapter in the evolving story of synthetic gems, one that could reshape their production and applications. Only time will tell how far this innovation will take us.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07339-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Real diamonds can now be created from scratch in the lab in just 15 minutes

In the pursuit of innovation, a group of scientists has...

At first glance, hummingbird bills look like straws -- long and thin, perfect for sipping nectar. But a new study reveals that this comparison is far from accurate. 



These tiny birds have evolved intricate adaptations for drinking nectar, turning their bills into incredibly sophisticated tools.



In a recent study, a team led by Alejandro Rico-Guevara from the University of Washington discovered that hummingbird bills do much more than we thought. 



The bills aren't passive tools; they actively and flexibly engage with the bird's tongue to help it drink nectar with lightning speed.



The team showed that, contrary to what you might expect, a hummingbird’s bill works in concert with its tongue, opening and closing in various sections while drinking. 



This rapid coordination allows the bird to extract nectar quickly, helping it conserve energy while hovering mid-air.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-hummingbirds-the-basics">Understanding hummingbirds -- the basics</h2>



These little birds, found mostly in the Americas, are famous for their incredible ability to hover in place, thanks to their unique wing structure. 



Their wings beat at mind-blowing speeds -- up to 80 beats per second in some species -- which creates the signature humming sound that gives them their name. 



They also <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-hummingbirds-deal-with-their-need-for-flight-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">have extraordinary agility</a>, flying not just forward but backward, sideways, and even upside down. What really sets hummingbirds apart is their insanely high metabolism. 



To fuel their constant movement, they feed on nectar from flowers, using their long, specialized beaks and tongues to reach deep into blooms. They also eat insects and spiders for protein, keeping their diet balanced. 



Hummingbirds are small -- some, like the bee hummingbird, are just 2 inches long -- but they pack a visual punch. 



Their iridescent feathers shimmer in the sunlight, changing colors depending on the angle, making them one of nature’s most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giants-hummingbirds-are-not-just-one-two-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eye-catching creatures</a>. 



Plus, their energy and tenacity are unmatched, with some species migrating thousands of miles to escape the cold.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexities-of-drinking-nectar">Complexities of drinking nectar</h2>



“Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-have-an-amazing-sense-of-touch-for-precise-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbirds</a> drink while they’re hovering mid-flight,” said Rico-Guevara, who is also curator of ornithology at the UW’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.burkemuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture</a>. 



“Energetically, that is very expensive. Flying straight at commuting speeds uses up less energy than hovering to drink. So, hummingbirds are trying to minimize energy and drink as fast as they can -- all from these hard-to-reach spaces -- which requires special adaptations for speed and efficiency.”



Until now, scientists knew that hummingbirds use their long, intricate tongues to gather nectar. But how their bills contributed to this task remained a mystery. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-essential-role-of-hummingbird-bill">Essential role of hummingbird bill</h2>



By filming hummingbirds in slow motion at field sites across Colombia, Ecuador, and the U.S., the researchers discovered the bill plays an essential role:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>The hummingbird opens just the tip of its bill to extend its tongue. </li>



<li>After the tongue gathers nectar, the bill tip closes. </li>



<li>To draw the nectar further, the midsection of the bill stays closed while the base opens slightly. </li>



<li>The tip opens again for the next round, repeating 10-15 times each second. </li>
</ul>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="Ph5eMVbHPn-4097208-12187" type="single"]</div>



Hummingbirds have highly specialized tongues -- some even resembling intricate origami -- to gather nectar. But this study highlights the often-overlooked importance of the bill.



Though it looks rigid, the bill is surprisingly flexible and essential for efficient nectar drinking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-fluid-collection-of-hummingbird-bills">Unique fluid collection of hummingbird bills</h2>



The <a href="https://www.washington.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> research also uncovered something unique about hummingbird feeding techniques. 



"We already knew that hummingbird bills have some flexibility, for example bending their lower bill while catching insects. But now we know that the bill plays this very active and essential role in drawing up nectar that the tongue collects," Rico-Guevara explained.



Most animals use just one method to collect fluids. Dogs and cats, for instance, lap water using what’s known as Couette flow, while mosquitoes use a suction-based system called Poiseuille flow.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/hummingbird-beak_feeder_Chalybura-buffonii_credit-Kristiina-Hurme_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/hummingbird-beak_feeder_Chalybura-buffonii_credit-Kristiina-Hurme_1s.webp" alt="Image showing a white-vented plumeleteer (Chalybura buffonii) drinking from a feeder at the Colibrí Gorriazul Research Center in Colombia. Credit: Kristiina Hurme" class="wp-image-1952645"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Image showing a white-vented plumeleteer (Chalybura buffonii) drinking from a feeder at the Colibrí Gorriazul Research Center in Colombia. Credit: Kristiina Hurme</figcaption></figure>



Hummingbirds, however, use both approaches. Their bills and tongues work together, first lapping the nectar and then drawing it up through suction. 



This dual method makes hummingbirds truly unique among nectar feeders.



"It makes sense that they would have to use both, given the pressure to reach the nectar deep within the flower and to feed quickly and efficiently," said Rico-Guevara.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-and-future-questions">Evolution and future questions</h2>



The evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-butterfly-and-hummingbird-day-celebrating-the-beauty-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbird</a> bills is a fascinating example of adaptation. As flowers have evolved different shapes and sizes, hummingbird bills have also adapted, becoming perfectly suited for reaching deep into blossoms.



But with every answer, new questions arise. What muscles control these intricate movements? How does catching insects impact bill flexibility? There’s still much to learn about these tiny avian marvels.



The co-authors of the study include researchers from universities across the U.S. and the U.K., highlighting the international effort to understand these tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>.



In conclusion, hummingbirds, with their delicate beauty and incredible speed, are more than just nectar sippers. 



Their bills, far from being mere straws, are the result of millions of years of evolution, fine-tuned to help these birds survive in a competitive environment.



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The study "Upper bill bending as an adaptation for nectar feeding in hummingbirds" is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2024.0286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Royal Society Interface</a>.



Video Credit: Alejandro Rico-Guevara



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Hummingbird bills are an evolutionary wonder

At first glance, hummingbird bills look like straws -- long...

Centenarians, once a rarity, have now become common. They are the fastest-growing demographic group, doubling roughly every decade since the 1970s. 



How long humans can live and what defines a healthy, long life have intrigued us for centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-longevity-mystery">Decoding the longevity mystery</h2>



More than two millennia ago, even renowned philosophers like Plato and Aristotle were captivated by the enigma of aging. 



Unveiling the secrets behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-high-resilience-live-up-to-ten-years-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exceptional longevity</a>, however, is no simple task. It involves understanding the intricate relationship between genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors, and how they interact throughout a person's lifetime.



A recent study led from <a href="https://ki.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karolinska Institutet</a> gives us more insight into this topic. The researchers have identified some common biomarkers, including levels of cholesterol and glucose, in individuals who have had the privilege of blowing out more than 90 candles on their birthday cake.



"Despite the claim that chance plays an important role in the achievement of exceptional longevity, it has repeatedly been shown that already earlier in life, centenarians are a selected group with fewer disabilities, comorbidities, hospitalizations, and better cognitive function compared to non-centenarians," wrote the study authors. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-centenarians-and-the-secrets-to-healthy-aging">Centenarians and the secrets to healthy aging</h2>



Scientists are fascinated by nonagenarians and centenarians, as they offer insights into living longer and aging in better health. These individuals may hold the secrets to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survival-of-the-friendliest-social-animals-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longevity</a> and healthy aging. 



However, many previous studies on this topic have been limited in scope, often focusing on smaller or selective groups. 



For example, some research has excluded centenarians living in care homes, which can skew findings. By studying a broader and more inclusive range of participants, researchers aim to uncover the factors that contribute to both extended lifespan and improved quality of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biomarkers-of-centenarians">Biomarkers of centenarians </h2>



Breaking away from small-scale studies, this recent research is the largest of its kind to date. It compares biomarker profiles between exceptionally <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/becoming-more-physically-active-could-add-11-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-lived individuals</a> and their shorter-lived peers.



The data includes information of 44,000 Swedes aged between 64-99 from the so-called Amoris cohort. Out of these people, 1,224 made it to the age of 100, and about 85% were female.



A dozen blood-based biomarkers related to inflammation, metabolism, liver and kidney function, as well as potential malnutrition and anaemia were included in the study.



The researchers found that people who reached their hundredth birthday generally had lower levels of glucose, creatinine, and uric acid after their sixties.



While centenarians and non-centenarians didn't markedly differ in median values for most biomarkers, centenarians rarely exhibited extremely high or low values.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-health-nutrition-and-longevity">Metabolic health, nutrition, and longevity </h2>



When investigating which biomarkers were linked to the likelihood of reaching 100, the researchers found that all but two (alat and albumin) of the 12 biomarkers influenced the chances of becoming a centenarian. 



For example, people with the lowest levels of total cholesterol and iron had a lower chance of reaching 100 years compared to those with higher levels.



While the differences were generally small, these findings indicate a potential relationship between metabolic health, nutrition, and exceptional longevity. 



The study doesn't suggest any specific lifestyle factors or genes responsible for these biomarker values. Yet, it is realistic to believe that elements like nutrition and alcohol intake might have some role.



While chance may play a part in reaching an exceptional age, it appears that genes and lifestyle could also be important. Therefore, keeping an eye on your kidney and liver values, as well as glucose and uric acid as you age, might be a good idea. 



After all, who wouldn't want a chance at blowing out a centenary of candles?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-facts-on-centenarians">More facts on centenarians</h2>



Centenarians credit their long lives to a few simple habits: staying positive, building strong relationships, and having a sense of purpose. 



Many stick to plant-based diets with little processed food, stay active with hobbies like gardening, and occasionally enjoy a drink.



Genetics also play a big part, helping older adults recover from illness and avoid chronic diseases. Most live healthy, active lives right up until their later years, proving that it’s not just about living longer - it’s about living well.



The study on blood biomarker profiles and exceptional longevity is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11357-023-00936-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GeoScience</a>.



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Centenarians on the rise: Living over 100 is now more common

Centenarians, once a rarity, have now become common. They are...

Rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and ocean heatwaves - 2023 brought alarming new climate warming records. One of the most concerning was the rise in global mean temperature, reaching almost 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels.



Scientists have been working to determine what triggered this sudden surge in global warming. They considered anthropogenic influences like greenhouse gases, the El Niño effect, and natural events like volcanic eruptions.



Yet, these factors leave an unexplained warming gap of 0.2 degrees Celsius.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-theory-changes-in-cloud-cover">A new theory: Changes in cloud cover</h2>



A research team from the Alfred Wegener Institute (<a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AWI</a>) proposes that changes in Earth's cloud cover may explain this warming gap. 



"In addition to the influence of El Niño and the expected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-heat-is-popping-up-in-hotspots-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term warming</a> from anthropogenic greenhouse gases, several other factors have already been discussed that could have contributed to the surprisingly high global mean temperatures since 2023," said Dr. Helge Goessling, lead author from AWI. 



Dr. Goessling mentioned factors like increased solar activity, excess water vapor from volcanic eruptions, and fewer atmospheric aerosol particles. But adding these elements still leaves 0.2 degrees Celsius (0.36 degrees Fahrenheit) unexplained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-0-2-degree-gap-a-climate-mystery">The 0.2-degree gap: A climate mystery</h2>



"The "0.2-degree-Celsius 'explanation gap' for 2023 is currently one of the most intensely discussed questions in climate research," noted Dr. Goessling.



To investigate further, climate modelers from AWI and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (<a href="https://www.ecmwf.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ECMWF</a>) analyzed satellite data from NASA. 



They also used the ECMWF's reanalysis data, which combines observational data with weather models. The data revealed an alarming trend - 2023 recorded the lowest planetary albedo since at least 1940.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-planetary-albedo">What is planetary albedo?</h2>



Planetary albedo measures the percentage of sunlight reflected back into space. 



"What caught our eye was that, in both the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> and ECMWF datasets, 2023 stood out as the year with the lowest planetary albedo," said study co-author Dr. Thomas Rackow from ECMWF.



Lower albedo means less sunlight reflected, contributing to increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-shatters-heat-records-earths-hottest-year-is-here/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a>. But what caused this drop in albedo?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-altitude-clouds-and-warming-surge">Low-altitude clouds and warming surge</h2>



The answer lies in declining low-altitude clouds, particularly in the northern mid-latitudes and tropics. This trend was most pronounced over the Atlantic, which coincidentally saw unusual heat records in 2023. 



"It’s conspicuous that the eastern North Atlantic, which is one of the main drivers of the latest jump in global mean temperature, was characterised by a substantial decline in low-altitude clouds," said Dr. Goessling.



The decline in low cloud cover means a reduction in Earth’s albedo, intensifying global warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-clouds-in-climate-regulation">Role of clouds in climate regulation</h2>



Clouds play a critical role in moderating Earth's temperature. They reflect sunlight, providing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-cool-the-climate-more-than-previously-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cooling effect</a>. 



Low clouds are especially important since they lack the greenhouse effect seen in higher clouds, which trap heat. 



As lower cloud cover declines, the cooling effect diminishes, contributing to warmer temperatures. "If there are fewer low clouds, we only lose the cooling effect, making things warmer," Goessling explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-contributing-to-fewer-low-clouds">Factors contributing to fewer low clouds</h2>



But what’s causing fewer low-altitude clouds? A combination of factors could be at play. 



Stricter marine fuel regulations have reduced atmospheric aerosols - tiny particles that serve as condensation nuclei for cloud formation. Aerosols also reflect sunlight, and fewer aerosols mean less cloud formation and less sunlight being reflected.



Natural climate fluctuations and ocean feedbacks might also contribute, but Goessling believes these aren't the whole story. "Global warming itself may be reducing low cloud cover," he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-surge-and-cloud-loss">Warming surge and cloud loss</h2>



This feedback loop between warming and cloud loss could indicate a worrying trend. 



"If a large part of the decline in albedo is indeed due to feedbacks between global warming and low clouds, as some climate models indicate, we should expect rather intense warming in the future," noted Dr. Goessling.



This means we might cross the critical 1.5-degree threshold of global warming sooner than anticipated. If that happens, the remaining carbon budgets under the Paris Agreement would shrink, making adaptation measures even more urgent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cloud-cover-and-global-warming">Cloud cover and global warming</h2>



The study sheds light on why temperatures surged so suddenly and highlights the importance of Earth's cloud cover in regulating climate. 



Reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cloud-engineering-can-temporarily-cool-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloud cover</a>, particularly at low altitudes, lessens Earth's ability to reflect solar radiation, adding to the warming already driven by greenhouse gases. 



With climate models pointing to this feedback as a significant factor, urgent action becomes even more vital to manage future warming and minimize extreme weather events.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7280" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Rapid surge in global warming may have an unexpected source

Rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and ocean heatwaves - 2023...

We are dependent on oxygen that is generated by miniscule planktonic creatures that live in the oceans. Scientists estimate that over 50% of the Earth's oxygen is produced by these tiny, drifting protists, plants and algae.



It is these microscopic oceanic organisms, even more than the tall tree outside your window, that are the unsung heroes of our planet. Marine plankton drive the Earth's carbon cycle and regulate the climate.



Plankton drifts with the ocean's currents and has a dual role in producing oxygen and storing carbon dioxide (CO2). This makes these organisms indispensable in maintaining the planet’s delicate balance.



A recent discovery has shed light on the intricate relationship between these planktonic life forms and one of the greatest challenges of our time - increasing atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-plankton-and-carbon-storage">Marine plankton and carbon storage </h2>



Buried deep within the ocean's waters resides a near-invisible, yet vital organism - Trilobatus trilobus, a species of plankton that belongs to the group known as the formainifera. 



These tiny heroes sequester and store CO2 in their calcium carbonate shells through a process known as calcification.



This is the process whereby living organisms, like plankton, build hard, shell-like structures using calcium, carbon and oxygen from their surroundings. The protective "suits of armor" are made of a material similar to chalk or limestone.



Once the plankton expire, their shells sink to the seafloor, becoming long-term carbon storage facilities. This means that the huge task of CO2 storage is undertaken partially by these microscopic life forms.



Now, scientists from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> have explored this phenomenon in more detail and uncovered some fascinating insights.



Initially, research focused on how changes in ocean chemistry and acidification influence calcification. However, this study revealed that physical properties of the ocean, such as density, also play a crucial role in this complex process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-artful-adaptations-of-marine-plankton">The artful adaptations of marine plankton </h2>



What makes T. trilobus so remarkable? This planktonic species demonstrates an extraordinary ability to adapt its calcification process in response to environmental fluctuations, particularly to changes in ocean density and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a>.



These survival strategies ensure that the plankton can maintain buoyancy and thrive in varying conditions.



For example, when ocean density decreases due to freshwater influx from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-ice-caps-changing-earths-rotation-need-negative-leap-second/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting ice caps</a>, T. trilobus reduces the calcification rate, thus forming lighter shells that help to keep the individuals buoyant. 



This adjustment not only supports the survival of the microorganisms, but also affects ocean chemistry by leaving surface waters more alkaline. 



The increase in alkalinity enhances the ocean's ability to absorb even more CO2, illustrating the intricate relationship between these microscopic organisms and the planet’s carbon cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unseen-impact-on-climate-change">The unseen impact on climate change</h2>



The adaptive behavior of T. trilobus has far-reaching implications for climate regulation. 



By modifying calcification in response to environmental changes, these plankton indirectly boost the ocean’s capacity to absorb CO2 and act as a natural mitigator of atmospheric carbon.



This dynamic process highlights the vital role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-stress-causes-undetected-changes-in-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a> in buffering the effects of climate change.



“Our findings demonstrate how planktonic foraminifera adapt their shell architecture to changes in seawater density. This natural adjustment, potentially regulating atmospheric chemistry for millions of years, underscores the complex interplay between marine life and the global climate system,” explained Dr. Stergios Zarkogiannis, the study's lead scientist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-plankton-in-ocean-calcification">The role of plankton in ocean calcification</h2>



Dr. Zarkogiannis and his team explored the intricacies of T. trilobus shells, collected from deep-sea sediments along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.



Using advanced techniques like X-ray microcomputed tomography and shell trace element geochemistry, they linked variations in calcification to environmental changes, including salinity, density, and carbonate chemistry.



Their findings revealed that plankton produce lighter, thinner shells in equatorial waters and thicker, heavier shells in denser subtropical regions, illustrating how these tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-organisms-may-adapt-to-climate-change-but-with-hidden-costs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organisms adapt</a> to their surroundings.



“Although planktonic organisms may passively float in the water column, they are far from passive participants in the carbon cycle. By actively adjusting their calcification to control buoyancy and ensure survival, these organisms also regulate the ocean’s ability to absorb CO2," said Dr. Zarkogiannis.



This dual role underscores their profound importance in understanding and addressing climate challenges."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-plankton-research">The future of plankton research</h2>



While this study illuminates the adaptive capabilities of T. trilobus, further research is needed to determine whether buoyancy regulation influences calcification in other marine organisms. 



By continuing to unravel the intricate ways in which plankton interact with their environment, scientists can better understand - and perhaps leverage - their role in mitigating climate change.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.240179" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Marine plankton are key players in carbon cycle regulation

We are dependent on oxygen that is generated by miniscule...

New research hints at a fascinating and completely unexpected connection between Mars's gravitational field and Earth's climate.



Geological evidence spanning over 65 million years suggests that deep-sea currents on Earth undergo recurring cycles of strength every 2.4 million years.



These cycles, referred to as "astronomical grand cycles," appear linked to gravitational interactions between Earth and Mars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-earth-s-ocean-currents">Climate and Earth's ocean currents</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deep-sea currents</a>, which alternate between stronger and weaker phases, significantly impact sediment accumulation on the ocean floor.



During periods of stronger currents, often called "giant whirlpools" or eddies, these powerful movements reach the abyssal depths and erode accumulated sediment there. 



The findings of a new study now shed light on how these cycles align with Earth-Mars <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-map-exposes-ancient-structures-and-volcanic-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational interactions</a>.



"The gravity fields of the planets in the solar system interfere with each other, and this interaction, called a resonance, changes planetary eccentricity, a measure of how close to circular their orbits are," explained study co-author Dietmar Müller, a geophysics professor at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-gravitational-pull-on-earth">Mars' gravitational pull on Earth</h2>



Due to this resonance, Mars's gravitational pull draws Earth slightly closer to the Sun, which leads to increased solar radiation and a warmer climate.



Over time, Earth drifts back again, completing this cycle roughly every 2.4 million years. This subtle gravitational influence might play a role in shaping Earth’s long-term climatic patterns.



The researchers used satellite data to map sediment accumulation on the ocean floor across millions of years. 



The team discovered gaps in the geological record, suggesting that stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-interactions-with-mars-influence-deep-ocean-circulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a> during warmer periods, caused by Mars's influence, might have disrupted sediment deposition.



These findings add to the growing evidence that celestial mechanics, including Mars’s gravitational pull, impact Earth’s climate.



However, the researchers clarified that this warming effect is unrelated to the current global warming driven by human greenhouse gas emissions.



"Our deep-sea data spanning 65 million years suggests that warmer oceans have more vigorous deep circulation," explained Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author and a sedimentologist at the University of Sydney.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



The study’s findings suggest that these cycles could help sustain ocean currents even in scenarios where global warming might weaken them. 



One such crucial current is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOC</a>), often referred to as an ocean "conveyor belt." 



This system transports warm water from the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere and facilitates deep-ocean heat distribution.



"We know there are at least two separate mechanisms that contribute to the vigor of deep-water mixing in the oceans," Müller noted. 



While some scientists predict a possible collapse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenlands-melting-icebergs-may-not-be-threat-to-ocean-currents-amoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOC</a> in the coming decades, the ventilation caused by deep-ocean eddies might help prevent the ocean from becoming stagnant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-mechanics-the-basics">Orbital mechanics -- the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-elusive-three-body-problem-now-has-12000-new-solutions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orbital mechanics</a> in our solar system is like a cosmic dance choreographed by gravity. Every planet, moon, asteroid, and even tiny dust particle follows a specific path, or orbit, around a larger body because of gravitational forces.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-is-our-trip-to-jupiter-taking-so-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orbital mechanics</a> between Mars and Earth is all about their positions, speeds, and distances in the solar system, creating a fascinating relationship.



Both planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, but Earth is closer to the Sun and moves faster along its orbit. Earth takes about 365 days to complete one orbit, while Mars, farther out, takes roughly 687 days.



This difference means that Earth "laps" Mars in their orbits every 26 months, creating opportunities for close approaches called oppositions -- when Mars is directly opposite the Sun in the sky as seen from Earth.



These close approaches are a big deal for space exploration. When planning missions to Mars, scientists take advantage of efficient paths that align with the relative positions of Earth and Mars.



Orbital mechanics governs not just the journey itself but also the timing, ensuring we can send rovers, landers, and eventually humans to Mars with precision and efficiency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-mechanics-and-earth-s-climate">Orbital mechanics and Earth's climate</h2>



Although still speculative, this research on Mars' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-mars-clouds-catalogued-in-stunning-new-online-photo-atlas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational pull</a> highlights the potential of astronomical cycles to influence Earth's climate and affect oceanic circulation. 



This, on top of the aforementioned alignment of space mission launch pathways for previous and future Earth missions to Mars.



These findings emphasize the interconnectedness of planetary orbital mechanics and Earth’s natural systems, and offer a new perspective on how the cosmos might shape our planet's climate over millions of years.



Understanding these interactions not only deepens our knowledge of Earth's history but also provides insights into the resilience of oceanic systems in the face of ongoing climate change. 



"This will potentially keep the ocean from becoming stagnant even if Atlantic meridional overturning circulation slows or stops altogether," Adriana Dutkiewicz concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-can-t-escape-impact-of-mars-gravity">Earth can't escape impact of Mars' gravity</h2>



Mars is smaller in size and mass than Earth, and thus has a weaker gravitational pull. However, Martian gravity still has notable effects beyond influencing Earth’s orbit.



The gravity on Mars is approximately 38% of Earth's, meaning that an object or person would weigh significantly less if standing on the surface of Mars. 



The decreased force of gravity affects the planet's ability to retain a thick atmosphere, which results in a dry and barren Martian environment.



Mars’s moons, Phobos and Deimos, also experience the planet's gravitational pull, which leads to tidal stresses that gradually alter their orbits.



Over millions of years, Phobos is expected to spiral closer to Mars and eventually break apart, forming a ring around the planet. 



Additionally, Mars's gravity has influenced the trajectories of spacecrafts during missions that make use of a technique called gravity assist to propel probes towards distant targets.



The interplay between the gravity of Mars and the dynamics of the solar system showcases the subtle yet profound impact of this planet on neighboring celestial bodies. 



Researchers continue to explore how such forces might have shaped Mars's history, including its ancient magnetic field and potential for past water systems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46171-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Mars' gravity pulls Earth closer to the Sun, warming our climate, scientists say

New research hints at a fascinating and completely unexpected connection...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Funk relaxed his tense muscles as soon as the boulder was removed from the unsteady foundation. However, the danger wasn’t completely removed yet. A loud boom echoed through the atmosphere as the crane lowered the boulder to the ground. The rock shattered in half, and what he saw confirmed his suspicions.

Split In Half

The loud noise came from Funk’s backup. They brought an enormous crane and pillars with them. They were ready to lift the huge boulder. To maintain the rock's stability, they dug beneath it and attached wooden planks. Funk tried his best to aid the men. He felt sweat dripping from his forehead. He became engrossed in what he saw and couldn't tear his gaze away from this perplexing abnormality.