Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency (ESA) features the distant galaxy LEDA 22057, which is located about 650 million light-years away in the constellation Gemini. 



Within the galaxy lies a pale blue dot - SN 2024PI, a supernova explosion that was discovered by an automated survey in January 2024.



“The survey covers the entire northern half of the night sky every two days and has cataloged more than 10,000 supernovae,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Pale_blue_supernova_dot" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“The supernova is visible in this image: located just down and to the right of the galactic nucleus, the pale blue dot of SN 2024PI stands out against the galaxy’s ghostly spiral arms.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remnants-of-a-supernova">Remnants of a supernova </h2>



ESA noted that the image was taken about a month and a half after the supernova was discovered, so it appears many times fainter than its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shockingly-bright-carbon-monoxide-detected-in-supernova-remnant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maximum brilliance</a>.



“SN 2024PI is classified as a Type Ia supernova. This type of supernova requires a remarkable object called a white dwarf, the crystallized core of a star with a mass less than about eight times the mass of the Sun,” explained ESA.



“When a star of this size uses up the supply of hydrogen in its core, it balloons into a red giant, becoming cool, puffy and luminous. Over time, pulsations and stellar winds cause the star to shed its outer layers, leaving behind a white dwarf and a colorful planetary nebula.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-fate-of-white-dwarfs">The fate of white dwarfs</h2>



Most stars in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> will eventually transition to white dwarfs after their death. Whether or not a star becomes a white dwarf depends on its mass.&nbsp;



Stars that are significantly more massive will end their lives differently. Stars that exceed the critical mass threshold of eight times the Sun undergo more violent deaths.&nbsp;



After exhausting their nuclear fuel, they collapse under their immense gravity and trigger a supernova explosion. Depending on the remaining core mass, they may leave behind either a neutron star or a black hole, rather than a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hungry-white-dwarf-stars-eat-heavy-metals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>.&nbsp;



These remnants represent extreme outcomes of stellar evolution and are fundamentally different from white dwarfs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-gemini-nbsp">The constellation Gemini&nbsp;</h2>



Gemini is one of the twelve zodiac constellations located in the northern celestial hemisphere.&nbsp;



Its name means "twins" in Latin, reflecting its representation of the mythological twins Castor and Pollux from Greek and Roman mythology.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stars-of-gemini">Stars of Gemini</h3>



The stars Castor and Pollux, which form the heads of the twins, are the brightest stars in Gemini and are key to its identification.&nbsp;



Pollux is a bright orange giant star, while Castor is a multiple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-found-in-the-habitable-zone-of-a-binary-star-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star system</a> made up of six stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neighboring-constellations">Neighboring constellations</h3>



Gemini lies between Taurus to the west and Cancer to the east, and it is bordered by several other constellations, including Orion to the south.



It is most visible in the night sky during the winter months in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in January and February.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-gemini">Significance of Gemini</h3>



The constellation is part of the ecliptic, the path that the Sun appears to take through the sky, making it significant in both astronomy and astrology.



Astronomically, Gemini is home to several interesting deep-sky objects, including the open star cluster M35, which is easily visible with binoculars or a small telescope.&nbsp;



The constellation also contains several stars and stellar systems of interest, such as variable stars and binary systems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greek-mythology-nbsp">Greek mythology&nbsp;</h3>



In Greek mythology, Castor and Pollux were the sons of Leda, but they had different fathers - Castor was mortal, while Pollux was divine, being the son of Zeus.&nbsp;



Their story is one of loyalty and brotherhood, as Pollux begged Zeus to share his immortality with Castor after his brother's death. As a result, Zeus placed them in the sky as the constellation Gemini, symbolizing their eternal bond.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-culture">Modern culture</h3>



In modern culture, Gemini continues to be associated with duality, adaptability, and communication in astrology.&nbsp;



The constellation also holds significance in space science, lending its name to NASA's Gemini program in the 1960s. This program conducted critical missions that paved the way for the Apollo moon landings.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Supernova explosion captured in the constellation Gemini 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency (ESA) features the distant galaxy LEDA 22057, which is located about 650 million light-years away in the constellation Gemini. Within the galaxy lies a pale blue dot - SN 2024PI, a supernova explosion that was discovered by an automated survey in January 2024. “The survey covers the entire northern half of the night sky every two days and has cataloged more than 10,000 supernovae,” noted ESA. “The supernova is visible in this image:...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features Abell S1063, a massive galaxy cluster located about 4.5 billion light-years from Earth. The galaxy cluster was captured by the Webb telescope in stunning detail.



According to <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/05/Webb_glimpses_the_distant_past" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>, the image is what’s known as a deep field - a long exposure of a single area of the sky, collecting as much light as possible to draw out the most faint and distant galaxies that don’t appear in ordinary images.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxies-of-the-early-universe">Galaxies of the early universe </h2>



Composed of nine separate snapshots taken at different near-infrared wavelengths over roughly 120 hours, this image represents Webb’s most detailed and deepest view of a single target so far.&nbsp;



Thanks to the gravitational lensing effect of Abell S1063, astronomers can peer deeper into the past than ever before - possibly viewing some of the universe’s very <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-galaxies-formed-from-the-earliest-elements-in-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first galaxies</a>.



“The eye is first drawn, in this new NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month, to the central mega-monster that is galaxy cluster Abell S1063. This behemoth collection of galaxies, lying 4.5 billion light-years from Earth in the constellation Grus (the Crane), dominates the scene,” noted ESA.



“Looking more closely, this dense collection of heavy galaxies is surrounded by glowing streaks of light, and these warped arcs are the true object of scientists’ interest: faint galaxies from the universe’s distant past.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-galaxy-cluster">What is a galaxy cluster?</h2>



Galaxy clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound systems and include not just galaxies, but also vast amounts of hot, X-ray-emitting gas and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-true-nature-of-dark-matter-may-be-revealed-in-a-supernova/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>.&nbsp;



The galaxies within a cluster move through this hot intracluster medium, and their interactions can lead to phenomena like galaxy mergers or the stripping of gas from galaxies.&nbsp;



Galaxy clusters are important for studying the large-scale structure of the universe, the behavior of dark matter, and the evolution of galaxies over cosmic time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hundreds-of-galaxies-bound-together-nbsp">Hundreds of galaxies bound together&nbsp;</h2>



As one of the most densely populated clusters known, Abell S1063 contains hundreds of galaxies bound together by gravity.&nbsp;



Its immense mass makes it an excellent example of a gravitational lens - a cosmic phenomenon where the cluster’s gravity bends and magnifies the light from galaxies far behind it.&nbsp;



This effect allows astronomers to observe incredibly faint and distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-like-galaxies-were-present-in-the-early-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> that would otherwise be beyond our detection limits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-galaxy-evolution">Studying galaxy evolution</h2>



The cluster has been the focus of several major observational campaigns. It was prominently featured in the Hubble Space Telescope’s Frontier Fields program, which used its gravitational lensing power to study the early universe.&nbsp;



“The new imagery from Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) takes this quest even further back in time,” said ESA.



“This image showcases an incredible forest of lensing arcs around Abell S1063, which reveal distorted background galaxies at a range of cosmic distances, along with a multitude of faint galaxies and previously unseen features.”



These observations are helping scientists probe the Cosmic Dawn era - the period shortly after the Big Bang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-cosmic-dawn-nbsp">Exploring the Cosmic Dawn&nbsp;</h2>



The Cosmic Dawn refers to a time in the history of the universe when the first stars and galaxies began to form and shine. This pivotal era occurred roughly between 100 million and 1 billion years after the Big Bang.&nbsp;



During the Dark Ages, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fastest-feeding-black-hole-found-in-the-early-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a> had cooled enough for neutral hydrogen to form, but no luminous objects yet existed to light it up.&nbsp;



The birth of the first stars - often massive and short-lived - marked the beginning of the Cosmic Dawn. These stars emitted intense ultraviolet radiation, which gradually ionized the surrounding hydrogen gas in a process known as reionization.&nbsp;



This transformed the universe from a cold, opaque environment into one that was transparent to light, enabling the large-scale structure of the cosmos to take shape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-grus">The constellation Grus</h2>



Grus is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-jupiter-discovered-in-the-great-bear-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation</a> in the southern sky, its name derived from the Latin word for "crane," a type of large, graceful bird.&nbsp;



It was introduced in the late 16th century by the Dutch navigators Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, during an era of celestial charting tied to European exploration of the southern hemisphere.&nbsp;



Grus is part of a group of constellations known as the "Southern Birds," which also includes Phoenix, Tucana, and Pavo.



This constellation lies near the celestial south pole and is best seen from the Southern Hemisphere during the months of August through October.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA, H. Atek, M. Zamani



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Hundreds of galaxies illuminate the early universe 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

It didn’t take long for Dr. Ghezzi’s instincts to turn up surprising results. “In the first hours of measurements, we realized the nature and importance of the towers,” the academic told The New York Times newspaper in 2007. And while it would take six more years to get the final paper fit to publish, Dr. Ghezzi was positive of what he’d found. Photo Credit: GeoEye/SIME

Fast action

It didn’t take long for Dr. Ghezzi’s instincts to turn...

Dr. Ghezzi focused his attention on two points found within those sturdy walls and buildings we mentioned earlier. These points are about 750 feet away from the 13 towers and situated to their east and west. And after the researcher took his first measurements, it became clear that these were observation areas of great importance. Photo Credit: GeoEye/SIME

Solar calendar

Dr. Ghezzi focused his attention on two points found within...

But what had the ancient civilization who lived here been observing? According to Dr. Ghezzi’s research, the positions of the 13 towers aligned almost perfectly with where the Sun would rise and set over the course of a year. That couldn’t be a coincidence and it convinced the academic that the towers were there to observe the passing of the seasons. Photo Credit: GeoEye/SIME

Look out

But what had the ancient civilization who lived here been...

Here’s how it works. Let’s imagine you’re standing on the observation point to the towers’ west side. And as you stand there, first thing in the morning, the Sun begins to rise above the horizon. Now all you have to do is make a note of where the Sun pops up in relation to the towers. Easy, right? Photo Credit: World Monuments Fund/YouTube

Rise and fall

Here’s how it works. Let’s imagine you’re standing on the...

Well, easy and kind of ingenious. Because the position of the Sun as seen from the observation point will then tell you what time of year it is. There were no smartphones in 400 B.C., remember. So if the Sun appeared at the furthest right-hand point of the towers, that would mean it’s the summer solstice in Peru. Photo Credit: World Monuments Fund/YouTube

Calendar me

Well, easy and kind of ingenious. Because the position of...

And if the Sun popped up at the opposite end of the towers, then you’d know it was the winter solstice. For the rest of the year, too, the Sun would rise at various points along the towers. So the 13 towers are, effectively, one big calendar. This revelation was groundbreaking for a number of reasons. Photo Credit: World Monuments Fund/YouTube

Winter winner

And if the Sun popped up at the opposite end...

It meant that the Chankillo solar observatory was the earliest example of this kind of structure we’ve ever found. And not only that, but it’s also different from other solar observatories because it could tell the time throughout an entire year. “Archaeological research in Peru is constantly pushing back the origins of civilization in the Americas,” Dr. Ghezzi told Yale News. Photo Credit: World Monuments Fund/YouTube

Big news

It meant that the Chankillo solar observatory was the earliest...

Dr. Ghezzi also revealed that Chankillo is older than observatories found in Europe by about 1,800 years. It’s also roughly 500 years older than any similar building made by the Mayans. So while the experts may have known about similar ways our ancestors kept time, they had no idea just how long ago it had all started. Photo Credit: World Monuments Fund/YouTube

Early man

Dr. Ghezzi also revealed that Chankillo is older than observatories...

Plastic pollution often brings to mind landfills, oceans, and overflowing garbage dumps. Few people think about their home appliances. Yet, inside many modern kitchens, ordinary plastic containers undergo a process that could harm our environment in unseen ways.



A new study from the <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Queensland</a> now reveals a surprising source of plastic pollution: household dishwashers.



This finding opens a new chapter in the conversation about how domestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-deaths-in-india-linked-to-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a> contributes to global pollution. The research brings attention to the connection between plastic use, cleaning habits, and wastewater contamination. 



For a long time, dishwashers were overlooked in environmental discussions. However, the reality they reveal is not so spotless.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-particles-from-dishwashers">Plastic particles from dishwashers</h2>



Led by Dr. Elvis Okoffo from the Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, the study examines how plastic containers behave under typical dishwashing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-air-pollution-forms-may-help-us-prevent-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a>. 



“We demonstrated that plastic containers and utensils washed in dishwashers release plastic particles,” Dr. Okoffo noted.



This isn't just speculation. The researchers tested full dishwasher loads of common household plastic items and tracked what entered the wastewater after one cycle.



The results show that mechanical dishwashing - while convenient - can have unexpected side effects. Plastics degrade under exposure to high heat, water pressure, and cleaning chemicals.



These conditions cause both visible and invisible fragments of plastic to break off, eventually flowing down the drain. The kitchen becomes a surprising entry point for plastic pollutants into the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-from-dishwashers-in-wastewater">Plastic from dishwashers in wastewater</h2>



Washing plastic items may appear harmless, but the long-term outcome could be significant. “Even seemingly harmless everyday actions can have cumulative environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consequences</a>,” Dr. Okoffo explained. 



“The introduction of plastics into the environment carries a potential risk of adverse impacts on environmental and human health.”



Dishwashers can reach temperatures of up to 70°C. Under this heat, plastic reacts chemically and physically. Repeated exposure weakens the structural integrity of plastic items. Combined with the friction of water jets and detergents, this breakdown releases a startling number of particles.



The study revealed that one dishwasher cycle can release around 920,000 plastic particles. This includes both microplastics, which are smaller than 5 millimeters, and nanoplastics, which are even smaller and often escape detection. 



If every household with a dishwasher contributes to this cycle, the numbers become astronomical - about 33 million particles per home every year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources-of-plastic-pollution">Sources of plastic pollution</h2>



While the particle count is high, the actual weight of released <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-patients-have-a-unique-vulnerability-to-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> remains small. “Despite the high number of particles released, the total mass released from plastic containers is low and is minor compared to other known sources of plastic pollution,” Dr. Okoffo said. 



The study estimates that about 6 milligrams of plastic per person are released yearly. That amount equals roughly a quarter of a single grain of rice. But this does not make the problem any less important. Nanoplastics are tiny enough to pass through water filtration systems. 



Once they reach the environment, nanoplastics are difficult to remove and may accumulate in marine life and drinking water sources. Their small size allows them to travel far, possibly entering food chains and affecting both ecosystems and human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-solutions-in-appliance-design">Potential solutions in appliance design</h2>



Dr. Okoffo believes the responsibility does not lie with consumers alone. Appliance manufacturers and plastic producers must think about design solutions. 



“Plastic manufacturers could also develop plastics that are more resistant to degradation during dishwashing,” he suggested.



Appliances can also evolve. By fitting dishwashers with built-in particle traps or advanced filters, engineers could prevent many of these fragments from entering the water system. 



Capturing the pollutant at its origin avoids the expensive and difficult task of cleaning it up later. This proactive approach could spare wastewater facilities and marine systems from further harm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-conscious-cleaning">A call for conscious cleaning</h2>



With 58% of Australian households regularly using dishwashers, the study holds weight beyond the lab. The results apply to millions of homes worldwide. Changing how we clean plastic could shift our overall environmental footprint.



"Removing this pollutant before it can enter the environment is better than implementing costly measures after the pollutant has already been released,” said Dr. Okoffo. 



His words encourage prevention over reaction - a principle that often gets overlooked in environmental policy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-dishwashing-choices-can-help">Small dishwashing choices can help</h2>



Plastic waste doesn't only come from discarded bags or bottles. The tools we use daily - food containers, utensils, and kitchen gadgets - contribute in less obvious ways. Each dishwashing cycle that includes plastic is part of a wider issue. Though the waste is microscopic, the impact is measurable.



“Small changes, when multiplied across millions of households, can help reduce the global burden of plastic pollution,” Dr. Okoffo concluded. 



A shift in household practices, product materials, and appliance design could set the stage for lasting environmental improvements.



The study doesn’t demand radical lifestyle changes. Instead, it asks us to be mindful. In the quiet hum of a dishwasher lies a chance to rethink our role in the plastic lifecycle. Small steps, taken by many, still count.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00768" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS ES&amp;T Water</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Dishwashers release nearly one million plastic particles per cycle, a huge source of microplastic pollution

Plastic pollution often brings to mind landfills, oceans, and overflowing...

A 14.6-million-year-old <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020PA004037" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Miocene fossil</a> is encouraging a fresh look at how bees spread across isolated landmasses. It comes from a single specimen preserved in Hindon Maar mudstone in southern New Zealand, where researchers have been unearthing various ancient life forms.



The scientists behind the find, <a href="https://www.amnh.org/research/staff-directory/michael-engel" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Michael Engel</a> from the American Museum of Natural History and <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Uwe-Kaulfuss-2006259469" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Uwe Kaulfuss</a> from the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, describe the fossil as part of the <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/376828-Leioproctus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leioproctus genus</a>. 



Leioproctus is a member of the <a href="https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/colletid-bees-plasterer-bees-cellophane-bees-and-polyester-bees" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plasterer bee family</a>, also known as Colletidae, which includes solitary bees that build tiny brood cells lined with a cellophane-like secretion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leioproctus-bee-connections">Leioproctus bee connections</h2>



The fossil measures around 0.25 inches from head to abdomen and reveals details of wing veins that match modern Leioproctus bees. 



Researchers report that this ancient insect, named Leioproctus barrydonovani, might hint at a branch of bees that did not spread or adapt the way related species have done in other regions.



Its size is similar to small plasterer bees that still live in New Zealand and Australia. Scientists believe the family arrived in these areas through dispersal events millions of years ago.



Some experts have wondered if <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-highly-concerned-that-so-many-bee-hives-have-disappeared/">bees</a> arrived in New Zealand much later than in other parts of the world. According to a previous study, only 42 species exist in the islands, with 28 being unique to that area.



“In many respects the fauna is typical of an island biota, reflective of lineages dispersing to the landmass at various times since its breakup from Gondwana c. 80 million years ago and then speciating,” said the study authors. The Miocene fossil suggests a possible earlier timeline.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-discovery-raises-eyebrows">Why this discovery raises eyebrows</h2>



If Leioproctus took root in New Zealand 14.6 million years ago, one would expect more local offshoots of this group across the islands. Instead, there are only 18 native Leioproctus species today, indicating that something might have limited their spread.



One possibility is that these bees entered multiple times, with earlier groups dying out. Another is that the harsh environmental changes of later geological periods reduced any ancient populations that once thrived.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-ties-to-local-flowers">Possible ties to local flowers</h2>



Ancient pollinators often had specialized relationships with certain plants. Leioproctus barrydonovani might have visited flowers of the <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/54630-Pseudopanax" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genus Pseudopanax</a>, based on abundant fossilized blooms in the same Hindon Maar deposits.



Modern Leioproctus pango gathers pollen from Pseudopanax shrubs, so the ancient species may have followed a similar pattern. If pollen is discovered on future fossils, researchers can confirm which plants served as its food source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leioproctus-bee-evolution">Leioproctus bee evolution</h2>



Paleontologists see New Zealand as a fascinating puzzle. It drifted away from Gondwana tens of millions of years ago, and the landmass changed shape and size through rising seas and volcanic activity.



Through all of those changes, insect life sometimes flourished and sometimes disappeared. The scarcity of native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/science-is-giving-beekeepers-a-better-way-to-fight-colony-collapse/">bees</a> there today could trace back to cataclysmic events that shaped the land’s landscapes and climates.



The short supply of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28610183/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melittofauna</a> (bee diversity) in New Zealand has puzzled scientists for decades. Bees are typically strong pollinators worldwide, but here they seem overshadowed by generalist flies and a small number of pollinating birds.



Some researchers propose that once the flora adapted to the few insects available, there was less of a push for the bees to radiate into new forms. Others suggest the seeds of that smaller population were planted more recently than many realize.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-studies">Implications for future studies</h2>



By exploring more of the Hindon Maar deposits, paleontologists hope to uncover additional fossils that could confirm the relationships between extinct and modern bee species. 



Direct evidence of pollen on fossil wings or bodies might pin down which plants they favored, shining light on pollination habits in Miocene forests.



Those glimpses could also help clarify why certain insect lineages thrived while others remained static. New pieces of evidence might alter long-held views about how pollinator groups moved around this rugged region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-does-leioproctus-lead-us-now">Where does Leioproctus lead us now?</h2>



Experts think more fossils from Otago could reveal whether Leioproctus barrydonovani truly represents an early branch of the genus or a short-lived offshoot. 



Genetic studies of modern Leioproctus might link them directly to this ancient ancestor or place them on a separate track.



If the 14.6-million-year-old <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-hear-bee-sounds-and-make-sweeter-nectar-in-response/">bee</a> does turn out to be unrelated to modern New Zealand Leioproctus, it may confirm that bees settled the islands multiple times. 



That scenario might explain why the local plasterer bees have limited variation despite millions of years of potential opportunities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-questions-than-answers">More questions than answers</h2>



Those who study pollinators say that New Zealand’s unusual mix of plants and insects shows how migration and survival often take unexpected paths. These findings encourage biologists to remain flexible in how they classify new fossil data.



The differences in wing structure between Leioproctus barrydonovani and present-day relatives hint at <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227602332_Evolution_and_biogeography_of_native_Hawaiian_Hylaeus_bees_Hymenoptera_Colletidae" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lineages</a> that never made it past the Miocene. 



If fresh clues confirm that ancient populations were wiped out, that detail might reshape how we understand pollinator extinctions and arrivals.



The compressed specimen was likely deposited in a calm lake environment. Conditions at Hindon Maar allowed for delicate body parts and wings to remain visible over the ages, giving researchers a precious look at a past ecosystem.



Its delicate preservation has raised the hope of recovering pollen details in future specimens. That kind of evidence would strengthen claims about who pollinated New Zealand’s flora millions of years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leioproctus-challenges-evolution-timelines">Leioproctus challenges evolution timelines</h2>



Each step forward in fossil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-survival-depends-on-more-than-just-pollen-abundance/">bee</a> research challenges standard timelines of insect migration. 



When data appear to break from standard patterns, it prompts evolutionary biologists to question whether earlier assumptions missed entire waves of arrival.



Ancient pollinators may have been more widespread than the modern fauna suggests. 



Understanding why some species thrive while others vanish helps paint a bigger picture of how life adapts to shifting environments.



The study is published in <a href="https://bioone.org/journals/zoosystema/volume-47/issue-3/zoosystema2025v47a3/A-bee-from-the-middle-Miocene-Hindon-Maar-of-southern/10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a3.short" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoosystema</a>.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Scientists unearth a 14.6-million-year-old bee whose family tree does not fit existing theories

A 14.6-million-year-old Miocene fossil is encouraging a fresh look at...

A surprising copper deposit has been identified in a remote region, capturing the attention of mining analysts. Preliminary <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89046-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a> suggests the lode measures well above 20 million tons, far surpassing previous estimates.



<a href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202501/06/WS677b72c2a310f1265a1d9349.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reports</a> indicate that the site is nestled in the Tibetan plateau, also known as the Qinghai-Xizang region, an area traditionally overlooked by geologists searching for copper. This new information has sparked global conversations about the future of resource exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-significance-of-copper">The significance of copper</h2>



“This is a critical metal for renewable energy,” said <a href="https://english.casad.cas.cn/members/pm/202404/t20240428_661814.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tang Juxing</a>, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. 



He has emphasized that wind, solar, and emerging vehicle technologies all rely on copper’s superior conductivity for efficient performance.



Copper has long been prized by manufacturers for its versatility. It is used in electronics, architecture, transportation, and power infrastructure, making it essential for nations that aim to develop strong supply chains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-demand-in-green-industries">Growing demand in green industries</h2>



Experts <a href="https://internationalcopper.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/2017.06-E-Mobility-Factsheet-1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">note</a> that electric cars, in particular, use more copper than traditional cars. Some estimates show that a single wind turbine can incorporate nearly 4 tons of copper to optimize its generators and wiring.



Solar power systems also depend on copper for efficient conduction, which means sizable deposits can fuel rapid growth in clean energy installations. 



This serves as a reminder of copper’s increasing relevance in reducing carbon footprints worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-global-competition">Impact on global competition</h2>



Mining analysts believe China’s newly identified trove could bolster domestic production. The development will likely reduce reliance on international suppliers and shift negotiations around metal pricing.



Some industry observers warn that concentrated control of this metal will amplify economic sway. Major producers in South America and other regions are watching these changes with growing concern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-at-high-altitudes">Challenges at high altitudes</h2>



Logistics remain complicated when extraction sites lie in freezing, rugged terrain. Researchers are studying ways to reduce hazards, including specialized drilling systems that can function in unpredictable temperatures.



Technological breakthroughs may reshape extraction norms for other mountainous regions. Remote sensing tools and automated machinery could become standard practice, simplifying future mining activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-responsibility">Environmental responsibility</h2>



Local advocates voice concerns about potential harm to fragile ecosystems. Companies operating in the plateau plan to explore methods that minimize disruption, which include advanced filtering systems to manage wastewater responsibly.



Over the years, some high-altitude projects in China have tested environmentally friendly techniques. Adopting these approaches for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geologists-discover-the-largest-copper-gold-and-silver-deposit-in-the-last-three-decades/">copper</a> extraction may protect local flora and fauna from irreversible damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-perspectives">Community perspectives</h2>



Increased economic activity often brings an influx of jobs and new infrastructure. Some residents hope the project will deliver modernized roads, faster communication networks, and educational programs that benefit families.



Others worry about cultural shifts tied to outside influences. Preserving local traditions becomes a priority when mining projects open remote territories to workers from distant cities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trade-tensions-and-resource-security">Trade tensions and resource security</h2>



Analysts say metals remain at the heart of ongoing trade disputes. Disruptions linked to <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tariffs</a> have already stressed copper scrap supplies, forcing some smelters to switch to pricier ore.



Companies in the United States and abroad are looking for alternative sources. 



This pressure may persuade governments to reevaluate bilateral agreements on metals to protect both domestic industries and international ties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-energy-transitions">Implications for energy transitions</h2>



Global carbon reduction goals rely on stable access to raw materials. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amount-of-copper-needed-to-power-tech-and-develop-the-world-is-astonishing-not-enough/">Copper </a>wires connect power grids, support energy storage, and enable electric mobility, so new deposits can lower risks of bottlenecks.



A consistent supply means energy projects may stay on schedule. Investors tracking wind, solar, and zero-emission vehicle targets watch these resource developments to gauge the future cost of green technologies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efforts-to-balance-progress">Efforts to balance progress</h2>



Scholars have stressed the importance of sustainable approaches. They highlight reclamation policies that encourage companies to restore mined land for agriculture and wildlife once the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-white-gold-a-lithium-deposit-valued-at-1-5-trillion-has-been-discovered-in-the-u-s/">deposit</a> is exhausted.



Observers note that balanced progress depends on collaboration among local governments, environmental specialists, and mining organizations. Strong partnerships can help communities thrive without sacrificing their heritage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-directions-for-research">New directions for research</h2>



Geological teams continue to map untapped veins in surrounding areas. Upgraded imaging technologies may point to additional finds, which could influence resource strategies in other nations.



Scientific data from these efforts often circles back into economic discussions. Policymakers rely on accurate mapping to plan infrastructure and negotiate trade partnerships responsibly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-shifts-in-supply-chains">Possible shifts in supply chains</h2>



Manufacturers value reliable deliveries of metals. If they view one region as especially robust, factories might relocate or diversify to ensure they can secure essential materials quickly.



Some experts predict a transformation of supply chains as the market reacts. Local and international partnerships might form around advanced processing, recycling, and refined manufacturing to meet anticipated demand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cautious-optimism">Cautious optimism</h2>



Optimism surrounds this large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/copper-industry-of-king-solomons-era-didnt-harm-the-environment/">copper</a> discovery, though the long-term impact remains unknown. Voices from environmental advocates, local residents, and global industries will shape how the site develops.



China’s new deposit may further guide the conversation on resource independence. Policy adjustments and diplomatic measures could follow, given how pivotal copper is for modern society.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Discovery of a 20 million ton copper super-deposit

A surprising copper deposit has been identified in a remote...

A teenager in Iowa headed outside to look for arrowheads on a friend’s farmland. He never expected to make a discovery that would send ripples through the scientific community.



He stumbled upon a massive bone later identified as part of a <a href="https://www.sdnhm.org/exhibitions/fossil-mysteries/fossil-field-guide-a-z/mastodon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mastodon</a>, an extinct elephant cousin believed to have died out around 10,000 years ago.



According to <a href="https://ees.uiowa.edu/people/tiffany-adrain" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tiffany Adrain</a>, the special collections manager at the University of Iowa’s <a href="https://paleorepository.sites.uiowa.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paleontology Repository</a>, the jaw bone belonged to a young animal. Adrain oversees one of the region’s largest collections of ancient specimens.



“He cradled the fossil in his arms, which is very heavy, and carried it up to the farmhouse,” said Adrain. It was still so fresh that letting it dry completely in the sun would have destroyed it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-mastodon-fossils">Learning from mastodon fossils</h2>



The jaw measures about 30 inches in length and is from a juvenile that likely stood around 7 feet tall. Researchers have noted that these animals roamed much of North America during the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/late-pleistocene" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Late Pleistocene</a>, which spanned roughly from 129,000 to 11,700 years ago.



This freshly uncovered fossil was swiftly wrapped in plastic to keep it from deteriorating. The student had luck on his side, because the fossil may have crumbled in just a few weeks if nobody had found it.



People often confuse mastodons with mammoths. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-americans-relied-on-mammoths-for-food-and-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mammoths</a> usually had high-crowned teeth adapted for grazing, whereas mastodons had distinct ridged molars suited for munching on branches and leaves.



Both animals are distant relatives of modern elephants. Mastodons, though slightly smaller than many mammoths, could still grow impressively large, with some males sporting tusks of remarkable length.



Iowa’s landscape once supported a surprising variety of big creatures. Mammoths, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-in-america-coexisted-with-giant-sloths-and-mastodons/">mastodons</a>, giant ground sloths, and huge bears roamed parts of the Midwest for millennia.



Many of these species thrived in wetlands and forests that now appear very different from the farmland that covers much of the state. Shifting climate patterns and changes in vegetation contributed to their eventual disappearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-preservation-matters">Why preservation matters</h2>



Keeping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/archaeopteryx-fossil-soft-tissue-flight-evolution-proves-darwin-right/">fossil</a> moist was key. Mastodon bones can degrade quickly once exposed to air and light, which explains why quick thinking can be as important as scientific insight.



Experts say that staying alert to unusual shapes or textures along creek beds can lead to more finds. Mastodon fossils have turned up where water currents erode buried layers and reveal ancient surprises.



The farm owners chose to donate the jaw. Large fossil discoveries can captivate the public, yet landowners may also worry about trespassing or disruptions. In this instance, they quietly ensured the fossil reached experts for proper study.



Once at the University of Iowa’s Paleontology Repository, the specimen joined a collection of over a million artifacts. 



The repository continues to examine how this young mastodon lived and what its discovery can show about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-age-teens-romito-2-went-through-puberty-grew-up-like-modern-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice Age life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-discovery-matters-for-science-education">Why this discovery matters for science education</h2>



Young people getting involved in discoveries like this can make science feel real and immediate. 



When a student stumbles on a fossil that turns out to be over 30,000 years old, it changes the way science is seen - not as something that only happens in labs, but as something alive in everyday life.



Institutions like the Paleontology Repository regularly work with students to catalog specimens, which helps train the next generation of scientists. 



In fact, around 148,000 items in the collection have already been logged with the help of local high school and college students.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mastodon-fossils-and-lost-ecosystems">Mastodon fossils and lost ecosystems</h2>



Fossils like this jaw help researchers understand Late Pleistocene ecosystems and how creatures adapted to harsh conditions. 



One recent <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7463256/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investigation</a> suggested that regional mastodon populations expanded during warming cycles but still vanished by the onset of a cooler climate event.



Such discoveries feed larger debates over what drove these animals to extinction. Climate shifts, human activities, and changes in habitat are all factors researchers consider as they piece together the story.



<a href="https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/american-mastodons-northern-habitat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientists believe</a> mastodons spread across much of North and Central America for more than 20 million years. 



They flourished in flexible habitats that included forests and wetlands, but they ultimately disappeared in the late phases of the last Ice Age.



Modern archaeology and paleontology depend on keen-eyed individuals just as much as trained specialists. Many noteworthy finds start with curious people simply paying attention to what’s around them.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313800551_Late_Pleistocene_proboscidean_population_dynamics_in_the_North_American_Midcontinent" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boreas</a>.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Student discovers a 34,000-year-old mastodon fossil by accident while walking around a farm

A teenager in Iowa headed outside to look for arrowheads...

Proteins are central to life because they shift shape in response to molecules they encounter. Some transform in milliseconds, triggering everything from muscle movement to signals in the nervous system.



Scientists have tried for decades to engineer these biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-new-forms-of-life-inside-humans-rna-carriers-obelisks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks</a> to do specific tasks. 



Now there is a fresh example of synthetic proteins that adjust just like those found in cells, described by Tanja Kortemme, PhD, a professor of bioengineering at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Francisco</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proteins-that-change-shape">Proteins that change shape</h2>



Natural proteins shift into new configurations when they meet triggers such as ions or small molecules. This motion can set off downstream effects, including the release of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/neurotoxin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurotoxins</a>, the contraction of heart muscles, or the breakdown of complex nutrients.



Until recently, most engineering methods focused on building rigid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-life-begins-egg-sperm-and-a-covert-team-of-proteins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shapes</a>. That approach has powered household cleaning solutions and lifesaving drugs like insulin, but it fell short when trying to capture the graceful movements found in biological systems.



Many teams have used advanced computational tools, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03819-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alphaFold2</a>, to predict how proteins fold. A few years ago, these tools took a leap forward, solving perplexing puzzles that once consumed research labs for months.



The latest research adds movement to these predictions. By adjusting a protein so it can switch between two shapes, the scientists hope to open possibilities in medicine, agriculture, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-algorithms-can-increase-ocean-plastic-cleanup-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental cleanup</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-synthetic-proteins-stayed-rigid">Early synthetic proteins stayed rigid</h2>



Earlier synthetic proteins were usually static. They stayed locked in one form, which was enough for some tasks but limiting for signals that rely on on-off mechanisms.



Medications that control metabolism or cell division often target proteins that move between active and inactive states. The ability to design synthetic versions with similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-covid-persistent-spike-proteins-accumulate-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamics</a> could transform drug development.



<a href="https://kortemmelab.ucsf.edu/current---amy-guo.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amy Guo</a>, a graduate student at UCSF, focused on adding a small swinging segment to a simple protein so it could bind a calcium ion. The new segment switched positions based on the presence or absence of that ion.



Upon success, she tapped advanced modeling techniques to verify that the structure would remain stable in both configurations. These techniques relied on a library of possible shapes before converging on the final two.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-small-loop-to-change-protein-shape">One small loop to change protein shape</h2>



One crucial test involved nuclear magnetic resonance simulations performed by <a href="https://pharm.ucsf.edu/nmr/people/kelly" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mark Kelly</a>, a pharmaceutical chemist at UCSF. 



Those simulations confirmed the synthetic protein could capture calcium, then return to its original shape.



Research teams have been fascinated by how small modifications open the door to more sophisticated reactions. A short movable loop can reconfigure a protein’s entire structure, paving the way for sensors that pick up subtle signals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Scientists see applications in <a href="https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2017/07/biosensors-your-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biosensors</a> that monitor conditions in living organisms and trigger alerts for early disease signs. Others imagine proteins that break down plastics or adapt crops to temperature extremes.



“This study is the first step on a path that will lead far beyond biomedicine, into agriculture and the environment,” said Tanja Kortemme. Her team’s achievements underline the importance of shape-shifting proteins in diverse applications.



“We wanted to devise a design method that could be applied in lots of situations,” said Guo. She observed that small tweaks in a protein’s design could lock or unlock its active state.&nbsp;



These efforts may help shape new therapeutics that sense chemical signals in the body, respond to them, then revert to a resting form. Such changes enable more targeted interventions, possibly reducing side effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shape-shifting-proteins-use-energy-wisely">Shape-shifting proteins use energy wisely</h2>



Researchers note that engines of metabolism, immune responses, and other essential systems function through shifting proteins. A well-tuned synthetic protein might repair micro-fractures in metals or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-plants-rewire-themselves-to-battle-the-cold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boost crop resilience</a>.



“That really gives me confidence that this was for real, that we really did it,” said Guo. The finding was confirmed through multiple analytical steps.



“The possibilities are truly endless,” said Guo. Experimental validations continue, indicating that shape-changing proteins could transform a range of scientific fields.



<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7094" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dynamic proteins</a> mirror nature’s preference for efficient processes, as their conformational shifts often hinge on specific environmental cues. Their shapes adapt only when needed, minimizing energy waste while enhancing reactivity.



Engineered molecules with these qualities can address urgent issues in healthcare and ecological management. 



A shape-altering protein could detect a pollutant, neutralize it, then reset itself for another encounter, giving it an edge over conventional static systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-artificial-proteins-that-react">Building artificial proteins that react</h2>



Some researchers envision <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-model-esm3-creates-new-protein-that-simulates-500-million-years-of-biological-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial proteins</a> that function like finely tuned switches in the body’s immune system. These switches could identify a virus or tumor marker, change shape to deliver a therapeutic agent, and revert once the threat is resolved.



Others point to potential uses in synthetic biology for producing fuels or sustainable materials. Such proteins might adapt their structure based on temperature shifts, ensuring optimal performance in diverse industrial processes.



Additional exploration could involve harnessing shape-shifting proteins to stabilize vaccines. By flexibly responding to temperature fluctuations, these molecules might reduce cold-chain requirements in resource-limited areas.



Researchers are also examining whether dynamic proteins can handle tasks that require rapid structural changes under mechanical stress. This could shape the future of engineering fields that rely on adaptive materials.



The study is published in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40403060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

New shape-shifting proteins open doors in medicine and farming

Proteins are central to life because they shift shape in...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

Supernova explosion captured in the constellation Gemini

News coming your way