<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.</p>



<p>By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



<p>"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said ESA.</p>



<p>"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby Universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."</p>



<p>"This concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



<p>NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



<p>Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.</p>



<p>“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.</p>



<p>"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



<p>Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. Elements heavier than helium are created in the cores of stars and spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material, either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-star-formation">Process of star formation</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



<p>The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



<p>As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion, the process that powers stars, to occur.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



<p>Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our Sun.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



<p>The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. </p>



<p>Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope</p>



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NGC 604 is home to hundreds of hot, massive stars

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Little Dumbbell Nebula, also known as Messier 76, located in the constellation Perseus 3,400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>Astronomers captured this new image of the Little Dumbbell Nebula to commemorate the 34th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</p>



<p>The snapshot provides not only a breathtaking view but also deep insights into the life cycle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> and the dynamic processes within nebulae.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-messier-76">Understanding Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 is categorized as a planetary nebula, a term which historically arises from its round, planet-like appearance when viewed through early, low-power telescopes. However, the term is somewhat misleading as planetary nebulae have no connection to actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. </p>



<p>Instead, they represent an expansive shell of luminous gases expelled by a dying red giant star, which subsequently collapses into a dense, hot white dwarf. This transformation marks the late stages of stellar evolution for medium to low-mass stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-messier-76">Structure of Messier 76</h2>



<p>The structure of Messier 76 is particularly notable. It comprises a central ring - viewed edge-on - giving the appearance of a bar-like feature, with two distinct lobes emanating from either side. This formation is believed to be the result of materials ejected by the star during its red giant phase, possibly sculpted by interactions with a companion star.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this binary companion is not visible in current Hubble images, its presence is inferred from the thick disk of dust and gas aligned with its orbital plane. The phenomenon of the companion star potentially being absorbed by the primary star, a process akin to stellar cannibalism, is a captivating aspect of the nebula's history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-environment-of-the-nebula">The dynamic environment of the nebula</h2>



<p>At the core of the nebula, the primary star, now collapsing into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>, reaches extreme temperatures, estimated at a scorching 120,000 degrees Celsius - about 24 times hotter than the surface of our Sun. </p>



<p>This intensely hot remnant is visible as a small, bright point at the center of the nebula. Directly below this, another star can be seen; however, it is merely aligned with the nebula by chance and is not a part of it.</p>



<p>The dynamics within Messier 76 are driven by powerful forces. The central disk seems to constrict the material, creating two lobes of gas escaping along the rotational axis of the star, perpendicular to the disk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lobes are propelled outward by a potent stellar wind, moving at a staggering two million miles per hour. This rapid movement is sufficient to travel the distance from Earth to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> in just over seven minutes. </p>



<p>The collision of the fast-moving gas with older, slower-moving material ejected during the star’s red giant phase results in the stunning glowing effect seen in the nebula. The glow, ignited by the ultraviolet radiation from the white dwarf, is a spectacle of colors with red emanating from nitrogen and blue from oxygen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-moment-in-time">A cosmic moment in time</h2>



<p>Despite its current brilliance, the existence of the Little Dumbbell Nebula is fleeting on a cosmological scale, expected to last only about 15,000 years - a mere moment in the lifespan of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>. </p>



<p>This brief period highlights the transient nature of such cosmic phenomena, which, while short-lived, provide crucial insights into the mechanics of stellar evolution and the complex interactions within these celestial sculptures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-messier-76">More about Messier 76</h2>



<p>Messier 76 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. It was later cataloged by Charles Messier, who included it in his famous list of nebulous objects.</p>



<p>The nebula's faintness and small size require a good telescope to be observed effectively, with larger telescopes able to reveal more of its fine details and structure.</p>



<p>Studying objects like Messier 76 helps astronomers understand the life cycle of stars and the processes that occur during the late stages of stellar evolution. The materials expelled by planetary nebulae like Messier 76 eventually contribute to the interstellar medium, from which new stars and planetary systems may form.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA Space Agency </p>



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Cosmic cannibalism and stellar winds: Unveiling the secrets of Messier 76 

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>Jabirus, the tallest flying birds in South and Central America, can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss. </p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>This influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water. </p>



<p>This stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station. </p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green.</p>



<p>Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered Black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the Brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>These lakes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-10-2024-at-9-04-am-edt">Update -- May 10, 2024 at 9:04 AM EDT</h2>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noaa-issues-first-severe-geomagnetic-storm-alert-since-2005">NOAA issues first "Severe Geomagnetic Storm" alert since 2005</h2>



<p>The U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, and the Space Weather Prediction Center have reported that solar activity reached high levels over the past 24 hours. </p>



<p>This activity prompted the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center</a> to issue a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch earlier today, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA region 3664, which spans an impressive 16 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3664</a> was the primary source of X-ray activity, producing an <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dr2BIlDGDk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X1.1/2b flare (R3/Strong)</a> at 5:44 PM UTC on May 9 and an X3.9 flare (R3) at 6:31 AM UTC on May 10, 2024. </p>



<p>Both flares were accompanied by strong radio bursts, Castelli-U signatures, Type II and IV radio sweeps, and Tenflares.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-issues-caused-on-earth-by-impacts">Potential issues caused on Earth by impacts</h3>



<p>The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as Alabama in the the southern U.S., down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">CMEs expected to impact Earth today and through the weekend</h3>



<p>The flares generated halo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejection (CME)</a> signatures, which are expected to contribute to a train of at least five CMEs headed towards Earth. </p>



<p>Initial arrival is likely between late May 10 and early May 11. The numerous events along the Sun-Earth line have complicated the modeling process, increasing uncertainty in the arrival timing of individual events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar activity forecast: High to very high levels</h3>



<p>Solar activity is expected to remain at high to very high levels from May 10 to May 12, with M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) to X-class flares (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">R3/Strong</a>) anticipated, primarily due to the flare potential of Region 3664.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Energetic particle activity and forecast</h3>



<p>The greater than 10 MeV proton flux remained slightly enhanced following strong flare activity from Region 3664 but below the S1 (Minor) threshold. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was at normal to moderate levels. </p>



<p>The proton flux is likely to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels from May 10 to May 12 due to the location and flare potential of Region 3664. The electron flux is expected to remain at normal to moderate levels during this period.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind conditions and forecast</h3>



<p>Nominal solar wind conditions prevailed throughout much of the period, with a minor perturbation observed in the magnetic field after 5:30 PM UTC on May 9. </p>



<p>Solar wind speeds decreased from initial readings near 450 km/s to between 400-425 km/s, total field strength ranged 1-7 nT, and the Bz component varied +3/-6 nT. The phi angle transitioned from positive to variable after 3:00 AM UTC on May 10.</p>



<p>A weakly enhanced solar wind environment associated with CME activity is expected through most of May 10. Stronger disturbances are anticipated from May 11 through much of May 12 due to the expected arrival of a series of halo CMEs associated with activity from Region 3664 between May 8 and May 10.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geomagnetic field activity and forecast</h3>



<p>The geomagnetic field was quiet to unsettled over the past 24 hours. Periods of active conditions and G1 (Minor) storming are likely on May 10 with the possible early arrival of a series of CMEs (from May 8-10). </p>



<p>The bulk of the incoming CME(s) is expected to arrive early on May 11, with periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) geomagnetic storming expected and periods of G3-G4 (Strong-Severe) storms likely. </p>



<p>Periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) storms are likely on May 12 due to an enhanced solar wind environment following the passage of the May 8-10 CMEs.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-braces-for-impact-from-another-solar-storm">Earth braces for impact from another solar storm</h2>



<p>In summary, as the Sun continues to showcase its immense power through high levels of solar activity, Earth prepares for the potential impacts of incoming CMEs.</p>



<p>While the timing of these events remains fairly certain, the magnitude of their effects on our planet's geomagnetic field is still a subject of speculation.</p>



<p>Regardless of the outcome, this period of heightened solar activity serves as a reminder of the intricate relationship between our star and the technology we rely on daily.</p>



<p>As we monitor the developments in the coming days, it is crucial to remain vigilant and prepared for any challenges that may arise from this cosmic dance between the Sun and Earth.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-9-2024-at-8-24-pm-edt">Update -- May 9, 2024 at 8:24 PM EDT</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Very high solar activity, multiple CMEs to impact Earth</h3>



<p>Solar activity has reached very high levels, with background flux at or near M1.0. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-prepares-impact-three-cme-events-solar-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3664</a> has continued to exhibit growth and has produced two R3 (Strong) and multiple R1 (Minor) events. </p>



<p>This activity prompted the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center to issue a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch earlier today, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>The largest events, an X2.2 flare at 09/0913 UTC and an X1.1 at 09/1744 UTC, were accompanied by Type-II and IV radio sweeps, and complex radio burst signatures were observed across discrete frequencies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs)</h3>



<p>A halo CME associated with the X2.2 flare at 09/0913 UTC from Region 3664 is Earth-directed, with arrival likely on May 11, 2024. Another halo CME, associated with the X1.1 flare at 09/1744 UTC, is undergoing modeling as of the time of this writing.</p>



<p>At present, four halo CMEs (associated with flare activity from Region 3664 over May 8 and May 9, 2024) and a CME associated with a filament eruption (from May 8, 2024) are expected to arrive beginning late on May 10th, with the bulk of geomagnetic impacts predicted on May 11th. </p>



<p>The aforementioned CME associated with the X1.1 flare at 09/1744 UTC will likely add to this count upon completion of analysis, making a total of five CMEs likely to impact Earth this weekend.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-issues-from-the-cme-impacts">Potential issues from the CME impacts</h3>



<p>The area of impact is primarily poleward of 50 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Potential effects include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Induced Currents</strong>: Power system voltage irregularities and false alarms on some protection devices.</li>



<li><strong>Spacecraft</strong>: Surface charging and increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites, potentially causing orientation problems.</li>



<li><strong>Navigation</strong>: Intermittent satellite navigation (GPS) problems, including loss-of-lock and increased range error.</li>



<li><strong>Radio</strong>: Intermittent HF (high frequency) radio communication.</li>



<li><strong>Aurora</strong>: Northern lights may be seen as low as the southern states, down to Iowa in the Midwest, and down to Oregon in the Northwest.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar activity forecast</h3>



<p>Solar activity is expected to persist at high to very high levels over May 10-12, with M-class flares (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) expected and X-class flares (R3/Strong) likely, due to the flare potential of Region 3664.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Energetic particle summary and forecast</h3>



<p>The greater than 10 MeV proton flux became slightly enhanced after 09/0600 UTC, following strong flare activity from Region 3664, but remained below 1 pfu. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux was at normal to moderate levels.</p>



<p>There is a chance for the greater than 10 MeV proton flux to reach S1 (Minor) storm levels over May 10-12, 2024 due to the location and flare potential of Region 3664. The greater than 2 MeV electron flux is expected to be at normal to moderate levels over 10-12 May.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solar wind summary and forecast</h3>



<p>Nominal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar wind</a> conditions prevailed throughout much of the period, with a minor perturbation observed in the magnetic field after 09/1730 UTC. </p>



<p>Solar wind speeds decreased from initial readings near 450 km/s to between 400-425 km/s, total field strength ranged 1-7 nT, and the Bz component varied +3/-5 nT. The phi angle was positive.</p>



<p>A weakly enhanced solar wind environment associated with CME activity is expected through most of may 10, 2024. A stronger disturbance is expected in the early hours of May 11 through much of May 12 due to the anticipated arrival of a series of halo CMEs associated with activity from Region 3664 over May 8-9, 2024.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geospace summary and forecast</h3>



<p>The geomagnetic field was quiet.</p>



<p>Periods of active conditions and G1 (Minor) storming are likely on May 10, 2024 with the possible early arrival of a series of CMEs (from May 8-9, 2024). </p>



<p>The bulk of the incoming CME(s) is expected to arrive early on May 11, with periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) geomagnetic storming expected, and periods of G3-G4 (Strong-Severe) storms likely. </p>



<p>Periods of G1-G2 (Minor-Moderate) storms are likely on May 12 due to an enhanced solar wind environment following the passage of the May 8-9 CMEs.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds. </p>



<p>-----</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-may-9-2024-at-5-24-pm-edt">Update -- May 9, 2024 at 5:24 PM EDT</h2>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-cluster-16-times-the-size-of-earth-sparks-concern">Sunspot cluster 16 times the size of Earth sparks concern</h2>



<p>On Thursday, May 9, 2024, the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center issued a Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch, marking the first such event since 2005.</p>



<p>This highly unusual occurrence is attributed to at least five earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed over the past few days.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-strong-flares-detected">Multiple strong flares detected</h3>



<p>The CMEs are associated with a large and magnetically complex sunspot cluster, known as NOAA region 3664, which spans an impressive 16 times the diameter of Earth. Several strong flares have been detected in this region, contributing to the heightened alert level.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impact-on-earth">Potential impact on Earth</h3>



<p>The CMEs are expected to arrive as early as midday Friday, May 10, 2024, and persist through Sunday, May 12, 2024.</p>



<p>The potential impact of these geomagnetic disturbances on Earth's magnetic field and technological infrastructure is significant, warranting the <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Severe (G4)</a> Geomagnetic Storm Watch.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-occurrence-in-current-solar-cycle">Rare occurrence in current solar cycle</h3>



<p>Since the beginning of the current solar cycle in December 2019, only three Severe geomagnetic storms have been observed.</p>



<p>The most recent G4 (Severe) storm occurred on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-solar-storm-will-generate-auroras-as-far-south-as-alabama/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">March 23, 2024</a>, while the last G5 (Extreme) event, known as the <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Halloween Storms</a>, took place in October 2003.</p>



<p>The G5 storm notably caused power outages in Sweden and damaged transformers in South Africa, underscoring the potential consequences of such powerful geomagnetic disturbances.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-storm">Preparing for the storm</h3>



<p>As the anticipated arrival of the CMEs approaches, scientists, government agencies, and the general public are advised to stay informed about the latest developments and any potential impacts on communication systems, power grids, and satellite operations.</p>



<p>Taking necessary precautions and having contingency plans in place can help mitigate the risks associated with severe geomagnetic storms.</p>



<p>While rare, the Severe (G4) Geomagnetic Storm Watch serves as a reminder of the dynamic and powerful nature of our Sun and its far-reaching effects on Earth.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center </a>will continue to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as the event unfolds.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

NOAA Warning: "Severe Geomagnetic Storm" to impact Earth starting today

Update -- May 10, 2024 at 9:04 AM EDT NOAA...

<p>Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-black-holes-and-quasars-grew-faster-than-their-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, never to return? These mysterious cosmic monsters are places where gravity bends the rules of the universe, trapping even light in their clutches. At the edge of a black hole lies a boundary called the event horizon – a point of no return. But what does it really look like to cross this threshold? Thanks to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s incredible new visualization, we can now take that terrifying plunge... without the actual danger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-event-horizon">Event horizon</h2>



<p>The event horizon is the defining boundary of a black hole, marking the point beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It separates the black hole from the rest of the universe and acts as a one-way door. Crossing this threshold means being trapped forever in a realm of intense gravity.</p>



<p>In physics terms, the event horizon represents the surface surrounding a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>, where the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. The radius of this surface is known as the Schwarzschild radius for non-rotating black holes and depends on the black hole’s mass. Within this region, gravitational forces are so strong that even time itself slows down, a phenomenon called gravitational time dilation.</p>



<p>But what lies beyond the event horizon? At the very core of a black hole lies the singularity, where density becomes infinite and the laws of physics as we know them cease to operate. The intense gravitational forces stretch objects falling toward this singularity into long, thin shapes - a process called spaghettification.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supercomputer-simulation-for-black-hole-visualization">Supercomputer simulation for black hole visualization</h2>



<p>The creation of these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> visualizations involved a dedicated team. Leading the team was Dr. Jeremy Schnittman, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The experts relied on the immense computational power of the Discover supercomputer. The supercomputer is housed at NASA's Center for Climate Simulation.</p>



<p>This extraordinary computing muscle was necessary because simulating the behavior of matter and energy under the influence of a black hole's incredibly strong gravity requires extremely complex calculations. “People often ask about this, and simulating these difficult-to-imagine processes helps me connect the mathematics of relativity to actual consequences in the real universe,” said Schnittman.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-you-fall-in">What happens when you fall in?</h2>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>NASA's simulation presents two distinct scenarios: crossing the event horizon, which determines your ultimate fate, or narrowly escaping the black hole's immense gravitational pull. As you approach the black hole, the profound effects of Einstein's theory of relativity become strikingly evident. </p>



<p>Light emitted by surrounding stars and the swirling accretion disk (a region of superheated gas around the black hole) undergoes severe warping and distortion. The closer you venture, the faster you are propelled, ultimately reaching speeds close to that of light.</p>
</blockquote>



<p>If you cross the event horizon, there is no possibility of return. From the perspective of a distant observer, time would appear to slow down for you to the point where you seem frozen in place, never fully crossing. However, from your own perspective, the end would come swiftly. </p>



<p>"Once the camera crosses the horizon, its destruction due to the extreme gravitational forces is just 12.8 seconds away," explained Schnittman. These tidal forces would cause an extreme stretching effect on any object.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="gn0lsftefk-3610576-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>The alternative scenario, while intense, doesn't end in your demise. If you manage to orbit very close to the event horizon and escape, you would experience extreme time dilation. Your journey might seem like a matter of hours from your perspective, but those far from the black hole's influence would have experienced a much longer passage of time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-black-hole-visualization">Significance of black hole visualization</h2>



<p>Black holes may hold a captivating presence in science fiction, but visualizations like NASA's serve a crucial role in furthering our understanding of the very real and intricate scientific principles that govern these cosmic phenomena. </p>



<p>These simulations provide a valuable tool for making Einstein's theory of relativity more concrete. They transform abstract concepts into a comprehensible experience. Remarkably, the visualizations show the profound effects that black holes have on their surroundings. This includes the warping of spacetime and the distortion of light.</p>



<p>The immense public fascination with black holes is understandable – their existence pushes the boundaries of our current knowledge and challenges our perception of reality. It's no wonder that these captivating objects were featured prominently in the film '"Interstellar."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiencing-black-hole-virtually">Experiencing black hole virtually</h2>



<p>NASA's black hole visualization represents a remarkable leap in our ability to comprehend the awe-inspiring power of these cosmic giants. It provides an unprecedented opportunity to safely delve into the boundaries of known physics, offering us a virtual journey to the extremes of the universe. </p>



<p>Through these simulations, we can witness firsthand how gravity distorts spacetime. The images fundamentally alter our understanding of the laws that govern our reality. The visualizations reveal how light warps and time bends. They show how matter behaves in the presence of a black hole's immense gravitational pull.</p>



<p>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</p>



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What would it be like to fall into a black hole?

Have you ever wondered what it's like to be sucked...

<p>The astonishing diversity of worlds beyond our solar system is consistently revealed with the discovery of new exoplanets. In a recent finding, scientists have encountered a rocky <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-do-we-know-about-possible-earth-like-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a> where extreme gravitational forces create a landscape of extraordinary volcanism. The world of volcanic exoplanets sheds light on the powerful interplay between planets and their host stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-for-exoplanets">The search for exoplanets</h2>



<p>Our solar system is just a tiny neighborhood in a vast and mysterious galaxy.&nbsp;For decades,&nbsp;astronomers have been searching for planets beyond our sun,&nbsp;worlds known as exoplanets,&nbsp;that could harbor environments unlike anything found here on Earth.&nbsp;These distant worlds offer a unique opportunity to understand the incredible diversity of planetary systems that exist in the universe.</p>



<p>One of the key tools in this ongoing hunt is NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Launched in 2018, TESS is specifically designed to identify exoplanets orbiting stars that are relatively close and bright. The focus on nearby stars allows scientists to gather more detailed data about these exoplanets, potentially revealing characteristics like their size, composition, and even the presence of atmospheres.</p>



<p>TESS works by monitoring the brightness of stars over time.&nbsp;When a planet passes directly in front of its host star from our perspective,&nbsp;the star's light dims slightly for a brief period.&nbsp;This dimming event,&nbsp;called a transit,&nbsp;allows scientists to detect the presence of the planet and estimate its size based on the amount of starlight blocked.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-volcanic-exoplanet-toi-6713-01">Discovery of volcanic exoplanet TOI-6713.01</h2>



<p>Astrophysicist Stephen Kane of <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> made an unexpected discovery while studying the star system HD 104067. Initially known to contain a giant planet, data from TESS revealed the presence of not just one but two additional rocky planets orbiting the star. </p>



<p>One of these newly discovered planets, TOI-6713.01, is a rocky world similar to Earth but 30% larger. It is characterized by intense volcanic activity due to gravitational forces from neighboring planets. This brings the total planetary count in the HD 104067 system to three, providing new insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-detects-signs-of-life-on-exoplanet-k2-18b/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanetary</a> environments.</p>



<p>The newly identified planet, designated TOI-6713.01, is particularly intriguing. While 30% larger than Earth, its scorching surface temperature of 2,600 degrees Kelvin places it in a league of its own. Such intense heat is largely due to tidal forces exerted by its neighboring planets. These gravitational interactions force TOI-6713.01 into an eccentric orbit, creating immense pressure that leads to continuous volcanic eruptions.</p>



<p>This exoplanet's volcanic activity gives TOI-6713.01 a distinctive appearance, with its molten lava surface glowing red-hot, resembling a fiery ember from space. The discovery of this planet provides scientists with a rare opportunity to study the impact of tidal forces on planetary geology and climate, expanding our understanding of how gravitational interactions shape planetary environments in distant star systems.</p>



<p>"This terrestrial planet possesses a level of volcanic activity comparable to a hyperactive version of Jupiter’s moon Io,” noted UC Riverside astrophysicist Stephen Kane.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-tidal-forces-in-volcanic-exoplanet">Role of tidal forces in volcanic exoplanet</h2>



<p>Io, the most volcanically active body in our solar system, has relentless eruptions fueled by gravitational interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-use-exoplanet-hunter-to-study-jupiters-winds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter</a> and its other moons. Jupiter's strong gravitational pull, combined with the gravitational influence of its other moons, forces Io into an elliptical orbit. This orbit creates continuous tidal flexing, resulting in intense internal heating and driving the ceaseless volcanic activity on Io’s surface.</p>



<p>Similarly, TOI-6713.01 is subjected to extreme tidal forces due to its proximity to the host star and gravitational interactions with neighboring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>. Its larger planetary neighbors distort its orbit, pulling it into an eccentric path around the star. This eccentric orbit causes intense internal heating due to the gravitational pull of the star. The continuous squeezing and stretching from these tidal forces generate significant energy that drives the planet's explosive volcanism.</p>



<p>As a result, TOI-6713.01 has a scorching surface temperature of 2,600 degrees Kelvin, with molten lava erupting frequently across its surface. The extreme gravitational interactions make TOI-6713.01 glow red-hot, creating a fiery appearance visible from space. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



<p>"This discovery expands our understanding of the limits of energy input into a terrestrial planet and showcases the potential consequences," said Kane. His team aims to determine the mass and density of TOI-6713.01, providing insights into the scale of its volcanic processes. </p>



<p>This research highlights how tidal forces can dramatically shape planetary environments. The discovery of TOI-6713.01 emphasizes the dynamic range of planetary systems within our galaxy. </p>



<p>As research continues, scientists will continue to discover extraordinary worlds. These findings will push the boundaries of our understanding of cosmic forces and planetary evolution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad3820" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astronomical Journal</a></em>.</p>



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Volcanic exoplanet glows with red-hot molten lava

The astonishing diversity of worlds beyond our solar system is...

<p>In an era where climate change poses significant challenges, an exciting development in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> has emerged. Researchers have discovered a way to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol, offering a pathway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and move closer to achieving carbon neutrality.</p>



<p>A team of dedicated researchers at the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> has unveiled a novel catalyst material, cobalt phthalocyanine, which facilitates this transformative process. </p>



<p>This innovative catalyst efficiently converts CO2 -- a major contributor to global warming -- into methanol, providing a sustainable alternative for energy production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methanol-production-via-co2">Methanol production via CO2</h2>



<p>Published in the journal ACS Catalysis, this research showcases the multi-step chemical reaction facilitated by cobalt phthalocyanine. </p>



<p>Initially, CO2 is converted into <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/carbon-monoxide-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon monoxide</a> (CO), which is then transformed into methanol. These reactions demonstrate not only the catalyst's effectiveness but also its potential for large-scale applications.</p>



<p>The method is distinguished by its sustainable approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-emissions-save-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reducing emissions</a> while simultaneously generating clean energy. </p>



<p>The capability to chemically convert CO2 into methanol is especially notable, considering methanol's potential as a cleaner fuel alternative that could power vehicles with a significantly lower environmental impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-producing-methanol-from-co2">Challenges in producing methanol from CO2</h2>



<p>While the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-turned-methanol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">industrial conversion</a> of CO2 to methanol is not new, the scale and efficiency of these processes through electrochemical means have posed substantial challenges. Kevin Rivera-Cruz, a recent doctoral graduate in chemistry is a co-primary author of the study. </p>



<p>"Our approach is unique because we are able to bring and bridge all this knowledge that each field has on the same problem. We have scientists and engineers all within one team, brainstorming and gathering insights to design and understand the system in the best way possible," Rivera-Cruz explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-scientific-hurdles">Overcoming scientific hurdles</h2>



<p>The researchers encountered a significant hurdle: cobalt phthalocyanine's tendency to bind more strongly with CO2 than with CO. </p>



<p>This strong binding to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> leads to its displacement by another CO2 molecule before CO can be converted to methanol. </p>



<p>To address this, the team utilized advanced computational modeling and experiments to delve deeper into how the catalyst’s electrons interact with both CO2 and CO molecules. Their findings indicated that cobalt phthalocyanine binds CO2 over three times more tightly than it does with carbon monoxide.</p>



<p>Armed with this knowledge, the researchers propose redesigning the catalyst to enhance its interaction with CO and reduce its affinity for CO2. </p>



<p>Such modifications are crucial for the efficient conversion of CO2 to methanol on a large scale, paving the way for the practical use of this technology in renewable energy applications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Methanol as a pathway to sustainability</h2>



<p>The journey toward a carbon-neutral future is fraught with scientific and technological challenges. Achieving carbon neutrality requires reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and finding innovative ways to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, the path is filled with complex obstacles, from developing efficient technologies to scaling them for widespread use.</p>



<p>Despite these challenges, researchers continue to make significant strides through innovations like cobalt phthalocyanine. This novel catalyst material efficiently converts CO2, a leading contributor to climate change, into methanol. </p>



<p>Methanol is a versatile fuel alternative with a significantly lower environmental impact. By addressing the dual challenge of reducing CO2 emissions and providing cleaner energy, this innovation offers a promising solution.</p>



<p>By redesigning the way we handle waste CO2 and converting it into useful methanol fuel, we edge closer to a sustainable and energy-secure world. This new approach to recycling CO2 mitigates emissions and creates a valuable product that can power vehicles and industries in a more environmentally friendly way.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.3c04957" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Catalysis</a></em></em>.</p>



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Technological leap turns carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol fuel

In an era where climate change poses significant challenges, an...

<p>Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco stood majestically in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/springtime-in-the-central-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colombian Andes</a>, cloaked in a pristine layer of ice and snow. Today, massive cracks scar its surface, revealing bare rock beneath, and signaling an alarming change. </p>



<p>The glacier, located in <a href="https://old.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/en/ecotourism/andean-region/el-cocuy-national-natural-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy National Park</a>, faces a rapid demise, melting at an unprecedented pace due to the compounded effects of climate change and the El Niño phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappearing-glaciers-of-colombia">Disappearing glaciers of Colombia</h2>



<p>Colombia was once a land of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>. In the early 20th century, 14 of its peaks boasted these icy giants, covering the mountains with a perpetual layer of ice and snow. </p>



<p>Over time, however, relentless warming took its toll on these glaciers. Today, after decades of climate change and rising temperatures, only six remain. Even these survivors are rapidly retreating, and Ritacuba Blanco is the most vulnerable of them all.</p>



<p>The Ritacuba Blanco Glacier, located in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy National Park about 250 kilometers northeast of Bogotá, is melting at an unprecedented rate. </p>



<p>In 2022, it had only 12.8 square kilometers of ice and snow remaining -- the lowest coverage ever recorded by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (<a href="https://www.un-spider.org/colombia-institute-hydrology-meteorology-and-environmental-studies-ideam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ideam</a>). </p>



<p>This year, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a>’s condition has worsened due to the compounded effects of climate change and El Niño. Massive cracks now scar its surface, revealing the bare rock beneath.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-matter">Why does this matter?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/">Gla</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/">iers</a> are more than just picturesque landscapes. They act as natural reservoirs, storing water in frozen form during colder months and releasing it slowly when they melt during warmer periods. </p>



<p>This gradual melting provides essential water to the surrounding ecosystems and communities, particularly during the dry season. With glaciers shrinking, less ice is available to melt, disrupting the delicate balance and throwing local water supplies into chaos.</p>



<p>The loss of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> like Ritacuba Blanco has significant consequences for both people and nature. Communities that rely on glacial meltwater for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower are at risk of water shortages.</p>



<p>In Bogotá, unprecedented water rationing has already been implemented due to record low reservoir levels. Ecosystems dependent on consistent water flow from glaciers also face severe stress, threatening biodiversity in the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-causing-the-ritacuba-blanco-s-rapid-melt">What's causing the Ritacuba Blanco's rapid melt?</h2>



<p>The culprits behind Ritacuba Blanco’s rapid melting are a double whammy: a natural weather pattern called El Niño, combined with the long-term warming caused by human activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">El Niño</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-impact-el-nino-winters-and-snowfall-amounts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> is a warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every two to seven years, lasting about nine to twelve months. It's a natural climate cycle, but its effects have been amplified by rising global temperatures. </p>



<p>As the world's baseline temperature continues to rise due to climate change, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño events</a> are becoming more intense and damaging.</p>



<p>During an El Niño event, warm ocean waters disrupt normal weather patterns across the globe. In South America, including Colombia, El Niño brings extreme heat and dry conditions. This results in decreased precipitation and more intense solar radiation on glacier surfaces, accelerating their melting.</p>



<p>In Colombia, El Niño has caused major fires, with more than 17,000 hectares of forest going up in flames. Lakes have dried up, and the capital, Bogotá, has implemented unprecedented water rationing due to record low reservoir levels. For glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco, El Niño spells disaster.</p>



<p>"The El Niño phenomenon is perhaps the worst thing that can happen to our snowy peaks or glaciers," said Jorge Luis Ceballos, a glaciologist at the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Ideam).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Greenhouse gases</h3>



<p>The UN's World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://wmo.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>) is unequivocal in its assessment of the main culprit behind global warming: Heat-trapping greenhouse gases are unequivocally the main culprit. </p>



<p>These gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, come mainly from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.</p>



<p>When released into the atmosphere, these gases act like a giant blanket around the Earth, trapping heat that would otherwise escape into space. This greenhouse effect raises global temperatures, leading to widespread climate changes, including glacier melting.</p>



<p>Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has resulted in a steady rise in global temperatures, with 2023 being one of the hottest years on record.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ritacuba-blanco-is-melting-before-our-eyes">Ritacuba Blanco is melting before our eyes</h2>



<p>"At the end of last year, the walls here were about six meters (20 feet) high... today, they are one meter," <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-glacier-melt-found-in-himalaya-has-critical-implications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> guide Edwin Prada told AFP on a recent ascent of the peak.</p>



<p>The speed of the change is what's shocking. Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco's glacier looked eternal. Now, cracks run deep in the ice, revealing bare rock, and the meltwater flows in rivers instead of being locked away safely for future use.</p>



<p>"Never has the thaw been as noticeable as it is now... Every time you go up it is worse," expressed Humberto Estepa, a local resident.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-consequences-of-ritacuba-blanco-melting">Global consequences of Ritacuba Blanco melting</h2>



<p>Ritacuba Blanco isn't an isolated case. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petermann-glacier-melting-has-tripled-due-to-warm-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glaciers</a> worldwide are vanishing. The Himalayas, the "water towers of Asia," are losing their ice, threatening crucial water sources for millions of people. This melting ice has a more direct impact too - rising sea levels.</p>



<p>"Ocean warming and rapidly melting glaciers and ice sheets drove the sea level last year to its highest point since satellite records began in 1993," reports the World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>). Think of glaciers like giant, slow-moving rivers of ice. When they melt into the ocean, the water level goes up.</p>



<p>The devastation of the glaciers isn't just about water and sea levels. It's a wake-up call from the planet that the climate crisis is real, and it's accelerating. El Niño made things worse this time around, but the real problem is the relentless warming we're causing.</p>



<p>El Niño has also contributed to devastating wildfires in Colombia and water shortages so extreme that they've led to rationing in the capital city.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do-to-save-glaciers-like-ritacuba-blanco">What can we do to save glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco?</h2>



<p>The story of Ritacuba Blanco is a somber one, but it's not hopeless. There's still time to act and help preserve this and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cadman-glacier-is-losing-2-1-billion-tons-of-ice-melting-into-the-ocean-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other glaciers</a>:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reduce greenhouse gas emissions</h3>



<p>One of the most effective ways to tackle climate change is to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower can significantly reduce emissions.</p>



<p>Simple measures like using energy-efficient appliances, LED bulbs, and proper insulation can lower our carbon footprint. Walking, cycling, and using public transport instead of driving can reduce emissions. For longer distances, consider carpooling or driving electric vehicles.</p>



<p>By reducing, reusing, and recycling, we can minimize waste and lower emissions associated with the production of goods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Support climate policies</h3>



<p>Individual actions are essential, but systemic change requires collective political will. Let your elected officials know you care about climate issues. Call, write, or email them, urging them to support strong environmental policies.</p>



<p>Advocate for laws and regulations that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable agriculture while reducing emissions from fossil fuels.</p>



<p>Support candidates and political leaders who prioritize climate action and have concrete plans to tackle the crisis. Partner with local and global organizations that are working towards environmental sustainability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Spread the word</h3>



<p>Raising awareness about the climate crisis can inspire others to act. Have conversations about climate change, its impacts, and the actions we can take with friends and family.</p>



<p>Organize workshops, film screenings, or discussion groups on climate topics. Share informative articles, videos, and personal stories about climate action on platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. </p>



<p>Glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco are the canaries in the coal mine when it comes to climate change. Their plight is a warning we can't afford to ignore. It's time to listen and act before we lose more of these icy treasures.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Ritacuba Blanco glacier is vanishing rapidly due to climate change

Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco stood majestically in...

<p>It's a common belief that learning is predominantly an activity for the young, but recent research suggests that adult chimpanzees continue to refine and improve their tool-using skills, marking a significant discovery in the study of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-primates-that-experience-menopause/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primate</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-give-us-clues-about-early-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a>. </p>



<p>This fascinating insight comes from a study conducted by Mathieu Malherbe and colleagues from the <a href="http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Cognitive Sciences</a> in France. </p>



<p>The study sheds new light on the parallels between human and chimpanzee <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-chimpanzees-and-humans-learn-to-communicate-in-the-same-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning behaviors</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-tool-mastery-in-wild-chimpanzees">Observing tool mastery in wild chimpanzees</h2>



<p>Malherbe's team focused on wild chimpanzees in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, utilizing video recordings collected over several years to observe the primates in action. These observations included 70 chimps of varying ages engaging in the use of sticks to retrieve food. </p>



<p>"Tool use is considered a driving force behind the evolution of brain expansion and prolonged juvenile dependency in the hominin lineage. However, it remains rare across animals, possibly due to inherent constraints related to manual dexterity and cognitive abilities," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"In our study, we investigated the ontogeny of tool use in chimpanzees (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>), a species known for its extensive and flexible tool use behavior."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-tool-proficiency-with-age">Increasing tool proficiency with age</h2>



<p>As the chimpanzees aged, they demonstrated an increasing proficiency in manipulating tools, showcasing more suitable finger grips and more nuanced techniques for specific tasks.</p>



<p>Interestingly, while basic motor skills associated with tool use were well-developed by the age of six, the chimpanzees exhibited significant advancements in their abilities well into their fifteenth year. </p>



<p>This included adeptness in extracting insects from challenging locations and adjusting their grip based on the task at hand, suggesting that the development of such skills is as much about cognitive learning as it is about physical maturity.</p>



<p>"Wild chimpanzees showed protracted development of their hand grip when manipulating a stick as a tool to extract difficult-to-access foods from cavities. While the <em>digits grip</em> became the predominant hand grip used by 5 to 6 years old (weaning age), it only became ubiquitous at 15 years old (adulthood)," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>"In addition, we found that chimpanzees used 6 actions with stick tools to retrieve 8 food types. Adults, but not non-adults, modulated their behavior to use a more appropriate hand grip to fit action requirements (i.e., power or precision). Such behavioral modulation only by adults indicates an improved understanding of tool use problems and their solutions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-continuous-learning">Implications of continuous learning</h2>



<p>The study underscores the importance of continuous learning in the animal kingdom, particularly among chimpanzees and other species that rely heavily on tool use. </p>



<p>The ability to learn and adapt technologically into adulthood is not merely a trait observed in humans but is evidently part of a broader evolutionary pattern that includes our closest living relatives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifelong-learning-in-chimpanzees">Lifelong learning in chimpanzees </h2>



<p>This ongoing learning process in chimpanzees supports the notion that large brains in hominids - humans and related species - facilitate sustained learning well into the later stages of life. </p>



<p>"In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-chimpanzees-like-to-share-cool-things-with-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild chimpanzees</a>, the intricacies of tool use learning continue into adulthood. This pattern supports ideas that large brains across hominids allow continued learning through the first two decades of life," noted the study authors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-depths-of-chimpanzee-learning">Exploring the depths of chimpanzee learning</h2>



<p>While the study provides valuable insights, the researchers acknowledge that more work is needed to fully understand the dynamics of the chimpanzees’ learning processes. </p>



<p>Questions remain about the roles of reasoning, memory, and whether learning primarily comes from personal experience or if it also involves instruction from peers. </p>



<p>These areas are crucial for a deeper understanding of how learning capacities influence the evolution of tool use and cognitive abilities in primates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-evolutionary-patterns">Broader evolutionary patterns</h2>



<p>The revelation that chimpanzees continue to learn and enhance their tool-using skills well into adulthood not only expands our understanding of primate abilities but also aligns with broader evolutionary theories regarding brain development and learning in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-hominids-walk-upright/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominids</a>. </p>



<p>It highlights the significance of lifelong learning as a key component in the advancement of cognitive and cultural complexities, offering a mirror to our own species' development. </p>



<p>As research progresses, it will be intriguing to see how these insights affect our comprehension of human and primate evolution alike.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002609" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Chimpanzees continue learning as adults

It's a common belief that learning is predominantly an activity...

<p>Chronic sleep deprivation from a young age may significantly heighten the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-psychotic-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychosis</a> as individuals transition into early adulthood. This conclusion stems from a comprehensive study by researchers at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> based on the sleep patterns of children from infancy to the age of seven.</p>



<p>"Short sleep duration over a prolonged period in childhood could have a detrimental impact on long-term mental health, including the development of psychosis. Further, potential underlying mechanisms of these associations remain unknown," wrote the study authors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longitudinal-study-on-sleep-deprivation">Longitudinal study on sleep deprivation</h2>



<p>The analysis, based on extensive data from a long-term cohort, brings to light how critical adequate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-sleep-day-2024-the-quest-for-a-well-rested-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> is for infants and young children. </p>



<p>The findings are significant: children who consistently experienced sleep deprivation were twice as likely to develop a psychotic disorder and nearly four times as likely to have a psychotic episode as they entered early adulthood. </p>



<p>The research underscores the importance of ensuring young children get <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-reduces-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enough sleep</a> to support their mental health into the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landmark-discovery-in-sleep-and-psychosis-research">Landmark discovery in sleep and psychosis research</h2>



<p>The study stands out as the first to demonstrate the strong predictive value of childhood sleep deprivation for psychosis. </p>



<p>Dr. Isabel Morales-Muñoz, the lead researcher, emphasized the importance of recognizing sleep issues in childhood. "While it's normal for children to face sleep challenges, persistent problems warrant attention as they could relate to later psychiatric conditions," she explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimizing-sleep-a-preventative-approach-to-mental-health">Optimizing sleep: a preventative approach to mental health</h2>



<p>Fortunately, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neural-sleep-patterns-developed-over-450-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep patterns</a> can be improved.  "Although sleep deprivation is not the sole cause of psychosis, it is a significant factor, one that parents have the power to influence," said Dr. Morales-Muñoz.</p>



<p>The analysis was based on data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). </p>



<p>The data included comprehensive records from 12,394 children, who were monitored from infancy through seven years of age. The ALSPAC participants were followed up with when they were 24 years old.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-links-between-sleep-deprivation-and-mental-health">Complex links between sleep deprivation and mental health</h2>



<p>While the link between sleep deprivation in childhood and adult psychosis was clear, the researchers noted that this does not establish a causal relationship outright. </p>



<p>The study also investigated whether immune system health might explain the association, based on inflammation levels in blood samples taken when the children were nine. </p>



<p>The results suggest that immune deficiencies could partly account for the link between sleep deprivation and psychosis, though other factors likely play a role as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-research-into-real-world-applications">Integrating research into real-world applications</h2>



<p>The research by Dr. Morales-Muñoz is a crucial component of the broader efforts at the Mental Health Mission Midlands Translational Centre, which is led by the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> with funding from the <a href="https://www.nihr.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute for Health and Care Research</a>. </p>



<p>The center is dedicated to developing and testing interventions aimed at significantly benefiting young individuals who are at risk of or currently experiencing mental health issues. </p>



<p>This initiative represents a concerted effort to translate research findings into practical strategies that can improve mental health outcomes for youth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-early-intervention">The importance of early intervention</h2>



<p>"Early intervention is crucial in managing mental health in young people," said Dr. Morales-Muñoz. She highlighted the center’s commitment to advancing targeted interventions that could profoundly benefit at-risk youth. </p>



<p>Understanding and enhancing sleep hygiene is seen as a vital component of this endeavor, potentially playing a pivotal role in promoting mental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-affects-emotional-well-being-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a> and preventing psychiatric disorders.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-sleep-deprivation-in-childhood-mental-health">The role of sleep deprivation in childhood mental health</h2>



<p>As research delves deeper into the intricate connections between sleep deprivation and mental health, the critical role of adequate sleep from childhood becomes ever more apparent. </p>



<p>Ensuring children get enough sleep is emerging as a fundamental strategy for preventing and managing mental health issues as they grow into adulthood. </p>



<p>By prioritizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-sleep-reduces-the-risk-of-heart-failure-by-up-to-42-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy sleep</a> habits early on, we can potentially ward off serious mental health conditions and foster overall well-being.</p>



<p>"Findings of this cohort study highlight the necessity of addressing short sleep duration in children, as persistence of this sleep problem was associated with subsequent psychosis," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"This study also provides preliminary evidence for future targeted interventions in children addressing both sleep and inflammatory responses."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2818230" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Psychiatry</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Childhood sleep deprivation linked to adult psychosis

Chronic sleep deprivation from a young age may significantly heighten...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>The region the devices are scanning looks far different than it did centuries before when the land was home to an ancient society known as the Nabataean civilization. The tribe lived nomadically for years before settling into a life focused on trade and agriculture. They also built some truly astounding structures and sacred sites — some of which have already caught archaeologists’ attention. Photo Credit: Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket /Getty Images</p>


The home of the Nabataeans